Syama Prasad Mukherjee: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:04, 10 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Syama Prasad Mookerjee (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953) was an Indian barrister, educationist, politician, activist, social worker, and a minister in the state and national governments. Noted for his opposition to Quit India movement within the independence movement in India, he later served as India's first Minister for Industry and Supply (currently known as Minister of Commerce and Industries) in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet after breaking up with the Hindu Mahasabha. After falling out with Nehru,^[1] protesting against the Liaquat–Nehru Pact, Mukherjee resigned from Nehru's cabinet.^[2] With the help of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,^[3] he founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the predecessor to the Bharatiya Janata Party, in 1951.^[4]

He was also the president of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the Jammu and Kashmir Police in 1953 when he tried to cross the border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed with a heart attack and shifted to a hospital but died a day later.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Since the Bharatiya Janata Party is the successor to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Mookerjee is also regarded as the founder of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) by its members.^[5]

Early life and academic career

Syama Mukherjee was born during the British Raj on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn^[6] now located in the West Bengal state of India. His grandfather Ganga Prasad Mukherjee was born in Jirat and was the first in the family who migrated to and settled in Calcutta.^[7]

Syama Prasad's father was Ashutosh Mukherjee, a judge of the High Court of Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, and was also the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta.Template:Sfn^[8] His mother was Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee.Template:Sfn was a very meritorious student and he came to Calcutta to study in Medical College with the help of the wealthy people of Jirat. Later he settled down in the Bhawanipore area of Calcutta.^[9]

Syama Prasad enrolled in Bhawanipur's Mitra Institution in 1906 and his behaviour in school was later described favourably by his teachers. In 1914, he passed his matriculation examination and was admitted into Presidency College.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He stood seventeenth in the Inter Arts Examination in 1916^[10] and graduated in English, securing the first position in first class in 1921.Template:Sfn He was married to Sudha Devi on 16 April 1922.Template:Sfn Mukherjee also completed an MA in Bengali, being graded as first class in 1923Template:Sfn and also became a fellow of the Senate of the University of Calcutta in 1923.Template:Sfn He completed his LLB in 1924.Template:Sfn

He enrolled as an advocate in Calcutta High Court in 1924, the same year in which his father had died.Template:Sfn Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the English Bar in the same year.Template:Sfn In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938.Template:Sfn During his term as Vice-Chancellor, Rabindranath Tagore delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn On 10 September 1938, the Senate of Calcutta University resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree."^[11] Mukherjee received the D.Litt from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938.^[12] He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941-42.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Political career before independence

He started his political career in 1929 when he entered the Bengal Legislative Council as an Indian National Congress (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University.Template:Sfn However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the election as an independent candidate and was elected in the same year.Template:Sfn In 1937, he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the Krishak Praja Party to power.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

He served as the Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under A.K. Fazlul Haq's Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the Midnapore district in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing the British government of trying to hold on to India at any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the Quit India Movement.Template:Efn After resigning, he mobilised to support and organised relief with the help of the Mahabodhi Society, Ramakrishna Mission and Marwari Relief Society.^[13]Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In 1946, he was again elected as an independent candidate from Calcutta University.Template:Sfn He was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India in the same year.Template:Sfn

Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement

File:Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg

Mukherjee joined the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal in 1939Template:Sfn and became its acting president that same year.^[14] He was appointed as the working president of the organisation in 1940.Template:Sfn In February 1941, Mukherjee told a Hindu rally that if Muslims wanted to live in Pakistan they should "pack their bag and baggage and leave India ... [to] wherever they like".^[15] Yet, the Hindu Mahasabha also formed provincial coalition governments with the All-India Muslim League in Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province while Mukherjee was its leader.^[16] He was elected as the President of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha in 1943.Template:Sfn He remained in this position till 1946, with Laxman Bhopatkar becoming the new president in the same year.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated East Pakistan.Template:Sfn A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in Tarakeswar authorised him to take steps for ensuring the partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to Lord Mountbatten telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not.Template:Sfn He also opposed a failed bid for a united but independent Bengal made in 1947 by Sarat Bose, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose, and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a Bengali Muslim politician.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn His views were strongly affected by the Noakhali genocide in East Bengal, where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus.Template:Sfn It was Mukherjee who launched the Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement. It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of the Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India.^[17]

Opposition to Quit India Movement

Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement Template:Sfn and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's decision of non-participation in the movement.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Mukherjee wrote a letter to Sir John Herbert, Governor of Bengal as to how they should respond to "Quit India" movement. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:

Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting in internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time beingTemplate:Sfn

Mukherjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq-led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal in regard to this:

The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that despite the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during an emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake of Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.Template:Sfn

The Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and stated:

Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter, he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...Template:Sfn

During Mukherjee's resignation speech, however, he characterised the policies of the British government towards the movement as "repressive".Template:Sfn^[13]

Political career after independence

File:The first Cabinet of independent India.jpg

(L to R sitting) B. R. Ambedkar, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, Sardar Baldev Singh, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, John Mathai, Jagjivan Ram, Amrit Kaur and Syama Prasad Mukherjee. (L to R standing) Khurshed Lal, R.R. Diwakar, Mohanlal Saksena, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, N.V. Gadgil, K. C. Neogy, Jairamdas Daulatram, K. Santhanam, Satya Narayan Sinha and B. V. Keskar.

File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Dr. Shamprasad Mukherjee President, Bhartiya Janasangha (Now BJP) talking on the Campus of Parliament, 1951.jpg

B. R. Ambedkar and Syama Prasad Mukherjee talking on the Campus of Parliament, 1951

Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru inducted Mukherjee into the Interim Central Government as a Minister for Industry and Supply on 15 August 1947.^[18]

Mukherjee condemned the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and self-reliant, a friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy."^[19] He began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by Vallabhbhai Patel for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested the organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Mukherjee resigned along with K.C. Neogy from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the 1950 Delhi Pact with Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.

Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to the mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at the governmental level on a regional basis between East Bengal and the states of Tripura, Assam, West Bengal and Bihar was the only option in the current situation.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi,^[20] becoming its first president. In the 1952 elections, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) won three seats in the Parliament of India, including Mukherjee's. He had formed the National Democratic Party within the Parliament. It consisted of 32 members of the Lok Sabha and 10 members of the Rajya Sabha; however, it was not recognised by the speaker as an opposition party.^[21] The BJS was created with the objective of nation-building and nationalising all non-Hindus by "inculcating Indian Culture" in them. The party was ideologically close to the RSS and widely considered the proponent of Hindu nationalism.Template:Sfn

Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir

After having supported Article 370 during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation,^[22] Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against the provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952.^[20] He termed the arrangements under the article as the Balkanization of India and the three-nation theory of Sheikh Abdullah.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The state was granted its flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said "Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge" (A single country can't have two constitutions, two prime ministers, and two national emblems).^[23] Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and Jammu Praja Parishad launched a massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create.^[20]

Mukherjee went to visit Kashmir in 1953 and observed a hunger strike to protest the law that prohibited Indian citizens from settling within the state and mandating that they carry ID cards.Template:Sfn Mukherjee wanted to go to Jammu and Kashmir but, because of the prevailing permit system, he was not given permission. He was arrested on 11 May at Lakhanpur while crossing the border into Kashmir illegally.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Although the ID card rule was revoked owing to his efforts, he died as a detainee on 23 June 1953.Template:Sfn^[20]

On 5 August 2019, when the Government of India proposed a constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described the event as realisation of Syama Prasad Mukherjee's dream.^[24]^[25]

Personal life

Syama Prasad had three brothers who were; Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in the High Court of Calcutta, while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters; Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908.Template:Sfn He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from diphtheria. His wife died of double pneumonia shortly afterward in 1933 or 1934.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Syama Prasad refused to remarry after her death.Template:Sfn He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati.Template:Sfn His grandniece Kamala Sinha served as the Minister of State for External Affairs in the I. K. Gujral ministry.^[26]

Syama Prasad was also affiliated with the Buddhist Mahabodhi Society. In 1942, he succeeded M.N. Mukherjee to become the president of the organisation. The relics of Gautam Buddha's two disciples Sariputra and Maudgalyayana, discovered in the Great Stupa at Sanchi by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1851 and kept at the British Museum, were brought back to India by HMIS Tir. A ceremony attended by politicians and leaders of many foreign countries was held on the next day at Calcutta Maidan. They were handed over by Nehru to Mukherjee, who later took these relics to Cambodia, Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Upon his return to India, he placed the relics inside the Sanchi Stupa in November 1952.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Death

File:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 1978 stamp of India.jpg

Syama Prasad Mukherjee on a 1978 stamp of India

Mukherjee was arrested upon entering Kashmir on 11 May 1953.Template:Sfn He and two of his arrested companions were first taken to Central Jail of Srinagar. Later they were transferred to a cottage outside the city. Mukherjee's condition started deteriorating and he started feeling pain in the back and high temperature on the night between 19 and 20 June. He was diagnosed with dry pleurisy from which he had also suffered in 1937 and 1944. The doctor prescribed him a streptomycin injection and powders, however, Mukherjee informed him that his family physician had told him that streptomycin did not suit his system. The doctor, however, told him that new information about the drug had come to light and assured him that he would be fine. On 22 June, he felt pain in the heart region, started perspiring and started feeling like he was fainting. He was later shifted to a hospital and provisionally diagnosed with a heart attack. He died a day later.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The state government declared that he had died on 23 June at 3:40 a.m. due to a heart attack.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked several persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up.^[27]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee claimed in 2004 that the arrest of Mukherjee in Jammu and Kashmir was a "Nehru conspiracy" and that the death of Mukherjee has remained "even now a mystery".Template:Sfn^[28] The BJP in 2011 called for an inquiry to probe Mukherjee's death.^[29]

Legacy

Template:Photomontage

One of the main thoroughfares in Calcutta was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death.^[30] Syamaprasad College founded by him in 1945 in Kolkata is named after him.^[31] Shyama Prasad Mukherji College of University of Delhi was established in 1969 in his memory.^[32] On 7 August 1998, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation named a bridge after Mukherjee.^[33] Delhi has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg.^[34] Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road.^[35] In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, CSIR, instituted a new fellowship named after him.^[36]

File:MCD HQ.jpg

Shyam Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre, Headquarters of Municipal Corporation of Delhi

On 22 April 2010, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi's (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building, the tallest building in Delhi, was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by Home Minister P. Chidambaram. The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD.^[37] The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the 2010 Commonwealth Games held in New Delhi.^[38]

File:Portrait of Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India.jpg

Portrait of Syama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India

In 2012, a flyover at Mathikere in Bangalore City Limits was inaugurated and named the Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee Flyover.^[39] The International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur is named after him.^[40]

In 2014, a multipurpose indoor stadium built on the Goa University campus in Goa was named after Mukherjee.^[41]

The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of Template:INRConvert on 16 September 2015. The Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata, Murmunda Rurban Cluster, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh.^[42]^[43] In April 2017, Ranchi College was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University.^[44] In September 2017, Kolar, a town in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, was renamed Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan.^[45]

Gajendra Chauhan played the role of Mukherjee in the movie 1946 Calcutta Killings.^[46]

On 12 January 2020, the Kolkata Port Trust was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.^[47]^[48]

The Chenani-Nashri Tunnel on NH44 in Jammu and Kashmir was renamed after Mukherjee by the Indian government in 2020.^[49]^[50]

Notes

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References

Citations

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Sources

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External links

Excerpts from convocation address at Benares Hindu University (1 December 1940)

