Darfur: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:46, 13 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Hatnote". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Use American English Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator

Darfur (Script error: No such module "IPAc-en". Script error: No such module "Respell".; Template:Langx) is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named Dardaju (Template:Langx) while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë c. 350 ADScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., and it was renamed Dartunjur (Template:Langx) when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for hundreds of years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. The region was later invaded and incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916.^[1]

Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.^[2]

Geography

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File:Sudan Jebel Marra Deriba Lakes edited.jpg

Deriba Crater is at the highest point of the Marrah Mountains

File:DSC 6692-01.jpg

Overland trucks en route near Jebel Marra, 2019

Darfur covers an area of Script error: No such module "convert".,^[3] approximately the size of mainland Spain.^[4]^[5]^[6] It is largely a semi-desert plateau with the Marrah Mountains (Jebel Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to Script error: No such module "convert". of elevation above sea level, and a topographic prominence of 2512 m,^[7] in the center of the region. The region's main towns are Al Fashir, Geneina, and Nyala.

There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils, known as goz, and sandstone hills. In many places the goz can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes. While dry, goz may also support rich pasture and arable land. To the north the goz is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara. A second feature are the wadis, which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large wadis that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to Lake Chad. Many wadis have pans of alluvium with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate. Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature, basement rock, sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are the Marrah Mountains and Daju Hills, volcanic plugs created by a massif, that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate, high rainfall and permanent springs of water.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Remote sensing has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at Script error: No such module "convert".. The lake, during epochs when the region was more humid, would have contained about Script error: No such module "convert". of water.^[8] It may have dried up thousands of years ago.^[9]

History

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Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The first historical mention of the word Fur occurs in 1664 in the account by J. M. Vansleb, a German traveler, of a visit to Egypt.^[10] It is claimed that, like sūdān, fūr means "blacks", and was the name given by the arriving Arab sultans within Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as the Binga, Banda, etc. As the historic dynasty's physical appearance became more "Africanized" from intermarriage with black wives and concubines, the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects, Fūr.^[11] Most of the region consists of a semi-arid plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex civilization. But the Marrah Mountains offer plentiful water, and by the 12th century the Daju people, succeeding the semi-legendary Tora culture, created the first historical attestable kingdom. They were centered in the Marrah Mountains and left records of valuable rock engravings, stone architecture and a (orally preserved) list of kings. The Tunjur replaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and the Daju established new headquarters in Abyei, Denga, Darsila and Mongo in the current Chad. The Tunjur sultans intermarried with the Fur and sultan Musa Sulayman (reigned c. 1667 – c. 1695Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) is consideredScript error: No such module "Unsubst". the founder of the Keira dynasty. Darfur became a great power of the Sahel under the Keira dynasty, expanding its borders as far east as the Atbarah River and attracting immigrants from Bornu and Bagirmi. During the mid-18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country, and external war pitted Darfur against Sennar and Wadai. In 1875, the weakened kingdom was destroyed by the Egyptian ruler set up in Khartoum,^[1] largely through the machinations of Sebehr Rahma, a slave-trader, who was competing with the dar over access to ivory in Bahr el Ghazal to the south of Darfur.

File:Imam Ali Dinar of Darfúr attacks the English troops in northern Sudan, 1916.png

Sultan Ali Dinar attacks the British troops in northern Sudan, 1916

The Darfuris were restive under Egyptian rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, when in 1882 his Emir of Darfur, who came from the Southern Darfur Arab Rizeigat tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo, defeated the Ottoman forces led by Slatin Pasha (that had just invaded Egypt earlier that year) in Darfur. When Ahmad's successor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, himself an Arab of Southern Darfur from the Ta'isha tribe, demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers, several tribes rose up in revolt. Following the defeat of Abdallahi at Omdurman in 1899 by an Anglo-Egyptian expeditionary force, the new Anglo-Egyptian government recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute.

In 1916, after the British government suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the Ottoman government, an expedition was launched from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near Khartoum - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored.^[1] K. D. D. Henderson was the last British governor of Darfur.^[12]

Under Sudanese rule

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File:Darfur IDPs 1 camp.jpg

Camp of Darfuris internally displaced by the War in Darfur.

File:DarfurVillage1.jpg

A village in South Darfur

File:Darfur Crossing River.jpg

A villager in Darfur, Sudan, crosses the overflowing stream.

File:Darfur Children.jpg

Sudanese children in an IDP camp in Darfur.

A pattern of skewed economic development continued after Sudan achieved political independence in 1956. The governor at the time of independence was Ali Abdallah Abu Sinn, who had joined the civil service in 1923 and served in Darfur since 1946. In August 1958, he was succeeded by Ahmad Makki Abdo, who remained in power despite the coup d'état of that year, until he was finally dismissed in December 1959 and replaced by al-Tijani Sa'd.^[11] The proxy wars between Sudan, Libya and Chad added an element of political instability.^[13] Darfurians began to respond to the ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi (in power 1969–2011). A famine in the mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. A low-level conflict continued for the next fifteen years, with the government co-opting and arming Arab Janjaweed militias against its enemies.^[1] The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the Darfur conflict, in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. In March 2004, human-rights groups and the UN^[14] came to regard the conflict as one of the worst humanitarian disasters in the world.^[14] Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the Khartoum government disputes the numbers). This has been labeled as the Darfur genocide.^[15] "By 2010 about 300,000 had died, according to the UN best estimate, and about 3,000,000 were forced into refugee camps."^[16] Over 2.8 million people have become displaced since 2003, many of whom were children (see Lost Boys of Sudan). Many of these refugees have gone into camps where emergency aid has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in the villages, which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region.^[1]

Nearly two-thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages. Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping, and only some non-governmental organizations continue to provide long-term grass-roots assistance. As of 2015^[update]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". the United Nations is in discussion with the Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of UNAMID, the peacekeeping force, which is the largest in the world.^[17] Other UN agencies (such as the WFP) might exit.^[18]

During the existence of the Calais Jungle refugee camp, Darfur was listed as a major source of the camp's inhabitants.^[19]

Peace process

Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Abuja Agreement)

Script error: No such module "Sidebar". The Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Movement of Minni Minnawi signed a Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006. Only one rebel group, the Sudan Liberation Movement, subscribed to the agreement; the Justice and Equality Movement rejected it, resulting in a continuation of the conflict. The agreement includes provisions for wealth-sharing and power-sharing and established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority to help administer Darfur until a referendum could take place on the future of the region. The leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement, Minni Minnawi, was appointed Senior Assistant to the President of Sudan and Chairman of the transitional authority in 2007.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Doha Agreement

