Isotopes of krypton
Template:Short description Template:Infobox krypton isotopes There are 34 known isotopes of krypton (36Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 67 to 103. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one (Template:SimpleNuclide) which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere.
List of isotopes
Template:Isotopes table
|-id=Krypton-67
| rowspan=2|67Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31
| rowspan=2|66.98331(46)#
| rowspan=2|7.4(29) ms
| β+? (63%)
| 67Br
| rowspan=2|3/2-#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
|2p (37%)
|65Se
|-id=Krypton-68
| rowspan=3|68Kr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=3|67.97249(54)#
| rowspan=3|21.6(33) ms
| β+, p (>90%)
| 67Se
| rowspan=3|0+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
|β+? (<10%)
|68Br
|-
|p?
|67Br
|-id=Krypton-69
| rowspan=2|69Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
| rowspan=2|68.96550(32)#
| rowspan=2|27.9(8) ms
| β+, p (94%)
| 68Se
| rowspan=2|(5/2−)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (6%)
| 69Br
|-id=Krypton-70
| rowspan=2|70Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34
| rowspan=2|69.95588(22)#
| rowspan=2|45.00(14) ms
| β+ (>98.7%)
| 70Br
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p (<1.3%)
| 69Se
|-id=Krypton-71
| rowspan=2|71Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35
| rowspan=2|70.95027(14)
| rowspan=2|98.8(3) ms
| β+ (97.9%)
| 71Br
| rowspan=2|(5/2)−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p (2.1%)
| 70Se
|-id=Krypton-72
| 72Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 71.9420924(86)
| 17.16(18) s
| β+
| 72Br
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-73
| rowspan=2|73Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 37
| rowspan=2|72.9392892(71)
| rowspan=2|27.3(10) s
| β+ (99.75%)
| 73Br
| rowspan=2|(3/2)−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p (0.25%)
| 72Se
|-id=Krypton-73m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 73mKr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 433.55(13) keV
| 107(10) ns
| IT
| 73Kr
| (9/2+)
|
|
|-id=Krypton-74
| 74Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 73.9330840(22)
| 11.50(11) min
| β+
| 74Br
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-75
| 75Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 39
| 74.9309457(87)
| 4.60(7) min
| β+
| 75Br
| 5/2+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-76
| 76Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 75.9259107(43)
| 14.8(1) h
| β+
| 76Br
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-77
| 77Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 76.9246700(21)
| 72.6(9) min
| β+
| 77Br
| 5/2+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-77m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 77mKr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.50(5) keV
| 118(12) ns
| IT
| 77Kr
| 3/2−
|
|
|-id=Krypton-78
| 78Kr[n 1]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 77.92036634(33)
| align=center|9.2 Template:Su ±1.3Template:E y[1]
|Double EC
|78Se
| 0+
| 0.00355(3)
|
|-id=Krypton-79
| 79Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 43
| 78.9200829(37)
| 35.04(10) h
| β+
| 79Br
| 1/2−
|
|
|-id=Krypton-79m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 79mKr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 129.77(5) keV
| 50(3) s
| IT
| 79Kr
| 7/2+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-80
| 80Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 79.91637794(75)
| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 0+
| 0.02286(10)
|
|-
| 81Kr[n 2]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 80.9165897(12)
| 2.29(11)×105 y
| EC
| 81Br
| 7/2+
| Template:Val[2]
|
|-id=Krypton-81m
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mKr
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 190.64(4) keV
| rowspan=2|13.10(3) s
| IT
| 81Kr
| rowspan=2|1/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| EC (0.0025%)
| 81Br
|-id=Krypton-82
| 82Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 81.9134811537(59)
| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 0+
| 0.11593(31)
|
|-id=Krypton-83
| 83Kr[n 3]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 82.914126516(9)
| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 9/2+
| 0.11500(19)
|
|-id=Krypton-83m1
| style="text-indent:1em" | 83m1Kr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 9.4053(8) keV
| 156.8(5) ns
| IT
| 83Kr
| 7/2+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-83m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | 83m2Kr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 41.5575(7) keV
| 1.830(13) h
| IT
| 83Kr
| 1/2−
|
|
|-id=Krypton-84
| 84Kr[n 3]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 83.9114977271(41)
| colspan=3 align=center|Stable
| 0+
| 0.56987(15)
|
|-id=Krypton-84m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 84mKr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3236.07(18) keV
| 1.83(4) μs
| IT
| 84Kr
| 8+
|
|
|-
| 85Kr[n 3]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 49
| 84.9125273(21)
| 10.728(7) y
| β−
| 85Rb
| 9/2+
| Template:Val[2]
|
|-id=Krypton-85m1
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 85m1Kr[n 3]
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 304.871(20) keV
| rowspan=2|4.480(8) h
| β− (78.8%)
| 85Rb
| rowspan=2|1/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (21.2%)
| 85Kr
|-id=Krypton-85m2
| style="text-indent:1em" | 85m2Kr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1991.8(2) keV
| 1.82(5) μs
| IT
| 85Kr
| (17/2+)
|
|
|-
| 86Kr[n 4][n 3]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 50
| 85.9106106247(40)
| colspan=3 align=center|Observationally Stable[n 5]
| 0+
| 0.17279(41)
|
|-id=Krypton-87
| 87Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 51
| 86.91335476(26)
| 76.3(5) min
| β−
| 87Rb
| 5/2+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-88
| 88Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 52
| 87.9144479(28)
| 2.825(19) h
| β−
| 88Rb
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-89
| 89Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 53
| 88.9178354(23)
| 3.15(4) min
| β−
| 89Rb
| 3/2+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-90
| 90Kr
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 54
| 89.9195279(20)
| 32.32(9) s
| β−
| 90mRb
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-91
| rowspan=2|91Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55
| rowspan=2|90.9238063(24)
| rowspan=2|8.57(4) s
| β−
| 91Rb
| rowspan=2|5/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n?
