Cirth: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:30, 24 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Cirth (Script error: No such module "IPA"., meaning "runes"; sg. certh Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a semi‑artificial script, based on real‑life runic alphabets, one of several scripts invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. Cirth is written with a capital letter when referring to the writing system; the letters themselves can be called cirth.

In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original Certhas was created by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) for their language, Sindarin. Its extension and elaboration was known as the Angerthas Daeron, as it was attributed to the Sinda Daeron, despite the fact that it was most probably arranged by the Noldor in order to represent the sounds of other languages like Quenya and Telerin.

Although it was later largely replaced by the Tengwar, the Cirth was nonetheless adopted by the Dwarves to write down both their Khuzdul language (Angerthas Moria) and the languages of Men (Angerthas Erebor). The Cirth was also adapted, in its oldest and simplest form, by various races including Men and even Orcs.

External history

Concept and creation

File:Ashton Park rock carving.jpg

Rock carving in Cirth in the Sydney Harbour National Park, dating back to the 1980s at least

Many letters have shapes also found in the historical runic alphabets, but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke).

The division between the older Cirth of Daeron and their adaptation by Dwarves and Men has been interpreted as a parallel drawn by Tolkien to the development of the Fuþorc to the Younger Fuþark.^[1] The original Elvish Cirth "as supposed products of a superior culture" are focused on logical arrangement and a close connection between form and value whereas the adaptations by mortal races introduced irregularities. Similar to the Germanic tribes who had no written literature and used only simple runes before their conversion to Christianity, the Sindarin Elves of Beleriand with their Cirth were introduced to the more elaborate Tengwar of Fëanor when the Noldorin Elves returned to Middle-earth from the lands of the divine Valar.^[2]

Internal history and description

Certhas

In the Appendix E to The Return of the King, Tolkien writes that the Sindar of Beleriand first developed an alphabet for their language some time between the invention of the Tengwar by Fëanor (YT 1250) and the introduction thereof to Middle-earth by the Exiled Noldor towards the end of the First Age.^[3]

This alphabet was devised to represent only the sounds of their Sindarin language and its letters were mostly used for inscribing names or brief memorials on wood, stone or metal, hence their angular shapes and straight lines.^[3] In Sindarin these letters were named cirth (sing. certh), from the Elvish root *kir- meaning "to cleave, to cut".^[4] An abecedarium of cirth, consisting of the runes listed in due order, was commonly known as Certhas (Script error: No such module "IPA"., meaning "rune-rows" in Sindarin and loosely translated as "runic alphabet"^[5]).

The oldest cirth were the following:^[3]

Consonants	ᚹ p	ᚱ b	ᛳ mh	ᛒ m
	ᛚ t	ᚨ d	ᛏ n
	ᚴ k	ᚠ g	ᛉ ng
	ᛕ r	ᛅ l	ᚳ ~ ᚳ h or s	ᚲ s or h	ᚷ ss

Vowels	ᛁ i	ᛟ u	ᚺ e	ᚢ o

The form of these letters was somewhat unsystematic, unlike later rearrangements and extensions that made them more featural.^[3] The cirth File:Certh 13.svg and File:Certh 35.svg were used for Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, but varied as to which was which.^[3] Many of the runes consisted of a single vertical line (or "stem") with an appendage (or "branch") attached to one or both sides. If the attachment was made on one side only, it was usually to the right, but "the reverse was not infrequent" and did not change the value of the letter.^[3] (For example, the variants File:Certh 13.svg or File:Certh 15.svg specifically mentioned for h or s, also File:Certh 8.svg or File:Certh 10.svg for t, etc.).

Angerthas Daeron

In Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the Certhas was rearranged and further developed, partly under the influence of the Tengwar introduced by the Noldor. This reorganisation of the Cirth was commonly attributed to the Elf Daeron, minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Thus, the new system became known as the Angerthas Daeron^[3] (where "angerthas" Script error: No such module "IPA". is from Sindarin "an(d)" Script error: No such module "IPA". + "certhas" Script error: No such module "IPA"., meaning "long rune-rows"^[6]).

In this arrangement, the assignment of values to each certh is systematic. The runes consisting of a stem and a branch attached to the right are used for voiceless stops, while other sounds are allocated according to the following principles:^[3]

adding a stroke to a branch adds voice (e.g., File:Certh 1.svg Script error: No such module "IPA". → File:Certh 2.svg Script error: No such module "IPA".);
moving the branch to the left indicates opening to a spirant (e.g., File:Certh 8.svg Script error: No such module "IPA". → File:Certh 10.svg Script error: No such module "IPA".);
placing the branch on both sides of the stem adds voice and nasality (e.g., File:Certh 18.svg Script error: No such module "IPA". → File:Certh 22.svg Script error: No such module "IPA".).

The cirth constructed in this way can therefore be arranged into series, each corresponding to a place of articulation:

labial consonants, based on File:Certh 1.svg;
dental consonants, based on File:Certh 8.svg;
front consonants, based on File:Certh 13.svg;
velar consonants, based on File:Certh 18.svg;
labialized velar consonants, based on File:Certh 23.svg.

Other letters introduced in this system include: File:Certh 48.svg and File:Certh 44.svg for Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr, respectively; runes for long vowels, evidently originated by doubling and binding the certh of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., File:Certh 50.svgFile:Certh 50.svg Template:Angbr → File:Certh 51.svg Template:Angbr); two front vowels, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding back vowel with the Template:Angbr-certh (i.e., File:Certh 39.svgFile:Certh 42.svg → File:Certh 45a.svg Template:Angbr, and File:Certh 39.svgFile:Certh 50.svg → File:Certh 52.svg Template:Angbr); some homorganic nasal + stop clusters (e.g., File:Certh 38.svg Script error: No such module "IPA".).

Back to the fictional history, since the new File:Certh 13.svg-series and File:Certh 23.svg-series encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in Quenya, they were most probably introduced by the Exiled Noldor^[3] who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.

By loan-translation, the Cirth became known in Quenya as Certar Script error: No such module "IPA"., while a single certh was called certa Script error: No such module "IPA"..

After the Tengwar became the sole script used for writing, the Angerthas Daeron was essentially relegated to carved inscriptions. The Elves of the West, for the most part, abandoned the Cirth altogether, with the exception of the Noldor dwelling in the country of Eregion, who maintained it in use^[3] and made it known as Angerthas Eregion.

Note: In this article, the runes of the Angerthas come with the same peculiar transliteration used by Tolkien in the Appendix E, which differs from the (Latin) spelling of both Quenya and Sindarin. The IPA transcription that follows is applicable to both languages, except where indicated otherwise.

Regularly formed *cirth*
Labial consonants	Certh		File:Certh 1.svg	File:Certh 2.svg	File:Certh 3.svg	File:Certh 4.svg	File:Certh 6.svg	File:Certh 7.svg
	Transliteration		p	b	f	v	m<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[i]	mh, mb
	IPA		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	(S.) Script error: No such module "IPA". (Q.) Script error: No such module "IPA".

Dental consonants	Certh		File:Certh 8.svg	File:Certh 9.svg	File:Certh 10.svg	File:Certh 11.svg	File:Certh 12.svg	File:Certh 38.svg or File:Certh 38a.svg
	Transliteration		t	d	th	dh	n	nd<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[ii]
	IPA		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Front consonantsTemplate:Nobold	Certh		File:Certh 13.svg	File:Certh 14.svg	File:Certh 15.svg	File:Certh 16.svg	File:Certh 17.svg
	Transliteration		ch<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[iv]	j<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[v]	sh<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[vi]	zh	nj<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[vii]
	IPA	(N.)	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	ɟScript error: No such module "IPA". ← Script error: No such module "IPA".
	IPA	(V.)	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".

Velar consonants	Certh		File:Certh 18.svg	File:Certh 19.svg	File:Certh 20.svg	File:Certh 21.svg	File:Certh 22.svg	File:Certh 33.svg
	Transliteration		k	g	kh	gh	ŋ	ng
	IPA		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Labiovelar consonants	Certh		File:Certh 23.svg	File:Certh 24.svg	File:Certh 25.svg	File:Certh 26.svg	File:Certh 28.svg	File:Certh 27.svg
	Transliteration		kw^[7]	gw^[8]	khw	ghw	nw<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[viii]	ngw^[8]
	IPA	(Q.)	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".←Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Additional *cirth*
Consonants	Certh	File:Certh 29.svg	File:Certh 30.svg	File:Certh 31.svg	File:Certh 32.svg	File:Certh 34.svg or File:Certh 35.svg	File:Certh 36.svg	File:Certh 54.svg
	Transliteration	r	rh	l	lh	s	ss or z<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[ix]	h<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[x]
	IPA	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Approximants	Certh		File:Certh 44.svg	File:Certh 5.svg
	Transliteration		w	hw<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^[xi]
	IPA		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Vowels	Certh	File:Certh 39.svg	File:Certh 42.svg		File:Certh 46.svg	File:Certh 48.svg	File:Certh 50.svg
	Transliteration	i, y	u		e	a	o
	IPA	Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Long vowels	Certh		File:Certh 43.svg		File:Certh 47.svg	File:Certh 49.svg	File:Certh 51.svg or File:Certh 51a.svg
	Transliteration		ū		ē	ā	ō
	IPA		Script error: No such module "IPA".		Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Fronted vowels	Certh		File:Certh 45.svg or File:Certh 45a.svg				File:Certh 52.svg or File:Certh 52a.svg
	Transliteration		ü				ö
	IPA		Script error: No such module "IPA".				Script error: No such module "IPA".

Notes: Template:Ordered list

Angerthas Moria

According to Tolkien's legendarium, the Dwarves first came to know the runes of the Noldor at the beginning of the Second Age. The Dwarves "introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth".^[3] They modified the previous system to suit the specific needs of their language, Khuzdul. The Dwarves spread their revised alphabet to Moria, where it came to be known as Angerthas Moria, and developed both carved and pen-written forms of these runes.^[3]

Many cirth here represent sounds not occurring in Khuzdul^[9] (at least in published words of Khuzdul: of course, our corpus is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds). Here they are marked with a black star (^★).