In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement, an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups, formed in February of that year,^[20] started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha, Qatar. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur, was formed and the Justice and Equality Movement planned further talks.^[21] The talks ended on 19 December without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.^[22]^[23]

In January 2011, the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. Tijani Sese, stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document proposed by the joint-mediators in Doha; the proposals included a $300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human-rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were also included; this authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would also continue to exist during this period.^[24]^[25] In February 2011 the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.^[26]

On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups.^[27] Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.^[28] On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document.^[29]

File:Darfur Dreams - 44011308831.jpg

Internally displaced people in El Fasher in 2018

At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new Darfur Peace Agreement, which would supersede the Abuja Agreement of 2005 and if signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum.^[30] The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that includes both the three states and a strategic regional authority, the Darfur Regional Authority, to oversee Darfur as a whole.^[31] The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July.^[32] The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

2020 peace agreement (Juba Agreement)

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Juba Agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 in Juba, South Sudan, between the Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities.^[33] However, further tribal clashes had continued during 2021.

Sudanese Civil War (2023-Present)

Template:See During the Sudanese Civil War, there has been considerable fighting in the Darfur region. This includes the Masalit Massacres and El Fasher massacre perpetuated by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), causing some analysts to declare a genocide in Sudan.^[34]

Tens of thousands of people are feared killed in the city of El Fasher, following its capture by the RSF in late October 2025.^[35]^[36]

Languages

File:Darfur Linguistic Map.svg

Linguistic map of the non-Arab peoples of Darfur.

Languages of Darfur include Daju, Erenga (or Sungor), Fongoro, Fulbe (or Fulfulde), Fur (thus the name of the region), Masalit, Sinyar, Tama, Midob, and Zaghawa.

The following languages are spoken in Darfur according to Ethnologue.^[37]

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Fur language
Maban languages
- Masalit language
Taman languages
- Tama language
- Sungor language
Saharan languages
- Zaghawa language
- Kanuri language (Bornu)
- Berti language [extinct]
Kresh languages
- Gbaya language
Bongo-Bagirmi languages
- Tar Gula language
- Yulu language
Daju languages
- Daju language
- Baygo language [extinct]
Nubian languages
- Midob language
- Birked language
- Fulfulde language
- Sinyar language
- Fongoro language [extinct]

Government

Regional governance

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The Darfur Peace Agreement of 2006 established a Transitional Darfur Regional Authority as an interim authority for the region.^[38] The agreement stated that a referendum on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011.^[38] Minni Minnawi was the first chair of this authority, holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010, when he was succeeded by Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam. The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the Darfur Regional Authority with executive and legislative functions. The chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority, Tijani Sese, assumed the post on 20 September 2011. The regional authority was dissolved in July 2016 following a referendum, on the status of the Darfur region within Sudan.^[39]^[40] As part of the Sudanese transition to democracy, a Darfur Regional Government was re-established in August 2021 with Minni Minawi as Regional Governor.^[41] The rival Government of Peace and Unity established a parallel regional administration in 2025 following their takeover of the Darfur region during the Sudanese civil war.

States

File:Darfur in Sudan.svg

N: North Darfur; O: West Darfur; C: Central Darfur; S: South Darfur; E: East Darfur

The Darfur region is divided into five federal states:

Demographics and economy

In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5 million.^[42] This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3 million).^[42] 52% are aged 16 years or younger.^[42]

Darfur's budget was US$286 million in 2008.^[42]

References

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. Template:ISBN
↑ Veronika Danielová, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day." Ethnologia Actualis 1.14 (2014): 37-59.
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↑ Tanzina Vega, "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist", Reuters, 18 July 2007
↑ Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up', BBC, 20 July 2007
↑ Petermann (1862–63). Mitteilungen, Erganzungsband II)
↑ ^a ^b Arkell, A.J. (1955). A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821. London: University of London the Athlone Press, p. 214
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↑ Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." Review of African Political Economy 33.109 (2006): 467-482. online
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↑ Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. p, 191. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. Template:ISBN
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↑ Brendan Bromwich, and Margie Buchanan-Smith. "Preparing for peace: An analysis of Darfur, Sudan." in Carl Bruch, Carroll Muffett, and Sandra S. Nichols, eds. Governance, Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Routledge, 2016). 183-206.
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↑ Languages of Sudan. Ethnologue, 22nd edition.
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Bibliography

Arkell, A. J., "A History of Darfur. Part II: The Tunjur etc", Sudan Notes and Records, 32, 2 (1951), 207–238.
Asher, M.J.,"In Search of the Forty Days Road" Penguin. 1984
Daly, M.W., Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide, Cambridge 2010.
Elliesie, Hatem, "Sudan under the Constraints of (International) Human Rights Law and Humanitarian Law: The Case of Darfur", in Hatem Elliesie (ed.), Islam and Human Rights / al-islam wa-huquq al-insan, Frankfurt, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Vienna 2010, pp. 193–217 Template:ISBN
Elliesie, Hatem et al., "Different Approaches to Genocide Trials under National Jurisdiction on the African Continent: The Rwandan, Ethiopian and Sudanese Cases", in Recht in Afrika, Cologne 2009, 12/1, pp. 21–67. Template:ISBN
Foerstel, K. "Crisis in Darfur" CQ Global Researcher (2008). 2, 243-270. online
Herr, Alexis, Darfur Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide (2020) excerpt
Johnson, Douglas H. The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars (Indiana UP, 2003), ISBN 0-253-21584-6
Kiernan, Ben. Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (2009) excerpt
O'Fahey, R. S., The Darfur Sultanate: A History, London 2008.
Young, Osman, Abusin, Asher, Egemi "Livelihoods, Power, and Choice: The Vulnerability of the Northern Rizaygat, Darfur, Sudan" Feinstein Centre for Marginalized Peoples. Tufts University January 2009

External links

Darfur Regional Government Script error: No such module "webarchive".
Darfur Regional Government on Facebook

Template:Regions of Africa Script error: No such module "Authority control". Script error: No such module "Coordinates".

[Sudan_2010-1] Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. Template:ISBN

[2] Veronika Danielová, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day." Ethnologia Actualis 1.14 (2014): 37-59.

