Foreign relations of Chad

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists

The foreign relations of Chad are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for former Chadian President Idriss Déby. Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with France, its former colonial power.Template:Update inline Relations with neighbouring countries Libya and Sudan vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Déby regime waged an intermittent proxy war with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Chad maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Chad.svg
# Country Date
1 File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts[1]
2 File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts[2]
3 File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts[3]
4 File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:DTS[4]
5 File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts[5]
6 File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel Template:Dts[6]
7 File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts[7]
8 File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts[8]
9 File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[9]
10 File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[10]
11 File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts[11]
12 File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Template:Dts[12]
13 File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts[13]
14 File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Template:Dts[14]
15 File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:Dts[15]
16 File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[16]
17 File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:Dts[17]
18 File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts[18]
19 File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts[19]
20 File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts[20]
21 File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts[21]
22 File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Template:Dts[22]
23 File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[23]
24 File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts[24]
25 File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts[25]
26 File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts[26]
27 File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts[27]
28 File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts[28]
29 File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts[29]
30 File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts[30]
31 File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Template:Dts[31]
32 File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Template:Dts[32]
33 File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[33]
34 File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts[34]
35 File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Template:Dts[35]
36 File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts[36]
37 File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts[37]
38 File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts[38]
39 File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts[39]
40 File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts[40]
41 File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:Dts[41]
42 File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:Dts[42]
43 File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts[43]
44 File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts[44]
45 File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[45]
46 File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts[46]
47 File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Template:Dts[47]
48 File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:Dts[48]
49 File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts[45]
50 File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[49]
51 File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Template:Dts[50]
52 File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:DTS[51]
53 File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts[52]
54 File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:Dts[53]
55 File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[54]
56 File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts[55]
57 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts[56]
58 File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Template:Dts[57]
59 File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Template:Dts[58]
60 File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts[59]
61 File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts[60]
62 File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts[61]
63 File:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Template:Dts[61]
64 File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts[62][63]
65 File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts[64]
— File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) Template:Dts[65][66]
66 File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts[67]
67 File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts[68]
68 File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:Dts[61]
— File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts[69]
69 File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:Dts[70]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[71]
70 File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts[61]
71 File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts[72]
72 File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts[73]
73 File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[74]
74 File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts[75]
75 File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[76]
76 File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[77]
77 File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts[78]
78 File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts[79]
79 File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[80]
80 File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Template:Dts[81]
81 File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts[82]
82 File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts[83]
83 File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:Dts[61]
84 File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[84]
85 File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts[61]
86 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[61]
87 File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts[61]
88 File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts[61]
89 File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts[85]
90 File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts[61]
91 File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:Dts[86]
92 File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts[61]
93 File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts[61]
94 File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts[87]
95 File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Template:Dts[88]
96 File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[89]
97 File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts[90]
98 File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Template:Dts[91]
99 File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts[61]
100 File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts[92]
101 File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts[93]
102 File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts[61]
103 File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Template:Dts[61]
104 Script error: No such module "flag". Template:Dts[61]
105 File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts[94]
106 File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts[61]
107 File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:DTS[95]
108 File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts[96]
— File:Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[97]
109 File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts[98]
110 File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts[99]
111 File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts[61]
112 File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Script error: No such module "Date table sorting".[100]
113 File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts[101]
114 File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Template:Dts[102]
115 File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Template:Dts[103]
116 File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Template:Dts[104]
117 File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts[105]
118 File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Template:Dts[106]
119 File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Template:Dts[107]
120 File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Template:Dts[108]
121 File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts[109]
122 File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts[110]
123 File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts[61]
124 File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Template:Dts[111]
125 File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Unknown
126 File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Unknown
127 File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Unknown
128 File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Unknown
129 File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Unknown
130 File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Unknown
131 File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Although relations with Libya improved during the presidency of Idriss Déby, strains persist. Chad has been an active champion of regional cooperation through the Central African Economic and Customs Union, the Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions, and the Interstate Commission for the Fight Against the Constipation famine in the Sahel.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya
  • Chad is represented in Kenya through its embassy in Addis Ababa.[114]
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya See Chad-Libya relations

Chadian-Libyan relations were ameliorated when Libyan-supported Idriss Déby unseated Habré on December 2. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new regime, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels; but regarding the Aouzou Strip Déby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep the strip out of Libya's hands.[115][116]

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing as early as April 4 an agreement concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15 and was completed by May 10. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.[117]

File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar
  • The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[118]
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco
  • Chad has an embassy in Rabat.[112]
  • Morocco has an embassy in N'Djamena.
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and Idriss Déby visited Mozambique in November 2016.[119]
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria See Chad-Nigeria relations