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↑ Ghatak, Atulchandra, Ashutosher Chatrajiban Ed. 8th (Bengali Ed.), 1954, p 3, Chakraborty Chatterjee & Co. Ltd.
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↑ Ghatak, Atulchandra, Ashutosher Chatrajiban Ed. 8th, 1954, p 1, Chakraborty Chatterjee & Co. Ltd.
↑ Calcutta Gazette, 7 July 1916, part 1c, page 639
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[10] Calcutta Gazette, 7 July 1916, part 1c, page 639

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 '''Syama Prasad Mookerjee''' (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953) was an Indian barrister, educationist, politician, activist, social worker, and a minister in the state and national governments. Noted for his opposition to [[Quit India movement]] within the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement in India]], he later served as India's first [[Minister for Industry and Supply]] (currently known as [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industries]]) in Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cabinet after breaking up with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]. After falling out with Nehru,<ref name="Nag2015">{{cite book|author=Kingshuk Nag|title=Netaji: Living Dangerously|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=18 November 2015|publisher=AuthorsUpFront {{!}} Paranjoy|isbn=978-93-84439-70-5|pages=53–}}</ref> protesting against the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact]], Mukherjee resigned from Nehru's cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shyamaprasad.org/biography.htm|title=Dr. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee|website=www.shyamaprasad.org|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721220952/http://shyamaprasad.org/biography.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With the help of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=What was the Liaquat-Nehru pact, due to which Syama Prasad Mookerjee resigned from the Union cabinet? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/liaquat-nehru-pact-syama-prasad-mookerjee-resigned-8682347/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> he founded the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the predecessor to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh|title=Bharatiya Jana Sangh {{!}} Indian political organization|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220121501/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh|url-status=live}}</ref>
-He was also the president of [[Hindu Mahasabha|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] in 1953 when he tried to cross the border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed of a [[heart attack]] and shifted to a hospital but died a day later.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|pp=278–306}}{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=87}} Since the Bharatiya Janata Party is the successor to the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], Mookerjee is also regarded as the founder of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) by its members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty|title=History of the Party|website=www.bjp.org|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812020512/https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty|url-status=live}}</ref>
+He was also the president of [[Hindu Mahasabha|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] in 1953 when he tried to cross the border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed with a [[heart attack]] and shifted to a hospital but died a day later.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|pp=278–306}}{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=87}} Since the Bharatiya Janata Party is the successor to the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], Mookerjee is also regarded as the founder of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) by its members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty|title=History of the Party|website=www.bjp.org|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812020512/https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Early life and academic career==
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 Syama Prasad enrolled in [[Bhowanipore|Bhawanipur]]'s [[Mitra Institution]] in 1906 and his behaviour in school was later described favourably by his teachers. In 1914, he passed his [[matriculation]] examination and was admitted into [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]].{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=22}}{{sfn|Trilochan Singh|1952|p=91}} He stood seventeenth in the Inter Arts Examination in 1916<ref>''Calcutta Gazette'', 7 July 1916, part 1c, page 639</ref> and graduated in English, securing the first position in first [[List of Kolkata Presidencians#Politics|class in 1921]].{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} He was married to Sudha Devi on 16 April 1922.{{sfn|Chander|2000|p=75}} Mukherjee also completed an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Bengali, being graded as [[Academic grading in India|first class]] in 1923{{sfn|KV Singh|2005|p=275}} and also became a fellow of the [[Academic senate|Senate]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1923.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|1993|p=vii}} He completed his [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] in 1924.{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}}
-He enrolled as an advocate in [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1924, the same year in which his father had died.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=1}} Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at [[Lincoln's Inn]] and was [[call to the bar|called]] to the [[English Bar]] in the same year.{{sfn|Das|2000|p=22}} In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=328}} During his term as Vice-Chancellor, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination.{{sfn|Sen|1970|p=225}}{{sfn|Aich|1995|p=27}} On 10 September 1938, the Senate of Calcutta university resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.819|title=The Calcutta Review, October 1938|publisher=Calcutta University, Kolkata|year=1938|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.819/page/n528/mode/1up]}}</ref> Mukherjee received the [[D.Litt]] from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html|title=Recipients of Hony. Degrees|website=caluniv.ac.in|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223845/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941-42.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
+He enrolled as an advocate in [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1924, the same year in which his father had died.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=1}} Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at [[Lincoln's Inn]] and was [[call to the bar|called]] to the [[English Bar]] in the same year.{{sfn|Das|2000|p=22}} In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=328}} During his term as Vice-Chancellor, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination.{{sfn|Sen|1970|p=225}}{{sfn|Aich|1995|p=27}} On 10 September 1938, the Senate of Calcutta University resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.819|title=The Calcutta Review, October 1938|publisher=Calcutta University, Kolkata|year=1938|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.819/page/n528/mode/1up]}}</ref> Mukherjee received the [[D.Litt]] from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html|title=Recipients of Hony. Degrees|website=caluniv.ac.in|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223845/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941-42.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
 ==Political career before independence==
-He started his political career in 1929, when he entered the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University.{{sfn|Lal|2008|p=315}} However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the [[1930 Indian general election|election]] as an [[independent candidate]] and was elected in the same year.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=4}} In [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]], he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the [[Krishak Praja Party]] to power.{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=393}}{{sfn|Harun-or-Rashid|2003|p=214}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2015|p=60}}
+He started his political career in 1929 when he entered the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University.{{sfn|Lal|2008|p=315}} However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the [[1930 Indian general election|election]] as an [[independent candidate]] and was elected in the same year.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=4}} In [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]], he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the [[Krishak Praja Party]] to power.{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=393}}{{sfn|Harun-or-Rashid|2003|p=214}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2015|p=60}}
