List of new religious movements

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Template:Short description A new religious movement (NRM) is a religious or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern[1] origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad and inclusive, rather than sharply defined. New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assets to disseminate their ideas and worldviews, deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon the self, and having a peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.[2]Template:RpTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approaches to spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied.[3] Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million.[4]Template:Rp Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.[2]Template:Rp

List

Script error: No such module "Hatnote".

List of new religious movements
Name Founder Founded Type References
3HO Harbhajan Singh Khalsa
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sikh Template:Listref
Adidam, previously the Free Daist Communion, Dawn Horse Fellowship, etc. Adi Da
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu-inspired Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Adonai-Shomo Frederick T. Howland
1861
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Adventist
Communalist
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Adonism Franz Sättler
1925
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan [5]Template:Rp
Adventures in Enlightenment, A Foundation Terry Cole-Whittaker
1985
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Religious Science Template:Listref
Aetherius Society George King
1954
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO-Christian Template:Listref Template:Listref[6]Template:Rp
The African Church Jacob Kehinde Coker
1901
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Anglican Template:Listref[7]
African initiated churches Multiple
1800s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretic Christian-Indigenous Template:Listref
African Theological Archministry, previously the Order of Damballah Hwedo Ancestor Priests, Shango Temple, and Yoruba Temple Walter Eugene King
1973
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Afro-American
West African Vodun
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Agasha Temple of Wisdom Richard Zenor
1943
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Spiritualism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Agni Yoga (Roerichism) Helena Roerich & Nicholas Roerich
1920
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light Abdullah Hashem
2015
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Shia Islam
Millenarianism
Template:Listref
Ahmadiyya Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
1889
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Messianic Islam Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Aiyy Faith, previously Kut-SiurTemplate:Rp Lazar Afanasyev (Template:AKA Téris)
1990
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Neo-Tengrist
[8]Template:Rp[8]Template:Rp
Aladura Josiah Ositelu
1930
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Template:ListrefTemplate:Listref Template:Listref
Alamo Christian Foundation, Template:A.k.a. Alamo Christian Church, Consecrated, Alamo Christian Ministries, and Music Square Church Tony Alamo & Susan Alamo
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist Christianity
Communalist
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Altruria Edward Biron Payne
1894
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian
Communal
Template:Listref Template:Listref
American Buddhist Movement
1980
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Western Buddhism Template:Listref Template:Listref
American Buddhist Society and Fellowship, Inc. Robert Ernest Dickhoff
1945
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Tibetan Buddhism Template:Listref Template:Listref
American World Patriarchs Uladyslau Ryzy-Ryski
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Eastern Orthodox Template:Listref Template:Listref
Amica Temple of Radiance Ivah Berg Whitten
1932
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ananda Ashrama Paramananda
1923
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
Neo-Vedanta
Template:Listref
Ananda Marga Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar
1955
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
Tantric
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[9]Template:Rp
Ananda movement, including Ananda World Brotherhood Colonies and Ananda Church of Self-Realization Kriyananda
1968
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
Self-Realization Fellowship
Template:Listref
Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha Anandamayi Ma
1920s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref
Ancient British Church in North America Jonathan V. Zotique
1976
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
LGBTQ-oriented Christianity
Progressive Christianity
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis H. Spencer Lewis
1915
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rosicrucianism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ancient Teachings of the Masters (ATOM) Darwin Gross
1983
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sant Mat
Eckankar
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Anglo-Saxon Federation of America Howard B. Rand
1928
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
British Israelism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ansaaru Allah Community Dwight York (Template:AKA As Siddid Al Imaan Al Haahi Al Mahdi)
late 1960s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Islam Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ant Hill Kids, Template:A.k.a. Holy Moses Mountain Family Roch Thériault
1977
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Seventh-day Adventist [10][11]
Anthroposophy (Anthroposophical Society) Rudolf Steiner
1912
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Western esotericism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[12]Template:Rp
Antiochian Catholic Church in America Gordon Mar Peter
1980s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Independent Catholicism
Monophysitism
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Antoinism Louis-Joseph Antoine
1910
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christianity
Faith healing
Template:Listref
Apostles of Infinite Love, Template:A.k.a. the Order of Magnificat of the Mother of God Michel Collin & Jean-Gaston Tremblay
1961
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Catholic [13]
Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) Samuel Heinrich Froehlich
1906
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
European Free church Template:Listref Template:Listref
Apostolic Christian Church of America
1830
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Apostolic Church Daniel Powell Williams
1916
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Apostolic Church of Christ (Pentecostal) Johnnie Draft & Wallace Snow
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oneness Pentecostalism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God William Thomas Phillips
1920
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Arcane School, a.k.a. Lucis Trust Foster & Alice Bailey
1923 or 1937
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical Template:ListrefTemplate:ListrefTemplate:ListrefTemplate:Listref
Arica School Oscar Ichazo
1968
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sufism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Art of Living Foundation, a.k.a. the Association for Inner Growth and "Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Preeth" Ravi Shankar
1981/1982
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref
Arya Samaj Dayananda Saraswati
1875
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Aryan Nations, Template:A.k.a. the Church of Jesus Christ–Christian Wesley Swift
late 1940s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
British Israelism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Asatru Folk Assembly Stephen McNallen
