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...ange|Middle Ordovician|Permian|earliest=Middle Cambrian|[[Ordovician]] - [[Permian]]}} ...their [[extinction]] at the [[Permian-Triassic extinction event|end]] of [[Permian]], about 250 million years ago. Although never as diverse as their contempo ...

...ao |first5=Wu |title=The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary |journal=Episodes |date=June 2001 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pa ...he [[Mesozoic]] [[Era]]. It is preceded by the [[Lopingian]] Epoch (late [[Permian]], [[Paleozoic]] [[Era]]) and followed by the [[Middle Triassic]] Epoch. Th ...

{{Short description|Class of echinoderms}} ...>{{cite book|author1=O'Hara, Timothy|author2=Byrne, Maria|title=Australian Echinoderms: Biology, Ecology and Evolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Etkq ...

** '''Part L.''' Revised. Mollusca 4, Volume 2: [[Carboniferous]] and [[Permian]] Ammonoidea ([[Goniatitida]] and [[Prolecanitida]]), xxix + 258 p., 139 fi ...tePaleo/issue/view/519 here]. ---- Part ''S'' refers to primitive sessile echinoderms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paleontological Institute |date= |title=Part S, Echin ...

...ods, eurypterids, [[microconchids]], fish), and marine ([[brachiopods]], [[echinoderms]]) fossils. ...l spines of the xenacanthid shark Orthacanthus platypternus from the Lower Permian of Texas, USA: palaeobiological and palaeoenvironmental implications |journ ...

...of [[Western Cape]], South Africa. The Cape Fold Belt formed during the [[Permian]] period (300 to 250{{Nbsp}}million years ago) in the late [[Paleozoic]] ag ...ic Oceanic plate under the Falkland Plateau, during the [[Cisuralian|Early Permian]] period, raised a massive range of mountains. These eventually eroded into ...

| name = {{color|white|Permian}} | color = Permian ...

...he [[Pennsylvanian (geology) |Late Carboniferous]] and [[Cisuralian |Early Permian]], belonging to the groups [[Recumbirostra]] and [[Captorhinidae]].<ref>{{C ===Echinoderms=== ...

=== Echinoderms === ...closely related to mollusks. Most lines of brachiopods ended during the [[Permian-Triassic extinction event]], and their ecological niche was filled by bival ...

...the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the [[Cisuralian|early Permian]] of Germany". Fossil Record. 20 (2): 105–127. doi:10.5194/fr-20-105-2017.< ...

...d to be a member of the Protorosauria, a group of ubiquitous and diverse [[Permian|Permo]]-[[Triassic]] reptiles.<ref name="rieppel2008"/> This assignment was ...year=2014 |title=The origin and early evolution of Sauria: reassessing the Permian saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence |jo ...

{{Short description|Class of echinoderms, marine animal}} ...last1=Lacalli|first=T|year=2023|title=A radical evolutionary makeover gave echinoderms their unusual body plan|journal=Nature|volume=623|issue=7987|pages=485–486| ...

...61 |id={{ProQuest|1440071324}} }}</ref> Under most tabulations, only the [[Permian–Triassic mass extinction]] exceeds the Late Ordovician mass extinction in [ ...c recovery from LOME proceeded at a much faster rate than it did after the Permian–Triassic extinction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cocks |first1=L. Robin M. |l ...

Like all echinoderms, adult sea urchins have pentagonal symmetry with their [[Echinoderm#Larval ...mbers]], [[sand dollar]]s, [[brittle star]]s, and [[crinoid]]s. Like other echinoderms, they have five-fold symmetry (called [[pentamerism]]) and move by means of ...

.... |year=1937 |title=The structure and function of the tube feet in certain echinoderms |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ...r2=Santos, R. |author3=Flammang, P. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2012|title=Echinoderms don't suck: evidence against the involvement of suction in tube foot attach ...

...978-0-00-257012-1|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London}}</ref> – Late [[Permian]], {{Fossil range|521|251.9|earliest=525}} ...last trilobites disappeared in the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event|end-Permian mass extinction event]] about 251.9{{nbsp}}million years ago, by which time ...

...lion years ago) to the beginning of the [[Permian]] Period, {{Period start|Permian}} Ma. It is the fifth period of the [[Phanerozoic]] [[eon (geology)|eon]]. | colspan="2" style="background-color: {{period color|Permian}};" |[[Permian]] ...

...g/web/20190217142211/https://depositsmag.com/2017/04/04/folklore-of-fossil-echinoderms/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=live |date=4 April 2017 }}</ref ...t]] therapsid ''[[Gordonia (synapsid)|Gordonia traquairi]]'' from the Late Permian [[Hopeman Sandstone Formation]], Scotland ...

...ers are named for [[lithology]] (e.g., Cretaceous), [[geography]] (e.g., [[Permian]]), or are tribal (e.g., [[Ordovician]]) in origin. Most currently recognis |[[Permian]] ...

*[[Permian–Triassic extinction event|End Permian]], The Great Dying: 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including [ ...ian]], [[Ordovician]], [[Silurian]], [[Devonian]], [[Carboniferous]] and [[Permian]] periods. ...