Tyrant flycatcher
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The tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) comprise a family of passerine birds which is found virtually throughout North and South America. It is the world's largest family of birds, with more than 400 species, and is the most diverse avian family in every country in the Americas, except for the United States and Canada. The members vary greatly in shape, patterns, size, and colors. Some tyrant flycatchers may superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, which they are named after but are not closely related to. The Tyrannidae is a member of suborder Tyranni (suboscines), a group that lacks the sophisticated vocal capabilities of most other songbirds.[1]
A number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family Tityridae (see Systematics). Sibley and Alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera Mionectes, Leptopogon, Pseudotriccus, Poecilotriccus, Taenotriccus, Hemitriccus, Todirostrum and Corythopis as a separate family Pipromorphidae,[2] but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family, they are not each other's closest relatives.[2]
Description
Most species are rather plain, with various hues of brown, gray and white commonplace, often providing some degree of presumed camouflage. Obvious exceptions include the bright red vermilion flycatcher, blue, black, white and yellow many-colored rush-tyrant and some species of tody-flycatchers or tyrants, which are often yellow, black, white and/or rufous, from the Todirostrum, Hemitriccus and Poecilotriccus genera. Several species have bright yellow underparts, from the ornate flycatcher to the great kiskadee. Some species have erectile crests. Several of the large genera (i.e. Elaenia, Myiarchus or Empidonax) are quite difficult to tell apart in the field due to similar plumage and some are best distinguished by their voices. Behaviorally they can vary from species such as spadebills which are tiny, shy and live in dense forest interiors to kingbirds, which are relatively large, bold, inquisitive and often inhabit open areas near human habitations. As the name implies, a great majority of tyrant flycatchers are almost entirely insectivorous (though not necessarily specialized in flies). Tyrant flycatchers are largely opportunistic feeders and often catch any flying or arboreal insect they encounter. However, food can vary greatly and some (like the large great kiskadee) will eat fruit or small vertebrates (e.g. small frogs). In North America, most species are associated with a "sallying" feeding style, where they fly up to catch an insect directly from their perch and then immediately return to the same perch. Most tropical species, however, do not feed in this fashion and several types prefer to glean insects from leaves and bark. Tropical species are sometimes found in mixed-species foraging flocks, where various types of passerines and other smallish birds are found feeding in proximity.
The smallest family members are the closely related short-tailed pygmy tyrant and black-capped pygmy tyrant from the genus Myiornis (the first species usually being considered marginally smaller on average). These species reach a total length of Template:Convert and a weight of Template:Convert. By length, they are the smallest passerines on earth, although some species of Old World warblers apparently rival them in their minuscule mean body masses if not in total length.[3] The minuscule size and very short tail of the Myiornis pygmy tyrants often lend them a resemblance to a tiny ball or insect. The largest tyrant flycatcher is the great shrike-tyrant at Template:Convert and Template:Convert. A few species such as the streamer-tailed tyrant, scissor-tailed flycatcher and fork-tailed flycatcher have a larger total length — up to Template:Convert in the fork-tailed flycatcher at least — but this is mainly due to their extremely long tails; the fork-tailed flycatcher has the longest tail feathers of any known bird relative to their size (this being in reference to true tail feathers, not to be confused with elongated tail streamers as seen in some from the Phasianidae family of galliforms).[4]
Habitat and distribution
Species richness of Tyrannidae, when compared to habitat, is highly variable, although most every land habitat in the Americas has at least some of these birds. The habitats of tropical lowland evergreen forest and montane evergreen forest have the highest single site species diversity while many habitats including rivers, palm forest, white sand forest, tropical deciduous forest edge, southern temperate forest, southern temperate forest edge, semi-humid/humid montane scrub, and northern temperate grassland have the lowest single species diversity. The variation between the highest and the lowest is extreme; ninety species can be found in the tropical lowland evergreen forests while the number of species that can be found in the habitats listed above typically are in the single digits. This may be due in part to the fewer niches found in certain areas and therefore fewer places for the species to occupy.
Tyrannidae specialization among habitats is very strong in tropical lowland evergreen forests and montane evergreen forests. These habitat types, therefore, display the greatest specialization. The counts differ by three species (tropical lowland evergreen forests have 49 endemic species and montane evergreen forests have 46 endemic species). It can be assumed that they both have similar levels of specialization.
Regionally, the Atlantic Forest has the highest species richness with the Chocó following closely behind.