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[8] Tanzina Vega, "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist", Reuters, 18 July 2007

[9] Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up', BBC, 20 July 2007

[10] Petermann (1862–63). Mitteilungen, Erganzungsband II)

[:0-11] Arkell, A.J. (1955). A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821. London: University of London the Athlone Press, p. 214

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[13] Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." Review of African Political Economy 33.109 (2006): 467-482. online

[un.org-14] Un.org

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[16] Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. p, 191. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. Template:ISBN

[un.org2-17] Un.org

[18] Brendan Bromwich, and Margie Buchanan-Smith. "Preparing for peace: An analysis of Darfur, Sudan." in Carl Bruch, Carroll Muffett, and Sandra S. Nichols, eds. Governance, Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Routledge, 2016). 183-206.

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[37] Languages of Sudan. Ethnologue, 22nd edition.

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Darfur: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:46, 13 December 2025

Contents

Geography

History

Under Sudanese rule

Peace process

Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Abuja Agreement)

Doha Agreement

2020 peace agreement (Juba Agreement)

Sudanese Civil War (2023-Present)

Languages

Government

Regional governance

States

Demographics and economy

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 }}
 {{Use American English|date=December 2018}}
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-| conventional_long_name = Darfur
+| name = Darfur
-| native_name            = {{lang|ar|دار فور}}
+| native_name = {{lang|ar|دار فور}}
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+| image_map = File:Map of Darfur 2011.png
-| ethnic_groups          =
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-| ethnic_groups_year     =
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-| demonym                = Darfurian
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-| leader_title1          = [[Darfur Regional Government|Regional Governor]]
+| seat1_type = Largest city
-| leader_name1           = [[Minni Minawi]]<ref name="dabangasudan.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/minni-minawi-to-be-inaugurated-as-governor-of-darfur|title = Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur| date=10 August 2021 }}</ref>
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+| population_est = 11772520
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+| population_census =
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+| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="City population">{{Cite web |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/sudan|title=City Population in Sudan | access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cbs.gov.sd/files/Pop._Proj._by_satates137.pdf |title=Sub-national Population Projections of Sudan and Age-Sex Composition |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312172126/http://cbs.gov.sd/files/Pop._Proj._by_satates137.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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+| blank_info = [[Sudanese Arabic]], [[Fur language|Fur]], [[Zaghawa language|Zaghawa]],  [[Masalit language|Masalit]]
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-'''Darfur''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɑːr|ˈ|f|ʊər}} {{respell|dar|FOOR}}; {{langx|ar|دار فور|Dār Fūr|lit=Realm of the [[Fur people|Fur]]}}) is a region of western [[Sudan]]. ''Dār'' is an [[Arabic]] word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named '''Dardaju''' ({{langx|ar|دار داجو|Dār Dājū|links=no}}) while ruled by the [[Daju people|Daju]], who migrated from [[Meroë]] {{Circa|350 AD|lk=abbr}}, and it was  renamed '''Dartunjur''' ({{langx|ar|دار تنجر|Dār Tunjur|links=no}}) when the [[Tunjur]] ruled the area. Darfur was an [[Sultanate of Darfur|independent sultanate]] for several hundred years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]]. The region was later [[Invasion of Darfur (1916)|invaded]] and incorporated into Sudan by [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian forces]] in 1916.<ref name="Sudan 2010">[[Richard Cockett]] Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8}}</ref>
+'''Darfur''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɑːr|ˈ|f|ʊər}} {{respell|dar|FOOR}}; {{langx|ar|دار فور|Dār Fūr|lit=Realm of the [[Fur people|Fur]]}}) is a region of western [[Sudan]]. ''Dār'' is an [[Arabic]] word meaning "home [of]" – the region was named '''Dardaju''' ({{langx|ar|دار داجو|Dār Dājū|links=no}}) while ruled by the [[Daju people|Daju]], who migrated from [[Meroë]] {{Circa|350 AD|lk=abbr}}, and it was  renamed '''Dartunjur''' ({{langx|ar|دار تنجر|Dār Tunjur|links=no}}) when the [[Tunjur]] ruled the area. Darfur was [[Sultanate of Darfur|an independent sultanate]] for hundreds of years until 1874, when it fell to the Sudanese warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]]. The region was later [[Invasion of Darfur (1916)|invaded]] and incorporated into Sudan by [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian forces]] in 1916.<ref name="Sudan 2010">[[Richard Cockett]] Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8}}</ref>
-As an administrative region, Darfur is divided into five [[States of Sudan|federal states]]: [[Central Darfur]], [[East Darfur]], [[North Darfur]], [[South Darfur]] and [[West Darfur]]. Because of the [[War in Darfur]] between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and [[Darfur genocide|genocide]] since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.<ref>Veronika Danielová, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day." ''Ethnologia Actualis'' 1.14 (2014): 37-59.</ref>
+Because of the [[War in Darfur]] between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population, the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|genocide]] since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry, and the rivalry between farmers and herders.<ref>Veronika Danielová, "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day." ''Ethnologia Actualis'' 1.14 (2014): 37-59.</ref>
 ==Geography==
@@ Line 91: / Line 99: @@
 [[File:DSC 6692-01.jpg|thumb|Overland trucks en route near Jebel Marra, 2019]]
-Darfur covers an area of {{convert|493180|km2|sqmi|sp=us}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globaldreamers.org/holocaust/darfur/geography.html |title=Sudan's Geography |publisher=Globaldreamers.org |access-date=2010-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071830/http://www.globaldreamers.org/holocaust/darfur/geography.html |archive-date=2011-10-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> approximately the size of mainland [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |author=R. S. O'Fahey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/opinion/15iht-edofahey_ed3_.html |title=Darfur: A complex ethnic reality with a long history |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2004-05-15 |access-date=2013-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june05/darfur_2-17.html |title=Congressional Reps Give Update on Troubled Darfur Region of Sudan |publisher=Pbs.org |date=2005-02-17 |access-date=2010-07-13 |archive-date=2014-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119015346/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june05/darfur_2-17.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5316306.stm |title=Quick guide: Darfur - BBC News, 2006-09-06 |work=BBC News |date=2006-09-06 |access-date=2010-07-13}}</ref> It is largely a semi-desert plateau with the [[Marrah Mountains]] ([[wikt:Jebel|Jebel]] Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to {{convert|3042|m|ft|sp=us}} of elevation above sea level, and a [[topographic prominence]] of 2512 m,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/africa.html |title=Africa Ultra-Prominences |publisher=Peaklist.org |date=2007-05-10 |access-date=2010-07-13}}</ref> in the center of the region. The region's main towns are [[Al Fashir]], [[Geneina]], and [[Nyala, Sudan|Nyala]].