Certh	Translit.	IPA'	Certh	Translit.	IPA	Certh	Translit.	IPA'	Certh	Translit.	IPA
File:Certh 1.svg	p	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★				File:Certh 31.svg	l	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 46.svg	e	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 2.svg	b	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 17.svg	z	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 32.svg	lh	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 47.svg	ê	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 3.svg	f	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 18.svg	k	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 33.svg	nd	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 48.svg	a	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 4.svg	v	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 19.svg	g	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 34.svg	h^[A]	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 49.svg	â	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 5.svg	hw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 20.svg	kh	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 35.svg	ʻ ^[A]	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 50.svg	o	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 6.svg	m	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 21.svg	gh	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 36.svg	ŋ	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 51.svg or File:Certh 51a.svg	ô	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 7.svg	mb	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 22.svg	n	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 37.svg	ng	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 52.svg or File:Certh 52a.svg	ö	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★
File:Certh 8.svg	t	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 23.svg	kw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 38.svg or File:Certh 38a.svg	nj	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 53.svg	n	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 9.svg	d	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 24.svg	gw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 39.svg	i	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 54.svg	s	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 10.svg	th	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 25.svg	khw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 40.svg	y	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 55.svg or File:Certh 55a.svg	^[B]	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 11.svg	dh	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 26.svg	ghw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 41.svg	hy	Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 56.svg or File:Certh 56a.svg	^[B]	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 12.svg	r	Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 27.svg	ngw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 42.svg	u	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 13.svg	ch	Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 28.svg	nw	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 43.svg	û	Script error: No such module "IPA".
			File:Certh 29.svg	j	Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 44.svg	w	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 59.svg	+h^[C]	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 15.svg	sh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 30.svg	zh	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 45.svg or File:Certh 45a.svg	ü	Script error: No such module "IPA".^★	File:Certh 60.svg	&^[D]

Notes:

A.	<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ The Khuzdul language has two glottal consonants: Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., the latter being "the glottal beginning of a word with an initial vowel".^[3] Thus, in need of a reversible certh to represent these sounds, File:Certh 54.svg and File:Certh 34.svg were switched, giving the former the value Script error: No such module "IPA". and using the latter for Script error: No such module "IPA"., and its reversed counterpart File:Certh 35.svg for Script error: No such module "IPA"..
B.	<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ These cirth were a halved form of File:Certh 46.svg, used for vowels like those in the word Template:Angbr Template:IPAc-en. Thus, File:Certh 55.svg represented a Script error: No such module "IPA". sound in unstressed syllables, while File:Certh 56.svg represented Script error: No such module "IPA"., a somehow similar sound, in stressed syllables. When weak they were reduced to a stroke without a stem (File:Certh 55a.svg, File:Certh 56a.svg).^[3]
C.	<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ This letter denotes aspiration in voiceless stops, occurring frequently in Khuzdul as kh and th.^[3]
D.	<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ This certh is a scribal abbreviation used to represent a conjunction, and is basically identical to the ampersand Template:Angbr used in Latin script.

File:Balin zg2.PNG

Runes in the upper inscription of Balin's tomb use Angerthas Moria, reading left-to-right:

Balin
Fu[nd]inul
UzbadKʰazaddûmu

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

In Angerthas Moria the cirth File:Certh 14.svg Script error: No such module "IPA". and File:Certh 16.svg Script error: No such module "IPA". were dropped. Thus File:Certh 29.svg and File:Certh 30.svg were adopted for Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., although they were used for Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". in Elvish languages. Subsequently, this script used the certh File:Certh 12.svg for Script error: No such module "IPA"., which had the sound Script error: No such module "IPA". in the Elvish systems. Therefore, the certh File:Certh 22.svg (which was previously used for the sound Script error: No such module "IPA"., useless in Khuzdul) was adopted for the sound Script error: No such module "IPA".. A totally new introduction was the certh File:Certh 53.svg, used as an alternative, simplified and, maybe, weaker form of File:Certh 22.svg. Because of the visual relation of these two cirth, the certh File:Certh 17.svg was given the sound Script error: No such module "IPA". to relate better with File:Certh 54.svg that, in this script, had the sound Script error: No such module "IPA"..^[3]

Angerthas Erebor

At the beginning of the Third Age the Dwarves were driven out of Moria, and some migrated to Erebor. As the Dwarves of Erebor would trade with the Men of the nearby towns of Dale and Lake-town, they needed a script to write in Westron (the lingua franca of Middle-earth, usually rendered in English by Tolkien in his works). The Angerthas Moria was adapted accordingly: some new cirth were added, while some were restored to their Elvish usage, thus creating the Angerthas Erebor.^[3]

While the Angerthas Moria was still used to write down Khuzdul, this new script was primarily used for Mannish languages. It is also the script used in the first and third page of the Book of Mazarbul.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Certh	Translit.	IPA	Certh	Translit.	IPA	Certh	Translit.	IPA	Certh	Translit.	IPA
File:Certh 1.svg	p	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 16.svg	zh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 31.svg	l	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 46.svg	e	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 2.svg	b	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 17.svg	ks	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 3.svg	f	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 18.svg	k	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 33.svg	nd	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 48.svg	a	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 4.svg	v	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 19.svg	g	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 34.svg	s	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 5.svg	hw	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 20.svg	kh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 35.svg	s	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 50.svg	o	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 6.svg	m	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 21.svg	gh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 36.svg	ŋ	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 7.svg	mb	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 22.svg	n	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 37.svg	ng	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 52.svg or File:Certh 52a.svg	ö	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 8.svg	t	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 23.svg	kw	Script error: No such module "IPA".				File:Certh 53.svg	n	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 9.svg	d	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 24.svg	gw	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 39.svg	i	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 54.svg	h	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 10.svg	th	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 25.svg	khw	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 40.svg	y	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 55.svg or File:Certh 55a.svg		Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 11.svg	dh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 26.svg	ghw	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 41.svg	hy	Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 56.svg or File:Certh 56a.svg		Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 12.svg	r	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 27.svg	ngw	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 42.svg	u	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 57.svg	ps	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 13.svg	ch	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 28.svg	nw	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 43.svg	z	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 58.svg	ts	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 14.svg	j	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 29.svg	g	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 44.svg	w	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 59.svg	+h	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 15.svg	sh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 30.svg	gh	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 45.svg or File:Certh 45a.svg	ü	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 60.svg	&

Angerthas Erebor also features combining diacritics:

a circumflex File:Certh Circumflex.png used to denote long consonants;
a macron below File:Certh Macron below.png to indicate a long vowel sound;
an underdot File:Certh Underdot.png to mark cirth used as numerals. As a matter of fact, in the Book of Mazarbul some cirth are used as numerals: File:Certh 39.svg for 1, File:Certh 50.svg for 2, File:Certh 52.svg for 3, File:Gondolin rune b.svg for 4, File:Certh 22.svg for 5.

File:Balin sp2.PNG

The bottom inscription of Balin's tomb is written in English using the Angerthas Erebor. It reads left-to-right: "Balin sʌn ov Fu[nd]in lord ov Moria"

The Angerthas Erebor is used twice in The Lord of the Rings to write in English:

in the upper inscription of the title page, where it reads "[dh]ə·lord·ov·[dh]ə·riŋs·translatᵊd·from·[dh]ə·red·b[oo]k' ..." (the sentence follows in the bottom inscription, written in Tengwar: "... of Westmarch by John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. Herein is set forth/ the history of the War of the Ring and the Return of the King as seen by the Hobbits.");
in the bottom inscription of Balin's tomb—being the translation of the upper inscription, which is written in Khuzdul using Angerthas Moria.

The Book of Mazarbul shows some additional cirth used in Angerthas Erebor: one for a double Template:Angbr ligature, one for the definite article, and six for the representation of the same number of English diphthongs:

Certh	English spelling
File:Certh LL.svg^∗	Template:Angbr
File:Certh Article.svg^∗	Template:Angbr^[A]
File:Certh AI.svg^∗	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr
File:Certh AU.svg^∗	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr
File:Certh EA.svg^∗	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 47.svg	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 38a.svg	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr
File:Certh OA.svg^∗	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 51.svg	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 38.svg	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr

Notes:

A.	<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ This certh is a scribal abbreviation used to represent the definite article. Although in English it stands for Template:Angbr, it can assume different values according to the used language.
∗.	<templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ The cirth marked with an asterisk are unique to Angerthas Erebor.

Other runic scripts by Tolkien

The Cirth is not the only runic writing system used by Tolkien in his legendarium. In fact, he devised a great number of runic alphabets, of which only a few others have been published. Some of these are included in the "Appendix on Runes" of The Treason of Isengard (The History of Middle-earth, vol. VII), edited by Christopher Tolkien.^[10]

Runes from The Hobbit

According to Tolkien himself, those found in The Hobbit are a form of "English runes" used in lieu of the Dwarvish runes proper.^[11] They can be interpreted as an attempt made by Tolkien to adapt the Fuþorc (i.e., the Old English runic alphabet) to the Modern English language.^[12]

These runes are basically the same found in Fuþorc, but their sound may change according to their position, just like the letters of the Latin script: the writing mode used by Tolkien is, in this case, mainly orthographic.^[13] This means that the system has one rune for each Latin letter, regardless of pronunciation.^[13] For example, the rune File:Certh 13.svg Template:Angbr can sound Template:IPAc-en in Template:Angbr, Template:IPAc-en in Template:Angbr, Template:IPAc-en in Template:Angbr, and even Template:IPAc-en in the digraph File:Certh 13.svgFile:Certh 47.svg Template:Angbr.^[14]

A few sounds are instead written with the same rune, without considering the English spelling. For example, the sound Template:IPAc-en is always written with the rune File:Certh 24.svg whether in English it is spelt Template:Angbr as in Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr as in Template:Angbr, or Template:Angbr as in Template:Angbr. The only two letters that are subject to this phonemic spelling are Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr.^[13]

Finally, some runes stand for particular English digraphs and diphthongs.^[11]^[13]

Here the runes used in The Hobbit are displayed along with their Fuþorc counterpart and corresponding English grapheme:

Rune	Fuþorc	English grapheme	Rune	Fuþorc	English grapheme
File:Tolkien's Futhorc A.svg	Template:Script	phonemic^[i]	File:Certh 2.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 9.svg	Template:Script	phonemic^[i]	File:Certh 40.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 6.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 12.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 13.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 48.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr
File:Certh 38.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 1.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Tolkien's Futhorc E.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 22.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Tolkien's Futhorc F.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr	File:Certh AU.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 36.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 17.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr^[iii]
File:Certh 47.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 57.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 39.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr	File:Certh 27.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg	Template:Script ^[ii]	Template:Angbr	File:Tolkien's Futhorc ST.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 8.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 42.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Tolkien's Futhorc M.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 43.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 32.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Tolkien's Futhorc EO.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 24.svg	Template:Script	phonemic^[i]	File:Certh 5.svg	Template:Script ^[ii]	Template:Angbr
File:Certh 28.svg	Template:Script	Template:Angbr	File:Certh 41.svg	Template:Script ^[ii]	Template:Angbr