1970s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Heathenry
[14]
Assemblies of God merger
1914
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostalism [15]Template:Rp Template:Listref Template:Listref[15]Template:Rp
Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ
1952
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oneness Pentecostalism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Assembly of Christian Soldiers Jessie L. Thrift
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian Identity
Ku Klux Klan
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Assembly of Man Franklin Merrell-Wolff
1928
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Eastern and Western esotericism [16]
Association for Research and Enlightenment Edgar Cayce
1931
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Occult Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Association of Vineyard Churches, Template:A.k.a. the Vineyard Movement John Wimber
1982
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-charismatic
Trinitarian Pentecostal
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Aumism Gilbert Bourdin
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretic esotericism-Hinduism [17]Template:Rp[17]Template:Rp[17]Template:Rp
Aum Shinrikyo, Template:A.k.a. Aleph Shoko Asahara
1987
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Japanese Buddhism
Template:Listref[18] Template:Listref Template:Listref[19]
Ausar Auset Society R.A. Straughn
mid-1970s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rosicrucianism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Azalism, a.k.a. Azali Babism Subh-i-Azal
1863
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Babism [20]Template:Rp
Bábism Ali Muhammad Shirazi (a.k.a. the Báb)
1844
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Shia Islam
Millenarianism
[21] Template:Listref[21][22]Template:Rp
Baháʼí Faith Bahá'u'lláh (Mírzá Ḥusayn-'Alí Nuri)
1863
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Millenarian Babism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sufism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Bethel Ministerial Association Albert Franklin Varnell
1934
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oneness Pentecostalism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Bible Presbyterian Church Carl McIntire
1938
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Reformed Presbyterian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ schism
1957
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oneness Pentecostalism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Biosophy Ignaz Paul Vitalis Troxler, F. W. J. Schelling
1806
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
[23][24]
Blackburn Cult, Template:A.k.a. the Divine Order of the Royal Arms of the Great Eleven May Otis Blackburn
1922
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
New Thought
[25]Template:Rp[25]Template:Rp
Brahma Kumaris Dada Lekhraj
1936/1937
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref[26] Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Brahmo Samaj, Template:A.k.a. Adi Dharm Ram Mohan Roy
1828
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
Unitarian Universalism
Template:Listref[27]Template:Rp[28]
Brahmoism (a.k.a. Brahmo Dharma) Debendranath Tagore
1848 or 1850
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
[28]Template:Rp
Branch Davidians Benjamin Roden
1930
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Seventh-day Adventist
Shepherd's Rod
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Branhamism William M. Branham
1951
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Oneness Pentecostalism Template:Listref
Inedia, Template:A.k.a. Breatharianism Wiley Brooks
1970s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hinduism-influenced Template:Listref[29]Template:Rp
The Brethren (Jim Roberts group), a.k.a. The Body of Christ and The Garbage Eaters Jimmie T. Roberts Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Unclassified Christianity Template:Listref
British Israelism, a.k.a. Anglo-Israelism
1870s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Brotherhood of the Golden Arrow (defunct) Maria de Naglowska
1932
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Occult
Western esotericism
Satanism
[30]
Bruderhof, a.k.a. the Hutterian Brethren and Hutterian Society of Brothers Eberhard Arnold Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Communalist Template:Listref Template:Listref[31]Template:Rp
Brunstad Christian Church Johan Oscar Smith
1905
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Evangelical
nondenominational Christianity
[32] Template:Listref[32]
Builders of the Adytum Paul Foster Case
1922
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Ritual magic Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Burkhanism or Ak Jang Chet Chelpan; Chugul Sarok Chandyk
1904
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Altaian Millenarian-Indigenist
Tengrist
[33]
Cao Dai, a.k.a. Dai Dao Tam Ky Pho Do Ngô Văn Chiêu & Lê Văn Trung
1919
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic
Vietnamese millenarianism
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Cargo cults
1885
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic
Millenarian-Indigenist
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Carlebach movement Shlomo Carlebach
late 1960s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism [27]Template:Rp
Celestial Church of Christ Samuel Oshoffa
1947
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Indigenist
Pentecostal
Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Centers Network 1981 Template:Listref
Chabad, a.k.a. Chabad-Lubavitch Shneur Zalman of Liadi
1775
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Charismatic Movement, Template:A.k.a. neo-Pentecostalism
1950s–1960s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Charismatic Christianity Template:Listref[34] Template:Listref Template:Listref
Chen Tao, a.k.a. God's Salvation Church and God Saves the Earth Flying Saucer Foundation Hon-Ming Chen
1955
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO religion Template:Listref[35]
Cheondoism, a.k.a. Chendogyo Choe Je-u
1905
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref
Cherubim and Seraphim, a.k.a. the Sacred Cherubim and Seraphim Society and Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim Moses Orimolade Tunolase Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". African Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Children of Thunder Glenn Helzer
2000
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter-day Saint Movement [36]
Christ Apostolic Church Joseph Ayo Babalola
1941
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Christadelphians, a.k.a. Thomasites John Thomas
1844
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Baptist
Restorationism
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Christian Community, a.k.a. the Christian Community Church and Christengemeinschaft Rudolf Steiner
Friedrich Rittelmeyer
1922
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Anthroposophy Template:Listref Template:Listref
Christian Identity, a.k.a. the Identity Movement
1870s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
1940s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
British Israelism Template:Listref[37]Template:Rp Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[38]Template:Rp
Christian Reformed Church in North America Gijsbert Haan
1857
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Reformed Presbyterian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Christian Science, a.k.a. Church of Christ, Scientist Mary Baker Eddy
1876
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christianity
Faith healing
New Thought
Template:Listref Template:Listref[39]
Christian World Liberation Front, a.k.a. the Spiritual Counterfeits Project Jack Sparks, Fred Dyson, & Pat Matrisciana
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist Christianity
Millenarianism
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of All Worlds Tim Zell & Lance Christie
1962
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Witchcraft
Modern Pagan
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of Aphrodite (defunct) Gleb Botkin