+Darfur covers an area of {{convert|493180|km2|sqmi|sp=us}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globaldreamers.org/holocaust/darfur/geography.html |title=Sudan's Geography |publisher=Globaldreamers.org |access-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071830/http://www.globaldreamers.org/holocaust/darfur/geography.html |archive-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> approximately the size of mainland [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |author=R. S. O'Fahey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/opinion/15iht-edofahey_ed3_.html |title=Darfur: A complex ethnic reality with a long history |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 May 2004 |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june05/darfur_2-17.html |title=Congressional Reps Give Update on Troubled Darfur Region of Sudan |publisher=Pbs.org |date=17 February 2005 |access-date=13 July 2010 |archive-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119015346/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa/jan-june05/darfur_2-17.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5316306.stm |title=Quick guide: Darfur - BBC News, 2006-09-06 |work=BBC News |date=6 September 2006 |access-date=13 July 2010}}</ref> It is largely a semi-desert plateau with the [[Marrah Mountains]] ([[wikt:Jebel|Jebel]] Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to {{convert|3042|m|ft|sp=us}} of elevation above sea level, and a [[topographic prominence]] of 2512 m,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/africa.html |title=Africa Ultra-Prominences |publisher=Peaklist.org |date=10 May 2007 |access-date=13 July 2010}}</ref> in the center of the region. The region's main towns are [[Al Fashir]], [[Geneina]], and [[Nyala, Sudan|Nyala]].
-There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with [[plain]]s and low [[hill]]s of [[Sand|sandy soils]], known as ''[[wikt:goz|goz]]'', and [[sandstone]] hills. In many places the ''goz'' is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep [[borehole]]s. While dry, ''goz'' may also support rich pasture and [[arable land]]. To the north the ''goz'' is overtaken by the desert sands of the [[Sahara]]. A second feature are the ''[[wadi]]s'', which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the [[wet season]] to large ''wadis'' that [[flood]] for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to [[Lake Chad]]. Many ''wadis'' have pans of [[alluvium]] with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate. Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature, [[basement rock]], sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are the [[Marrah Mountains]] and [[Daju people|Daju Hills]], volcanic plugs created by a [[massif]], that rise up to a peak at [[Deriba crater]] where there is a small area of [[temperate climate]], high rainfall and permanent springs of water.{{citation needed|date= August 2020}}
+There are four main features of its physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with [[plain]]s and low [[hill]]s of [[Sand|sandy soils]], known as ''[[wikt:goz|goz]]'', and [[sandstone]] hills. In many places the ''goz'' can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep [[borehole]]s. While dry, ''goz'' may also support rich pasture and [[arable land]]. To the north the ''goz'' is overtaken by the desert sands of the [[Sahara]]. A second feature are the ''[[wadi]]s'', which range from seasonal watercourses that flood only occasionally during the [[wet season]] to large ''wadis'' that [[flood]] for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of kilometres west to [[Lake Chad]]. Many ''wadis'' have pans of [[alluvium]] with rich heavy soil that are also difficult to cultivate. Western Darfur is dominated by the third feature, [[basement rock]], sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides sporadic forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature are the [[Marrah Mountains]] and [[Daju people|Daju Hills]], volcanic plugs created by a [[massif]], that rise up to a peak at [[Deriba crater]] where there is a small area of [[temperate climate]], high rainfall and permanent springs of water.{{citation needed|date= August 2020}}
-[[Remote sensing]] has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at {{convert|19110|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The lake, during epochs when the region was more humid, would have contained about {{Convert|2500|km3||0|abbr=in}} of water.<ref>[[Tanzina Vega]], [https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN1830279020070718 "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist"], ''[[Reuters]]'', July 18, 2007</ref> It may have dried up thousands of years ago.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6908224.stm Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up'], [[BBC]], July 20, 2007</ref>
+[[Remote sensing]] has detected the imprint of a vast underground lake under Darfur. The potential water deposits are estimated at {{convert|19110|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The lake, during epochs when the region was more humid, would have contained about {{Convert|2500|km3||0|abbr=in}} of water.<ref>[[Tanzina Vega]], [https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN1830279020070718 "Underground lake may bring Darfur peace: scientist"], ''[[Reuters]]'', 18 July 2007</ref> It may have dried up thousands of years ago.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6908224.stm Ancient Darfur lake 'is dried up'], [[BBC]], 20 July 2007</ref>
 ==History==
 {{main|History of Darfur}}
 {{more citations needed|section|date=April 2017}}
-The first historical mention of the word ''Fur'' occurs in 1664 in the account by [[Johann Michael Vansleb|J. M. Vansleb]], a German traveler, of a visit to Egypt.<ref>Petermann (1862–3). Mitteilungen, Erganzungsband II)</ref> It is claimed that, like ''sūdān'', ''fūr'' means "blacks", and was the name given by the early light-colored [[Berbers|Berber]] sultans of Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as the Binga, Banda, etc. As the historic dynasty's physical appearance became more "Africanized" from intermarriage with black wives and concubines, the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects, ''Fūr''.<ref name=":0">Arkell, A.J. (1955). A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821. London: University of London the Athlone Press, p. 214</ref> Most of the region consists of a [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex [[civilization]]. But the [[Marrah Mountains]] offer plentiful water, and by the 12th century the [[Daju people]], succeeding the semi-legendary [[Tora (Darfur)|Tora culture]], created the first historical attestable [[Daju kingdom|kingdom]]. They were centered in the [[Marrah Mountains]] and left records of valuable rock engravings, stone architecture and a ([[Oral tradition|orally preserved]]) list of kings. The [[Tunjur]] replaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and the Daju established new headquarters in Abyei, Denga, Darsila and Mongo in the current Chad. The Tunjur [[sultan]]s intermarried with the [[Fur people|Fur]] and sultan [[Sulayman of Mali|Musa Sulayman]] (reigned {{circa|1667|1695}}) is considered{{by whom|date=November 2013}} the founder of the [[Keira dynasty]]. Darfur became a great power of the [[Sahel]] under the Keira dynasty, expanding its borders as far east as the [[Atbarah River]] and attracting [[immigrant]]s from [[Bornu Empire|Bornu]] and [[Kingdom of Baguirmi|Bagirmi]]. During the mid-18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country, and external war pitted Darfur against [[Kingdom of Sennar|Sennar]] and [[Ouaddai Kingdom|Wadai]]. In 1875, the weakened kingdom was destroyed by the [[Egypt]]ian ruler set up in [[Khartoum]],<ref name="Sudan 2010"/> largely through the machinations of [[Sebehr Rahma]], a slave-trader, who was competing with the dar over access to [[ivory]] in [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] to the south of Darfur.