Notes: Template:Ordered list

English grapheme	Sound value (IPA)	Rune
Template:Angbr	Template:IPAc-en	File:Certh 9.svg
	every other sound	File:Tolkien's Futhorc A.svg
	Template:IPAc-en	File:Certh 24.svg
Template:Angbr	every sound
Template:Angbr	Template:IPAc-en
Template:Angbr	every other sound	File:Certh 5.svg

Template:Ordered list

Gondolinic runes

Not all the runes mentioned in The Hobbit are Dwarf-runes. The swords found in the Trolls' cave bore runes that Gandalf could not read. In fact, the swords Glamdring and Orcrist (which were forged in the ancient kingdom of Gondolin) bore a type of letters known as Gondolinic runes. They seem to have become obsolete and been forgotten by the Third Age, and this is supported by the fact that only Elrond could still read the inscriptions on the swords.^[11]

Tolkien devised this runic alphabet in a very early stage of his shaping of Middle-earth. Nevertheless, they are known to us from a slip of paper that Tolkien wrote; his son Christopher sent a photocopy of it to Paul Nolan Hyde in February 1992. Hyde published it, with an extensive analysis, in the 1992 Summer issue of Mythlore, no. 69.^[15] The system was reanalyzed by Carl F. Hostetter, who corrected the reading of the χ̑ rune to an ich-laut (voiceless palatal fricative).^[16] Later, in Parma Eldalamberon 15, the original manuscript including a script variety of Gondolinic, the first cursive form of any of Tolkien's runic scripts, was presented.^[17]

The system provides sounds not found in any of the known Elvish languages of the First Age, but perhaps it was designed for a variety of languages. However, the consonants seem to be, more or less, the same found in Welsh phonology, a theory supported by the fact that Tolkien was heavily influenced by Welsh when creating Elvish languages.^[18]

Consonants
	Labial			Dentals									Palatal			Dorsal			Glottal
	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA
Plosive	File:Gondolin rune p.svg	p	Script error: No such module "IPA".				File:Certh 8.svg	t	Script error: No such module "IPA".							File:Certh 57.svg	k (c)	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Plosive	File:Gondolin rune b.svg File:Gondolin rune b2.svg	b	Script error: No such module "IPA".				File:Certh 12.svg	d	Script error: No such module "IPA".							File:Certh 6.svg	g	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Fricative	File:Gondolin rune f.svg	f	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 9.svg	þ	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 35.svg	s	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune sh.svg	š	Script error: No such module "IPA".				File:Certh 40.svg	χ	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 59.svg	h	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Fricative	File:Certh 27.svg File:Certh 22.svg	v	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 19.svg	ð	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune z.svg	z	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune zh.svg	ž	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Affricate										File:Certh 60.svg	tš (ch)	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Affricate										File:Gondolin rune j.svg	dž (j)	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Nasal	File:Certh 43.svg	m	Script error: No such module "IPA".				File:Certh 54.svg	n	Script error: No such module "IPA".							File:Certh 2.svg	ŋ	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Nasal	File:Gondolin rune mh.svg	(mh)	Script error: No such module "IPA".													File:Gondolin rune ŋh.svg File:Gondolin rune ŋh2.svg	(ŋh)	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Trill							File:Certh 29.svg	r	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Trill							File:Certh 33.svg	rh	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Lateral							File:Certh 36.svg	l	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Lateral							File:Gondolin rune lh.svg File:Gondolin rune lh2.svg File:Gondolin rune lh3.svg	lh	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Approximant													File:Certh 13.svg File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg File:Gondolin rune y3 (consonant).svg	j (i̯)	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 42.svg	w (u̯)	Script error: No such module "IPA".
Approximant													File:Certh 28.svg	χ̑	Script error: No such module "IPA".^?	File:Certh 37.svg	Template:Not a typo	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Vowels
Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA	Rune		IPA
File:Gondolin rune a.svg	a	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune e.svg	e	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 39.svg	i	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 48.svg	o	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune u.svg	u	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Certh 38.svg	ā	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune e-.svg File:Certh 38a.svg	ē	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 31.svg	ī	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Certh 49.svg File:Gondolin rune o-2.svg	ō	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune u-.svg File:Gondolin rune u-2.svg	ū	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Gondolin rune æ.svg File:Gondolin rune æ2.svg	æ	Script error: No such module "IPA".							File:Certh AU.svg	œ	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune y.svg File:Certh 44.svg	y	Script error: No such module "IPA".
File:Gondolin rune æ-.svg File:Gondolin rune æ-2.svg	ǣ	Script error: No such module "IPA".							File:Gondolin rune œ-.svg	œ̄	Script error: No such module "IPA".	File:Gondolin rune y-.svg File:Certh 5.svg File:Gondolin rune y-3.svg File:Gondolin rune y-4.svg	ȳ	Script error: No such module "IPA".

Encoding schemes

Unicode

Equivalents for some (but not all) cirth can be found in the Runic block of Unicode.

Tolkien's mode of writing Modern English in Anglo-Saxon runes received explicit recognition with the introduction of his three additional runes to the Runic block with the release of Unicode 7.0, in June 2014. The three characters represent the English Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr graphemes, as follows:

A formal Unicode proposal to encode Cirth as a separate script was made in September 1997 by Michael Everson.^[19] No action was taken by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) but Cirth appears in the Roadmap to the SMP.^[20]

ConScript Unicode Registry

Template:Infobox Unicode block

Unicode Private Use Area layouts for Cirth are defined at the ConScript Unicode Registry (CSUR)^[21] and the Under-ConScript Unicode Registry (UCSUR).^[22]

Two different layouts are defined by the CSUR/UCSUR:

1997-11-03 proposal^[23] implemented by fonts like GNU Unifont^[24] and Code2000.
2000-04-22 discussion paper^[25]^[26] implemented by fonts like Constructium and Fairfax.

Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols below instead of Cirth.

Template:CSUR chart Cirth

References

Template:Reflist

Template:Languages of Middle-earth Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Constructed languages Template:List of writing systems

↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ Template:Cite thesis
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Template:Cite letter
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[1] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[2] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Tolkien_1955-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[4] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[5] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[6] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[7] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[PE22-8] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[9] Template:Cite thesis

[10] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Hobbit-11] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[12] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Lindberg-13] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[14] Template:Cite letter

[15] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[16] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[17] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[18] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[19] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[roadmapsmp-20] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[21] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[22] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[23] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[24] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[25] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[26] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