1938
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Goddess movement
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of Bible Understanding Stewart Traill
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Adventism
Fundamentalist Christianity
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of Euthanasia Chris Korda & Robert Kimberk
1992
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Parody religion [40]
Church of Daniel's Band
1893
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Non-Episcopal Methodism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of Divine Science Malinda Cramer
1888
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Thought
Faith healing
Template:Listref
Church of God in Christ Charles Harrison Mason
1908
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Church of God (Jerusalem Acres) Grady R. Kent
1957
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
White Trinitarian
Holiness movement
Pentecostal
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of God Mountain Assembly J.H. Parks, Steve N. Bryant, Tom Moses and William O. Douglas
1906
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of God of Prophecy Ambrose Tomlinson
1903
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of God with Signs Following George Went Hensley
1920s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Holiness-Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of Israel Dan Gayman
1974
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
British Israelism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Joseph Smith
1830
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter-day Saint movement-Millenarian
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) Joseph Smith
James Strang
1844
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter-day Saint movement [41]
The Church of Light C.C. Zain
1932
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
neo-Hermetism Template:Listref[42]Template:Rp
Church of Satan Anton LaVey
1966
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Satanic Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of the SubGenius J.R. "Bob" Dobbs
1979
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Parody
Church of the Creator Grace Marama URI
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Liberal family Template:Listref
Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism Bobby Henderson
2005
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Parody [43][44]
Church of the Living Word, a.k.a. The Walk John Robert Stevens
1954
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist
Occult
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of the Lord (Aladura) Josiah Ositelu
1930
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Family Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church of World Messianity Mokichi Okada
1934
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Shinto
Faith healing
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Church Universal and Triumphant Mark Prophet, Elizabeth Clare (Wolf) Prophet
1958
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Theosophical
Occult
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles, also known as CARP Sun Myung Moon
1955
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unification Church [45] Template:Listref[46]
Commandment Keepers: Holy Church of the Living God Arnold Josiah Ford
1924
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Judaism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Community Chapel and Bible Training Center Donald Lee Barnett
1967
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter Rain
Pentecostal
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Concerned Christians Monte Kim Miller
1980s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref[47]
Conservative Judaism Sabato Morais, Marcus Jastrow, H. Pereira Mendes
1887
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rabbinic Judaism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Core Shamanism, The Foundation for Shamanic Studies Michael Harner
1980
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neoshamanism Template:Listref[48]
Covenant of the Goddess merger
1975
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Goddess
Neopagan witchcraft
Modern Pagan
Wiccan
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:ListrefTemplate:Sfn
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans Margot Adler
1987
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neopagan witchcraft
Modern Pagan
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord James D. Ellison
1970s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
British Israelism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Creativity Ben Klassen
1970s, early
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pantheism,
Agnostic Atheism,
White Racialism
[49]
Crossroads Movement
1970s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Cyberchurches
2000s, early
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Non-denominational Christian Template:Listref
Dalit Buddhist Movement, a.k.a. Navayana Buddhism B.R. Ambedkar
1956
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Buddhism Template:Sfn [50]
Dances of Universal Peace Samuel L. Lewis
1968
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
[51]
Diamond Way Ole Nydahl
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Tibetan Buddhism, New Age, [52][53]
Dianic Wicca merger
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neopagan witchcraft
Modern Pagan
Goddess
Wiccan
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Discordianism Greg Hill, Kerry Wendell Thornley
1963
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Absurdism
Greek Mythology
[54]
Eastern Lightning, a.k.a. the Church of Almighty God Yang Xiangbin, Zhao Weishan
1991
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Chinese house churches [55]Template:Rp[56]Template:Rp[57]Template:Rp[55][56]Template:Rp
Eckankar or ECK Paul Twitchell
1965/1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Derived from Radha Soami, but denies connection Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Efficacious Spirit Teachings, a.k.a. Spirit Church and The Lingling Sect Hua Xuehe
1986
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostalism [58]Template:Rp[59]Template:Rp[58]Template:Rp[60]Template:Rp
Elan Vital, formerly Divine Light Mission Hans Ji Maharaj
1920s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Derived from Sant Mat, but denies connection Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[26]Template:Rp[61]Template:Rp
Emin Raymond Armin
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Age
End Time Survivors Jesus Christians David McKay 1981 Fundamentalist Millennialism [62][63]
Esoteric Nazism
1940s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Occult
Western esotericism
[12][64]Template:Rp
Est (Erhard Seminars Training) Werner Erhard
1981
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Human Potential Movement
Self religions
[65][66]Template:Rp[67][68]Template:Rp[4]Template:Rp[69] Template:Listref[2]Template:Rp[26]Template:Rp
Evangelical Association of the Israelite Mission of the New Universal Covenant Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal
1968
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic Messianic Judaism-Indigenist [70]
Evangelical Methodist Church J.H. Hamblen
1946
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Non-Episcopal Methodist Template:Listref Template:Listref
Falun Gong Li Hongzhi
1992
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Qigong movement Template:Listref[71]
The Family, a.k.a. Santiniketan Park Association & Great White Brotherhood Anne Hamilton-Byrne
1963
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Age [72]
Family International, previously the Children of God, the Family of Love and the Family David Berg
1968
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist, Jesus movement,
countercultural
evangelical
Template:Listref Template:Listref[73][26]Template:Rp[73]
Fellowship of Isis Olivia Robertson
1976
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Goddess
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Fellowships of the Remnant Denver Snuffer Jr.