-He served as the Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under [[A.K. Fazlul Haq]]'s Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the [[Midnapore district]] in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing the British government of trying to hold on to India under any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the [[Quit India Movement]].{{efn|The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during [[World War II]], demanding an end to [[British Raj|British Rule of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|title=1942 Quit India Movement - Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=18 October 2017|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193852/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|url-status=live}}</ref>}} After resigning, he mobilised support and organised relief with the help of [[Mahabodhi Society]], [[Ramakrishna Mission]] and Marwari Relief Society.<ref name="Censorship">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDqsCQAAQBAJ |title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|page=1623|isbn=9781136798641}}</ref>{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=407}}{{sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011|p=56}} In [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]], he was again elected as an independent candidate from the Calcutta University.{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=393}} He was elected as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the same year.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}
+He served as the Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under [[A.K. Fazlul Haq]]'s Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the [[Midnapore district]] in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing the British government of trying to hold on to India at any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the [[Quit India Movement]].{{efn|The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during [[World War II]], demanding an end to [[British Raj|British Rule of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|title=1942 Quit India Movement - Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=18 October 2017|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193852/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|url-status=live}}</ref>}} After resigning, he mobilised to support and organised relief with the help of the [[Mahabodhi Society]], [[Ramakrishna Mission]] and Marwari Relief Society.<ref name="Censorship">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDqsCQAAQBAJ |title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|page=1623|isbn=9781136798641}}</ref>{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=407}}{{sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011|p=56}} In [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]], he was again elected as an independent candidate from Calcutta University.{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=393}} He was elected as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the same year.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}
 ===Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement===
@@ Line 80: / Line 80: @@
 Mukherjee joined the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in Bengal in 1939{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}} and became its [[acting president]] that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mukherji, Shyama Prasad - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mukherji,_Shyama_Prasad|access-date=19 September 2020|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> He was appointed as the working president of the organisation in 1940.{{sfn|Trilochan Singh|1952|p=91}} In February 1941, Mukherjee told a [[Hindus|Hindu]] rally that if Muslims wanted to live in Pakistan they should "pack their bag and baggage and leave India&nbsp;...  [to] wherever they like".<ref name=Test>Legislative Council Proceedings [BLCP], 1941, Vol. LIX, No. 6, p 216</ref> Yet, the Hindu Mahasabha also formed provincial coalition governments with the [[All-India Muslim League]] in [[Sindh]] and the [[North-West Frontier Province]] while Mukherjee was its leader.<ref>{{cite book |last=Savarkar|first=Vinayak Damodar|date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.D. Savarkar|publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha|pages=479–480}}</ref> He was elected as the President of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha in 1943.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}} He remained in this position till 1946, with Laxman Bhopatkar becoming the new president in the same year.{{sfn|Sarkar|Bhattacharya|2008|p=386}}{{sfn|Christenson|1991|p=160}}
-Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated [[East Pakistan]].{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in [[Tarakeswar]] authorised him to take steps for ensuring partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to [[Lord Mountbatten]] telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not.{{sfn|Amrik Singh|2000|p=219}} He also opposed a failed bid for a [[United Bengal|united but independent Bengal]] made in 1947 by [[Sarat Bose]], the brother of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] politician.{{sfn|Begum|1994|p=175}}{{sfn|Chatterji|2002|p=264}} His views were strongly affected by the [[Noakhali genocide]] in [[East Bengal]], where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus.{{sfn|Sinha|Dasgupta|2011|pp=278–280}}
+Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated [[East Pakistan]].{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in [[Tarakeswar]] authorised him to take steps for ensuring the partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to [[Lord Mountbatten]] telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not.{{sfn|Amrik Singh|2000|p=219}} He also opposed a failed bid for a [[United Bengal|united but independent Bengal]] made in 1947 by [[Sarat Bose]], the brother of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] politician.{{sfn|Begum|1994|p=175}}{{sfn|Chatterji|2002|p=264}} His views were strongly affected by the [[Noakhali genocide]] in [[East Bengal]], where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus.{{sfn|Sinha|Dasgupta|2011|pp=278–280}}
-It was Mukherjee who launched the [[Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement]]. It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India.<ref>Sengupta, Nitish (2007). Bengal Divided – The Unmaking of a Nation (1905–1971). New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 148</ref>
+It was Mukherjee who launched the [[Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement]]. It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of the Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India.<ref>Sengupta, Nitish (2007). Bengal Divided – The Unmaking of a Nation (1905–1971). New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 148</ref>
 ===Opposition to Quit India Movement===
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 Mukherjee wrote a letter to [[John Herbert (Conservative politician)|Sir John Herbert]], [[List of governors of Bengal#Governors, 1912–47|Governor of Bengal]] as to how they should respond to "Quit India" movement. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:
-<blockquote>Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being{{sfn|Mookherjee|2000|p=179}}</blockquote>
+<blockquote>Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting in internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being{{sfn|Mookherjee|2000|p=179}}</blockquote>
 Mukherjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq-led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the [[Quit India Movement]] in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal in regard to this:
-<blockquote>The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.{{sfn|Noorani|2000|pp=56–57}}</blockquote>
+<blockquote>The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that despite the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during an emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake of Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.{{sfn|Noorani|2000|pp=56–57}}</blockquote>
-The Indian historian [[R.C. Majumdar]] noted this fact and states:
+The Indian historian [[R.C. Majumdar]] noted this fact and stated:
-<blockquote>Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...{{sfn|Majumdar|1978|p=179}}</blockquote>
+<blockquote>Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter, he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...{{sfn|Majumdar|1978|p=179}}</blockquote>
 During Mukherjee's resignation speech, however, he characterised the policies of the British government towards the movement as "repressive".{{sfn|Hashmi|1994|p=221}}<ref name="Censorship"/>