Status and conservation
The northern beardless tyrannulet (Camptostoma imberbe) is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.[5] This species is common south of the US border. The situation for a number of other species from South and Central America is far more problematic. In 2007, BirdLife International (and consequently IUCN) considered two species, the Minas Gerais tyrannulet and Kaempfer's tody-tyrant critically endangered. Both are endemic to Brazil. Additionally, seven species were considered endangered and eighteen species vulnerable.[6]
Systematics
The family's name is derived from an early description of the eastern kingbird as "the tyrant" by naturalist Mark Catesby in the 1730s. Carl Linnaeus adopted that name for the entire family Tyrannidae, because he admired Catesby's work.[7]
The family contains 447 species divided into 104 genera.[8] A full list, sortable by common and binomial names, is at list of tyrant flycatcher species. Species in the genera Tityra, Pachyramphus, Laniocera and Xenopsaris were formerly placed in this family, but evidence suggested they belong in their own family, the Tityridae,[9] where they are now placed by SACC.
| Image | Genus | Species |
|---|---|---|
| File:Piprites pileata - Black-capped Piprites (Male) 01.JPG | Piprites Cabanis, 1847Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:PIOLHINHO (Phyllomyias fasciatus).jpg | Phyllomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Phyllomyias burmeisteri - Rough-legged tyrannulet; Extrema, Minas Gerais, Brazil.jpg | Acrochordopus Berlepsch & Hellmayr, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Ashy-headed Tyrannulet - South Ecuador S4E8985 (16250969804) (cropped).jpg | Tyranniscus Cabanis & Heine, 1860Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tyrannulus elatus Tiranuelo coronado Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet (6515681957).jpg | Tyrannulus Vieillot, 1816Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiopagis cotta 1.jpg | Myiopagis Salvin & Godman, 1888Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Elaenia spectabilis-Large Elaenia.JPG | Elaenia Sundevall, 1836Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Brown-capped Tyrannulet (Ornithion brunneicapillus) (8079747729).jpg | Ornithion Hartlaub, 1853Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Camptostoma obsoletum obsoletum - Southern beardless tyrannulet.jpg | Camptostoma P.L. Sclater, 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Suiriri suiriri - Suiriri flycatcher Argentina.jpg | Suiriri d'Orbigny, 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Mecocerculus hellmayri - Buff-banded tyrannulet.jpg | Mecocerculus P.L. Sclater, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tufted Tit-Tyrant.jpg | Anairetes Reichenbach, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Anairetes agilis.jpg | Uromyias Hellmayr, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Serpophaga subcristata -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg | Serpophaga Gould, 1839Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Phaeomyias murina1.jpg | Nesotriccus Townsend, CH, 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Capsiempis flaveola -Costa Rica-8 (1).jpg | Capsiempis Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Polystictus superciliaris - Grey-backed Tachuri.JPG | Polystictus Reichenbach, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pseudocolopteryx dinelliana - Dinelli's doradito.jpg | Pseudocolopteryx Lillo, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pseudotriccus ruficeps -NBII Image Gallery-a00198.jpg | Pseudotriccus Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Corythopis delalandi -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg | Corythopis Sundevall, 1836Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant Euscarthmus rufomarginatus.jpg | Euscarthmus Wied-Neuwied, 1831Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pseudelaenia leucospodia - Gray-and-white Tyrannulet (cropped).jpg | Pseudelaenia W. Lanyon, 1988Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Stigmatura budytoides - Greater wagtail tyrant.JPG | Stigmatura Sclater & Salvin, 1866Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Golden-faced Tyrannulet - Colombia S4E9917.jpg | Zimmerius Traylor, 1977Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Phylloscartes poecilotis (Atrapamoscas variegado) - Flickr - Alejandro Bayer (1).jpg | Pogonotriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Cinnamon-faced Tyrannulet - Manu NP - Perù 7710 (16666057107).jpg | Phylloscartes Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Mionectes rufiventris.jpg | Mionectes Cabanis, 1844Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Leptopogon amaurocephalus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg | Leptopogon Cabanis, 1844Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Suiriri islerorum - Chapada Flycatcher.JPG | Guyramemua Lopes et al., 2017Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Sublegatus modestus - Southern scrub flycatcher.JPG | Sublegatus Sclater & Salvin, 1868Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Inezia subflava - Amazonian inezia, Anavilhanas National Park, Novo Airão, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg | Inezia Cherrie, 1909Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiophobus fasciatus 54670465.jpg | Myiophobus Reichenbach, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiophobus pulcher (Atrapamoscas musguero) - Flickr - Alejandro