Interstate 81
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Interstate 81 (I-81) is a north–south (physically northeast–southwest) Interstate Highway in the eastern part of the United States. Its southern terminus is at I-40 in Dandridge, Tennessee; its northern terminus is on Wellesley Island, New York at the Canadian border, where the Thousand Islands Bridge connects it to Highway 137 and ultimately to Highway 401, the main Ontario freeway connecting Detroit via Toronto to Montreal. The major metropolitan areas along the route of I-81 include the Tri-Cities of Tennessee; Roanoke in Virginia; Hagerstown in Maryland; Harrisburg and the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania; and Binghamton and Syracuse in New York.
I-81 largely traces the paths created down the length of the Appalachian Mountains through the Great Appalachian Valley by migrating animals, indigenous peoples, and early settlers. It also follows a major corridor for troop movements during the Civil War.[1] These trails and roadways gradually evolved into US Route 11 (US 11); I-81 parallels much of the older US 11.[2] Being mostly rural in nature, I-81 is heavily used as a trucking corridor and is often used as a bypass of busier and more congested Interstates to the east such as I-95; for this reason, it is also used heavily by drug and human traffickers, as it is less monitored by law enforcement than I-95. This led to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) forming a taskforce to combat the issue in 2017.[3][4]
The I-81 Corridor Coalition, a six-state coalition, was organized to handle issues along I-81, such as truck traffic and air pollution; the commission meets annually.[5] I-81 is part of the fastest route between the capital of the US (Washington, D.C.) and the capital of Canada (Ottawa).[6][7]
Route description
I-81 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).[8]
| mi[9] | km | |
|---|---|---|
| TN | Template:Convert | |
| VA | Template:Convert | |
| WV | Template:Convert | |
| MD | Template:Convert | |
| PA | Template:Convert | |
| NY | Template:Convert | |
| Total | Template:Convert |
Tennessee
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". I-81 begins in Tennessee at I-40 in Dandridge, a route that connects to Knoxville to the west and Asheville to the east. I-81 meets I-26 and US 23, which go to Kingsport and Johnson City. At milemarker 75, I-81 leaves Tennessee and enters Virginia.
Virginia
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I-81 in Virginia is largely a rural route with brief concurrencies with I-77 and I-64. The route parallels the Appalachian Mountains for much of its route through Tennessee and Virginia, serving such cities as the twin cities of Bristol, Tennessee and Virginia; Wytheville; Roanoke; Christiansburg; Lexington; Staunton; Harrisonburg; and Winchester. In Harrisonburg, I-81 cuts through James Madison University.[10] It parallels its older counterpart, US 11, for its entire length in Virginia.[11]
West Virginia
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I-81 briefly enters the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia for about Template:Convert, serving the city of Martinsburg. The entire routing is in Berkeley County and serves the Eastern WV Regional Airport. The West Virginia segment was completed in 1966 and there have been no realignments since.
Maryland
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I-81 runs Template:Convert in Maryland from the West Virginia state line at the Potomac River in Williamsport north to the Pennsylvania state line near Maugansville. I-81 is the primary north–south Interstate Highway in Washington County, connecting Hagerstown, Maryland, with Chambersburg and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to the north and Martinsburg, West Virginia, and Winchester, and Roanoke, Virginia, to the south.[12] It is the shortest mainline Interstate in Maryland and contains the shortest portion of I-81 of all six states through which the Interstate highway passes. The Interstate was dedicated as Maryland Veterans Memorial Highway in 1987.[13] I-81 passes through the state of Maryland at one of its narrowest points, the "Hub City" of Hagerstown where it intersects with a large number of other routes, most notably I-70. Hagerstown Regional Airport is served by this Interstate Highway.[12]
Pennsylvania
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I-81 forms a major north–south corridor through the state of Pennsylvania, serving the boroughs of Chambersburg and Carlisle, where it meets the Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-76) but does not directly interchange with it (motorists must use US 11 to connect). Around the state capital of Harrisburg, the route forms the northern section of Pennsylvania's Capital Beltway. The route then travels northeast toward the Wyoming Valley, where it serves the cities of Wilkes-Barre and Scranton, as well as meeting the PA Turnpike's Northeast Extension,Template:What then heads north through the Endless Mountains region toward the state line.
