Khutor
A khutor (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Lang-rus) or khutir (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a type of rural locality in some countries of Eastern Europe; in the past the term mostly referred to a single-homestead settlement.[1][2] The term can be translated as "hamlet".[3][4]
They existed in Cossack-settled lands that encompassed today's Ukraine, Kuban, and the lower Don River basin while in Kuban and Don region the word khutor was also used to describe new settlements (irrespective of the number of homesteads) which had detached themselves from stanitsas.[5] In some Cossack communities, these types of settlements were referred to as posyolok (Template:Langx) or selyshche (Template:Langx). In Russia the term "Script error: No such module "Lang"." (vyselki, literally, "those who moved away") was also used. Khutor remains the official designation of many Russian villages in these regions.
During the Stolypin reforms in the Russian empire, Peter Stolypin envisaged rich peasants "privatising" their share of the community (obshchina (Template:Langx) or tovarystvo (Template:Langx)) lands, leaving the obshchinas, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an otrub (отруб) or vidrub: a section of formerly obshchina land, whose owner has left the obshchina but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land.[6] By 1910 the share of khutors and otrubs among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during the collectivisation in the USSR.[1]
Linguistic origin
The origin of the word is not entirely clear. Assumed are borrowings from Hungarian határ (Template:Lit. "border"), to which the Slavs are reduced, or határ ("border, edge") — from Serbo-Croatian; also from Proto-Iranic khȁtȃr (Template:Lit. "land belonging to the village") to Ukrainian as khotar.[7]
According to Max Vasmer, the word entered the East Slavic languages from Old Upper German.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
In literature
Nikolai Gogol's first major work is called Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, where "farm" is a translation of "khutor" (Template:Langx, Vechera na khutore bliz Dikanki).Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
See also
References
- ↑ a b Khutor from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia Template:In lang
- ↑ Khutor from the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary Template:In lang
- ↑ Українсько-англійський переклад «хутір» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online
- ↑ Російсько-англійський переклад «хутор» - ABBYY Lingvo-Online
- ↑ Khutir at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ↑ Otrub from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia Template:In lang
- ↑ Хутір // Етимологічний словник української мови : в 7 т. / редкол.: О. С. Мельничук (гол. ред.) та ін. — Київ: Наукова думка, 2012. — Т. 6: У — Я. — С. 224. — ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8.