Cirth: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:30, 24 June 2025

Contents

External history

Concept and creation

Internal history and description

Certhas

Angerthas Daeron

Angerthas Moria

Angerthas Erebor

Other runic scripts by Tolkien

Runes from The Hobbit

Gondolinic runes

Encoding schemes

Unicode

ConScript Unicode Registry

See also

References

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<br>
 {{short description|Artificial script in the fantasy works of J. R. R. Tolkien}}
 {{Infobox writing system
@@ Line 39: / Line 40: @@
 |- align="center"
 ! rowspan="4" | Consonants
-| [[File:Certh 1.svg|20px|ᚹ]] ''p'' ||[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|ᚱ]] ''b'' ||[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|ᛳ]] ''mh'' ||[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|ᛒ]] ''m'' ||
+| [[File:Certh 1.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚹ]] ''p'' ||[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚱ]] ''b'' ||[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛳ]] ''mh'' ||[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛒ]] ''m'' ||
 |- align="center"
-| [[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|ᛚ]] ''t'' || [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|ᚨ]] ''d'' || [[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|ᛏ]] ''n'' || ||
+| [[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛚ]] ''t'' || [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚨ]] ''d'' || [[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛏ]] ''n'' || ||
 |- align="center"
-| [[File:Certh 18.svg|20px|ᚴ]] ''k'' || [[File:Certh 19.svg|20px|ᚠ]] ''g'' || [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|ᛉ]] ''ng'' || ||
+| [[File:Certh 18.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚴ]] ''k'' || [[File:Certh 19.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚠ]] ''g'' || [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛉ]] ''ng'' || ||
 |- align="center"
-| [[File:Certh 29.svg|20px|ᛕ]] ''r'' ||[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px|ᛅ]] ''l'' || [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|ᚳ]] ~ [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px|ᚳ]] ''h'' or ''s'' ||[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px|ᚲ]] ''s'' or ''h'' ||[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|ᚷ]] ''ss''
+| [[File:Certh 29.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛕ]] ''r'' ||[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛅ]] ''l'' || [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚳ]] ~ [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚳ]] ''h'' or ''s'' ||[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚲ]] ''s'' or ''h'' ||[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚷ]] ''ss''
 |- align="center"
 | style="border-right:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-right:none; border-left:none;"| || style="padding-left: 2.825em; padding-right: 2.825em; border-left:none;"|
 |- align ="center"
 !Vowels
-| [[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|ᛁ]] ''i'' || [[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|ᛟ]] ''u'' || [[File:Certh 46.svg|20px|ᚺ]] ''e'' || [[File:Certh 50.svg|20px|ᚢ]] ''o'' ||
+| [[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛁ]] ''i'' || [[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᛟ]] ''u'' || [[File:Certh 46.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚺ]] ''e'' || [[File:Certh 50.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image|ᚢ]] ''o'' ||
 |}
-The form of these letters was somewhat unsystematic, unlike later rearrangements and extensions that made them more [[featural script|featural]].<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> The ''cirth'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]] and [[File:Certh 35.svg|16px]] were used for {{angbr|h}} and {{angbr|s}}, but varied as to which was which.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> Many of the runes consisted of a single vertical line (or "stem") with an appendage (or "branch") attached to one or both sides. If the attachment was made on one side only, it was usually to the right, but "the reverse was not infrequent" and did not change the value of the letter.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> (For example, the variants [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]] or [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px]] specifically mentioned for ''h'' or ''s'', also [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px]] or [[File:Certh 10.svg|16px]] for ''t'', etc.).
+The form of these letters was somewhat unsystematic, unlike later rearrangements and extensions that made them more [[featural script|featural]].<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> The ''cirth'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] and [[File:Certh 35.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] were used for {{angbr|h}} and {{angbr|s}}, but varied as to which was which.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> Many of the runes consisted of a single vertical line (or "stem") with an appendage (or "branch") attached to one or both sides. If the attachment was made on one side only, it was usually to the right, but "the reverse was not infrequent" and did not change the value of the letter.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> (For example, the variants [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] or [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] specifically mentioned for ''h'' or ''s'', also [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] or [[File:Certh 10.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for ''t'', etc.).
 === ''Angerthas Daeron'' ===
@@ Line 60: / Line 61: @@
 In this arrangement, the assignment of values to each ''certh'' is systematic. The runes consisting of a stem and a branch attached to the right are used for [[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[stop consonant|stops]], while other sounds are allocated according to the following principles:<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
-# adding a stroke to a branch adds [[Voiced consonant|voice]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 1.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[p]}} → [[File:Certh 2.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[b]}});
+# adding a stroke to a branch adds [[Voiced consonant|voice]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 1.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[p]}} → [[File:Certh 2.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[b]}});
-# moving the branch to the left indicates opening to a [[spirant]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[t]}} → [[File:Certh 10.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[θ]}});
+# moving the branch to the left indicates opening to a [[spirant]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[t]}} → [[File:Certh 10.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[θ]}});
-# placing the branch on both sides of the stem adds [[Nasal consonant|voice and nasality]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 18.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[k]}} → [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}}).
+# placing the branch on both sides of the stem adds [[Nasal consonant|voice and nasality]] (e.g., [[File:Certh 18.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[k]}} → [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}}).
 The ''cirth'' constructed in this way can therefore be arranged into series, each corresponding to a [[place of articulation]]:
-* [[labial consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 1.svg|16px]];
+* [[labial consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 1.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]];
-* [[dental consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px]];
+* [[dental consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 8.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]];
-* [[front consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]];
+* [[front consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]];
-* [[velar consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 18.svg|16px]];
+* [[velar consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 18.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]];
-* [[labialized velar consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 23.svg|16px]].
+* [[labialized velar consonant]]s, based on [[File:Certh 23.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]].
-Other letters introduced in this system include: [[File:Certh 48.svg|16px]] and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 44.svg|16px]]}} for {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|w}}, respectively; runes for [[long vowel]]s, evidently originated by doubling and [[Bind rune|binding]] the ''certh'' of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]] {{angbr|oo}}}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 51.svg|16px]] {{angbr|ō}});}} two [[front vowel]]s, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding [[back vowel]] with the {{angbr|i}}-''certh'' (i.e., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 39.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 42.svg|16px]]}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 45a.svg|16px]] {{angbr|ü}}}}, and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 39.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]]}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 52.svg|16px]] {{angbr|ö}});}} some [[Homorganic consonant#Consonant clustering|homorganic nasal + stop clusters]] (e.g., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 38.svg|16px]] {{IPA|[nd]}}).}}
+Other letters introduced in this system include: [[File:Certh 48.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 44.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]}} for {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|w}}, respectively; runes for [[long vowel]]s, evidently originated by doubling and [[Bind rune|binding]] the ''certh'' of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 50.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]][[File:Certh 50.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{angbr|oo}}}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 51.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{angbr|ō}});}} two [[front vowel]]s, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding [[back vowel]] with the {{angbr|i}}-''certh'' (i.e., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 39.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]][[File:Certh 42.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 45a.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{angbr|ü}}}}, and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 39.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]][[File:Certh 50.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]}} → {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 52.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{angbr|ö}});}} some [[Homorganic consonant#Consonant clustering|homorganic nasal + stop clusters]] (e.g., {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 38.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|[nd]}}).}}
-Back to the fictional history, since the new {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]]-series}} and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 23.svg|16px]]-series}} encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in [[Quenya]], they were most probably introduced by the Exiled [[Noldor]]<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.
+Back to the fictional history, since the new {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]-series}} and {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 23.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]-series}} encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in [[Quenya]], they were most probably introduced by the Exiled [[Noldor]]<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.
 By loan-translation, the Cirth became known in Quenya as ''Certar'' {{IPA|qya|ˈkɛrtar|}}, while a single ''certh'' was called ''certa'' {{IPA|qya|ˈkɛrta|}}.
@@ Line 86: / Line 87: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Labial<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 1.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 3.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 4.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 7.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 1.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 3.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 4.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 7.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 !colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 97: / Line 98: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Dental<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 10.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 11.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 10.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 11.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 38.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 !colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 108: / Line 109: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="4"| Front<br/>consonants{{nobold|{{ref label|ADA|iii}}}} !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 14.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 16.svg|20px]] || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 17.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 14.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 15.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 16.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 17.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 !colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 122: / Line 123: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Velar<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 18.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 19.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 20.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 21.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 33.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 18.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 19.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 20.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 21.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 33.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 !colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 133: / Line 134: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Labiovelar<br/>consonants !! colspan="2"| ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 23.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 25.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 26.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 23.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 24.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 25.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 26.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 28.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 27.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 !colspan="2"| <small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 147: / Line 148: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Consonants !! ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 29.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 30.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 31.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 32.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 34.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 35.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 54.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 29.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 30.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 31.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 32.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 34.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 35.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 54.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 !<small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 158: / Line 159: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Approximants !! ''Certh''
-|  || [[File:Certh 44.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]] ||  ||  ||  ||
+|  || [[File:Certh 44.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] ||  ||  ||  ||
 |- align="center"
 !<small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 169: / Line 170: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Vowels !! ''Certh''
