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[[Image:Dybbuk.jpg|thumb|300px|{{lang|yi-Latn|Dybbuk}}, by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien|Ephraim Moshe Lilien]] (1874–1925).]]
[[Image:Dybbuk.jpg|thumb|300px|{{lang|yi-Latn|Dybbuk}}, by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien|Ephraim Moshe Lilien]] (1874–1925).]]


In [[Jewish mythology]], a '''{{lang|yi-Latn|dybbuk}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|b|ə|k}}; {{langx|yi|[[wikt:דיבוק|דיבוק]]}}, from the [[Hebrew]] verb {{Script/Hebrew|[[wikt:דבק|דָּבַק]]}} {{lang|he-Latn|dāḇaq}} meaning 'adhere' or 'cling') is a malicious [[spiritual possession|possessing]] spirit believed to be the dislocated [[soul]] of a dead person.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Joshua|author-link=Joshua Trachtenberg|orig-date=Originally published 1939|chapter=Glossary of Hebrew Terms|chapter-url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/jms43.htm|title=Jewish Magic and Superstition|publication-place=Philadelphia|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|publication-date=2004|page=333|isbn=978-0812218626|access-date=Jan 10, 2023|quote=''Dibbuk'' – spirit of deceased person which has entered body of living person.}}</ref> It supposedly leaves the host body once it has accomplished its goal, sometimes after being [[exorcism#Judaism|exorcised]].<ref name="Falk">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&pg=PA538 |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |author=Avner Falk |page=538 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0838636602 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |contribution=Dybbuk |contribution-url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174964/dybbuk |title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2009-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="EJ">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05197.html |title=Dibbuk |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |author=Gershom Scholem |author-link=Gershom Scholem }}</ref>
In [[Jewish mythology]], a '''{{lang|yi-Latn|dybbuk}}''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɪ|b|ə|k}}; {{langx|yi|[[wikt:דיבוק|דיבוק]]}}, from the [[Hebrew]] verb {{Script/Hebrew|[[wikt:דבק|דָּבַק]]}} {{lang|he-Latn|dāḇaq}}, meaning 'adhere' or 'cling') is a malicious [[spiritual possession|possessing]] spirit believed to be the dislocated [[soul]] of a dead person.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Joshua|author-link=Joshua Trachtenberg|orig-date=Originally published 1939|chapter=Glossary of Hebrew Terms|chapter-url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/jms43.htm|title=Jewish Magic and Superstition|publication-place=Philadelphia|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|publication-date=2004|page=333|isbn=978-0812218626|access-date=Jan 10, 2023|quote=''Dibbuk'' – spirit of deceased person which has entered body of living person.}}</ref> It supposedly leaves the host body once it has accomplished its goal, sometimes after being [[exorcism#Judaism|exorcised]].<ref name="Falk">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z10-Xz9Kno4C&pg=PA538 |title=A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews |author=Avner Falk |page=538 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |date=1996 |isbn=978-0838636602 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |contribution=Dybbuk |contribution-url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/174964/dybbuk |title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=2009-06-10 }}</ref><ref name="EJ">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05197.html |title=Dibbuk |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]] |author=Gershom Scholem |author-link=Gershom Scholem }}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
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==History==
==History==
The term first appears in a number of 16th-century writings,<ref name="Falk" /><ref name="Goldish">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CF1C84xHeucC&dq=dybbuk&pg=PA41 ''Spirit Possession in Judaism: Cases and Contexts from the Middle Ages to the Present, by Matt Goldish'', p. 41, Wayne State University Press, 2003]</ref> though it was ignored by mainstream scholarship until [[S. An-sky]]'s 1920 play ''[[The Dybbuk]]'' popularised the concept in literary circles.<ref name="Goldish" /> Earlier accounts of possession (such as that given by [[Josephus]]) were of demonic possession rather than that of ghosts.<ref name="Schwartz">[https://books.google.com/books?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&dq=dybbuk&pg=PA229 ''Tree of Souls:The Mythology of Judaism'', by Howard Schwartz, pp. 229–230, Oxford University Press, 2004]</ref> These accounts advocated [[orthodoxy]] among the populace<ref name="Falk" /> as a preventative measure. {{lang|pl|[[Michał Waszyński]]|italic=no}}'s 1937 film ''[[The Dybbuk (film)|The Dybbuk]]'', based on the Yiddish play by S. An-sky, is considered one of the classics of [[Yiddish cinema|Yiddish filmmaking]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dybbuk |url=http://www.jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/dybbuk.html |accessdate=29 October 2014 |publisher=[[The National Center for Jewish Film]]}}</ref>
The term first appears in a number of 16th-century writings.<ref name="Falk" /><ref name="Goldish">[https://books.google.com/books?id=CF1C84xHeucC&dq=dybbuk&pg=PA41 ''Spirit Possession in Judaism: Cases and Contexts from the Middle Ages to the Present, by Matt Goldish'', p. 41, Wayne State University Press, 2003]</ref> However, it was ignored by mainstream scholarship until [[S. An-sky]]'s 1920 play ''[[The Dybbuk]]'' popularised the concept in literary circles.<ref name="Goldish" /> Earlier accounts of possession, such as that given by [[Josephus]], were of demonic possession rather than that of ghosts.<ref name="Schwartz">[https://books.google.com/books?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&dq=dybbuk&pg=PA229 ''Tree of Souls:The Mythology of Judaism'', by Howard Schwartz, pp. 229–230, Oxford University Press, 2004]</ref> These accounts advocated [[orthodoxy]] among the populace as a preventative measure.<ref name="Falk" /> {{lang|pl|[[Michał Waszyński]]|italic=no}}'s 1937 film ''[[The Dybbuk (film)|The Dybbuk]]'', based on the Yiddish play by S. An-sky, is considered one of the classics of [[Yiddish cinema|Yiddish filmmaking]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dybbuk |url=http://www.jewishfilm.org/Catalogue/films/dybbuk.html |accessdate=29 October 2014 |publisher=[[The National Center for Jewish Film]]}}</ref>