Bayer.jpg | Nephelomyias (Ohlson, Fjeldsa and Ericson, 2009)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Ornate Flycatcher - South Ecuador S4E0633.jpg | Myiotriccus Ridgway, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tachuris rubrigastra - Many-coloured rush-tyrant.JPG | Tachuris Lafresnaye, 1836Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Culicivora caudacuta Sharp-tailed Tyrant.JPG | Culicivora Swainson, 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Hemitriccus striaticollis - Stripe-necked Tody Tyrant; Arari; Maranhão, Brazil.jpg | Hemitriccus Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiornis auricularis 1.jpg | Myiornis Bertoni, A.W., 1901Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Southern Bentbill.jpg | Oncostoma P.L. Sclater, 1862Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Lophotriccus galeatus - Helmeted Pygmy Tyrant, Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil 02.jpg | Lophotriccus Berlepsch, 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pale-eyed Pygmy-Tyrant.jpg | Atalotriccus Ridgway, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Poecilotriccus ruficeps (Tiranuelo capirrufo) (14450043293).jpg | Poecilotriccus Berlepsch, 1884Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Taeniotriccus andrei - Black-chested Tyrant (male), Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil.jpg | Taeniotriccus Berlepsch & Hartert, 1902Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Todirostrum poliocephalum3.jpg | Todirostrum – typical tody-flycatchers Lesson, 1831Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Cnipodectes subbrunneus - Brownish twistwing, Careiro, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg | Cnipodectes P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1873Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus - Fulvous-breasted Flatbill - 3.jpg | Rhynchocyclus Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tolmomyias flaviventris - Yellow-breasted Flycatcher.JPG | Tolmomyias Hellmayr, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Calyptura cristata.jpg | Calyptura Swainson, 1832Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Platyrinchus coronatus - Golden-crowned spadebill.jpg | Platyrinchus Desmarest, 1805Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Neopipo cinnamomea - Cinnamon neopipo.jpg | Neopipo Sclater & Salvin, 1869Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Cinnamon Flycatcher (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus).jpg | Pyrrhomyias Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Gibão de couro.jpg | Hirundinea Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Gray-breasted Flycatcher - South Ecuador S4E9465.jpg | Lathrotriccus Lanyon,W & Lanyon,S, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Aphanotriccus capitalis -near Rancho Naturalista, Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica-8.jpg | Aphanotriccus Ridgway, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Cnemotriccus fuscatus - Fuscous Flycatcher; Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.jpg | Cnemotriccus Hellmayr, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pileated Flycatcher - Mexico S4E9492 (16251012834).jpg | Xenotriccus Dwight & Griscom, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Sayornis phoebe -Owen Conservation Park, Madison, Wisconsin, USA-8.jpg | Sayornis – phoebes Bonaparte, 1854Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Mitrephanes phaeocercus -Costa Rica-8a.jpg | Mitrephanes Coues, 1882Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tropical Pewee - Rio Tigre - Costa Rica.jpg | Contopus Cabanis, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Black-capped Flycatcher - Central Highlands - Costa Rica MG 7063 (26603418092).jpg | Empidonax Cabanis, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Pyrocephalus rubinus Titiribí pechirrojo Vermilion Flycatcher (male) (17321352426).jpg | Pyrocephalus Gould, 1839Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Ochthornis littoralis - Drab Water-Tyrant.jpg | Ochthornis P.L. Sclater, 1888Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Satrapa icterophrys -Argentina-8.jpg | Satrapa Strickland, 1844Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:LittleGround-Tyrant.jpg | Syrtidicola Chesser et al, 2020Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Spot-billed Ground-Tyrant.jpg | Muscisaxicola – ground tyrants Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Andean Negrito (Lessonia oreas) on the ground, side view.jpg | Lessonia Swainson, 1832Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Hymenops perspicillatus Argentina.jpg | Hymenops Lesson, 1828Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Knipolegus cyanirostris -Reserva Guainumbi, Sao Luis do Paraitinga, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg | Knipolegus F. Boie, 1826 Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Red-rumped-Bush-tyrant.jpg | Cnemarchus Ridgway, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:White Monjita (Xolmis irupero)-8.jpg | Xolmis F. Boie, 1826Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Fire-eyed Diucon RWD.jpg | Pyrope Cabanis & Heine, 1860Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Xolmis cinereus -Fazenda Campo de Ouro, Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg | Nengetus Swainson, 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Xolmis coronatus - Black-crowned Monjita; San Javier, Río Negro, Uruguay.jpg | Neoxolmis Hellmayr, 