-| [[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]] || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 46.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 50.svg|20px]] ||
+| [[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 46.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 48.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 50.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] ||
 |- align="center"
 !<small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 180: / Line 181: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Long<br/>vowels !! ''Certh''
-|  || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 47.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 49.svg|20px]] || [[File:Certh 51.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 51a.svg|20px]] ||
+|  || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 43.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 47.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 49.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] || [[File:Certh 51.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 51a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] ||
 |- align="center"
 !<small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 191: / Line 192: @@
 |- align="center"
 !rowspan="3"| Fronted<br/>vowels !! ''Certh''
-|  || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 45.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Certh 52.svg|20px]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px]] ||
+|  || colspan="2"| [[File:Certh 45.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] ||  ||  || [[File:Certh 52.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] <span style="font-size:65%">or</span> [[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] ||
 |- align="center"
 !<small>Transliteration</small>
@@ Line 203: / Line 204: @@
 '''Notes:'''
 {{ordered list|type=lower-roman
-   |{{note|ADmh||According to the principles outlined above, the labial nasal would be assigned to the ''certh'' [[File:Certh 5.svg|16px]]. However, archaic Sindarin had two labial nasals: the [[bilabial nasal|occlusive]] {{IPA|[m]}}, and the [[Fricative#Nasalized fricatives|spirant]] {{IPA|[ṽ]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tolkien |first1= J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: On Ælfwine's Spelling|url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=67 |quote=But he knew the old sign for 'nasal ṽ' and sometimes represents this (espec. where it is an initial variant on ''m'') by {{angbr|mh}}.}}</ref> (spelt {{angbr|mh}}). Since the {{angbr|mh}} sound could best be represented by a reversal of the sign for {{angbr|m}} (to indicate its [[spirantization]]), the reversible [[File:Certh 6.svg|16px]] was given the value {{angbr|m}}, and [[File:Certh 7.svg|16px]] was assigned to {{angbr|mh}}.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> The sound {{IPA|[ṽ]}} merged with {{IPA|[v]}} in later Sindarin.}}
+   |{{note|ADmh||According to the principles outlined above, the labial nasal would be assigned to the ''certh'' [[File:Certh 5.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]. However, archaic Sindarin had two labial nasals: the [[bilabial nasal|occlusive]] {{IPA|[m]}}, and the [[Fricative#Nasalized fricatives|spirant]] {{IPA|[ṽ]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tolkien |first1= J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: On Ælfwine's Spelling|url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=67 |quote=But he knew the old sign for 'nasal ṽ' and sometimes represents this (espec. where it is an initial variant on ''m'') by {{angbr|mh}}.}}</ref> (spelt {{angbr|mh}}). Since the {{angbr|mh}} sound could best be represented by a reversal of the sign for {{angbr|m}} (to indicate its [[spirantization]]), the reversible [[File:Certh 6.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] was given the value {{angbr|m}}, and [[File:Certh 7.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] was assigned to {{angbr|mh}}.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> The sound {{IPA|[ṽ]}} merged with {{IPA|[v]}} in later Sindarin.}}
-   |{{note|ADnd||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 38.svg|16px]] was not clearly related in shape to the dentals.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>}}
+   |{{note|ADnd||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 38.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] was not clearly related in shape to the dentals.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>}}
-   |{{note|ADA||The {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]]-series,}} which represents the front consonants of Quenya, is essentially the Cirth counterpart to the Tengwar ''tyelpetéma'' (column III in the ''[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general.htm#consonants General Use]'').<br/>In this article, each ''certh'' of this series comes with two [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcriptions. The reason is that these consonants are realised as [[palatal consonant|palatals]] in Noldorin Quenya, but as [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolars]] in Vanyarin Quenya. Although the ''Angerthas Daeron'' was devised for the Noldorin [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]], it is deemed necessary to show the Vanyarin pronunciation as well, given that the very transliteration used by Tolkien is more akin to the Vanyarin [[Phonology#Terminology|phonology]].}}
+   |{{note|ADA||The {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]-series,}} which represents the front consonants of Quenya, is essentially the Cirth counterpart to the Tengwar ''tyelpetéma'' (column III in the ''[http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_general.htm#consonants General Use]'').<br/>In this article, each ''certh'' of this series comes with two [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcriptions. The reason is that these consonants are realised as [[palatal consonant|palatals]] in Noldorin Quenya, but as [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolars]] in Vanyarin Quenya. Although the ''Angerthas Daeron'' was devised for the Noldorin [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]], it is deemed necessary to show the Vanyarin pronunciation as well, given that the very transliteration used by Tolkien is more akin to the Vanyarin [[Phonology#Terminology|phonology]].}}
-   |{{note|ADch||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]] indicates Quenya {{angbr|ty}}, which is pronounced {{nowrap|{{IPA|[c<sup>⁽</sup>ȷ̊<sup>⁾</sup>]}}}} in Noldorin<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link= J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|ty}} is pronounced as a 'front explosive' [c], as e.g. Hungarian ''ty''; but it is followed by an appreciable partly unvoiced ''y''-offglide<!--[ȷ̊᪻]-->.}}</ref> but is a [[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} in Vanyarin.<ref name="RE">{{cite web |url=https://realelvish.net/pronunciation/quenya/ |title=Quenya pronunciation |website=RealElvish.net |access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>}}
+   |{{note|ADch||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] indicates Quenya {{angbr|ty}}, which is pronounced {{nowrap|{{IPA|[c<sup>⁽</sup>ȷ̊<sup>⁾</sup>]}}}} in Noldorin<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link= J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|ty}} is pronounced as a 'front explosive' [c], as e.g. Hungarian ''ty''; but it is followed by an appreciable partly unvoiced ''y''-offglide<!--[ȷ̊᪻]-->.}}</ref> but is a [[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} in Vanyarin.<ref name="RE">{{cite web |url=https://realelvish.net/pronunciation/quenya/ |title=Quenya pronunciation |website=RealElvish.net |access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>}}
-   |{{note|ADj||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 14.svg|16px]] represents Quenya {{angbr|dy}}, formerly pronounced {{IPA|[ɟj]}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|dy}} was formerly the voiced counterpart [ɟ] followed by a ''y''-offglide.}}</ref>}}
+   |{{note|ADj||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 14.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] represents Quenya {{angbr|dy}}, formerly pronounced {{IPA|[ɟj]}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote={{angbr|dy}} was formerly the voiced counterpart [ɟ] followed by a ''y''-offglide.}}</ref>}}
-   |{{note|ADsh||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 15.svg|16px]] stands for Quenya {{angbr|hy}}, which is a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ç]}}}} in Noldorin<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22|page= 65|quote={{angbr|hy}} is an audibly spirant voiceless ''y'', that is approximately [ç] as ''ch'' in German ''ich''.}}</ref> and a [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in Vanyarin.<ref name="RE"/>}}
+   |{{note|ADsh||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 15.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] stands for Quenya {{angbr|hy}}, which is a [[voiceless palatal fricative]] {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ç]}}}} in Noldorin<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22|page= 65|quote={{angbr|hy}} is an audibly spirant voiceless ''y'', that is approximately [ç] as ''ch'' in German ''ich''.}}</ref> and a [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}} in Vanyarin.<ref name="RE"/>}}
-   |{{note|ADgn||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 17.svg|16px]] denotes Quenya {{angbr|ndy}}, formerly pronounced {{IPA|[ɲɟj]}}. In Noldorin, this cluster was later [[Cluster reduction|reduced]] to {{angbr|ny}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22|page= 66|quote={{angbr|dy}} ... only occurred in the group {{angbr|ndy}}, which has become simplified to {{angbr|ny}}.}}</ref> (articulated as {{IPA|[ɲj]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote=''n'' in {{angbr|ny}} is 'palatal n' but followed by (cf. {{angbr|ty}}) a ''y''-offglide, more marked medially (where {{angbr|ny}} counts as a group), less so initially).}}</ref>). On the other hand, in Vanyarin, the cluster underwent [[assibilation]], turning into {{IPA|[nd͡ʒ]}}.<ref name="RE"/>}}
+   |{{note|ADgn||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 17.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] denotes Quenya {{angbr|ndy}}, formerly pronounced {{IPA|[ɲɟj]}}. In Noldorin, this cluster was later [[Cluster reduction|reduced]] to {{angbr|ny}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url=http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22|page= 66|quote={{angbr|dy}} ... only occurred in the group {{angbr|ndy}}, which has become simplified to {{angbr|ny}}.}}</ref> (articulated as {{IPA|[ɲj]}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tolkien |first1=J. R. R. |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |date=2015-06-12 |title=The Feanorian Alphabet (Part 1) and Quenya Verb Structure: Qenya Grammar – Spelling and Transcription |url= http://www.eldalamberon.com/parma22.html |journal=[[Parma Eldalamberon]] |issue=22 |page=66 |quote=''n'' in {{angbr|ny}} is 'palatal n' but followed by (cf. {{angbr|ty}}) a ''y''-offglide, more marked medially (where {{angbr|ny}} counts as a group), less so initially).}}</ref>). On the other hand, in Vanyarin, the cluster underwent [[assibilation]], turning into {{IPA|[nd͡ʒ]}}.<ref name="RE"/>}}
-   |{{note|ADngw||The ''certh'' {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 28.svg|16px]],}} much like the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa nwalme.svg|16px]] "ñwalme", formerly represented Quenya {{angbr|ñw}} (pronounced {{IPA|[ŋʷw]}}), occurring only in initial position. This sound later evolved into {{IPA|[nʷw]}}, explaining the transliteration of this ''certh'' as {{angbr|nw}}. Non-initial occurrences of {{IPA|[nʷw]}} are most probably interpreted as {{angbr|n}}+{{angbr|w}} (i.e., two separate ''cirth'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm|title=Amanye Tenceli: Tengwar - The Classical mode|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Amanye Tenceli|quote=''ñwalme'' > ''nwalme''. Only used for initial {{angbr|nw}}, which developed from {{angbr|ñw}}. Other occurrences of {{angbr|nw}} (originating in {{angbr|n}} + {{angbr|w}}) are written ''númen'' + ''vilya''.}}</ref>}}
+   |{{note|ADngw||The ''certh'' {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 28.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]],}} much like the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa nwalme.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] "ñwalme", formerly represented Quenya {{angbr|ñw}} (pronounced {{IPA|[ŋʷw]}}), occurring only in initial position. This sound later evolved into {{IPA|[nʷw]}}, explaining the transliteration of this ''certh'' as {{angbr|nw}}. Non-initial occurrences of {{IPA|[nʷw]}} are most probably interpreted as {{angbr|n}}+{{angbr|w}} (i.e., two separate ''cirth'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://at.mansbjorkman.net/teng_quenya.htm|title=Amanye Tenceli: Tengwar - The Classical mode|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Amanye Tenceli|quote=''ñwalme'' > ''nwalme''. Only used for initial {{angbr|nw}}, which developed from {{angbr|ñw}}. Other occurrences of {{angbr|nw}} (originating in {{angbr|n}} + {{angbr|w}}) are written ''númen'' + ''vilya''.}}</ref>}}
-   |{{note|ADB||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 36.svg|16px]], the theoretical value of which is {{angbr|z}}, is instead used as {{angbr|ss}} in both Quenya and Sindarin (cf. the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa esse.svg|16px]] "esse"/"áze").<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>}}
+   |{{note|ADB||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 36.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]], the theoretical value of which is {{angbr|z}}, is instead used as {{angbr|ss}} in both Quenya and Sindarin (cf. the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa esse.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] "esse"/"áze").<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>}}
-   |{{note|ADC||The new ''certh'' [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px]] was introduced for {{angbr|h}}: it is similar in shape both to the ''certh'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]] (formerly used for {{angbr|h}}, then reassigned to {{angbr|ty}}) and to the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa hyarmen.svg|16px]] "hyarmen".}}
+   |{{note|ADC||The new ''certh'' [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] was introduced for {{angbr|h}}: it is similar in shape both to the ''certh'' [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] (formerly used for {{angbr|h}}, then reassigned to {{angbr|ty}}) and to the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa hyarmen.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] "hyarmen".}}
-   |{{note|ADhw||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 5.svg|16px]], the theoretical value of which was {{angbr|m}}, was used for Sindarin {{angbr|hw}} for the reasons stated above<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> (cf. the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa hwesta sindarinwa.svg|16px]] "hwesta sindarinwa").}}
+   |{{note|ADhw||The ''certh'' [[File:Certh 5.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]], the theoretical value of which was {{angbr|m}}, was used for Sindarin {{angbr|hw}} for the reasons stated above<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> (cf. the ''tengwa'' [[File:Tengwa hwesta sindarinwa.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] "hwesta sindarinwa").}}
 }}
@@ Line 229: / Line 230: @@
 !''Certh''!!Translit.!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}<sup>★</sup>
 |colspan="3"|
-|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
+|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
-|[[File:Certh 46.svg|20px]]||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
+|[[File:Certh 46.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]]||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
+|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
-|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
+|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
-|[[File:Certh 32.svg|20px]]||lh||{{IPA|/ɬ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 32.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||lh||{{IPA|/ɬ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px]]||ê||{{IPA|/eː/}}
+|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ê||{{IPA|/eː/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 3.svg|20px]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
+|[[File:Certh 3.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
-|[[File:Certh 18.svg|20px]]||k||{{IPA|/k/}}
+|[[File:Certh 18.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||k||{{IPA|/k/}}
-|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px]]||nd||{{IPA|/nd/}}