Rabbi [[Yoel Teitelbaum]], the [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar rebbe]] (1887–1979), is reported to have supposedly advised an individual said to be possessed to consult a [[psychiatrist]].<ref name="Schwartz" />
[[Rabbi]] [[Yoel Teitelbaum]], the [[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)|Satmar rebbe]] (1887–1979), is reported to have supposedly advised an individual said to be possessed to consult a [[psychiatrist]].<ref name="Schwartz" />


Traditionally, dybbuks tended to be male spirits. According to Hayyim Vital, women could not become dybbuks because their souls did not participate in [[gilgul]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Faierstein |first=Morris M. |title=The Dybbuk: The Origins and History of a Concept |date=2017 |work=olam he-zeh v'olam ha-ba |pages=135–150 |editor-last=Greenspoon |editor-first=Leonard J. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh9w0gb.14 |access-date=2024-10-12 |series=This World and the World to Come in Jewish Belief and Practice |publisher=Purdue University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9w0gb.14 |jstor=j.ctvh9w0gb.14 |isbn=978-1-55753-792-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sometimes these spirits were said to possess women on the eve of their weddings, typically in a sexual fashion by entering the women through their vaginas, which is seen in An-sky's play.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levin|first=Sala|title=Jewish Word: Dybbuk| url=https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-dybbuk/|website=Moment Magazine|date=28 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> However, men and boys could be possessed as well.<ref name=":0" />
Traditionally, dybbuks tended to be male spirits. According to [[Hayyim ben Joseph Vital]], women could not become dybbuks because their souls did not participate in ''[[gilgul]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Faierstein |first=Morris M. |title=The Dybbuk: The Origins and History of a Concept |date=2017 |work=olam he-zeh v'olam ha-ba |pages=135–150 |editor-last=Greenspoon |editor-first=Leonard J. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh9w0gb.14 |access-date=2024-10-12 |series=This World and the World to Come in Jewish Belief and Practice |publisher=Purdue University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh9w0gb.14 |jstor=j.ctvh9w0gb.14 |isbn=978-1-55753-792-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sometimes these spirits were said to possess women on the eve of their weddings, typically in a sexual fashion by entering the women through their vaginas, which is seen in An-sky's play.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Levin|first=Sala|title=Jewish Word: Dybbuk| url=https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-dybbuk/|website=Moment Magazine|date=28 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> However, men and boys could be possessed as well.<ref name=":0" />