2013
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter-day Saint Movement
Feraferia Frederick Adams
1967
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Goddess
Template:Sfn
Feri Tradition Victor Henry Anderson, Cora Anderson
1960, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Goddess
Neopagan witchcraft
Modern Pagan
Wiccan
Template:Sfn
Findhorn Foundation Eileen Caddy, Peter Caddy, Alexis Edwards, Roger Benson
1963
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian-Anthroposophistical-Rosicrucian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God of the Americas W.E. Fuller
1898
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Trinitarian Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
First Satanic Church Karla LaVey
1997
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Satanic [74]Template:Rp
Followers of Christ Marion Reece (or Riess)
1800s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unclassified Pentecostal Template:Listref[75]
Fourth Way George Gurdjieff
1913–1916
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Esoteric
Esoteric Sufism
Template:Listref[12]Template:Rp Template:Listref
Fraternitas Rosae Crucis Paschal Beverly Randolph
1858
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rosicrucianism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Fraternity of the Inner Light Dion Fortune
1924
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
neo-Hermeticism
Esoteric Christianity
Template:Listref
Freedomites
1902
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref
Fundamentalist Christianity
1800s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian Template:Listref
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Lorin C. Woolley
1929
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter-day Saint Movement [76]
General Church of the New Jerusalem schism
1890
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Swedenborgianism Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Genesis II Church of Health and Healing Jim Humble
2009/2010
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO-New Age inspired
Pseudoscience
[77][78][79][80]
Gentle Wind Project John "Tubby" Miller and Mary "Moe" Miller
1980
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Spiritualism [81]
Ghost Dance Wovoka
1889
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American
Indigenist
Fundamentalist
Template:Sfn Template:Listref
Global Peace Foundation Hyun Jin Moon
2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unification Church [82][83]
Goddess movement
1960s,late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan Template:Listref Template:Sfn
Godianism, a.k.a. Chiism K.O.K. Onyioha
1949
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
African Indigenist Modern Pagan Template:Listref
Grail Movement Oskar Ernst Bernhardt
1924
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic Christian
New Age
Channeling
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Hanuman Foundation Richard Alpert (Ram Dass)
1974/1980
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Happy Science (Kofuku-no-Kagaku) Ryuho Okawa
1986
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese [84]
Heaven's Gate formerly Human Individual Metamorphosis and Total Overcomers Anonymous Marshall Herff Applewhite,
Bonnie Lu Nettles
1973
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic Christian
New Age
UFO religion
[85][86]Template:Rp[85][87]Template:Rp
Hikari no Wa Fumihiro Joyu
2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Aum Shinrikyo [88]Template:Rp
Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy Swami Rama
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
House of Israel David Hill a.k.a. Rabbi Edward Washington
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Hebrew Israelites [89]
Humanistic Judaism Sherwin Wine
1965
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nontheistic Rabbinic Judaism Template:Listref
Human Sacrifices Sect of Nacozari Silvia Meraz
2009
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Santa Muerte [90]
Huna Max Freedom Long
1936
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Thought
New Age
Hawaiian religion
Template:Listref
I AM Activity Guy Ballard, Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard
1930s, early
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical Template:Listref Template:Listref
Iglesia ni Cristo Felix Manalo
1913, formally 1914
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Restorationism
Nontrinitarian
Fundamentalist
Template:Listref
Independent Fundamental Churches of America R. Lee Kirkland
1922
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unaffiliated Fundamentalist Template:Listref Template:Listref
Indian Shaker Church John and Marry Slocum
1881
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American and Christian Template:Sfn
Insight Meditation Society Jack Kornfield, Sharon Salzberg, Joseph Goldstein
1976
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Theravada Template:Listref Template:Listref
International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), Template:A.k.a. Hare Krishna movement A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
1966
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu Template:Listref
International House of Prayer, a.k.a. IHOP or IHOPKC Mike Bickle
1999
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Charismatic Movement
Post-tribulational
Historic premillennialism
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel Aimee Semple McPherson
1923
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
White Trinitarian Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
International Community of Christ, Template:A.k.a. Church of the Second Advent (CSA) and Jamilians Eugene Douglas Savoy
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Age Template:Listref
Iriadamant Pierre Doris Maltais
1973
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Animism
Native American
Spiritual ecology
[91]
Isha Foundation Jaggi Vasudev
1992
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu [92]
ISKCON Revival Movement (IRM) ?