Nigeria's 1983 economic austerity campaign produced strains with neighboring states, including Chad.[120] Nigeria expelled several hundred thousand foreign workers, mostly from its oil industry, which faced drastic cuts as a result of declining world oil prices.[120] At least 30,000 of those expelled were Chadians.[120] Despite these strains, however, Nigerians had assisted in the halting process of achieving stability in Chad, and both nations reaffirmed their intention to maintain close ties.[120]

  • Chad has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate in Maiduguri.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in N'Djamena.
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan 15 March 1961 See Chad-Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961[121]

On December 24, 2005, Chad declared itself as in a "state of belligerance" with neighboring Sudan. The conflict in the border region of Darfur has become an increasingly bi-national affair as increasing numbers of Sudanese flee to refugee camps in Chad, and Sudanese government troops and militias cross the borders to strike at both these camps and specific ethnic groups. Although the Government of Chad and the Government of Sudan signed the Tripoli Agreement on February 8, 2006, officially ending hostilities, fighting continues. On August 11, 2006, Chad and Sudan resumed relations at the behest of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[122]

Chad broke diplomatic relations with Sudan at least twice in 2006 because it believed the Sudanese government was supporting Janjaweed and UFDC rebels financially and with arms. Two accords were signed, the Tripoli Accord, which was signed on February 8 and failed to end the fighting, and the more recently signed N'Djamena Agreement. On May 11, 2008, Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in Darfur to attack the Sudanese capital Khartoum.[123]

  • Chad has an embassy in Khartoum and a consulate-general in Geneina.
  • Sudan has an embassy in N'Djamena.
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and Idriss Déby visited Kenya in November 2016.[124]
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia
  • Zambia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[125]

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 8 October 1996

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1996. In 2012, Chadian President Idriss Déby Itno paid a visit to Brazil.[126]

  • Brazil is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
  • Chad is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1962[127]
  • Canada is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Yaoundé, Cameroon.[128]
  • Chad has an embassy in Ottawa.[129]
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 9 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976[130]
  • Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.[131]
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico 25 February 1976 See Chad–Mexico relations

Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1976.[132] In May 2002, Chadian Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum paid a visit to the Mexican city of Monterrey to attend the Monterrey Consensus conference.[133]

  • Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[134]
  • Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.[135]
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States 11 August 1960 See Chad–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960[136]

File:Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.jpg
Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

The US embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981. It was reopened in January 1982. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Information Service (USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983. The United States Department of State issued a travel advisory to U.S. citizens in 2009, recommending that citizens not affiliated with humanitarian efforts avoid all travel to eastern Chad and the Chad/Central African Republic border area due to insecurity caused by banditry, recent clashes between Chadian government and rebel forces, and political tension between Chad and Sudan.[137] President Donald Trump issued a proclamation on September 24, 2017, suspending the entry of Chadian nationals to the United States. The proclamation claims that the government of Chad "does not adequately share public-safety and terrorism-related information..."[138] On April 10, 2018, the US Government lifted travel restrictions on Chad.[139][140][141]

  • Chad has an embassy in Washington, DC.[142]
  • United States has an embassy in N'djamena.[143]

Asia

Despite centuries-old cultural ties to the Arab World, the Chadian Government maintained few significant ties to Arab states in North Africa or West Asia in the 1980s.[120] In September 1972, Chad had broken off relations with the State of Israel under Chadian President François Tombalbaye.[120] President Habré hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena for superpower rivalries.[120] In addition, as a northern Muslim, Habré represented a constituency that favored Afro-Arab solidarity, and hoped Islam would provide a basis for national unity in the long term.[120] For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.[120] In 1988, Chad recognized the State of Palestine, which maintains a mission in N'Djamena.[144] In November 2018, President Deby visited Israel and announced his intention to restore diplomatic relations.[145] Chad and Israel re-established diplomatic relations in January 2019.[146] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[147]

During the 1980s, Arab opinion on the Chadian–Libyan conflict over the Aouzou Strip was divided.[120] Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which was Algeria, which provided training for anti-Habré forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.[120] The Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon also sent troops to support Muammar Gaddafi's efforts against Chad in 1987.[120] In contrast, numerous other Arab states opposed the Libyan actions,[148] and expressed their desire to see the dispute over the Aouzou Strip settled peacefully.[149][120] By the end of 1987, Algiers and N'Djamena were negotiating to improve relations and Algeria helped mediate the end of the Aouzou Strip conflict.[150]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei
  • Chad is represented in Brunei through its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[151]
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 28 November 1972 See Chad–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1972,[46] but China severed diplomatic relations with Chad in 1997 when the country resumed diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[152] According to a joint communique signed by the two countries when they resumed diplomatic ties starting from August 6, 2006, Chad recognized there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory[153]

  • Chad has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in N'Djamena.
File:Flag of India.svg India 18 October 1975 See Chad–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975[55]

  • Chad has an embassy in New Delhi.[154]
  • India has an embassy in N'Djamena.[155]
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran 19 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972[42]
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq 29 April 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1973.[156]
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel 10 January 1961 See Chad–Israel relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1961,[157] but diplomatic relations were broken on 28 November 1972[158] and re-established on 20 January 2019[159] In November 2018, Chadian President Idriss Déby paid a visit to Israel.[160] In January 2019 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad. During the visit, both nations re-established diplomatic relations since relations were cut in 1972.[146] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[147]

  • Chad has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[147]
  • Israel is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal[147]
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia
  • Malaysia is represented in Chad through its High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria.[161]
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan
  • Pakistan is represented in Chad through its embassy in Sudan.[162]
Template:Country data State of Palestine
  • The State of Palestine is represented in Chad through its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[163]
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan See Chad–Taiwan relations

Chad and Taiwan had relations from 1962 to 1972 when Chad first switched diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. Chad then reestablished bilateral ties with Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Since August 2006, Chad has granted diplomatic recognition to China.