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inducted Mukherjee into the Interim Central Government as a [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister for Industry and Supply]] on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{citation|title=Council of Ministers, 1947–2004: names and portfolios of the members of the Union Council of Ministers, from 15 August 1947 to 25 May 2004|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|date=2004|page=50}}</ref>
-Mukherjee condemned the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and self-reliant, a friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his own community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy."<ref>{{cite book|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select documents, Vol. 8, Volume 8|page=415|publisher=Allied Publishers}}</ref> He began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested the organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Islam|2006b|p=227}} Mukherjee resigned along with [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy|K.C. Neogy]] from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact|1950 Delhi Pact]] with Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].
+Mukherjee condemned the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and self-reliant, a friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy."<ref>{{cite book|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select documents, Vol. 8, Volume 8|page=415|publisher=Allied Publishers}}</ref> He began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested the organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Islam|2006b|p=227}} Mukherjee resigned along with [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy|K.C. Neogy]] from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact|1950 Delhi Pact]] with Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].
-Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to the mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at governmental level on regional basis between East Bengal and [[States and union territories of India|the states]] of [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] was the only option in the current situation.{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Das|2000|p=143}}{{sfn|Roy|2007|p=227}}
+Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to the mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at the governmental level on a regional basis between East Bengal and [[States and union territories of India|the states]] of [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] was the only option in the current situation.{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Das|2000|p=143}}{{sfn|Roy|2007|p=227}}
 Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi,<ref name=ht0902>{{citation |title=Shyama Prasad Mukherjee |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shyama-prasad-mukherjee/story-J6ST2hkuXUhOAXI3eZJDVK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 September 2002 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133600/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shyama-prasad-mukherjee/story-J6ST2hkuXUhOAXI3eZJDVK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming its first president. In the 1952 elections, the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS) won three seats in the [[Parliament of India]], including Mukherjee's. He had formed the National Democratic Party within the Parliament. It consisted of 32 [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|members]] of the Lok Sabha and 10 [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|members]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]]; however, it was not recognised by the speaker as an opposition party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919608/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |title=Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Indian political organization) – Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114053/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919608/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJS was created with the objective of [[nation-building]] and nationalising all non-Hindus by "inculcating Indian Culture" in them. The party was ideologically close to the RSS and widely considered the proponent of [[Hindu nationalism]].{{sfn|Dossani|Rowen|2005|p=191}}
 ==Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir==
-After having supported the [[Article 370]] during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation,<ref name="g064">{{cite web | last=नक़वी | first=क़मर वहीद | title=जनसंघ चाहता था अनुच्छेद 370, सिर्फ़ हसरत मोहानी ने किया था विरोध | website=www.satyahindi.com | date=2019-08-06 | url=https://www.satyahindi.com/india/shyamaprasad-mukherjee-supported-article-370-103769.html}}</ref> Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against the provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952.<ref name=ht0902/> He termed the arrangements under the article as [[Balkanization]] of India and the three-nation theory of [[Sheikh Abdullah]].{{sfn|Ram|1983|p=115}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=78–79}} The state was granted its own flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said ''"Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge"'' (A single country can't have two [[Constitution of India|constitutions]], two [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]], and two [[National Emblem of India|national emblems]]).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-tribute-to-mookerjee/|title=A tribute to Mookerjee|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=23 August 2013|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911210413/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-tribute-to-mookerjee/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] launched a massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed.{{sfn|Ram|1983|p=115}}{{sfn|Yoga Raj Sharma|2003|p=152}} In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create.<ref name=ht0902/>
+After having supported [[Article 370]] during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation,<ref name="g064">{{cite web | last=नक़वी | first=क़मर वहीद | title=जनसंघ चाहता था अनुच्छेद 370, सिर्फ़ हसरत मोहानी ने किया था विरोध | website=www.satyahindi.com | date=2019-08-06 | url=https://www.satyahindi.com/india/shyamaprasad-mukherjee-supported-article-370-103769.html}}</ref> Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against the provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952.<ref name=ht0902/> He termed the arrangements under the article as the [[Balkanization]] of India and the three-nation theory of [[Sheikh Abdullah]].{{sfn|Ram|1983|p=115}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=78–79}} The state was granted its flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said ''"Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge"'' (A single country can't have two [[Constitution of India|constitutions]], two [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]], and two [[National Emblem of India|national emblems]]).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-tribute-to-mookerjee/|title=A tribute to Mookerjee|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=23 August 2013|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911210413/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-tribute-to-mookerjee/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] launched a massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed.{{sfn|Ram|1983|p=115}}{{sfn|Yoga Raj Sharma|2003|p=152}} In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create.<ref name=ht0902/>
 Mukherjee went to visit Kashmir in 1953 and observed a hunger strike to protest the law that prohibited Indian citizens from settling within the state and mandating that they carry ID cards.{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} Mukherjee wanted to go to Jammu and Kashmir but, because of the prevailing permit system, he was not given permission. He was arrested on 11 May at [[Lakhenpur|Lakhanpur]] while crossing the border into Kashmir illegally.{{sfn|Chander|2000|p=234}}{{sfn|Kadian|2000|p=120}} Although the ID card rule was revoked owing to his efforts, he died as a detainee on 23 June 1953.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=274}}<ref name=ht0902/>
-On 5 August 2019, when Government of India proposed constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described the event as realisation of Syama Prasad Mukherjee's dream.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ek-desk-mein-do-vidhan-nahi-chaleinge-bjp-realises-founder-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-dream-1577345-2019-08-05|title=Ek desh mein do vidhan nahi challenge: BJP realises founder Shyama Prasad Mukherjee's dream|publisher=India Today|date=8 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805091821/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ek-desk-mein-do-vidhan-nahi-chaleinge-bjp-realises-founder-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-dream-1577345-2019-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-martyrdom-of-dr-mukherjee-for-complete-integration-of-jk-honoured-says-ram-madhav/article28820818.ece|title=Article 370: Martyrdom of Dr Mukherjee for complete integration of J&K honoured, says Ram Madhav|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806154824/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-martyrdom-of-dr-mukherjee-for-complete-integration-of-jk-honoured-says-ram-madhav/article28820818.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