2000
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
ISKCON
Template:Listref
Ivanovism (the Ivanovites) Porfiry Ivanov
1933
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic
Modern Pagan
Slavic Native Faith
[93]Template:Rp
Jediism
2000s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Star Wars-inspired
New Age
[94]Template:Rp[94]Template:Rp
Jehovah's Witnesses Charles Taze Russell
1870
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Adventist
Bible Students
Nontrinitarian
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Jesus Army, Template:A.k.a. "Jesus Fellowship Church" and "Bugbrooke Jesus Fellowship" Noel Stanton
1977
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist
Communal
[9]Template:Rp Template:Listref
Jesus Movement
1960s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist Template:Listref Template:Listref[95]
Jewish Renewal Zalman Schachter-Shalomi
1970s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hasidic Rabbinic Judaism
Syncretistic
[27]Template:Rp
Jews for Jesus Moishe Rosen
1970
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist
Messianic Judaism
Template:Listref Template:Listref
John Frum
1936
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic
Millenarian
Kabbalah Centre Philip Berg
1970s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Kabbalist
New Age
Template:Listref
Karma Triyana Dharmachakra the 16th Gyalwa Karmapa
1976
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Tibetan Buddhism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Keetoowah Society Redbird Smith (co-founder)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
1858
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American
Indigenist
Template:Sfn
Kemetic Orthodoxy Tamara Siuda
1988
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Kemetic
[96]
Kerista John Presmont
1956
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Communal—After 1960 Template:Listref Template:Listref
Kopimism Isak Gerson
2012
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Internet religion
Konkokyo Bunjirō Kawate
1859
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Shinto
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Krishnamurti Foundations Jiddu Krishnamurti
1928
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical
Universalism
[97]
Kripalu Center (Kirpalu) Amrit Desai
1966
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref
Lama Foundation Steve Durkee
1967
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Communal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism) Joseph Smith
1830
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian restorationism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Latter Rain Movement George Hawtin, Percy Hunt
1946
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Millenarian Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Laymen's Home Missionary Movement Paul S.L. Johnson
1920, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Adventist
Bible Students
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Lectorium Rosicrucianum Jan van Rijckenborgh; Zwier Willem Leene; Catharose de Petri
1924
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rosicrucianism Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Living Word Fellowship John Robert Stevens
1951
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Latter Rain Pentecostal Template:Listref[98]
Local Church movement Ni Shu-tsu (Watchman Nee)
1920s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Independent Fundamentalist
Bible Students
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Longhouse Religion Handsome Lake alias Sganyodaiyoˀ
1797
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American
Indigenist
Template:Sfn
Love Family, a.k.a. the Church of Jesus Christ at Armageddon and Love Israel Paul Erdman
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Communal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Love Has Won Amy Carlson
2005, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Age [99][100]
Lumpa Church Alice Lenshina
1953
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
African initiated church [101]
Mahikari Kotama Okada
1959
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Shinto Template:Listref Template:Listref
Makasol (Wind Nation), a.k.a. Paliau movement Paliau Maloat
1970s, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Papuan Indigenist
Millenarian
countercultural
Template:Listref
Manson Family Charles Manson
1967
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Millenarianism [102]
Maranatha Campus Ministries Bob Weiner
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Martinus' Spiritual Science Martinus Thomsen
1932
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Esoteric [103][104][105]
Mata Amritanandamayi Math Mata Amritanandamayi
1981
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref
Mazdaznan Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish
1902
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Zoroastrianism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Meher Baba followers Merwan Sheriar Irani
1921
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu-inspired Template:Listref[61]
Mespilism
2000s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Buddhism, Paganism, New Age, Syncretism, Humanism [106]
Messianic Judaism
1960s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Judeo-Christian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Million Man March Louis Farrakhan
1995
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nation of Islam [107]Template:Rp
Mita Congregation Juanita García Peraza
1940
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Deliverance Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Modekngei (Ngara Modekngei) Tamadad from Chol
1915, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic Christian-Indigenous [108]
Monastic Order of Avallon Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan [109]
Moody Church Dwight L. Moody
1864
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fundamentalist
Evangelical
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Moorish Science Temple of America Timothy Drew
1925
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Islam Template:Listref Template:Listref
Moral Re-Armament Frank N.D. Buchman
1921
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God Credonia Mwerinde, Joseph Kibweteere
1989
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Catholicism [110]Template:Rp[110]Template:Rp[110]Template:Rp
Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness John-Roger Hinkins
1971
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic
Sant Mat and Eckankar-influenced
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Namdhari Balak Singh
1800s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sikh Template:Listref Template:Listref
Narcosatánicos Adolfo Constanzo
1985
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Palo [111]
Nation of Islam Elijah Muhammad
1930s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Islam
UFO religion
Template:Listref[112]
Nation of Yahweh Hulon Mitchell, Jr.
1970s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Judaism Template:Listref Template:Listref[113]Template:Rp
National Spiritualist Association of Churches Harrison D. Barrett, James M. Peebles, Cora L. Richmond
1893
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Spiritualism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Native American Church, a.k.a. Peyotism Quanah Parker
1800–19th century
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American
Indigenist Entheogen groups
Template:Sfn Template:Listref Template:Listref
Native Ukrainian National Faith, a.k.a. RUNVira or Sylenkoism Lev Sylenko
1960s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Slavic Native Faith
[93]Template:Rp
Neo-charismatic movement
1980s, early
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Charismatic Christian
Nondenominational Christian
[34]Template:Rp
Neo-Hinduism or Reform Hinduism
1830, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu Template:Listref
Néo-Phare Arnaud Mussy
2001
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Esoteric, apocalyptic [114]
New Acropolis (Nouvelle Acropole) Jorge Ángel Livraga Rizzi
1957
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical
Western esotericism
Template:Listref[115]Template:Rp
New Apostolic Church Heinrich Geyer
1863
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Catholic Apostolic Church
Unclassified Christian Churches
Template:Listref Template:Listref
New Kadampa Tradition Geshe Kelsang Gyatso
1970s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Tibetan Buddhism Template:Listref[116]Template:Rp
The New Message from God Marshall Vian Summers
1992
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO religion [117][118]
New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
Witchcraft
Modern Pagan
Template:Listref Template:Listref
New Thought Phineas Parkhurst Quimby
1800s, mid
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Metaphysical
Faith healing
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Noahidism
1990s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Orthodox Judaism-inspired [119][120][121]Template:Rp
Nuwaubian Nation or United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors Dwight York
1967
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO religion, New Age, Christian, Jewish, Black supremacist [122][123]