In psychological literature, the {{lang|yi-Latn|dybbuk}} has been described as a [[Hysteria|hysterical]] syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Billu | first1 = Y | last2 = Beit-Hallahmi | first2 = B | year = 1989 | title = Dybbuk-Possession as a hysterical symptom: Psychodynamic and socio-cultural factors | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Science | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 138–149 | pmid = 2606645 }}</ref>
In psychological literature, the {{lang|yi-Latn|dybbuk}} has been described as a [[Hysteria|hysterical]] syndrome.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Billu | first1 = Y | last2 = Beit-Hallahmi | first2 = B | year = 1989 | title = Dybbuk-Possession as a hysterical symptom: Psychodynamic and socio-cultural factors | journal = Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Science | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 138–149 | pmid = 2606645 }}</ref>

Revision as of 13:37, 9 June 2025

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File:Dybbuk.jpg
Script error: No such module "Lang"., by Ephraim Moshe Lilien (1874–1925).

In Jewish mythology, a Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, from the Hebrew verb <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />דָּבַק‎ Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'adhere' or 'cling') is a malicious possessing spirit believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person.[1] It supposedly leaves the host body once it has accomplished its goal, sometimes after being exorcised.[2][3][4]

Etymology

Script error: No such module "Lang". comes from the Hebrew word <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />דִּיבּוּק‎ Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'a case of attachment', which is a nominal form derived from the verb <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />דָּבַק‎ Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to adhere' or 'cling'.[5]

History

The term first appears in a number of 16th-century writings.[2][6] However, it was ignored by mainstream scholarship until S. An-sky's 1920 play The Dybbuk popularised the concept in literary circles.[6] Earlier accounts of possession, such as that given by Josephus, were of demonic possession rather than that of ghosts.[7] These accounts advocated orthodoxy among the populace as a preventative measure.[2] Script error: No such module "Lang".'s 1937 film The Dybbuk, based on the Yiddish play by S. An-sky, is considered one of the classics of Yiddish filmmaking.[8]

Rabbi Yoel Teitelbaum, the Satmar rebbe (1887–1979), is reported to have supposedly advised an individual said to be possessed to consult a psychiatrist.[7]

Traditionally, dybbuks tended to be male spirits. According to Hayyim ben Joseph Vital, women could not become dybbuks because their souls did not participate in gilgul.[9] Sometimes these spirits were said to possess women on the eve of their weddings, typically in a sexual fashion by entering the women through their vaginas, which is seen in An-sky's play.[10] However, men and boys could be possessed as well.[9]

In psychological literature, the Script error: No such module "Lang". has been described as a hysterical syndrome.[11]

Expulsion

In traditional Jewish communities, the concept of the dybbuk served as a socially acceptable way of expressing unacceptable urges, including sexual ones.[12] Within Jewish mysticism and folklore, particularly in Kabbalistic traditions, protective practices were also used to ward off these malevolent spirits. One such practice involves affixing a mezuzah—a piece of parchment inscribed with specific Torah verses—to the doorposts of a home. While the mezuzah primarily serves as a reminder of faith and adherence to God's commandments, it is also viewed as a protective amulet against harmful spirits, including dybbuks. The Zohar, a foundational Kabbalistic text, suggests that a properly affixed mezuzah can prevent such entities from entering a home.[13] Additionally, Jewish folklore includes accounts where neglected or improperly maintained mezuzot were believed to make homes susceptible to dybbuk possession.[14] These perspectives emphasize the mezuzah's dual role in Jewish life: as both a symbol of faith and a spiritual safeguard.

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ See A. Sáenz-Badillos & J. Elwolde, A History of the Hebrew Language, 1996, p. 187 on the qiṭṭūl pattern.
  6. ↑ a b Spirit Possession in Judaism: Cases and Contexts from the Middle Ages to the Present, by Matt Goldish, p. 41, Wayne State University Press, 2003
  7. ↑ a b Tree of Souls:The Mythology of Judaism, by Howard Schwartz, pp. 229–230, Oxford University Press, 2004
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

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External links

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