+On 5 August 2019, when the Government of India proposed a constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described the event as realisation of Syama Prasad Mukherjee's dream.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ek-desk-mein-do-vidhan-nahi-chaleinge-bjp-realises-founder-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-dream-1577345-2019-08-05|title=Ek desh mein do vidhan nahi challenge: BJP realises founder Shyama Prasad Mukherjee's dream|publisher=India Today|date=8 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805091821/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ek-desk-mein-do-vidhan-nahi-chaleinge-bjp-realises-founder-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-dream-1577345-2019-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-martyrdom-of-dr-mukherjee-for-complete-integration-of-jk-honoured-says-ram-madhav/article28820818.ece|title=Article 370: Martyrdom of Dr Mukherjee for complete integration of J&K honoured, says Ram Madhav|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806154824/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-martyrdom-of-dr-mukherjee-for-complete-integration-of-jk-honoured-says-ram-madhav/article28820818.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Personal life==
-Syama Prasad had three brothers who were; Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in [[High Court of Calcutta]], while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters who were; Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908.{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=11}} He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from [[diphtheria]]. His wife died of [[double pneumonia]] shortly afterwards in 1933 or 1934.{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=34}}{{sfn|Basu|1995|p=16}}{{sfn|Baxter|1969|p=63}} Syama Prasad refused to remarry after her death.{{sfn|Raj Kumar|2014|p=173}} He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati.{{sfn|Das|2000|p=20}} His grandniece [[Kamala Sinha]] served as the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External affairs]] in the [[I. K. Gujral ministry]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mos-for-external-affairs-kamala-sinha-passes-away-115010100744_1.html | title = Former MoS for External Affairs Kamala Sinha passes away | first = Rita | last = Basu | publisher = [[Business Standard]] | date = 1 January 2015 | access-date = 2 January 2015 | archive-date = 1 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101231644/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mos-for-external-affairs-kamala-sinha-passes-away-115010100744_1.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
+Syama Prasad had three brothers who were; Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in the [[High Court of Calcutta]], while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters; Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908.{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=11}} He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from [[diphtheria]]. His wife died of [[double pneumonia]] shortly afterward in 1933 or 1934.{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=34}}{{sfn|Basu|1995|p=16}}{{sfn|Baxter|1969|p=63}} Syama Prasad refused to remarry after her death.{{sfn|Raj Kumar|2014|p=173}} He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati.{{sfn|Das|2000|p=20}} His grandniece [[Kamala Sinha]] served as the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External Affairs]] in the [[I. K. Gujral ministry]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mos-for-external-affairs-kamala-sinha-passes-away-115010100744_1.html | title = Former MoS for External Affairs Kamala Sinha passes away | first = Rita | last = Basu | publisher = [[Business Standard]] | date = 1 January 2015 | access-date = 2 January 2015 | archive-date = 1 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101231644/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mos-for-external-affairs-kamala-sinha-passes-away-115010100744_1.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
 Syama Prasad was also affiliated with the Buddhist [[Mahabodhi Society]]. In 1942, he succeeded M.N. Mukherjee to become the president of the organisation. The relics of [[Gautam Buddha]]'s two disciples [[Śāriputra|Sariputra]] and [[Maudgalyayana]], discovered in the Great Stupa at [[Sanchi]] by Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]] in 1851 and kept at the [[British Museum]], were brought back to India by [[HMIS Tir]]. A ceremony attended by politicians and leaders of many foreign countries was held on the next day at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Calcutta Maidan]]. They were handed over by Nehru to Mukherjee, who later took these relics to [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–62|Burma]], [[Thailand]] and [[French Indochina|Vietnam]]. Upon his return to India, he placed the relics inside the Sanchi Stupa in November 1952.{{sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011|p=56}}{{sfn|Ahir|1991|p=135}}{{sfn|Narendra Kr Singh|1996|pp=1405–1407}}
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 Mukherjee was arrested upon entering Kashmir on 11 May 1953.{{sfn|Bhave|1995|p=49}} He and two of his arrested companions were first taken to Central Jail of [[Srinagar]]. Later they were transferred to a [[cottage]] outside the city. Mukherjee's condition started deteriorating and he started feeling pain in the back and high temperature on the night between 19 and 20 June. He was diagnosed with dry [[pleurisy]] from which he had also suffered in 1937 and 1944. The doctor  prescribed him a [[streptomycin]] injection and powders, however, Mukherjee informed him that his family physician had told him that streptomycin did not suit his system. The doctor, however, told him that new information about the drug had come to light and assured him that he would be fine. On 22 June, he felt pain in the heart region, started perspiring and started feeling like he was fainting. He was later shifted to a hospital and provisionally diagnosed with a [[heart attack]]. He died a day later.{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=87}}{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|pp=278–306}}{{sfn|Chander|2000|pp=22, 23, 33, 39–42, 117}} The state government declared that he had died on 23 June at 3:40&nbsp;a.m. due to a heart attack.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|Roy|1974|p=227}}{{sfn|Chander|2000|p=118}}{{sfn|Das|2000|p=212}}
-His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked a number of persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news |last1=Vijay |first1=Tarun |title=Family legacy and the Varun effect |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Rediff |date=27 March 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000501/https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
+His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked several persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news |last1=Vijay |first1=Tarun |title=Family legacy and the Varun effect |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Rediff |date=27 March 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000501/https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] claimed in 2004 that the arrest of Mukherjee in Jammu and Kashmir was a "Nehru conspiracy" and that the death of Mukherjee has remained "even now a mystery".{{sfn|Das|2000|p=217}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Nehru conspiracy led to Shyama Prasad's death: Atal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nehru-conspiracy-led-to-shyama-prasads-death-atal/articleshow/768217.cms |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 July 2004 |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525075801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nehru-conspiracy-led-to-Shyama-Prasads-death-Atal/articleshow/768217.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP in 2011 called for an inquiry to probe Mukherjee's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bjp-demands-inquiry-into-sp-mukherjee-s-death-claims-murder-conspiracy-by-sheikh-abdullah/story-8bQWp9xZwfZy0OYUY5FaZP.html|title=BJP demands inquiry into SP Mukherjee's death; claims murder conspiracy by Sheikh Abdullah|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 September 2011|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721162533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bjp-demands-inquiry-into-sp-mukherjee-s-death-claims-murder-conspiracy-by-sheikh-abdullah/story-8bQWp9xZwfZy0OYUY5FaZP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 149: / Line 149: @@
 }}