Oahspe Faithists John Ballou Newbrough
1882
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO religion [124]
Odinism Orestes Brownson
1848
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan [125]
Oneida Community John Humphrey Noyes Perfectionism [126]
Oneness Movement a.k.a. Oneness University Kalki Bhagawan
1989
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Indian religions-inspired
New Age
Neo-Hindu
2012 phenomenon-inspired
[127]
Oomoto Nao Deguchi
1899
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Shinto-Millenarian
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Open Bible Standard Churches merger
1935
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
White Trinitarian Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
Opus DeiTemplate:Rp Saint Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer
1928
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Roman Catholic [128][129]Template:Rp[130][131]Template:Rp Template:Listref[26]Template:Rp[132]
Order of the Solar Temple Joseph Di Mambro, Luc Jouret
1984
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rosicrucian [110]Template:Rp[110]Template:Rp[110]
Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) Carl Kellner; Theodor Reuss
1895/1906
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Western esotericism
Neo-Hermetism
Thelema
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Pentecostal Church of God
1919
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal [34][15]Template:Rp Template:Listref
Pentecostalism
1900s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Charismatic Christian [34] Template:Listref
People Unlimited, also known as Eternal Flame Foundation, People Forever, and CBJ Charles Paul Brown, Bernadeane Brown, James Russell Strole
1982
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Immortalism, Christianity Template:Listref[133]
Peoples Temple Jim Jones
1955
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Psychic-New Age Template:Listref Template:Listref[134]
Philosophical Research Society Manly Palmer Hall
1934
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Occult Template:Listref Template:Listref
Pilgrims of Arès Michel Potay
1974
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
[135]
Plymouth Brethren John Nelson Darby
1830
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
evangelical
Millenarian
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Potter's House also known as: Christian Fellowship Ministries (CFM), The Door, Victory Chapel, Christian Center, Crossroads Chapel, etc. Wayman Mitchell
1970
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pentecostal Template:Listref
The Process Church of the Final Judgment Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston
1963
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Satanism [136]Template:Rp
Quiverfull Mary Pride
1985
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian Natalism [137]
Radha Soami, also Radhasoami Movement or Sant Mat movement Shiv Dayal Singh
1861
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sikh-derived or Syncretistic Sikh-Hindu or Sant Mat-inspired Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Radha Soami Satsang Beas Baba Jaimal Singh
1891
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sant Mat
Radha Soami
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Radha Soami Satsang Dayalbagh Kamta Prasad Sinha
1907
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Radha Soami Template:Listref
Raëlism, Template:A.k.a. Raëlian Church Claude Vorilhon (Rael)
1973/1974
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO religion Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Rainbow Family, Template:A.k.a. Rainbow Coalition Barry Adams or Jesse Jackson
1960s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Communal
Afro-American
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Rajneesh movement, Template:A.k.a. Osho movement Rajneesh Chandra Mohan
1966
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Indian religions-inspired
Syncretistic
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ramakrishna Mission, Template:A.k.a. Ramakrishna movement or Vedanta Society Swami Vivekananda
1897
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
Neo-Vedanta
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[138]Template:Rp
Ramtha's School of Enlightenment J.Z. Knight
1977
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Age [139][140][141]
Rastafari Leonard Howell, Joseph Hibbert, Archibald Dunkley, Robert Hinds
1920s/1935
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Jewish and Christian-influenced Afro-centric Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[142]
Reconstructionist Judaism Mordecai Kaplan
1922
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rabbinic Judaism Template:Listref
Reform Judaism, Template:A.k.a. Progressive or Liberal Judaism Isaac Harby; Isaac M. Wise; others
1820s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Listref
Reformed Druids of North America
1960s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan Template:Listref Template:Listref
Reiki, also Usui Shiko Ryoho System of Healing Mikao Usui
1922
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Energy medicine
Japanese Buddhism
Template:Listref
Religious Science Ernest Holmes
1948
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Thought Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism Vladimir Megre
1997
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic
Modern Pagan
Slavic Native Faith
[143]Template:Rp
Risshō Kōsei Kai Nikkyo Niwano, Myoko Naganuma
1938
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Nichiren Buddhist Template:Listref[144]
The Rosicrucian Fellowship Carl Louis von Grasshof
1909
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Rosicrucianism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Ruhani Satsang, Template:A.k.a. Kirpal Light Satsang Kirpal Singh
1948
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Radha Soami Template:Listref Template:Listref
Sacred Name Movement Clarence Orvil Dodd
1930s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Judeo-Christian (Judaizers)
Nontrinitarian
Church of God (Seventh-Day)
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Anandamohan Bose, Sivanath Sastri, Umesh Chandra Dutta
1878
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Brahmoism [28]Template:Rp
Sahaja Yoga Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi
1970
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref[145]
Saiva Siddhanta Church Subramuniy
1957
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Salvation Army William Booth
1865
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Holiness movement Template:Listref Template:Listref
Saminism, Samin movementTemplate:Rp Samin Surosentiko
1889
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Abrahamic religions
Indigenist
[146]Template:Rp[147]Template:Rp
Sant Nirankari Mission Baba Buta Singh Ji
1929, formally 1947
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Sikh
Nirankari
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Santa Muerte Cult
1940s, late (or earlier)[148]
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretic Folk Catholic [149]
Sathya Sai Baba movement or Sai Baba movement Sathya Sai Baba
1950
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref
Santo Daime Mestre Irineu
1930s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Folk Catholic
Spiritism
Neoshamanic
Entheogen groups
Template:Sfn
The Satanic Temple Lucien Greaves, Malcolm Jarry
2012
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Satanic
Nontheistic
[150][151][152][153][154]
Science of Identity Foundation (SIF) Chris Butler alias Jagad Guru Siddhaswarupananda
1977
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu
ISKCON
Template:Listref
Scientology L. Ron Hubbard
1955
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO-Psychic
New Age
[155][156] Template:Listref Template:Listref[26]Template:Rp[157]
Sekta Niebo Bogdana Kacmajora
1990
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian [158]
Seicho-no-Ie Masaharu Taniguchi, Fenwicke Holmes
1930
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Religious Science-Shinto
[84] Template:Listref
Self-Realization Fellowship Paramahansa Yogananda
1935
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Semitic Neopaganism Raphael Patai
1960s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Feminism
[159]
Seventh-day Adventist Church Ellen G. White; Joseph Bates
1860
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Adventist
Millerite
Seventh-day Sabbatarian
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Seventh-day Adventist Reform Movement schism
1925
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Seventh-day Adventist Template:Listref Template:Listref
Shakers Ann Lee
1750s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Communal—Before 1960 Template:Listref Template:Listref
Shengdao, a.k.a. Tongshanshe Peng Tairong (Ruzun)
1900s, early
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Chinese salvationist [160]Template:Rp
Shepherd's Rod, a.k.a. the Davidians, officially, the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association Victor T. Houteff
1935
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Seventh-day Adventist Template:Listref Template:Listref
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers John J. Higgins, Jr.