+|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||nd||{{IPA|/nd/}}
-|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
+|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 4.svg|20px]]||v||{{IPA|/v/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 4.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||v||{{IPA|/v/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 34.svg|20px]]||h{{ref|AMA|[A]}}||{{IPA|/h/}}
+|[[File:Certh 34.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||h{{ref|AMA|[A]}}||{{IPA|/h/}}
-|[[File:Certh 49.svg|20px]]||â||{{IPA|/aː/}}
+|[[File:Certh 49.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||â||{{IPA|/aː/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]]||hw||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||hw||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 20.svg|20px]]||kh||{{IPA|/x/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 20.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||kh||{{IPA|/x/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px]]||''{{okina}}'' {{ref|AMA|[A]}}||{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||''{{okina}}'' {{ref|AMA|[A]}}||{{IPA|/ʔ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 50.svg|20px]]||o||{{IPA|/o/}}
+|[[File:Certh 50.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||o||{{IPA|/o/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
+|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
-|[[File:Certh 21.svg|20px]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 21.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 51.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 51a.svg|20px]]||ô||{{IPA|/oː/}}
+|[[File:Certh 51.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 51a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ô||{{IPA|/oː/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 7.svg|20px]]||mb||{{IPA|/mb/}}
+|[[File:Certh 7.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||mb||{{IPA|/mb/}}
-|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
+|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
-|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px]]||ng||{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ng||{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 52.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px]]||ö||{{IPA|/œ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 52.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ö||{{IPA|/œ/}}<sup>★</sup>
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
+|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
-|[[File:Certh 23.svg|20px]]||kw||{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 23.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||kw||{{IPA|/kʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px]]||nj||{{IPA|/ndʒ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||nj||{{IPA|/ndʒ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 53.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
+|[[File:Certh 53.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
+|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
-|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]]||gw||{{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||gw||{{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
+|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
-|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px]]||s||{{IPA|/s/}}
+|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||s||{{IPA|/s/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 10.svg|20px]]||th||{{IPA|/θ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 10.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||th||{{IPA|/θ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 25.svg|20px]]||khw||{{IPA|/xʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 25.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||khw||{{IPA|/xʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px]]||y||{{IPA|/j/}}
+|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||y||{{IPA|/j/}}
-|[[File:Certh 55.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 55a.svg|20px]]||{{ref|AMB|[B]}}||{{IPA|/ə/}}
+|[[File:Certh 55.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 55a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{ref|AMB|[B]}}||{{IPA|/ə/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 11.svg|20px]]||dh||{{IPA|/ð/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 11.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||dh||{{IPA|/ð/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 26.svg|20px]]||ghw||{{IPA|/ɣʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 26.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ghw||{{IPA|/ɣʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px]]||hy||{{IPA|/j̊}}, {{IPA|ç/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||hy||{{IPA|/j̊}}, {{IPA|ç/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 56.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 56a.svg|20px]]||{{ref|AMB|[B]}}||{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 56.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 56a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{ref|AMB|[B]}}||{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]]||r||{{IPA|/ʀ}}, {{IPA|ʁ}}, {{IPA|r/}}
+|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||r||{{IPA|/ʀ}}, {{IPA|ʁ}}, {{IPA|r/}}
-|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]]||ngw||{{IPA|/ŋɡʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ngw||{{IPA|/ŋɡʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
+|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]]||ch||{{IPA|/tʃ}}, {{IPA|c/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ch||{{IPA|/tʃ}}, {{IPA|c/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]]||nw||{{IPA|/nʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||nw||{{IPA|/nʷ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]]||û||{{IPA|/uː/}}
+|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||û||{{IPA|/uː/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |- align="center"
 |colspan="3"|
-|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px]]||j||{{IPA|/dʒ}}, {{IPA|ɟ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||j||{{IPA|/dʒ}}, {{IPA|ɟ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 44.svg|20px]]||w||{{IPA|/w/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 44.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||w||{{IPA|/w/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px]]||+h{{ref|AMC|[C]}}||{{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||+h{{ref|AMC|[C]}}||{{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 15.svg|20px]]||sh||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 15.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||sh||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 30.svg|20px]]||zh||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 30.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||zh||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 45.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px]]||ü||{{IPA|/y/}}<sup>★</sup>
+|[[File:Certh 45.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ü||{{IPA|/y/}}<sup>★</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px]]||&{{ref|AM&|[D]}}||
+|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||&{{ref|AM&|[D]}}||
 |}
@@ Line 308: / Line 309: @@
 {|
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
-| align="right" | A. || {{note|AMA|}}The Khuzdul language has two [[glottal consonant]]s: {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, the latter being "the [[glottal stop|glottal]] beginning of a word with an initial vowel".<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> Thus, in need of a reversible certh to represent these sounds, [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px]] and [[File:Certh 34.svg|16px]] were switched, giving the former the value {{IPA|/s/}} and using the latter for {{IPA|/h/}}, and its reversed counterpart [[File:Certh 35.svg|16px]] for {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.
+| align="right" | A. || {{note|AMA|}}The Khuzdul language has two [[glottal consonant]]s: {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, the latter being "the [[glottal stop|glottal]] beginning of a word with an initial vowel".<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/> Thus, in need of a reversible certh to represent these sounds, [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] and [[File:Certh 34.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] were switched, giving the former the value {{IPA|/s/}} and using the latter for {{IPA|/h/}}, and its reversed counterpart [[File:Certh 35.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for {{IPA|/ʔ/}}.
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
-| align="right" | B. || {{note|AMB|}}These cirth were a halved form of [[File:Certh 46.svg|16px]], used for vowels like those in the word {{angbr|b<u>u</u>tt<u>e</u>r}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʌ|t|ər}}. Thus, [[File:Certh 55.svg|16px]] represented a {{IPA|/ə/}} sound in unstressed syllables, while [[File:Certh 56.svg|16px]] represented {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, a somehow similar sound, in stressed syllables. When weak they were reduced to a stroke without a stem ([[File:Certh 55a.svg|16px]], [[File:Certh 56a.svg|16px]]).<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
+| align="right" | B. || {{note|AMB|}}These cirth were a halved form of [[File:Certh 46.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]], used for vowels like those in the word {{angbr|b<u>u</u>tt<u>e</u>r}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ʌ|t|ər}}. Thus, [[File:Certh 55.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] represented a {{IPA|/ə/}} sound in unstressed syllables, while [[File:Certh 56.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] represented {{IPA|/ʌ/}}, a somehow similar sound, in stressed syllables. When weak they were reduced to a stroke without a stem ([[File:Certh 55a.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]], [[File:Certh 56a.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]).<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
 | align="right" | C. || {{note|AMC|}}This letter denotes [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] in voiceless stops, occurring frequently in Khuzdul as ''kh'' and ''th''.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
@@ Line 317: / Line 318: @@
 |}
 [[File:Balin zg2.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Runes in the upper inscription of [[Balin (Middle-earth)|Balin]]'s tomb use ''Angerthas Moria'', reading left-to-right:<br/>{{center|Balin<br/>Fu[nd]inul<br/>Uzbad[[Moria (Middle-earth)|Kʰazaddûm]]<nowiki/>u}}]]
-In ''Angerthas Moria'' the cirth [[File:Certh 14.svg|16px]] {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and [[File:Certh 16.svg|16px]] {{IPA|/ʒ/}} were dropped. Thus [[File:Certh 29.svg|16px]] and [[File:Certh 30.svg|16px]] were adopted for {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, although they were used for {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/r̥/}} in Elvish languages. Subsequently, this script used the certh [[File:Certh 12.svg|16px]] for {{IPA|/ʀ/ (or /ʁ/)}}, which had the sound {{IPA|/n/}} in the Elvish systems. Therefore, the certh [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]] (which was previously used for the sound {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, useless in Khuzdul) was adopted for the sound {{IPA|/n/}}. A totally new introduction was the certh [[File:Certh 53.svg|16px]], used as an alternative, simplified and, maybe, weaker form of [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]]. Because of the visual relation of these two cirth, the certh [[File:Certh 17.svg|16px]] was given the sound {{IPA|/z/}} to relate better with [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px]] that, in this script, had the sound {{IPA|/s/}}.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
+In ''Angerthas Moria'' the cirth [[File:Certh 14.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and [[File:Certh 16.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{IPA|/ʒ/}} were dropped. Thus [[File:Certh 29.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] and [[File:Certh 30.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] were adopted for {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, although they were used for {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/r̥/}} in Elvish languages. Subsequently, this script used the certh [[File:Certh 12.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for {{IPA|/ʀ/ (or /ʁ/)}}, which had the sound {{IPA|/n/}} in the Elvish systems. Therefore, the certh [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] (which was previously used for the sound {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, useless in Khuzdul) was adopted for the sound {{IPA|/n/}}. A totally new introduction was the certh [[File:Certh 53.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]], used as an alternative, simplified and, maybe, weaker form of [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]. Because of the visual relation of these two cirth, the certh [[File:Certh 17.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] was given the sound {{IPA|/z/}} to relate better with [[File:Certh 54.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] that, in this script, had the sound {{IPA|/s/}}.<ref name="Tolkien 1955"/>
 === ''Angerthas Erebor'' ===
@@ Line 332: / Line 333: @@
 !''Certh''!!Translit.!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}
+|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}
-|[[File:Certh 16.svg|20px]]||zh||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 16.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||zh||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
+|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
-|[[File:Certh 46.svg|20px]]||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
+|[[File:Certh 46.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||e||{{IPA|/e/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]]||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
+|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
-|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px]]||ks||{{IPA|/ks/}}
+|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ks||{{IPA|/ks/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |colspan="3"|
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 3.svg|20px]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
+|[[File:Certh 3.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
-|[[File:Certh 18.svg|20px]]||k||{{IPA|/k/}}
+|[[File:Certh 18.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||k||{{IPA|/k/}}
-|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px]]||nd||{{IPA|/nd/}}
+|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||nd||{{IPA|/nd/}}
-|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
+|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 4.svg|20px]]||v||{{IPA|/v/}}
+|[[File:Certh 4.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||v||{{IPA|/v/}}
-|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 34.svg|20px]]||rowspan="2"|s||rowspan="2"|{{IPA|/s/}}
+|[[File:Certh 34.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||rowspan="2"|s||rowspan="2"|{{IPA|/s/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]]||hw||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||hw||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 20.svg|20px]]||kh||{{IPA|/x/}}
+|[[File:Certh 20.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||kh||{{IPA|/x/}}
-|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px]]
+|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
-|[[File:Certh 50.svg|20px]]||o||{{IPA|/o/}}
+|[[File:Certh 50.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||o||{{IPA|/o/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
+|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
-|[[File:Certh 21.svg|20px]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 21.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 7.svg|20px]]||mb||{{IPA|/mb/}}
+|[[File:Certh 7.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||mb||{{IPA|/mb/}}
-|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
+|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
-|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px]]||ng||{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ng||{{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 52.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px]]||ö||{{IPA|/œ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 52.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 52a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ö||{{IPA|/œ/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
+|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