+The first historical mention of the word ''Fur'' occurs in 1664 in the account by [[Johann Michael Vansleb|J. M. Vansleb]], a German traveler, of a visit to Egypt.<ref>Petermann (1862–63). Mitteilungen, Erganzungsband II)</ref> It is claimed that, like ''sūdān'', ''fūr'' means "blacks", and was the name given by the arriving Arab sultans within Darfur to the original inhabitants of the country such as the Binga, Banda, etc. As the historic dynasty's physical appearance became more "Africanized" from intermarriage with black wives and concubines, the appearance of the sultans darkened correspondingly and they became known by the appellation of their subjects, ''Fūr''.<ref name=":0">Arkell, A.J. (1955). A history of the Sudan from the earliest times to 1821. London: University of London the Athlone Press, p. 214</ref> Most of the region consists of a [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] plain and thus appears unsuitable for developing a large and complex [[civilization]]. But the [[Marrah Mountains]] offer plentiful water, and by the 12th century the [[Daju people]], succeeding the semi-legendary [[Tora (Darfur)|Tora culture]], created the first historical attestable [[Daju kingdom|kingdom]]. They were centered in the [[Marrah Mountains]] and left records of valuable rock engravings, stone architecture and a ([[Oral tradition|orally preserved]]) list of kings. The [[Tunjur]] replaced the Daju in the fourteenth century and the Daju established new headquarters in Abyei, Denga, Darsila and Mongo in the current Chad. The Tunjur [[sultan]]s intermarried with the [[Fur people|Fur]] and sultan [[Sulayman of Mali|Musa Sulayman]] (reigned {{circa|1667|1695}}) is considered{{by whom|date=November 2013}} the founder of the [[Keira dynasty]]. Darfur became a great power of the [[Sahel]] under the Keira dynasty, expanding its borders as far east as the [[Atbarah River]] and attracting [[immigrant]]s from [[Bornu Empire|Bornu]] and [[Kingdom of Baguirmi|Bagirmi]]. During the mid-18th century conflict between rival factions wracked the country, and external war pitted Darfur against [[Kingdom of Sennar|Sennar]] and [[Ouaddai Kingdom|Wadai]]. In 1875, the weakened kingdom was destroyed by the [[Egypt]]ian ruler set up in [[Khartoum]],<ref name="Sudan 2010"/> largely through the machinations of [[Sebehr Rahma]], a slave-trader, who was competing with the dar over access to [[ivory]] in [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] to the south of Darfur.
+[[File:Imam Ali Dinar of Darfúr attacks the English troops in northern Sudan, 1916.png|thumb|Sultan [[Ali Dinar]] attacks the British troops in northern Sudan, 1916]]
 The Darfuris were restive under [[Egypt Eyalet|Egyptian]] rule, but were no more predisposed to accept the rule of the self-proclaimed [[Mahdi]], [[Muhammad Ahmad]], when in 1882 his [[Emir]] of Darfur, who came from the Southern Darfur Arab [[Rizeigat]] tribe led by Sheikh Madibbo, defeated the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces led by [[Slatin Pasha]] (that had just invaded [[Egypt]] earlier that year) in Darfur. When Ahmad's successor, [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]], himself an [[Arab]] of Southern Darfur from the [[Ta'isha tribe]], demanded that the pastoralist tribes provide soldiers, several tribes rose up in revolt. Following the defeat of Abdallahi at [[Omdurman]] in 1899 by an Anglo-Egyptian expeditionary force, the new [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian government]] recognized Ali Dinar as the sultan of Darfur and largely left the Dar to its own affairs except for a nominal annual tribute.
-In 1916, after the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the [[Sublime Porte|Ottoman government]], an expedition was launched from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near [[Khartoum]] - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored.<ref name="Sudan 2010"/> [[K. D. D. Henderson]] was the last British governor of Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dally |first=M. W. |title=Darfur's sorrow: the forgotten history of a humanitarian disaster |year=2010 |pages=173}}</ref>
+In 1916, after the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] suspected that the sultan was falling under the influence of the [[Sublime Porte|Ottoman government]], an [[Invasion of Darfur (1916)|expedition]] was launched from Egypt to capture and annex Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The colonial government directed financial and administrative resources to the tribes of central Sudan near [[Khartoum]] - while the outlying regions such as Darfur remained mostly forgotten and ignored.<ref name="Sudan 2010"/> [[K. D. D. Henderson]] was the last British governor of Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dally |first=M. W. |title=Darfur's sorrow: the forgotten history of a humanitarian disaster |year=2010 |pages=173}}</ref>
 ===Under Sudanese rule===
@@ Line 112: / Line 121: @@
 [[Image:Darfur Crossing River.jpg|thumb|right|A villager in Darfur, Sudan, crosses the overflowing stream.]]
 [[Image:Darfur Children.jpg|thumb|Sudanese children in an IDP camp in Darfur.]]
-A pattern of skewed [[economic development]] continued after Sudan achieved [[political independence]] in 1956. The governor at the time of independence was [[Ali Abdallah Abu Sinn]], who had joined the civil service in [[1923]] and served in Darfur since [[1946]]. In [[August 1958]] he was succeeded by [[Ahmad Makki Abdo]], who remained in power despite the [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état]] of that year, until he was finally dismissed in [[December 1959]] and replaced by [[al-Tijani Sa'd]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[war by proxy|proxy wars]] between [[Sudan]], [[Libya]] and [[Chad]] added an element of political instability.<ref>Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 33.109 (2006): 467-482. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roland_Marchal/publication/240236874_ChadDarfur_How_two_crises_merge/links/575c2efd08ae414b8e4c18a2.pdf online]</ref>  Darfurians began to respond to the ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] (in power 1969–2011). A famine in the mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. A low-level conflict continued for the next fifteen years, with the government co-opting and arming Arab [[Janjaweed]] militias against its enemies.<ref name="Sudan 2010"/> The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the [[Darfur conflict]], in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. In March 2004, human-rights groups and the UN<ref name="un.org">[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10142&Cr=&Cr1=#.VoW1BGzUhVc Un.org]</ref> came to regard the conflict  as one of the worst [[Humanitarian crisis|humanitarian disasters]] in the world.<ref name="un.org"/> Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the [[Khartoum]] government disputes the numbers). This has been labeled as the [[Darfur genocide]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayroz |first1=E. |title=Reluctant Interveners: America's Failed Responses to Genocide from Bosnia to Darfur. |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |date=2019 |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1742&context=gsp |access-date=26 October 2020 |publisher=Rutgers University Press}}</ref> "By 2010 about 300,000 had died, according to the UN best estimate, and about 3,000,000 were forced into refugee camps."<ref>[[Richard Cockett]] Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. p, 191. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8}}</ref> Over 2.8&nbsp;million people have become [[internally displaced person|displaced]] since 2003, many of whom were children (see [[Lost Boys of Sudan]]). Many of these refugees have gone into camps where [[Emergency management|emergency aid]] has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in the villages, which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region.<ref name="Sudan 2010"/>