1969
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Communal—After 1960 Template:Listref Template:Listref
Shincheonji Church of Jesus Lee Man-hee
1984
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian [161]
Shinji Shumeikai, Template:A.k.a. Shumei Mihoko Koyama
1970
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Church of World Messianity
Faith healing
[84]
Shinnyo-en Shinjo Ito, Tomoji Ito
1936
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Japanese Buddhism
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Shinreikyo Kanichi Otsuka
1950, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Shinto
Syncretistic
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Shouters Li Changshou
1965
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christianity [58]Template:Rp[58]
Shri Ram Chandra Mission Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj
1945
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Hindu [162]
Slavic Native Faith, a.k.a. Rodnovery or Slavic Neopaganism Władysław Kołodziej, Jan Stachniuk
1920–30s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Polytheistic reconstructionism
[93]Template:Rp[163]
Slavic-Hill Rodnovery Aleksandr Belov
1980s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Modern Pagan
Slavic Native Faith
[163]Template:Rp
Soka Gakkai International Tsunesaburo Makiguchi
1930
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Nichiren Buddhism
Template:Listref Template:Listref[164]
Spiritualism Kate and Margaret Fox
1848
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Psychic-Mediumship
Metaphysical
Template:Listref[165]Template:Rp
Subud (Susila Budhi Dharma) Muhammed Subuh
1933
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Kejawèn
neo-Sufism
Template:Listref Template:Listref[146]Template:Rp Template:Listref Template:Listref
Sufi Ruhaniat International Samuel L. Lewis
1968
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
neo-Sufism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Sukyo Mahikari Keishu Okada
1978
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Mahikari Syncretistic
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Summum Claude Rex Nowell
1975
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unclassified Christian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Sun Dance
1890
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American
Indigenist
Template:Sfn
Syntheism Alexander Bard
2012
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pantheist
Humanist
Netocratic
[166]
Temple of Set Michael A. Aquino
1975
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Satanism
Theism
[167]
Temple of Zeus Andrea Maxine Dietrich
2002
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Satanism
Polytheism
[143]Template:Rp
Tenrikyo Miki Nakayama
1838
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Japanese
Shinto
Template:Listref Template:Listref
Tensegrity Carlos Castaneda
1995
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neoshamanism
New Age
[48] Template:Listref
Terasem Martine Rothblatt
2004
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Transhumanism [168]
Thelema, a.k.a. the A∴A∴ order Aleister Crowley
1900s, early
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Occult
neo-Hermetism
Western esotericism
[12]Template:Rp
Theosophy or Theosophical Society, a.k.a. 1882 as Theosophical Society Adyar Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge
1875
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Occult
Eastern and Western esotericism
[12]Template:Rp[169] Template:Listref Template:Listref[169]
Theosophical Society Pasadena William Quan Judge
1895
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Theosophical [169]Template:Rp Template:Listref
Tolstoyan primitivism Leo Tolstoy
1901
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Christian anarchism
Pacifism
[170]Template:Rp[170]Template:Rp
Toronto Blessing Randy Clark
1994
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-charismatic [9]Template:RpTemplate:Sfn
Transcendental Meditation (TM) Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
1958
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Hindu-inspired Template:Listref Template:Listref
Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly Friends of the Western Buddhist Order) Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingwood)
1967
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Buddhism [171]
True Buddha School Lu Sheng-yen
1980s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Tibetan Buddhism
Taoism
[172]
True Russian Orthodox Church Pyotr Kuznetsov
2007
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Russian Orthodoxy Apocalypticism [173]
Twelve Tribes Gene and Marsha Spriggs
1972
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Messianic Jewish Communal—After 1960 Template:Listref Template:Listref
Two by Twos, a.k.a. Cooneyites, Christian Conventions, the Workers and Friends, the Truth, etc. Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
1897
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Independent fundamentalist family Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref[174]
Umbanda Zélio Fernandino de Moraes
1920
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Spiritism Template:Listref[175]
Unarius Academy of Science Ernest Norman, Ruth Norman
1954
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO Religion Template:Listref
União do Vegetal Mestre Gabriel
1961
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Spiritism
Neoshamanic
Entheogen groups
Template:Sfn
Unification Church, a.k.a. the Moonies Sun Myung Moon
1954
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Syncretistic Christian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Unitarian Universalism consolidation
1961
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unitarian Universalism Template:Listref Template:Listref
United Holy Church of America Isaac Cheshier
1900
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Black Trinitarian Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
United House of Prayer for All People Marcelino Manoel de Graca
1925
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
African American Pentecostal Template:Listref Template:Listref
United Israel World Union David Horowitz
1944
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Other Jewish Groups Template:Listref Template:Listref
United Lodge of Theosophists Robert Crosbie
1909
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Theosophical Template:Listref Template:Listref
United Pentecostal Church International merger
1945
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Apostolic Pentecostals Template:Listref Template:Listref
Unity Church Charles Fillmore and Myrtle Fillmore
1889/1903
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
New Thought-Christian Template:Listref Template:Listref
Universal Great Brotherhood Serge Raynaud de la Ferriere
1940s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Other Theosophical Groups Template:Listref Template:Listref
Universal Life Church Kirby Hensley
1962
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Liberal Family Template:Listref Template:Listref
Universal White Brotherhood Peter Deunov
1900
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Other Theosophical Groups
Esoteric Christianity
Template:Listref[176]
Urantia Foundation William S. Sadler
1934
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
UFO religion
Psychic
New Age
Christian occultist
Template:Listref Template:Listref Template:Listref
Vajradhatu Chögyam Trungpa
1973
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Tibetan Buddhism Template:Listref Template:Listref
Vale do Amanhecer Tia Neiva
1959
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Spiritualism [177]
Volunteers of America Ballington Booth, Maud Booth
1896
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Holiness Template:Listref Template:Listref
Washat Dreamers Religion Smohalla