New York
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In New York, I-81 crosses the Pennsylvania state line southeast of Binghamton. The freeway runs north–south through Central New York, serving the cities of Binghamton, Syracuse, and Watertown. It passes through the Thousand Islands in its final miles and crosses two bridges, both part of the series of bridges known as the Thousand Islands Bridge. South of Watertown, I-81 closely parallels US 11, the main north–south highway in Central New York prior to the construction of I-81. At Watertown, US 11 turns northeastward to head across New York's North Country while I-81 continues on a generally northward track to the Canadian border. From there, the road continues into the province of Ontario as Highway 137, a short route leading north to the nearby Highway 401.[14]
History
I-81 roughly parallels the Great Indian Warpath, an old Indian trail that connected New York to the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States via Virginia and West Virginia.[15] A series of roads linking Virginia to Maryland through Martinsburg were present on maps as early as 1873.[16] New York was originally served by New York State Route 2 (NY 2), a road built in 1924;[17] NY 2 was replaced by US 11 in 1927. A highway that largely followed the path of US 11 was built and became known as the Penn-Can Highway.[18] On August 14, 1957, the highway was redesigned as I-81.[19] In New York, the first segments of what would become I-81 were begun in 1954.[20] In Maryland, the Interstate was begun with the Hagerstown Bypass in the mid-1950s.[21] After several bouts of expansion, the freeway was completed from US 40 (now Maryland Route 144 [MD 144]) to the Pennsylvania state line in 1958[22] and marked as I-81 in 1959.[23] Bidding on contracts in West Virginia opened in July 1958.[24] In Virginia, the first Interstate hearing was held in February 1957. At the end of 1957, construction began on a Template:Convert stretch near Buchanan, Virginia. A Template:Convert section of the Interstate opened in 1959. A stretch in Harrisonburg was opened as well. By late 1963, Template:Convert in Virginia were open.[25]
The first statewide segment to be completed was that of West Virginia, which was finished in 1966. The section opened on October 19, 1966.[26] In western Maryland, various parts of I-81 were built in the early 1960s, and the remainder of the highway south to the Potomac River was under construction by 1965[27] and opened in 1966.[13] Since then, I-81 in Maryland has remained largely unchanged. In Tennessee by 1965, Template:Convert of the Template:Convert of Interstate Highways were completed. Construction was expected to be finished in 1969,[28] but a large portion of the work would not be completed until 1974, and most of the road was open by December 1974.[29] The final major segment of the Interstate in the north to be built was a Template:Convert section in New York, opened in October 1968.[30] That same year, work in Pennsylvania was completed.[31] The road would not be completely built in Tennessee until August 1975.[32] Construction on parts in Virginia dragged on until it was finished in July 1987.[25] The segment in New York cost $270 million (equivalent to $Template:Formatprice in Template:Inflation/yearTemplate:Inflation/fn) to build.[20]
Major intersections
- Tennessee[33]
- Template:Jct near Dandridge, northeast of Knoxville
- Template:Jct at the White Pine–Morristown line
- Template:Jct in Mosheim
- Template:Jct in Kingsport
- Template:Jct in Bristol
- Virginia[33]
- Template:Jct in Bristol. I-81/US 58 travels concurrently to east of Abingdon
- Template:Jct in Bristol
- Template:Jct in Bristol
- Template:Jct east of Abingdon
- Template:Jct at various locations
- Template:Jct in Wytheville. I-81/US 52 travels concurrently to Fort Chiswell
- Template:Jct in Wytheville. The highways travel concurrently to Fort Chiswell.
- Template:Jct in Christiansburg
- Template:Jct in Roanoke
- Template:Jct southeast of Lexington
- Template:Jct east of Lexington. The highways travel concurrently to Staunton.
- Template:Jct in Peyton
- Template:Jct in Harrisonburg
- Template:Jct New Market
- Template:Jct southwest of Middletown
- Template:Jct in Winchester
- West Virginia[33]
- Template:Jct north-northeast of Falling Waters
- Maryland[33]
- Pennsylvania[33]
- Template:Jct Chambersburg
- Template:Jct north of Enola
- Template:Jct in Harrisburg. I-81/US 322 concurrent throughout Harrisburg.
- Template:Jct in Harrisburg
- Template:Jct near Jonestown
- Template:Jct west of Tremont
- Template:Jct near Hazleton
- Template:Jct in Dupont (near Pittston)
- Template:Jct in Dunmore
- Template:Jct in Clarks Summit
- New York[33]
- Template:Jct in Binghamton
- Template:Jct in Binghamton
- Template:Jct in LaFayette
- Template:Jct in Syracuse
- Template:Jct in Syracuse
- Template:Jct in North Syracuse
- Template:Jct in Cicero
- Template:Jct in Adams
- Template:Jct in Watertown
- Template:Jct; freeway ends at Canada–US border (Thousand Islands Bridge)
Auxiliary routes
I-81 has six related, auxiliary Interstate Highways that connect the main freeway to downtowns and other cities. I-381 runs Template:Convert, connecting Bristol, Virginia, to I-81.[34] I-581 is a Template:Convert spur that connects Roanoke, Virginia, to I-81. It is proposed to be overtaken by I-73.[35] Pennsylvania Route 581 (PA 581) connects Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to I-81. It runs Template:Convert. I-481 serves as an eastern bypass of Syracuse, New York. NY 481 is a northwestern extension of I-481 that ends in Oswego.[36] I-781 extends for Template:Convert, that connects Fort Drum, New York, to the Interstate.[37] NY 281 is a north–south state highway in Central New York that extends for Template:Convert across Cortland and Onondaga counties, roughly paralleling I-81 and connecting at both ends.[38]
I-181 was a Template:Convert offshoot of I-81, linking to Kingsport, Tennessee. It was decommissioned in August 2005 when I-26 took over I-181's entire length.[39] I-281 was replaced in January 1970 by I-481. I-81E was replaced by the current I-380.[40]
References
External links
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- Thousand Islands Bridge System, showing the bridges and connections at the northern terminus
- Economic Development History of Interstate 81 in Virginia, a Federal Highway Administration report.
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