+A pattern of skewed [[economic development]] continued after Sudan achieved [[political independence]] in 1956. The governor at the time of independence was [[Ali Abdallah Abu Sinn]], who had joined the civil service in 1923 and served in Darfur since 1946. In August 1958, he was succeeded by [[Ahmad Makki Abdo]], who remained in power despite the [[1958 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état]] of that year, until he was finally dismissed in December 1959 and replaced by [[al-Tijani Sa'd]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[war by proxy|proxy wars]] between [[Sudan]], [[Libya]] and [[Chad]] added an element of political instability.<ref>Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." ''Review of African Political Economy'' 33.109 (2006): 467-482. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roland_Marchal/publication/240236874_ChadDarfur_How_two_crises_merge/links/575c2efd08ae414b8e4c18a2.pdf online]</ref>  Darfurians began to respond to the ideology of Arab supremacy propagated by Libyan leader [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] (in power 1969–2011). A famine in the mid-1980s disrupted many societal structures and led to the first significant modern fighting amongst Darfuris. A low-level conflict continued for the next fifteen years, with the government co-opting and arming Arab [[Janjaweed]] militias against its enemies.<ref name="Sudan 2010"/> The fighting reached a peak in 2003 with the beginning of the [[Darfur conflict]], in which the resistance coalesced into a roughly cohesive rebel movement. In March 2004, human-rights groups and the UN<ref name="un.org">[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10142&Cr=&Cr1=#.VoW1BGzUhVc Un.org]</ref> came to regard the conflict  as one of the worst [[Humanitarian crisis|humanitarian disasters]] in the world.<ref name="un.org"/> Insurgency and counter-insurgency have led to 480,000 deaths (the [[Khartoum]] government disputes the numbers). This has been labeled as the [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|Darfur genocide]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayroz |first1=E. |title=Reluctant Interveners: America's Failed Responses to Genocide from Bosnia to Darfur. |journal=Genocide Studies and Prevention |date=2019 |url=https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1742&context=gsp |access-date=26 October 2020 |publisher=Rutgers University Press}}</ref> "By 2010 about 300,000 had died, according to the UN best estimate, and about 3,000,000 were forced into refugee camps."<ref>[[Richard Cockett]] Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. p, 191. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8}}</ref> Over 2.8&nbsp;million people have become [[internally displaced person|displaced]] since 2003, many of whom were children (see [[Lost Boys of Sudan]]). Many of these refugees have gone into camps where [[Emergency management|emergency aid]] has created conditions that, although extremely basic, are better than in the villages, which offer no protection against the various militias that operate in the region.<ref name="Sudan 2010"/>
 Nearly two-thirds of the population continues to struggle to survive in remote villages. Virtually no foreigners visit the region because of the fear of kidnapping, and only some non-governmental organizations continue to provide long-term grass-roots assistance. {{As of | 2015}} the United Nations is in discussion with the Government of Sudan over the withdrawal of [[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur|UNAMID]], the [[peacekeeping force]], which is the largest in the world.<ref name="un.org2">[https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unamid/background.shtml Un.org]</ref>  Other UN agencies (such as the [[World Food Programme|WFP]]) might exit.<ref>Brendan Bromwich,  and Margie Buchanan-Smith. "Preparing for peace: An analysis of Darfur, Sudan." in Carl Bruch, Carroll Muffett, and Sandra S. Nichols, eds. ''Governance, Natural Resources and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding'' (Routledge, 2016). 183-206.</ref>
@@ Line 130: / Line 139: @@
   |title=EXCLUSIVE: Darfur new rebel group announces formation of its structure - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan
   |publisher=Sudan Tribune
-  |access-date=2011-09-05
+  |access-date=5 September 2011
   |url-status=dead
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809232627/http://www.sudantribune.com/EXCLUSIVE-Darfur-new-rebel-group%2C34301
-  |archive-date=2013-08-09
+  |archive-date=9 August 2013
   }}
 </ref> started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese Government in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur, was formed and the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] planned further talks.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.enoughproject.org/publications/sudan-peace-watch-december-21-2010
-|title=Sudan Peace Watch-December 21, 2010 &#124; Enough |publisher=Enoughproject.org |date=2010-12-21
+|title=Sudan Peace Watch-December 21, 2010 &#124; Enough |publisher=Enoughproject.org |date=21 December 2010
-|access-date=2011-09-05}}
+|access-date=5 September 2011}}
-</ref> The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.<ref>{{cite web
+</ref> The talks ended on 19 December without a new peace agreement, but participants agreed on basic principles, including a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy for Darfur. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-government-LJM-rebels-to,37279
   |title=Sudanese government, LJM rebels to sign a peace accord on 19 December - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan
   |publisher=Sudan Tribune
-  |access-date=2011-09-05
+  |access-date=5 September 2011
   |url-status=dead
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809232633/http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-government-LJM-rebels-to%2C37279
-  |archive-date=2013-08-09
+  |archive-date=9 August 2013
   }}
 </ref><ref>{{cite web
@@ Line 152: / Line 161: @@
 |title=Mediators propose Darfur Authority, announce major diplomatic effort &#124; Radio Dabanga
 |publisher=195.190.28.213
-|access-date=2011-09-05
+|access-date=5 September 2011
-|archive-date=2011-01-13
+|archive-date=13 January 2011
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113052140/http://195.190.28.213/node/7902
 |url-status=dead
@@ Line 162: / Line 171: @@
 |title=DOHA: Darfur peace proposals accepted by LJM rebel coalition &#124; Radio Dabanga
 |publisher=195.190.28.213
-|date=2011-07-09
+|date=9 July 2011
-|access-date=2011-09-05
+|access-date=5 September 2011
-|archive-date=2011-01-13
+|archive-date=13 January 2011
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113062530/http://195.190.28.213/node/7950
 |url-status=dead
@@ Line 171: / Line 180: @@
   |title=Alliance of rebel factions agrees to Darfur peace deal
   |publisher=Monsters and Critics
-  |date=2011-01-03
+  |date=3 January 2011
-  |access-date=2011-09-05
+  |access-date=5 September 2011
   |url-status=dead
   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227031152/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/africa/news/article_1609145.php/Alliance-of-rebel-factions-agrees-to-Darfur-peace-deal
-  |archive-date=2011-12-27
+  |archive-date=27 December 2011
 }}
 </ref> In February 2011 the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2744-office-of-vp-must-meet-national-standards-says-el-haj-adam.html
 |title=Sudan Human Rights Information Gateway (SHRIG) - Office of VP must meet National standards, says El Haj Adam |publisher=SHRIG
