Hunnic language

The Hunnic language, or Hunnish, was the language spoken by Huns in the Hunnic Empire, a heterogeneous, multi-ethnic tribal confederation which invaded Eastern and Central Europe, and ruled most of Pannonian Central Europe, during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. A variety of languages were spoken within the Hun Empire.Template:Sfn A contemporary report by Priscus has that Hunnish was spoken alongside Gothic and the languages of other tribes subjugated by the Huns.Template:Sfn

As no inscriptions or whole sentences in the Hunnic language have been preserved, the attested corpus is very limited, consisting almost entirely of proper names in Greek and Latin sources.Template:Sfn

There is no consensus on the classification of the Hunnish language,Template:Sfn but due to the origin of these proper names it has been compared with Turkic,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Mongolic, Iranian,Template:Sfn and Yeniseian languages,Template:Sfn and with various Indo-European languages.Template:Sfn Other scholars consider the available evidence inconclusive and the Hunnish language therefore unclassifiable.Template:Sfnm

Corpus

Contemporary observers of the Huns in Europe, such as Priscus and the 6th century historian Jordanes, identified three words as belonging language of the Huns: Template:Quote Template:Quote

The words , a beverage akin to mead, , a barley drink, and , a funeral feast, are of Indo-European origin,Template:Sfn possibly Slavic, Germanic or Iranian.Template:Sfn Maenchen-Helfen argued that strava may have come from an informant who spoke a Slavic language rather than it being a genuine Hunnic word.Template:Sfn

All other information on the Hunnic language is contained in the form of personal and tribal names.Template:Sfn

Possible affiliations

Many of the waves of nomadic peoples who swept into Eastern Europe, are known to have spoken languages from a variety of families. Several proposals for the affinities of Hunnic have been made, however there is no consensus.Template:Sfn

Unclassifiable

Given the small corpus, a number of scholars hold the Hunnic language to be unclassifiable until further evidence, if any, is discovered.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn András Róna-Tas notes that "the very scant sources of information are often mutually contradictory."Template:Sfn

Turkic or Altaic sprachbund

According to Savelyev and Jeong (2020), the "traditional and prevailing view is [...] that the Xiongnu and/or the Huns were Turkic or at least Altaic" speakers.Template:Sfn Otto Maenchen-Helfen argues that many tribal and some personal names among the Huns appear to have originated in Turkic languages, indicating that a Turkic language was widely spoken.Template:Sfn Hyun Jin Kim similarly concluded that it "seems highly likely then from the names that we do know, most of which seem to be Turkic, that the Hunnic elite was predominantly Turkic-speaking".Template:Sfn Denis Sinor, while skeptical of our ability to classify Hunnic as a whole, states that part of the Hunnish elite likely spoke Turkic, though he notes that some Hunnic names cannot be Turkic in origin.Template:Sfn

Some scholars have argued against a Turkic linguistic affiliation for Hunnic. The historian Peter Heather, while he supported the Turkic hypothesis as the "best guess" in 1995,Template:Sfn has since voiced skepticism,Template:Sfn in 2010 saying that "the truth is that we don't know what language the Huns spoke, and probably never will".Template:Sfn Savelyev and Jeong similarly note that "the majority of the previously proposed Turkic etymologies for the Hunnic names are far from unambiguous, so no firm conclusion can be drawn from this type of data."Template:Sfn

While he argued for a Turkic linguistic origin, Karl Heinrich Menges also suggested that the Huns could have spoken a Mongolian or Tungusic language, or possibly a language between Mongolian and Turkic.Template:Sfn Omeljan Pritsak analyzed 33 surviving Hunnic personal names and concluded: "It was not a Turkic language, but one between Turkic and Mongolian, probably closer to the former than the latter. The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut".Template:Sfn