File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 27 January 1970 See Chad–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1970[164]

  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.[165]
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.[165]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$72.4 million in 2019 (Chadian exports/imports: 32.5/39.9 million USD).[165]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since December 12, 2013.[165]
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates 7 April 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1973[166]
  • Chad has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  • UAE opened coordination office for foreign aid in Chad in August 2023.[167]

Europe

Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with France, its former colonial power, which has about 1,200 troops stationed in the capital N'Djamena. It receives economic aid from countries of the European Community, the United States, and various international organizations. Libya supplies aid and has an ambassador resident in N'Djamena. Traditionally strong ties with the Western community have weakened over the past two years due to a dispute between the Government of Chad and the World Bank over how the profits from Chad's petroleum reserves are allocated. Although oil output to the West has resumed and the dispute has officially been resolved, resentment towards what the Déby administration considered "foreign meddling" lingers.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Austria is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[168]
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Denmark is represented in Chad through its embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.[169]
File:Flag of France.svg France 12 August 1960 See Chad–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960[170]

France was Chad's most important foreign donor and patron for the first three decades following independence in 1960.[120] At the end of the 1980s, economic ties were still strong, and France provided development assistance in the form of loans and grants.[120] It was no longer Chad's leading customer for agricultural exports, but it continued to provide substantial military support.

Chad remained a member of the African Financial Community, which linked the value of its currency, the CFA franc, to the French franc.[120] French private and government investors owned a substantial portion of Chad's industrial and financial institutions, and the French treasury backed the Bank of Central African States, which served as the central bank for Chad and six other member nations.[120] Chad's dependence on France declined slightly during Habré's tenure as president, in part because other foreign donors and investors returned as the war subsided and also because increased rainfall since 1985 improved food production.[120] French official attitudes toward Chad had changed from the 1970s policies under the leadership of Giscard d'Estaing to those of the Mitterrand era of the 1980s.[120] Economic, political, and strategic goals, which had emphasized maintaining French influence in Africa, exploiting Chad's natural resources, and bolstering francophone Africa's status as a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence, had been replaced by nominally anticolonialist attitudes.[120] The election in France of the Socialist government in 1981 had coincided with conditions of near-anarchy in Chad, leading France's Socialist Party to reaffirm its ideological stance against high-profile intervention in Africa.[120] Hoping to avoid a confrontation with Libya, another important client state in the region, President Mitterrand limited French military involvement to a defense of the region surrounding N'Djamena in 1983 and 1984.[120] Then, gradually increasing its commitment to reinforce Habré's presidency, France once again increased its military activity in Chad.[120] In 2024, Chad breaks its defense agreements with France, dating from 1966.[171]

File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 7 May 1962 See Chad–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1962 when accredited first Ambassador of Netherlands to Chad (resident in Leopoldville)[174]

  • Chad is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania 15 July 1969 See Chad–Romania relations

Chad–Romania relations were established on July 15, 1969.[175] However, neither country has an embassy in the other's capital, and although an agreement on trade was signed in 1969, followed by an agreement on economic and technical cooperation in 1971, since 2007Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., the volume of bilateral trade remained insignificant.[176]

In November 2007, Romania announced that they would deploy 120 troops to Chad and the Central African Republic in connection with a European Union peacekeeping mission there.[177] Romania continued to condemn violence in Chad and blamed it on rebel groups.[178] However, by mid-2008, Romanian defence minister Teodor Meleşcanu indicated that his country would not send further troops to the mission in Chad, stating that they had reached their limits and did not want involvement in a war theatre.[179]

Chad and Romania have almost identical flags.

File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Script error: No such module "Date table sorting". See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Chad established diplomatic relations with the UK on 9 December 1960.[5]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

  • Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy in N'Djamena.[180]

Both countries share common membership of the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[181]

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Australia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Paris, France.[182]

Membership of international organizations

Chad belongs to the following international organizations:

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See also

References

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  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"."deux parties ont décidé d’élever leurs relations diplomatiques"
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ M. Azevedo, p. 150
  117. ↑ G. Simons, p. 78
  118. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Template:Citation-attribution
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Brasil e Chade (in Portuguese)
  127. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Bilateral relations between Mexico and Chad - pages 17-19 (in Spanish)
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Script error: No such module "navboxes". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "navbox".Script error: No such module "navboxes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "Military navigation". Template:Foreign relations of Chad Script error: No such module "Navbox".

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