-|date=2011-02-07
+|date=7 February 2011
-|access-date=2011-09-05
+|access-date=5 September 2011
-|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127093212/http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2744-office-of-vp-must-meet-national-standards-says-el-haj-adam.html |archive-date=2012-01-27
+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127093212/http://www.shrig.org.sd/news-archive/darfur-news/2744-office-of-vp-must-meet-national-standards-says-el-haj-adam.html |archive-date=27 January 2012
 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stephen Kinzer |url=http://www.sudanjem.com/2009/archives/42241/en/ |title=End human rights imperialism now |publisher=Sudanjem.com |date=2010-01-24 |access-date=2011-09-05 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235008/https://sudanjem.com/2011/01/end-human-rights-imperialism-now/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://195.190.28.213/node/9451
+On 29 January, the leaders of the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and agreement to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government had not yet agreed to attend the forum on that date and instead favoured an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stephen Kinzer |url=http://www.sudanjem.com/2009/archives/42241/en/ |title=End human rights imperialism now |publisher=Sudanjem.com |date=24 January 2010 |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-date=6 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235008/https://sudanjem.com/2011/01/end-human-rights-imperialism-now/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to the Doha peace forum with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://195.190.28.213/node/9451
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707192052/http://195.190.28.213/node/9451
 |url-status=dead
-|archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=Sudan government to return chief negotiator to Doha &#124; Radio Dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213
+|archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=Sudan government to return chief negotiator to Doha &#124; Radio Dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213
-|access-date=2011-09-05 }}</ref> On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document.<ref>
+|access-date=5 September 2011 }}</ref> On 25 February, both the Liberation and Justice Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government had not commented on the peace document.<ref>
 {{cite web
 |url=http://195.190.28.213/node/9880
 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711033130/http://195.190.28.213/node/9880
-|url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-11 |title=Darfur movements reject Doha peace proposal &#124; Radio dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213
+|url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |title=Darfur movements reject Doha peace proposal &#124; Radio dabanga |publisher=195.190.28.213
-|access-date=2011-09-05 }}
+|access-date=5 September 2011 }}
 </ref>
+[[File:Darfur Dreams - 44011308831.jpg|thumb|Internally displaced people in [[El Fasher]] in 2018]]
 At the Doha Peace Forum in June, the Joint Mediators proposed a new [[Darfur Peace Agreement (2011)|Darfur Peace Agreement]], which would supersede the [[Abuja Agreement of 2005]] and if signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum.<ref>
-{{cite web |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/under-peace-deal-sudan-would-halt-prep-for-darfur-referendum |title=Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum |publisher=Radio Dabanga |date=2011-06-04 |access-date=2025-04-17}}
+{{cite web |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/under-peace-deal-sudan-would-halt-prep-for-darfur-referendum |title=Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum |publisher=Radio Dabanga |date=4 June 2011 |access-date=17 April 2025}}
-</ref> The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that includes both the three [[States of Sudan|states]] and a strategic regional authority, the [[Darfur Regional Authority]], to oversee Darfur as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf |title=Sudantribune.com |access-date=2011-06-05 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222024/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Darfur-peace-agreement-to-be,39449 |title=Darfur peace agreement to be signed on 14 July - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=2011-09-05 |archive-date=2021-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303235518/https://sudantribune.com/Darfur-peace-agreement-to-be,39449 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
+</ref> The proposal included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that includes both the three [[States of Sudan|states]] and a strategic regional authority, the [[Darfur Regional Authority]], to oversee Darfur as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf |title=Sudantribune.com |access-date=5 June 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222024/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/DPA-_Doha_draft.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Darfur-peace-agreement-to-be,39449 |title=Darfur peace agreement to be signed on 14 July - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=5 September 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303235518/https://sudantribune.com/Darfur-peace-agreement-to-be,39449 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement did not sign the new document at that time but had three months in which to do so if they wished.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
 ====2020 peace agreement (Juba Agreement)====
@@ Line 206: / Line 215: @@
 ==== Sudanese Civil War (2023-Present) ====
-During the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese Civil War]], there has been considerable fighting in the Darfur region. This includes the [[Masalit massacres (2023–present)|Masalit Massacres]] perpetuated by the [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF), causing some analysts to declare a genocide in Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nashed |first=Mat |title='Corpses on streets': Sudan's RSF kills 1,300 in Darfur, monitors say |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/corpses-on-streets-sudans-rsf-kills-1300-in-darfur-monitors-say |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
+{{See|Darfur genocide (2023–present)}}
+During the [[Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|Sudanese Civil War]], there has been considerable fighting in the Darfur region. This includes the [[Masalit massacres (2023–present)|Masalit Massacres]] and [[El Fasher massacre]] perpetuated by the [[Rapid Support Forces]] (RSF), causing some analysts to declare a genocide in Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nashed |first=Mat |title='Corpses on streets': Sudan's RSF kills 1,300 in Darfur, monitors say |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/corpses-on-streets-sudans-rsf-kills-1300-in-darfur-monitors-say |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
+Tens of thousands of people are feared killed in the city of [[El Fasher]], following its capture by the RSF in late October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2025 |title=RSF digging mass graves in Sudan's el-Fasher to 'clean up massacre': Expert |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/4/rsf-digging-mass-graves-in-sudans-el-fasher-to-clean-up-massacre-expert |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=5 November 2025 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Townsend |first=Mark |date=5 December 2025 |title=RSF massacres left Sudanese city 'a slaughterhouse', satellite images show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/dec/05/rsf-massacres-sudanese-city-el-fasher-slaughterhouse-satellite-images |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>
 ==Languages==
@@ Line 213: / Line 225: @@