-One of main thoroughfare in [[Calcutta]] was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Brown Struggler — Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road : Past And Present |url=https://greenjaydeep.tumblr.com/post/31589290091/shyama-prasad-mukherjee-road-past-and-present/amp |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=greenjaydeep.tumblr.com |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608073332/https://greenjaydeep.tumblr.com/post/31589290091/shyama-prasad-mukherjee-road-past-and-present/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Syamaprasad College]] founded by him in 1945 in [[Kolkata]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=College History – Syamaprasad College, Kolkata |url=https://www.syamaprasadcollege.in/history/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608114849/https://www.syamaprasadcollege.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shyama Prasad Mukherji College]] of [[University of Delhi]] was established in 1969 in his memory.<ref>{{citation |title=About the college |url=http://spm.du.ac.in/ |work=spm.du.ac.in |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134134/http://spm.du.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 August 1998, the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] named a bridge after Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/nation.htm#1 |title=Terrorism: Advani accuses USA of double standards |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India |date=28 August 1998 |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907152116/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/nation.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Delhi]] has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/chandni-chowk/shyama-prasad-mukherji-marg-commuters-nightmare-75077|title=Shyama Prasad Mukherji Marg is a commuter's nightmare |publisher=DNA India |date=9 November 2015 }}</ref> Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-roads-and-greenery-damaged-by-storms/articleshow/53815883.cms |title=Kolkata roads and greenery damaged by storms |first=Saikat |last=Ray |publisher=Times of India |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824124148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-roads-and-greenery-damaged-by-storms/articleshow/53815883.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, [[CSIR India|CSIR]], instituted a new fellowship named after him.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Archana Gupta|author2=Inderpal Mallick|author3=Sukumar Mallick|title=Are bright students coming back to science? A study|url=http://14.139.47.50/bitstream/123456789/5425/1/JSIR%2063%283%29%20248-250.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207020557/http://14.139.47.50/bitstream/123456789/5425/1/JSIR%2063(3)%20248-250.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2022|journal=Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research|volume=63|year=2004|page=248}}</ref>
+One of the main thoroughfares in [[Calcutta]] was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Brown Struggler — Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road : Past And Present |url=https://greenjaydeep.tumblr.com/post/31589290091/shyama-prasad-mukherjee-road-past-and-present/amp |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=greenjaydeep.tumblr.com |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608073332/https://greenjaydeep.tumblr.com/post/31589290091/shyama-prasad-mukherjee-road-past-and-present/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Syamaprasad College]] founded by him in 1945 in [[Kolkata]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=College History – Syamaprasad College, Kolkata |url=https://www.syamaprasadcollege.in/history/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608114849/https://www.syamaprasadcollege.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shyama Prasad Mukherji College]] of [[University of Delhi]] was established in 1969 in his memory.<ref>{{citation |title=About the college |url=http://spm.du.ac.in/ |work=spm.du.ac.in |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134134/http://spm.du.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 August 1998, the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] named a bridge after Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/nation.htm#1 |title=Terrorism: Advani accuses USA of double standards |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India |date=28 August 1998 |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907152116/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/nation.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Delhi]] has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/chandni-chowk/shyama-prasad-mukherji-marg-commuters-nightmare-75077|title=Shyama Prasad Mukherji Marg is a commuter's nightmare |publisher=DNA India |date=9 November 2015 }}</ref> Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-roads-and-greenery-damaged-by-storms/articleshow/53815883.cms |title=Kolkata roads and greenery damaged by storms |first=Saikat |last=Ray |publisher=Times of India |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824124148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-roads-and-greenery-damaged-by-storms/articleshow/53815883.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, [[CSIR India|CSIR]], instituted a new fellowship named after him.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Archana Gupta|author2=Inderpal Mallick|author3=Sukumar Mallick|title=Are bright students coming back to science? A study|url=http://14.139.47.50/bitstream/123456789/5425/1/JSIR%2063%283%29%20248-250.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207020557/http://14.139.47.50/bitstream/123456789/5425/1/JSIR%2063(3)%20248-250.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2022|journal=Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research|volume=63|year=2004|page=248}}</ref>
 [[File:MCD HQ.jpg|thumb|Shyam Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre, Headquarters of Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
-On 22 April 2010, the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]'s (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building, the [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi|tallest building in Delhi]], was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]]. The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/cities/delhi-gets-its-tallest-building-416092 |title=Delhi gets its tallest building |first=Milan |last=Sharma |publisher=NDTV |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913221651/http://www.ndtv.com/cities/delhi-gets-its-tallest-building-416092 |url-status=live }}</ref> The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] held at New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/sports-news/delhi-cm-inaugurates-swimming-complex-424213 |title=Delhi CM inaugurates Swimming Complex |publisher=NDTV |date=18 July 2010 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913215325/http://www.ndtv.com/sports-news/delhi-cm-inaugurates-swimming-complex-424213 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On 22 April 2010, the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]'s (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building, the [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi|tallest building in Delhi]], was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]]. The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/cities/delhi-gets-its-tallest-building-416092 |title=Delhi gets its tallest building |first=Milan |last=Sharma |publisher=NDTV |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913221651/http://www.ndtv.com/cities/delhi-gets-its-tallest-building-416092 |url-status=live }}</ref> The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] held in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/sports-news/delhi-cm-inaugurates-swimming-complex-424213 |title=Delhi CM inaugurates Swimming Complex |publisher=NDTV |date=18 July 2010 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913215325/http://www.ndtv.com/sports-news/delhi-cm-inaugurates-swimming-complex-424213 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 [[File:Portrait of Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Syama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India]]
 In 2012, a flyover at [[Mathikere]] in [[Bangalore]] City Limits was inaugurated and named the Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee Flyover.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article331986.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915120746/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article331986.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2016 |title=Fly-over named after Dr Shyama Prasad |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> The [[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Piyush Goyal launches IIIT at Naya Raipur, Raman declares 2-term fee waiver|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Piyush-Goyal-launches-IIIT-at-Naya-Raipur-Raman-declares-2-term-fee-waiver/articleshow/47791748.cms|access-date=20 May 2017|work=The Times of India|date=23 June 2015|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905095934/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Piyush-Goyal-launches-IIIT-at-Naya-Raipur-Raman-declares-2-term-fee-waiver/articleshow/47791748.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 159: / Line 159: @@