| 90Rb
|-id=Krypton-92
| rowspan=2|92Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56
| rowspan=2|91.9261731(29)
| rowspan=2|1.840(8) s
| β− (99.97%)
| 92Rb
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (0.0332%)
| 91Rb
|-id=Krypton-93
| rowspan=2|93Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 57
| rowspan=2|92.9311472(27)
| rowspan=2|1.287(10) s
| β− (98.05%)
| 93Rb
| rowspan=2|1/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (1.95%)
| 92Rb
|-id=Krypton-94
| rowspan=2|94Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 58
| rowspan=2|93.934140(13)
| rowspan=2|212(4) ms
| β− (98.89%)
| 94Rb
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (1.11%)
| 93Rb
|-id=Krypton-95
| rowspan=3|95Kr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59
| rowspan=3|94.939711(20)
| rowspan=3|114(3) ms
| β− (97.13%)
| 95Rb
| rowspan=3|1/2+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n (2.87%)
| 94Rb
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 93Rb
|-id=Krypton-95m
| style="text-indent:1em" | 95mKr
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 195.5(3) keV
| 1.582(22) μs
| IT
| 95Kr
| (7/2+)
|
|
|-id=Krypton-96
| rowspan=2|96Kr
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 60
| rowspan=2|95.942998(62)[3]
| rowspan=2|80(8) ms
| β− (96.3%)
| 96Rb
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (3.7%)
| 95Rb
|-id=Krypton-97
| rowspan=3|97Kr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61
| rowspan=3|96.94909(14)
| rowspan=3|62.2(32) ms
| β− (93.3%)
| 97Rb
| rowspan=3|3/2+#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n (6.7%)
| 96Rb
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 95Rb
|-id=Krypton-98
| rowspan=3|98Kr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 62
| rowspan=3|97.95264(32)#
| rowspan=3|42.8(36) ms
| β− (93.0%)
| 98Rb
| rowspan=3|0+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n (7.0%)
| 97Rb
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 96Rb
|-id=Krypton-99
| rowspan=3|99Kr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 63
| rowspan=3|98.95878(43)#
| rowspan=3|40(11) ms
| β− (89%)
| 99Rb
| rowspan=3|5/2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n (11%)
| 98Rb
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 97Rb
|-id=Krypton-100
| rowspan=3|100Kr
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 64
| rowspan=3|99.96300(43)#
| rowspan=3|12(8) ms
| β−
| 100Rb
| rowspan=3|0+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β−, n?
| 99Rb
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 98Rb
|-id=Krypton-101
| rowspan=3 | 101Kr
| rowspan=3 | 36
| rowspan=3 | 65
| rowspan=3 | 100.96932(54)#
| rowspan=3 | 9# ms
[>400 ns]
| β−?
| 101Rb
| rowspan=3 | 5/2+#
| rowspan=3 |
| rowspan=3 |
|-
| β−, n?
| 100Rb
|-
| β−, 2n?
| 99Rb
|-id=Krypton-102
| 102Kr[4]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 66
|
|
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-id=Krypton-103
| 103Kr[5]
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| style="text-align:right" | 67
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Template:Isotopes table/footer
- The isotopic composition refers to that in air.
Notable isotopes
Template:More citations needed section
Krypton-81
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Krypton-81 is useful in determining how old the water beneath the ground is.[6] Radioactive krypton-81 is the product of spallation reactions with cosmic rays striking gases present in the Earth atmosphere, along with the six stable or nearly stable krypton isotopes.[7] Krypton-81 has a half-life of about 229,000 years.
Krypton-81 is used for dating ancient (50,000- to 800,000-year-old) groundwater and to determine their residence time in deep aquifers. One of the main technical limitations of the method is that it requires the sampling of very large volumes of water: several hundred liters or a few cubic meters of water. This is particularly challenging for dating pore water in deep clay aquitards with very low hydraulic conductivity.[8]
Krypton-85
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Krypton-85 has a half-life of about 10.75 years. This isotope is produced by the nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear weapons testing and in nuclear reactors, as well as by cosmic rays. An important goal of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was to eliminate the release of such radioisotopes into the atmosphere, and since 1963 much of that krypton-85 has had time to decay. However, it is almost inevitable that krypton-85 is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors.[9]
Atmospheric concentration
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The atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 around the North Pole is about 30 percent higher than that at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station because nearly all of the world's nuclear reactors and all of its major nuclear reprocessing plants are located in the northern hemisphere, and also well-north of the equator.[10] To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, Mainland China (PRC), Japan, India, and Pakistan.
Krypton-86
Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter from 1960 until 1983, when the definition of the meter was based on the wavelength of the 606 nm (orange) spectral line of a krypton-86 atom.[11]
See also
Daughter products other than krypton
References
Sources
- Isotope masses from:
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
External links
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Template:Cite report
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