 The following languages are spoken in Darfur according to ''[[Ethnologue]]''.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SD/languages Languages of Sudan]. ''Ethnologue'', 22nd edition.</ref>
-{{col-begin}}
+{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
 * [[Fur language]]
 * ''[[Maban languages]]''
@@ Line 238: / Line 250: @@
 ** [[Sinyar language]]
 ** [[Fongoro language]] [extinct]
-{{col-end}}
+{{div col end}}
 ==Government==
 ===Regional governance===
 {{main|Darfur Regional Government}}
-The [[Darfur Peace Agreement]] of 2006 established a [[Transitional Darfur Regional Authority]] as an interim authority for the region.<ref name="sudantribute">{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15343 |title=Sudan Tribune |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=2010-07-13 |archive-date=2019-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204035304/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15343 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The agreement stated that a [[Darfur referendum, 2011|referendum]] on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011.<ref name="sudantribute" /> [[Minni Minnawi]] was the first chair of this authority, holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010, when he was succeeded by [[Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam]]. The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the [[Darfur Regional Authority]] with executive and legislative functions. The chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority, [[Tijani Sese]], assumed the post on 20 September 2011. The regional authority was dissolved in July 2016 following a [[Darfurian status referendum, 2016|referendum]], on the status of the Darfur region within Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/darfur-referendum-states-option-wins-by-a-landslide|title = Darfur referendum: 'States option' wins by a landslide| date=23 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/darfur-votes-five-state-status-quo-referendum-chief-145615127.html|title = Darfur votes for five-state status quo: Referendum chief}}</ref> As part of the [[Sudanese transition to democracy]], a [[Darfur Regional Government]] was re-established in August 2021 with [[Minni Minawi]] as Regional Governor.<ref name="dabangasudan.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/minni-minawi-to-be-inaugurated-as-governor-of-darfur|title = Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur| date=10 August 2021 }}</ref>
+The [[Darfur Peace Agreement]] of 2006 established a [[Transitional Darfur Regional Authority]] as an interim authority for the region.<ref name="sudantribute">{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15343 |title=Sudan Tribune |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=13 July 2010 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204035304/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15343 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The agreement stated that a [[Darfur referendum, 2011|referendum]] on the status of Darfur should be held no later than 2011.<ref name="sudantribute" /> [[Minni Minnawi]] was the first chair of this authority, holding that office from April 2007 until December 2010, when he was succeeded by [[Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam]]. The peace agreement that was signed in July 2011 saw the Transitional Darfur Regional Authority reconstituted as the [[Darfur Regional Authority]] with executive and legislative functions. The chairperson of the Darfur Regional Authority, [[Tijani Sese]], assumed the post on 20 September 2011. The regional authority was dissolved in July 2016 following a [[Darfurian status referendum, 2016|referendum]], on the status of the Darfur region within Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/darfur-referendum-states-option-wins-by-a-landslide|title = Darfur referendum: 'States option' wins by a landslide| date=23 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/darfur-votes-five-state-status-quo-referendum-chief-145615127.html|title = Darfur votes for five-state status quo: Referendum chief}}</ref> As part of the [[Sudanese transition to democracy]], a [[Darfur Regional Government]] was re-established in August 2021 with [[Minni Minawi]] as Regional Governor.<ref name="dabangasudan.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/minni-minawi-to-be-inaugurated-as-governor-of-darfur|title = Minni Minawi to be inaugurated today as Governor of Darfur| date=10 August 2021 }}</ref> The rival [[Government of Peace and Unity]] established a parallel regional administration in 2025 following their takeover of the Darfur region during the Sudanese civil war.
 ===States===
-The Darfur region is divided into five [[States of Sudan|federal states]]: [[Central Darfur]], [[East Darfur]], [[North Darfur]], [[South Darfur]] and [[West Darfur]].
+[[File:Darfur in Sudan.svg|thumb|N: North Darfur; O: West Darfur; C: Central Darfur; S: South Darfur; E: East Darfur]]
+The Darfur region is divided into five [[States of Sudan|federal states]]:
+*[[Central Darfur]]
+*[[East Darfur]]
+*[[North Darfur]]
+*[[South Darfur]]
+*[[West Darfur]]
 ==Demographics and economy==
-In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5&nbsp;million.<ref name="UNEPDarfur">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/Portals/155/countries/sudan/pdf/consultations/Darfur_%20Recovery_Beyond%20Emergency%20Relief.pdf |title=Beyond Emergency Relief: Longer-term trends and priorities for UN agencies in Darfur |work=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=11 January 2014  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180426081612/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6AAEE62B2DC5EE8D852577AE0071F8E7-Full_Report.pdf | archive-date = 2018-04-26 }}</ref> This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3&nbsp;million).<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/> 52% are aged 16 years or younger.<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/>
+In 2008, Darfur's population was 7.5&nbsp;million.<ref name="UNEPDarfur">{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/disastersandconflicts/Portals/155/countries/sudan/pdf/consultations/Darfur_%20Recovery_Beyond%20Emergency%20Relief.pdf |title=Beyond Emergency Relief: Longer-term trends and priorities for UN agencies in Darfur |work=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=11 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180426081612/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6AAEE62B2DC5EE8D852577AE0071F8E7-Full_Report.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2018 }}</ref> This in an increase by nearly six times from 1973 (1.3&nbsp;million).<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/> 52% are aged 16 years or younger.<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/>
 Darfur's budget was US$286&nbsp;million in 2008.<ref name="UNEPDarfur"/>
@@ Line 256: / Line 275: @@
 {{Commons category|Darfur}}
 * [[2010 Sahel famine]]
-* [[Darfur genocide]]
+* [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|Darfur genocide]]
 ==References==
@@ Line 275: / Line 294: @@
 ==External links==
-* [https://darfurgov.sd/ Darfur Regional Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330170620/https://darfurgov.sd/ |date=2023-03-30 }}
+* [https://darfurgov.sd/ Darfur Regional Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330170620/https://darfurgov.sd/ |date=30 March 2023 }}
 * [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100071640308530 Darfur Regional Government on Facebook]

Darfur: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:46, 13 December 2025

Geography

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Under Sudanese rule

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Darfur Peace Agreement (also known as Abuja Agreement)

Doha Agreement

2020 peace agreement (Juba Agreement)

Sudanese Civil War (2023-Present)

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