-|[[File:Certh 23.svg|20px]]||kw||{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 23.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||kw||{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
 |colspan="3"|
-|[[File:Certh 53.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
+|[[File:Certh 53.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
+|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
-|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]]||gw||{{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||gw||{{IPA|/ɡʷ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
+|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
-|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px]]||h||{{IPA|/h/}}
+|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||h||{{IPA|/h/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 10.svg|20px]]||th||{{IPA|/θ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 10.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||th||{{IPA|/θ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 25.svg|20px]]||khw||{{IPA|/xʷ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 25.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||khw||{{IPA|/xʷ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px]]||y||{{IPA|/j/}}
+|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||y||{{IPA|/j/}}
-|[[File:Certh 55.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 55a.svg|20px]]||||{{IPA|/ə/}}
+|[[File:Certh 55.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 55a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||||{{IPA|/ə/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 11.svg|20px]]||dh||{{IPA|/ð/}}
+|[[File:Certh 11.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||dh||{{IPA|/ð/}}
-|[[File:Certh 26.svg|20px]]||ghw||{{IPA|/ɣʷ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 26.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ghw||{{IPA|/ɣʷ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px]]||hy||{{IPA|/j̊/}} or {{IPA|/ç/}}
+|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||hy||{{IPA|/j̊/}} or {{IPA|/ç/}}
-|[[File:Certh 56.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 56a.svg|20px]]||||{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 56.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 56a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||||{{IPA|/ʌ/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]]||r||{{IPA|/r/}}
+|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||r||{{IPA|/r/}}
-|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]]||ngw||{{IPA|/ŋɡʷ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ngw||{{IPA|/ŋɡʷ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
+|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
-|[[File:Certh 57.svg|20px]]||ps||{{IPA|/ps/}}
+|[[File:Certh 57.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ps||{{IPA|/ps/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]]||ch||{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ch||{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]]||nw||{{IPA|/nʷ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||nw||{{IPA|/nʷ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
+|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
-|[[File:Certh 58.svg|20px]]||ts||{{IPA|/ts/}}
+|[[File:Certh 58.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ts||{{IPA|/ts/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 14.svg|20px]]||j||{{IPA|/dʒ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 14.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||j||{{IPA|/dʒ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 44.svg|20px]]||w||{{IPA|/w/}}
+|[[File:Certh 44.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||w||{{IPA|/w/}}
-|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px]]||+h||{{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||+h||{{IPA|/◌ʰ/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 15.svg|20px]]||sh||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 15.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||sh||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 30.svg|20px]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 30.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||gh||{{IPA|/ɣ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 45.svg|20px]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px]]||ü||{{IPA|/y/}}
+|[[File:Certh 45.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]&nbsp;<span style="font-size:65%">or</span>&nbsp;[[File:Certh 45a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ü||{{IPA|/y/}}
-|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px]]||&||
+|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||&||
 |}
@@ Line 411: / Line 412: @@
 *a [[circumflex]] [[File:Certh Circumflex.png|16px]] used to denote [[gemination|long consonants]];
 *a [[macron below]] [[File:Certh Macron below.png|16px]] to indicate a [[long vowel]] sound;
-*an [[dot (diacritic)#Underdot|underdot]] [[File:Certh Underdot.png|16px]] to mark cirth used as [[numerical digits|numerals]]. As a matter of fact, in the Book of Mazarbul some cirth are used as numerals: [[File:Certh 39.svg|16px]] for 1, [[File:Certh 50.svg|16px]] for 2, [[File:Certh 52.svg|16px]] for 3, [[File:Gondolin rune b.svg|16px]] for 4, [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px]] for 5.
+*an [[dot (diacritic)#Underdot|underdot]] [[File:Certh Underdot.png|16px]] to mark cirth used as [[numerical digits|numerals]]. As a matter of fact, in the Book of Mazarbul some cirth are used as numerals: [[File:Certh 39.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for 1, [[File:Certh 50.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for 2, [[File:Certh 52.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for 3, [[File:Gondolin rune b.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for 4, [[File:Certh 22.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] for 5.
 [[File:Balin sp2.PNG|thumb|right|upright=1.8|The bottom inscription of [[Balin (Middle-earth)|Balin]]'s tomb is written in English using the ''Angerthas Erebor''. It reads left-to-right: "Balin sʌn ov Fu[nd]in lord ov Moria"]]
@@ Line 424: / Line 425: @@
 !''Certh''!!English spelling
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh LL.svg|20px]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|ll}}
+|[[File:Certh LL.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|ll}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh Article.svg|20px]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|the}}{{ref|the|[A]}}
+|[[File:Certh Article.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|the}}{{ref|the|[A]}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh AI.svg|20px]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|ai}}, {{angbr|ay}}
+|[[File:Certh AI.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|ai}}, {{angbr|ay}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh AU.svg|20px]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|au}}, {{angbr|aw}}
+|[[File:Certh AU.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|au}}, {{angbr|aw}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh EA.svg|20px]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|ea}}
+|[[File:Certh EA.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|ea}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px]]||{{angbr|ee}}
+|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{angbr|ee}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px]]||{{angbr|eu}}, {{angbr|ew}}
+|[[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{angbr|eu}}, {{angbr|ew}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh OA.svg|20px]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|oa}}
+|[[File:Certh OA.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]{{ref|AE|∗}}||{{angbr|oa}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 51.svg|20px]]||{{angbr|oo}}
+|[[File:Certh 51.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{angbr|oo}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]]||{{angbr|ou}}, {{angbr|ow}}
+|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{angbr|ou}}, {{angbr|ow}}
 |}
@@ Line 463: / Line 464: @@
 According to Tolkien himself, those found in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' are a form of "English runes" used in lieu of the Dwarvish runes proper.<ref name="Hobbit">{{cite book |title=[[The Hobbit]]|first=J.R.R. |last=Tolkien |author-link=J.R.R. Tolkien |publisher=London: George Allen & Unwin. |year=1937}}</ref> They can be interpreted as an attempt made by Tolkien to adapt the [[Fuþorc]] (i.e., the [[Old English]] runic alphabet) to the [[Modern English]] language.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tolkienestate.com/en/learning/languages-and-writing-systems/writing-systems.html |title= Writing Systems |first=Arden R. |last=Smith |author-link=Arden R. Smith |website= The Tolkien Estate |quote= The runic alphabet used on Thror's Map and elsewhere in The Hobbit is not the Angerthas, but is rather the futhorc used by the Anglo-Saxons in England over a thousand years ago, adapted by Tolkien for the representation of modern English. |access-date= December 30, 2020}}</ref>
-These runes are basically the same found in Fuþorc, but their sound may change according to their position, just like the letters of the [[Latin script]]: the writing mode used by Tolkien is, in this case, mainly orthographic.<ref name="Lindberg">{{cite web |url= http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/runes-eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065431/http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/runes-eng.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-25 |url-status=live |title= Tolkien English Runes|last= Lindberg|first= Per|date= 2016-11-27|website= forodrim.org|access-date= 2019-03-27}}</ref> This means that the system has one rune for each Latin letter, regardless of pronunciation.<ref name="Lindberg"/> For example, the rune [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]] {{angbr|c}} can sound {{IPAc-en|k}} in {{angbr|'''c'''over}}, {{IPAc-en|s}} in {{angbr|sin'''c'''ere}}, {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} in {{angbr|spe'''c'''ial}}, and even {{IPAc-en|tʃ}} in the digraph {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 47.svg|16px]]}} {{angbr|ch}}.<ref>{{cite letter | first = J.R.R. | last = Tolkien | author-link = J.R.R. Tolkien | recipient = Katherine Farrer | subject = Letter 112 | date = November 30, 1947 | url = https://arda.saloon.jp/?plugin=attach&refer=The%20Letters%20of%20J.R.R.Tolkien%2FLetter%20112&openfile=letter112_tolkien.jpg | access-date = December 31, 2020 }}</ref>
+These runes are basically the same found in Fuþorc, but their sound may change according to their position, just like the letters of the [[Latin script]]: the writing mode used by Tolkien is, in this case, mainly orthographic.<ref name="Lindberg">{{cite web |url= http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/runes-eng.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065431/http://www.forodrim.org/daeron/runes-eng.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-25 |url-status=live |title= Tolkien English Runes|last= Lindberg|first= Per|date= 2016-11-27|website= forodrim.org|access-date= 2019-03-27}}</ref> This means that the system has one rune for each Latin letter, regardless of pronunciation.<ref name="Lindberg"/> For example, the rune [[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] {{angbr|c}} can sound {{IPAc-en|k}} in {{angbr|'''c'''over}}, {{IPAc-en|s}} in {{angbr|sin'''c'''ere}}, {{IPAc-en|ʃ}} in {{angbr|spe'''c'''ial}}, and even {{IPAc-en|tʃ}} in the digraph {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]][[File:Certh 47.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]}} {{angbr|ch}}.<ref>{{cite letter | first = J.R.R. | last = Tolkien | author-link = J.R.R. Tolkien | recipient = Katherine Farrer | subject = Letter 112 | date = November 30, 1947 | url = https://arda.saloon.jp/?plugin=attach&refer=The%20Letters%20of%20J.R.R.Tolkien%2FLetter%20112&openfile=letter112_tolkien.jpg | access-date = December 31, 2020 }}</ref>
-A few sounds are instead written with the same rune, without considering the English spelling. For example, the sound {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} is always written with the rune [[File:Certh 24.svg|16px]] whether in English it is spelt {{angbr|o}} as in {{angbr|n'''o'''rth}}, {{angbr|a}} as in {{angbr|f'''a'''ll}}, or {{angbr|oo}} as in {{angbr|d'''oo'''r}}. The only two letters that are subject to this phonemic spelling are {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|o}}.<ref name="Lindberg"/>
+A few sounds are instead written with the same rune, without considering the English spelling. For example, the sound {{IPAc-en|ɔː}} is always written with the rune [[File:Certh 24.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] whether in English it is spelt {{angbr|o}} as in {{angbr|n'''o'''rth}}, {{angbr|a}} as in {{angbr|f'''a'''ll}}, or {{angbr|oo}} as in {{angbr|d'''oo'''r}}. The only two letters that are subject to this phonemic spelling are {{angbr|a}} and {{angbr|o}}.<ref name="Lindberg"/>
 Finally, some runes stand for particular English digraphs and diphthongs.<ref name="Hobbit"/><ref name="Lindberg"/>
@@ Line 477: / Line 478: @@
 !Rune!!Fuþorc!!English grapheme
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc A.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚪ}} ||rowspan=2|''phonemic''{{ref|ph|[i]}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc A.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚪ}} ||rowspan=2|''phonemic''{{ref|ph|[i]}}
-|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚱ}}||{{angbr|r}}
+|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚱ}}||{{angbr|r}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚫ}}
+|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚫ}}
-|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛋ}}||{{angbr|s}}
+|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛋ}}||{{angbr|s}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛒ}}||{{angbr|b}}
+|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛒ}}||{{angbr|b}}
-|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛏ}}||{{angbr|t}}
+|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛏ}}||{{angbr|t}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚳ}}||{{angbr|c}}
+|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚳ}}||{{angbr|c}}
-|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚢ}}||{{angbr|u}}, {{angbr|v}}
+|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚢ}}||{{angbr|u}}, {{angbr|v}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛞ}}||{{angbr|d}}
+|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛞ}}||{{angbr|d}}
-|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚹ}}||{{angbr|w}}
+|[[File:Certh 1.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚹ}}||{{angbr|w}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc E.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛖ}}||{{angbr|e}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc E.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛖ}}||{{angbr|e}}
-|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛉ}}||{{angbr|x}}
+|[[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛉ}}||{{angbr|x}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc F.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚠ}}||{{angbr|f}}, {{angbr|ph}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc F.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚠ}}||{{angbr|f}}, {{angbr|ph}}
-|[[File:Certh AU.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚣ}}||{{angbr|y}}
+|[[File:Certh AU.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚣ}}||{{angbr|y}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚷ}}||{{angbr|g}}
+|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚷ}}||{{angbr|g}}
-|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛣ}}||{{angbr|z}}{{ref|HZ|[iii]}}
+|[[File:Certh 17.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛣ}}||{{angbr|z}}{{ref|HZ|[iii]}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚻ}}||{{angbr|h}}
+|[[File:Certh 47.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚻ}}||{{angbr|h}}
-|[[File:Certh 57.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚦ}}||{{angbr|th}}
+|[[File:Certh 57.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚦ}}||{{angbr|th}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛁ}}||{{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|j}}
+|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛁ}}||{{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|j}}
-|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛠ}}||{{angbr|ea}}
+|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛠ}}||{{angbr|ea}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛱ}} {{ref|H|[ii]}}||{{angbr|k}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛱ}} {{ref|H|[ii]}}||{{angbr|k}}