 In 2014, a [[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium|multipurpose indoor stadium]] built on the [[Goa University]] campus in [[Goa]] was named after Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/indoor-stadium-taleigao-named-after-s-p-mukherjee |title=Indoor stadium at Taleigao named after S P Mukherjee &#124; iGoa |publisher=Navhindtimes.in |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416185613/http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/indoor-stadium-taleigao-named-after-s-p-mukherjee |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>
-The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of {{INRConvert|51.42|b}} on 16 September 2015. The Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata, Murmunda Rurban Cluster, [[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_Rurban_Mission_(SPMRM)|title=Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) – Arthapedia|website=www.arthapedia.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060659/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_Rurban_Mission_(SPMRM)|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rurban.gov.in/about.html|title={{!}} National Rurban Mission|website=rurban.gov.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221130027/http://www.rurban.gov.in/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2017, [[Ranchi College]] was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University.<ref>{{citation |title=रांची कॉलेज अब श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी विश्वविद्यालय |url=http://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-college-is-now-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-15842567.html |work=[[Jagran]] |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190815/http://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-college-is-now-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-15842567.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2017, Kolar, a town in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], was renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]].<ref>{{citation |title=Kolar renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/kolar-renamed-as-shyama-prasad-mukherji-nagar.html |work=The Pioneer |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018192348/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/kolar-renamed-as-shyama-prasad-mukherji-nagar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of {{INRConvert|51.42|b}} on 16 September 2015. The Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata, Murmunda Rurban Cluster, [[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_Rurban_Mission_(SPMRM)|title=Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) – Arthapedia|website=www.arthapedia.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060659/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_Rurban_Mission_(SPMRM)|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rurban.gov.in/about.html|title={{!}} National Rurban Mission|website=rurban.gov.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221130027/http://www.rurban.gov.in/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2017, [[Ranchi College]] was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University.<ref>{{citation |title=रांची कॉलेज अब श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी विश्वविद्यालय |url=http://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-college-is-now-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-15842567.html |work=[[Jagran]] |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190815/http://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-college-is-now-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-15842567.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2017, Kolar, a town in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], was renamed Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]].<ref>{{citation |title=Kolar renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/kolar-renamed-as-shyama-prasad-mukherji-nagar.html |work=The Pioneer |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018192348/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/kolar-renamed-as-shyama-prasad-mukherji-nagar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 [[Gajendra Chauhan]] played the role of Mukherjee in the movie ''1946 Calcutta Killings''.<ref>{{citation |title=After Four Cuts, Movie on Syama Prasad Mookerjee's Life Set to Hit the Screens |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-four-cuts-movie-on-syama-prasad-mookerjees-life-set-to-hit-the-screens-1545565.html |work=[[News 18]] |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133703/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-four-cuts-movie-on-syama-prasad-mookerjees-life-set-to-hit-the-screens-1545565.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-On 12 January 2020, the [[Kolkata Port Trust]] was renamed as Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Swati |title="Kolkata Port Trust Renamed As Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port": PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-as-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-port-2162722 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112101537/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-as-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-port-2162722 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |title=PM Modi renames Kolkata Port Trust after Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder Shyama Prasad Mukherjee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-after-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-1636156-2020-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=12 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112100014/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-after-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-1636156-2020-01-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+On 12 January 2020, the [[Kolkata Port Trust]] was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Swati |title="Kolkata Port Trust Renamed As Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port": PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-as-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-port-2162722 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112101537/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-as-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-port-2162722 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |title=PM Modi renames Kolkata Port Trust after Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder Shyama Prasad Mukherjee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-after-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-1636156-2020-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=12 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112100014/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-after-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-1636156-2020-01-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 The [[Chenani-Nashri Tunnel]] on NH44 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was renamed after Mukherjee by the Indian government in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's longest tunnel, Chenani Nashri renamed! Check new name and other details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/indias-longest-tunnel-chenani-nashri-renamed-check-new-name-and-other-details/507863 |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=Times Now |date=25 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt to rename Chenani-Nashri tunnel after Syama Prasad Mookerjee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-to-rename-chenani-nashri-tunnel-after-syama-prasad-mookerjee-6075080/ |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008025050/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-to-rename-chenani-nashri-tunnel-after-syama-prasad-mookerjee-6075080/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Syama Prasad Mukherjee: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:04, 10 June 2025

Contents

Early life and academic career

Political career before independence

Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement

Opposition to Quit India Movement

Political career after independence

Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir

Personal life

Death

Legacy

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

Syama Prasad Mukherjee: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:04, 10 June 2025

Early life and academic career

Political career before independence

Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement

Opposition to Quit India Movement

Political career after independence

Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir

Personal life

Death

Legacy

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

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