1850
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Native American
Indigenist
Template:Sfn
The Way International Victor Paul Wierwille
1942
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Independent fundamentalist family Template:Listref Template:Listref
The Way of the Livingness (Universal Medicine) Serge Benhayon
1999
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Neo-Theosophical and/or "Socially harmful cult". [178][179][180]
White Eagle Lodge Lady Elizabeth Carey
1943
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Other Theosophical Groups Template:Listref Template:Listref
Wicca Gerald Gardner
1949, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Pagan-influenced
Syncretic
New Age
[12]Template:Rp Template:Listref Template:Listref
Wotansvolk David Lane
1990s
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
neo-völkisch paganism [181]
The Word Foundation Harold W. Percival
1904, circa
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Theosophical Template:Listref Template:Listref
World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church Hyung Jin Moon, Yeon Ah Lee Moon
2015
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Unification Church-based
ultra-Orthodox/Fundamentalism
[182][183]
Yiguandao Wang Jueyi; Chang Thien Ran
1800s, late
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Chinese salvationist-Millenarian [160]Template:Rp Template:Listref

See also

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Bibliography

Main sources

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Other selected sources

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References

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External links

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  1. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  4. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
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  10. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  12. a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127–180.
  15. a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  18. Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
  19. Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
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  21. a b Encyclopædia Iranica 1989, "Babism".
  22. Template:Cite EB9
  23. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  25. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Self-published source
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  32. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  41. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  46. In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." [1] Template:Webarchive
  47. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. Robinson 2005.
  50. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
  52. https://info-buddhism.com/Ole_Nydahl_and_Diamond_Way_B_Scherer.html Neo-orthodox Tradition and Transition: Lama Ole Nydahl and the Diamond Way Bee Scherer, Professor of Religious Studies (Buddhism) and Gender Studies at Canterbury Christ Church University (U.K.)
  53. https://www.academia.edu/7782672/Conversion_Devotion_and_Trans_Mission_Understanding_Ole_Nydahl_in_T_Lewis_ed_2014_Buddhists_Understanding_Buddhism_Through_the_Lives_of_Practitioners_Blackwell_Wiley_London_pp_96_106 Conversion, Devotion and (Trans-)Mission: Understanding Ole Nydahl, in T Lewis (ed.) 2014, Buddhists: Understanding Buddhism Through the Lives of Practitioners, Blackwell Wiley, London, pp. 96-106.
  54. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  65. See:
    * Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757–1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s."
  66. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. See:
    * Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tacticTemplate:Snd a term I take from the business world [...] Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
    * Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training [EST]), and qualsi-religious encounter groups."
  68. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. See"
    * Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
    * Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..."
  70. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. Lewis 2004, p. 195.
  72. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. a b Melton 2009, p. 676.
  74. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. Peters 2008, pp. 186–187.
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  82. Global Leadership Council Template:Webarchive
  83. Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
  84. a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. a b Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
  86. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  95. Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
  96. Krogh 2004, p. 167.
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  98. Tucker 2004, pp. 360–362.
  99. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  101. Hinfelaar, Hugo. "WOMEN'S REVOLT: THE LUMPA CHURCH OF LENSHINA MULENGA IN THE 1950S." Journal of Religion in Africa, v. 21 issue 2, 1991, pp. 99–129.
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  105. Byskov, Else: Death is an illusion. Paragon House 2002.
  106. https://pdfhost.io/v/51FVy2Zyz_mespilism_ebook Mespilism: The Way Of The Medlar
  107. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  109. Marhic 1996, pp. 25–29.
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  112. Enroth 2005, p. 169.
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  122. Palmer, Susan. The Nuwaubian Nation: Black Spirituality and State Control (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010).
  123. Bailey, Julius H. "The Final Frontier: Secrecy, Identity, and the Media in the Rise and Fall of the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74, no. 2 (2006): 302–23.
  124. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
  126. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  128. Gold 2004, p. 46.
  129. Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  130. Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180–182.
  131. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18–19
  133. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. Reiterman 1982, pp. 49–52
  135. Mayer 2004, pp. 123–143.
  136. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  139. Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
  140. York 2004, p. 105.
  141. Dawson 2006, p. 3.
  142. Partridge 2004, pp. 62–64.
  143. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. Tamura 2001, pp. 203–204.
  145. INFORM 2001.
  146. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  148. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  151. The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2; James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen; Oxford University Press, 2016; pgs. 441-453
  152. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  155. Lewis 2003, p. 42.
  156. Reece 2007, pp. 182–186.
  157. Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263–265.
  158. Beźnic Sz., Zbór Leczenia Duchem Świętym "Niebo", in: E.Barker, Nowe ruchy religijne, Nomos, Kraków 1997, p. 299–301.
  159. Raphael 1998, pp. 198–215.
  160. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. Mayer 1993, p. 213.
  163. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. Wilson 1999, p. 10.
  165. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. Irons 2008, p. 206.
  172. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
  175. Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279–280.
  176. (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
  177. Dawson 2007, pp. 48–49.
  178. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  182. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".