Yeniseian

Scholars such as Lajos Ligeti (1950/51), Edwin G. Pulleyblank (1962), and Alexander Vovin have proposed that the Xiongnu, and possibly the European Huns, spoke a Yeniseian language such as an ancestor of Ket.Template:Sfn Hyun Jin Kim in 2013 proposed that the Huns experienced a language flip like the Chagatai Khanate, switching from Yeniseian to Oghuric Turkic after absorbing the Dingling or Tiele peoples.Template:Sfn In 2025, a study by Svenja Bonmann and Simon Fries proposed Yeniseian etymologies for three Hunnic names, Attila, Eskam and Atakam, using this and evidence of Yeniseian river names along the proposed migration route of the Huns from East and Central Asia to argue that the Huns and Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language that was related to Arin.Template:Sfn

Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong criticize the Yeniseian proposal by Pulleyblank and note that the more convincing Yeniseian words may be shared cultural vocabulary that was non-native to both the Xiongnu and the Yeniseians.Template:Sfn A review by Wilson (2023) argues that the presence of Yeniseian-speakers among the multi-ethnic Xiongnu should not be rejected, and that "Yeniseian-speaking peoples must have played a more prominent (than heretofore recognized) role in the history of Eurasia during the first millennium of the Common Era".

Indo-European

All three words described as "Hunnic" by ancient sources appear to be Indo-European.Template:Sfn

A number of scholars suggest that a Germanic language, possibly Gothic, may have coexisted with another Hunnic language as the lingua franca of the Hunnic Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Maenchen-Helfen suggests that the words medos and kamos could possibly be of Germanic origin.Template:Sfn He argues that Attila, Bleda, Laudaricus, Onegesius, Ragnaris, and Ruga are Germanic,Template:Sfn while Heather also includes the names Scottas and Berichus.Template:Sfn Kim questions the Germanic etymologies of Ruga, Attila, and Bleda, arguing that there are "more probable Turkic etymologies."Template:Sfn Elsewhere, he argues that the Germanicization of Hunnic names may have been a conscious policy of the Hunnic elite in the Western part of the Empire.Template:Sfn

Maenchen-Helfen also classified some names as having roots in Iranian.Template:Sfn Christopher Atwood has argued, as one explanation for his proposed etymology of the name Hun that, "their state or confederation must be seen as the result of Sogdian/Baktrian [Iranian-speaking] leadership and organization".Template:Sfn Subjects of the Huns included Iranian-speaking Alans and Sarmatians,Template:Sfn Maenchen-Helfen argues that the Iranian names were likely borrowed from the Persians and finds none prior to the 5th century; he takes this to mean that the Alans had little influence inside of Attila's empire.Template:Sfn Kim, however, argues for a considerable presence of Iranian-speakers among the Huns.Template:Sfn

The word strava has been argued to be of Slavic origin and to show a presence of Slavic speakers among the Huns. Peter Heather, however, argues that this word "is certainly a very slender peg upon which to hang the claim that otherwise undocumented Slavs played a major role in Attila's empire".Template:Sfn In the 19th century, some Russian scholars argued that the Huns as a whole had spoken a Slavic language.Template:Sfn

Uralic

In the 19th century, some scholars, such as German Sinologist Julius Heinrich Klaproth, argued that the Huns had spoken a Uralic language and connected them with the ancient Hungarians.Template:Sfn

Possible script

It is possible that a written form of Hunnic existed and may yet be identified from artifacts. Priscus recorded that Hunnic secretaries read out names of fugitives from a written list.Template:Sfn Franz Altheim considered it was not Greek or Latin, but a script like the Oguric Turkic of the Bulgars.Template:Sfn He argued that the runes were brought into Europe from Central Asia by the Huns, and were an adapted version of the old Sogdian alphabet in the Hunnic (Oghur Turkic) language.Template:Sfn Zacharias Rhetor wrote that in 507/508 AD, Bishop Qardust of Arran went to the land of the Caucasian Huns for seven years, and returned with books written in the Hunnic language.Template:Sfn There is some debate as to whether a Xiongnu-Xianbei runic system existed, and was part of a wider Eurasian script which gave rise to the Old Turkic alphabet in the 8th century.Template:Sfn