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc ST.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛥ}}||{{angbr|st}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc ST.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛥ}}||{{angbr|st}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛚ}}||{{angbr|l}}
+|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛚ}}||{{angbr|l}}
-|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛟ}}||{{angbr|ee}}
+|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛟ}}||{{angbr|ee}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc M.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛗ}}||{{angbr|m}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc M.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛗ}}||{{angbr|m}}
-|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛝ}}||{{angbr|ng}}
+|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛝ}}||{{angbr|ng}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 32.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚾ}}||{{angbr|n}}
+|[[File:Certh 32.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚾ}}||{{angbr|n}}
-|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc EO.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛇ}}||{{angbr|eo}}
+|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc EO.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛇ}}||{{angbr|eo}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᚩ}}||''phonemic''{{ref|ph|[i]}}
+|[[File:Certh 24.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᚩ}}||''phonemic''{{ref|ph|[i]}}
-|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛳ}} {{ref|H|[ii]}}||{{angbr|oo}}
+|[[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛳ}} {{ref|H|[ii]}}||{{angbr|oo}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛈ}}||{{angbr|p}}
+|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛈ}}||{{angbr|p}}
-|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px]]||{{script|Runr|ᛲ}} {{ref|H|[ii]}}||{{angbr|sh}}
+|[[File:Certh 41.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{script|Runr|ᛲ}} {{ref|H|[ii]}}||{{angbr|sh}}
 |}
@@ Line 538: / Line 539: @@
 | rowspan="3" | {{angbr|a}}
 | {{IPAc-en|æ}}
-| [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 | every other sound
-| [[File:Tolkien's Futhorc A.svg|20px]]
+| [[File:Tolkien's Futhorc A.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 | {{IPAc-en|ɔː}}
-| rowspan=3 | [[File:Certh 24.svg|20px]]
+| rowspan=3 | [[File:Certh 24.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |- align="center"
 | {{angbr|o}}
@@ Line 553: / Line 554: @@
 |- align="center"
 | every other sound
-| [[File:Certh 5.svg|21px]]
+| [[File:Certh 5.svg|21px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |}
 {{ordered list|start=2|list-style-type=lower-roman
-   | {{note|H||The three runes {{nowrap|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg|16px]],}} {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 5.svg|16px]],}} and [[File:Certh 41.svg|16px]] were invented by Tolkien and are not attested in real-life Fuþorc.}}
+   | {{note|H||The three runes {{nowrap|[[File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]],}} {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 5.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]],}} and [[File:Certh 41.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]] were invented by Tolkien and are not attested in real-life Fuþorc.}}
    | {{note|HZ||According to Tolkien, this is a "dwarf-rune" which "may be used if required" as an addendum to the English runes.<ref name="Hobbit"/>}}
-   | Tolkien commonly writes the [[Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩|English digraph {{angbr|wh}}]] (pronounced {{IPA|en|ʍ||generic=yes}} in some [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of English) as {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 47.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 1.svg|16px]]}} {{angbr|hw}}.
+   | Tolkien commonly writes the [[Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩|English digraph {{angbr|wh}}]] (pronounced {{IPA|en|ʍ||generic=yes}} in some [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of English) as {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 47.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]][[File:Certh 1.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]}} {{angbr|hw}}.
-   | There is no rune to transliterate {{angbr|q}}: the digraph {{angbr|qu}} (representing the sound {{IPA|en|kʷw||generic=yes}}, like in {{angbr|'''qu'''een}}) is always written as {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px]][[File:Certh 1.svg|16px]]}} {{angbr|cw}}, reflecting the [[Old English#Orthography|Anglo-Saxon spelling]] {{angbr|{{Script|Latg|cƿ}}}}.
+   | There is no rune to transliterate {{angbr|q}}: the digraph {{angbr|qu}} (representing the sound {{IPA|en|kʷw||generic=yes}}, like in {{angbr|'''qu'''een}}) is always written as {{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]][[File:Certh 1.svg|16px|class=skin-invert-image]]}} {{angbr|cw}}, reflecting the [[Old English#Orthography|Anglo-Saxon spelling]] {{angbr|{{Script|Latg|cƿ}}}}.
 }}
@@ Line 587: / Line 588: @@
 |- align="center"
 ! rowspan=2|<small>[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]</small>
-|[[File:Gondolin rune p.svg|20px]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune p.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||p||{{IPA|/p/}}
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
+|[[File:Certh 8.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||t||{{IPA|/t/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 57.svg|20px]]||k (c)||{{IPA|/k/}}
+|[[File:Certh 57.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||k (c)||{{IPA|/k/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |- align="center"
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune b.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune b2.svg|20px]]}}||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune b.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune b2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||b||{{IPA|/b/}}
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
+|[[File:Certh 12.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||d||{{IPA|/d/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 6.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||g||{{IPA|/ɡ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |- align="center"
 ! rowspan=2|<small>[[fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
-|[[File:Gondolin rune f.svg|20px]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune f.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||f||{{IPA|/f/}}
-|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px]]||þ||{{IPA|/θ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 9.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||þ||{{IPA|/θ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px]]||s||{{IPA|/s/}}
+|[[File:Certh 35.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||s||{{IPA|/s/}}
-|[[File:Gondolin rune sh.svg|20px]]||š||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune sh.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||š||{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px]]||χ||{{IPA|/x/}}
+|[[File:Certh 40.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||χ||{{IPA|/x/}}
-|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px]]||h||{{IPA|/h/}}
+|[[File:Certh 59.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||h||{{IPA|/h/}}
 |- align="center"
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px]] [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px]]}}||v||{{IPA|/v/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Certh 27.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Certh 22.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||v||{{IPA|/v/}}
-|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px]]||ð||{{IPA|/ð/}}
+|[[File:Certh 19.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ð||{{IPA|/ð/}}
-|[[File:Gondolin rune z.svg|20px]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune z.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||z||{{IPA|/z/}}
-|[[File:Gondolin rune zh.svg|20px]]||ž||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune zh.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ž||{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 624: / Line 625: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px]]||tš (ch)||{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 60.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||tš (ch)||{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 632: / Line 633: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Gondolin rune j.svg|20px]]||dž (j)||{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune j.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||dž (j)||{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 638: / Line 639: @@
 |- align="center"
 ! rowspan=2|<small>[[nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
-|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
+|[[File:Certh 43.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||m||{{IPA|/m/}}
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
+|[[File:Certh 54.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||n||{{IPA|/n/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ŋ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Gondolin rune mh.svg|20px]]||(mh)||{{IPA|/m̥/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune mh.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||(mh)||{{IPA|/m̥/}}
 |colspan=3|
 | || ||
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune ŋh.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune ŋh2.svg|20px]]}}||(ŋh)||{{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune ŋh.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune ŋh2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||(ŋh)||{{IPA|/ŋ̊/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |- align="center"
@@ Line 657: / Line 658: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px]]||r||{{IPA|/r/}}
+|[[File:Certh 29.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||r||{{IPA|/r/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 665: / Line 666: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px]]||rh||{{IPA|/r̥/}}
+|[[File:Certh 33.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||rh||{{IPA|/r̥/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 674: / Line 675: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
+|[[File:Certh 36.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||l||{{IPA|/l/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 682: / Line 683: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune lh.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune lh2.svg|20px]]}}<br/>[[File:Gondolin rune lh3.svg|20px]]||lh||{{IPA|/ɬ/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune lh.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune lh2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}<br/>[[File:Gondolin rune lh3.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||lh||{{IPA|/ɬ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
@@ Line 693: / Line 694: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px]] [[File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg|20px]]}}<br/>[[File:Gondolin rune y3 (consonant).svg|20px]]||j (i̯)||{{IPA|/j/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Certh 13.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Tolkien's Futhorc K.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}<br/>[[File:Gondolin rune y3 (consonant).svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||j (i̯)||{{IPA|/j/}}
-|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px]]||w (u̯)||{{IPA|/w/}}
+|[[File:Certh 42.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||w (u̯)||{{IPA|/w/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |- align="center"
@@ Line 701: / Line 702: @@
 |colspan=3|
 |colspan=3|
-|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px]]
+|[[File:Certh 28.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]
 |χ̑
 |{{IPA|/ç/}}<sup>?</sup>
-|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px]]||{{not a typo|ƕ}}||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 37.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||{{not a typo|ƕ}}||{{IPA|/ʍ/}}
 |colspan=3|
 |}
@@ Line 717: / Line 718: @@
 !colspan=2|<small>Rune</small>!!<small>[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]</small>
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Gondolin rune a.svg|20px]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||a||{{IPA|/a/}}
-|[[File:Gondolin rune e.svg|20px]]||e||{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune e.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||e||{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
-|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
+|[[File:Certh 39.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||i||{{IPA|/i/}}
-|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px]]||o||{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
+|[[File:Certh 48.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||o||{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
-|[[File:Gondolin rune u.svg|20px]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune u.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||u||{{IPA|/u/}}
 |- align="center"
-|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px]]||ā||{{IPA|/aː/}}
+|[[File:Certh 38.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ā||{{IPA|/aː/}}
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune e-.svg|20px]] [[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px]]}}||ē||{{IPA|/eː/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune e-.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Certh 38a.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||ē||{{IPA|/eː/}}
-|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px]]||ī||{{IPA|/iː/}}
+|[[File:Certh 31.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||ī||{{IPA|/iː/}}
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Certh 49.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune o-2.svg|20px]]}}||ō||{{IPA|/oː/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Certh 49.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune o-2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||ō||{{IPA|/oː/}}
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune u-.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune u-2.svg|20px]]}}||ū||{{IPA|/uː/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune u-.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune u-2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||ū||{{IPA|/uː/}}
 |- align="center"
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune æ.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune æ2.svg|20px]]}}||æ||{{IPA|/æ/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune æ.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune æ2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||æ||{{IPA|/æ/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |colspan="3"|
-|[[File:Certh AU.svg|20px]]||œ||{{IPA|/œ/}}
+|[[File:Certh AU.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||œ||{{IPA|/œ/}}
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune y.svg|20px]] [[File:Certh 44.svg|20px]]}}||y||{{IPA|/y/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune y.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Certh 44.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||y||{{IPA|/y/}}
 |- align="center"
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune æ-.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune æ-2.svg|20px]]}}||ǣ||{{IPA|/æː/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune æ-.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune æ-2.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||ǣ||{{IPA|/æː/}}
 |colspan="3"|
 |colspan="3"|
-|[[File:Gondolin rune œ-.svg|20px]]||œ̄||{{IPA|/œː/}}
+|[[File:Gondolin rune œ-.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]||œ̄||{{IPA|/œː/}}
-|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune y-.svg|20px]] [[File:Certh 5.svg|20px]]}}<br/>{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune y-3.svg|20px]] [[File:Gondolin rune y-4.svg|20px]]}}||ȳ||{{IPA|/yː/}}
+|{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune y-.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Certh 5.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}<br/>{{nowrap|[[File:Gondolin rune y-3.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]] [[File:Gondolin rune y-4.svg|20px|class=skin-invert-image]]}}||ȳ||{{IPA|/yː/}}
 |}

Cirth: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:30, 24 June 2025

External history

Concept and creation

Internal history and description

Certhas

Angerthas Daeron

Angerthas Moria

Angerthas Erebor

Other runic scripts by Tolkien

Runes from The Hobbit

Gondolinic runes

Encoding schemes

Unicode

ConScript Unicode Registry

See also

References

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