1927Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiotheretes striaticollis Atrapamoscas chiflaperro Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant (13975951386).jpg | Myiotheretes Reichenbach, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Agriornis montanus - Black-billed shrike-tyrant.jpg | Agriornis – shrike-tyrants Gould, 1839Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Gubernetes yetapa -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brasil-8.jpg | Gubernetes Such, 1825Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Muscipipra vetula 1.jpeg | Muscipipra Lesson, 1831Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Black-backed Water-Tyrant - Brazil MG 8606 (16730865190).jpg | Fluvicola Swainson, 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Arundinicola leucocephala -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil -male-8.jpg | Arundinicola d'Orbigny, 1840Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Heteroxolmis dominicana -Rocha, Uruguay -male-8.jpg | Heteroxolmis Lanyon, W, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Alectrurus risora - Strange-tailed tyrant (male) 03.jpg | Alectrurus Vieillot, 1816Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tumbes Tyrant - South Ecuador S4E9643 (16666065997).jpg | Tumbezia Chapman, 1925Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Yellow-bellied Chat-Tyrant - Colombia S4E2594 (16687224919).jpg | Silvicultrix Lanyon, W, 1986Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Ochthoeca fumicolor (Pitajo ahumado) (15321450129).jpg | Ochthoeca Cabanis, 1847Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Viudita (Colorhamphus parvirostris)-4056-1500px-Ignacio-Azocar.jpg | Colorhamphus Sundevall, 1872Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Colonia colonus Atrapamoscas rabijunco Long-tailed Tyrant (11876830773).jpg | Colonia |
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| File:Short-tailed Field-Tyrant - South Ecuador S4E8007 (16710944637).jpg | Muscigralla Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Cattle Tyrant - Pantanal - Brazil H8O0107 (16298240983).jpg | Machetornis G.R. Gray, 1841Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Legatus leucophaius Atrapamoscas pirata Piratic Flycatcher (6230421252).jpg | Legatus P.L. Sclater, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Phelpsia inornata White-bearded Flycatcher (6515680991) (cropped).jpg | Phelpsia W. Lanyon, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Rusty-margined flycatcher (25954179317).jpg | Myiozetetes P.L. Sclater, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Great kiskadee (70240).jpg | Pitangus Swainson, 1827Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Lesser kiskadee (Pitangus lictor panamense).jpg | Philohydor Lanyon, W, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Conopias trivirgatus-Three-striped Flycatcher.JPG | Conopias Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiodynastes chrysocephalus-2.jpg | Myiodynastes Bonaparte, 1857Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Megarynchus pitangua Bichofué picudo Boat-billed Flycatcher (16282096299).jpg | Megarynchus Thunberg, 1824Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tyrannopsis sulphurea - Sulphury Flycatcher.JPG | Tyrannopsis Ridgway, 1905Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Empidonomus varius-2.jpg | Empidonomus Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus - Crowned slaty flycatcher.JPG | Griseotyrannus W.E. Lanyon, 1984Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Tyrannus-verticalis-001.jpg | Tyrannus Lacépède, 1799Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Rufous Mourner - Panama H8O0032.jpg | Rhytipterna Reichenbach, 1850Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Sirystes albocinereus - White-rumped Sirystes; Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.jpg | Sirystes Cabanis & Heine, 1859Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Casiornis rufus -Piraju, Sao Paulo, Brazil-8.jpg | Casiornis Des Murs , 1856Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Myiarchus tyrannulus 1.jpg | Myiarchus Cabanis, 1844Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Ramphotrigon megacephalum - Large-headed Flatbill.jpg | Ramphotrigon G.R. Gray, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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| File:Attila torridus - Ochraceous Attila 2.jpg | Attila Lesson, 1831Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". |
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See also
References
Further reading
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External links
- Tyrant flycatcher videos, photos and sounds – Internet Bird Collection
- Template:Cite Americana
Template:Passeriformes Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control
- ↑ del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Christie, D. (editors). (2004) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 9: Cotingas to Pipits and Wagtails. Lynx Edicions. Template:ISBN
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBirdAlmanac - ↑ "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013" Template:Webarchive U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- ↑ BirdLife International (2007). Species factsheets. Accessed 12 December 2007 available online Template:Webarchive
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Adopt the Family Tityridae Template:Webarchive – South American Classification Committee (2007)