Golestan province: Difference between revisions
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imported>Brightkingdom Updated refs; minor fixes |
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{{Short description|Province of Iran}} | {{Short description|Province of Iran}} | ||
{{Redirect|Golestan}} | {{Redirect|Golestan}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Golestan Province | | name = Golestan Province | ||
| native_name = {{ | | native_name = {{native name|fa|استان گلستان}} | ||
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]] | | settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]] | ||
| image_skyline = Gonbad- | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| border = infobox | |||
| total_width = 300 | |||
| perrow = 1/1/2/2/2 | |||
| image1 = Gonbad Kavus, Golestan Province, Iran - panoramio.jpg | |||
| alt1 = Gonbad Kavus | |||
| image2 = Gorgan gulf - panoramio.jpg | |||
| alt2 = Gorgan Gulf | |||
| image3 = خانه امیرلطیفی گرگان ۲.jpg | |||
| alt3 = Gorgan Craft Museum | |||
| image4 = Radkan Tower, Chenaran 2015-01-26.jpg | |||
| alt4 = Radkan Tower | |||
| image5 = Golestan - Turkaman Sahra - Khaled nabi road - panoramio.jpg | |||
| alt5 = Turkaman Sahra | |||
| image6 = Kaboud-val Waterfall 002.jpg | |||
| alt6 = Kaboud-val Waterfall | |||
| image7 = هزار پیچ عکس از علی سجادی.jpg | |||
| alt7 = Hezaar Pich Park | |||
| image8 = Alangdareh Park 1399070808122935021325474.jpg | |||
| alt8 = Alangdareh Park | |||
}} | |||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = | ||
| image_caption = | | image_caption = | ||
| image_map = | | image_map = | ||
| image_map1 = IranGolestan-SVG.svg | | image_map1 = IranGolestan-SVG.svg | ||
| Line 18: | Line 34: | ||
| map_caption1 = Location of Golestan province within Iran | | map_caption1 = Location of Golestan province within Iran | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|37|20|N|55|09|E|dim:120km|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|37|20|N|55|09|E|dim:120km|display=inline,title}} | ||
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.333333&mlon=55.15&zoom=9#map=9/37.333/55.150|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Golestan Province|date=15 October 2024|access-date=15 October 2024|lang=fa}}</ref> | |coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.333333&mlon=55.15&zoom=9#map=9/37.333/55.150|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=بخش مرکزی [Central District], Gonbad-e-Kavus County, Golestan Province, Iran|date=15 October 2024|access-date=15 October 2024|lang=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Google Maps |title=85M2+82J Gouzni Tapeh, Golestan Province, Iran |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/37°20'00.0%22N+55°09'00.0%22E/@37.333333,55.15,288002m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d37.333333!4d55.15?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MTIwOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D |access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref> | ||
| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name = | | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | ||
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]] | | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]] | ||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region 1]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|title=استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند|website=hamshahrionline.ir|date=22 June 2014 |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> | | subdivision_name1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region 1]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/263382/Iran/-provinces|title=استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند|website=hamshahrionline.ir|date=22 June 2014 |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> | ||
| Line 26: | Line 42: | ||
| parts_style = para | | parts_style = para | ||
| p1 = 14 | | p1 = 14 | ||
| established_title = | | established_title = Established | ||
| established_date = | | established_date = 1997<ref name="Golestan Province Structure"/> | ||
| founder = | | founder = | ||
| seat_type = Capital | | seat_type = Capital | ||
| Line 57: | Line 73: | ||
| iso_code = | | iso_code = | ||
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Iran|Main language(s)]] | | blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages of Iran|Main language(s)]] | ||
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Persian language|Persian]] | | blank_info_sec1 = [[Persian language|Persian]], | ||
[[Mazanderani language|Mazandarani]] | [[Mazanderani language|Mazandarani]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]<ref name="hamshahrionline.ir"/> | ||
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2017) | ||
| blank1_info_sec2 = 0.778<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Iranian provinces by Human Development Index|20th]] | | blank1_info_sec2 = 0.778<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Iranian provinces by Human Development Index|20th]] | ||
| Line 66: | Line 82: | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Contains special characters|Perso-Arabic}} | |||
Golestan | '''Golestan province'''{{efn|{{langx|fa|استان گلستان|Ostân-e Golestân}}}} is one of the 31 [[provinces of Iran]], located in the northeast of the country and southeast of the [[Caspian Sea]]. Its capital is the city of [[Gorgan]],<ref name="Golestan Province Structure"> {{cite web |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1376/09/16 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=7 December 1997 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:قانون تأسیس استان گلستان |trans-title=Law on the establishment of Golestan province |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/93027 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214001643/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/93027 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|هیات وزیران}} [Council of Ministers] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] C28BD963-7CDE-4006-8DA9-E1DDA258246E. {{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شماره ثبت روزنامه رسمی}} [Official Gazette Registration Number] 15412.}}</ref> formerly called Esterabad until 1937. Golestan was split off from [[Mazandaran Province]] in 1997. | ||
The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into [[Regions of Iran|5 regions]], solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | Golestan province borders [[Turkmenistan]] to the north. One of the key border points between the two countries is Incheh Borun, which serves as a vital crossing point.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.magiran.com/paper/2227531/investigating-the-economic-effects-of-smuggling-on-border-cities-case-study-of-incheh-borun-city-gonbad-kavous-golestan-province?lang=en | title=Investigating the economic effects of smuggling on border cities Case study of Incheh Borun city - Gonbad Kavous - Golestan province | work=Journal of Hidden Economy | volume=5 | issue=20 | pages=127–144 | last1=Tavosi | first1=Hasan | last2=Kordshoran | first2=Mansour }}</ref> | ||
The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into [[Regions of Iran|5 regions]], solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The majority of its population are Shia Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shoaresal.ir/fa/news/29716|title=اقوام ساکن در استان گلستان|first=سایت خبری تحلیلی شعار|last=سال|website=fa}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iranrahno.com/locations/iran/golestan/|title=Golestan|website=iranrahno.com|access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| Line 81: | Line 99: | ||
Human settlements in this area date back to 10,000 BC. Evidence of the ancient city of ''Jorjan'' can still be seen near the current city of [[Gonbad-e Qabus (city)|Gonbad-e Kavus]]. It was an important city of Persia located on the [[Silk Road]]. | Human settlements in this area date back to 10,000 BC. Evidence of the ancient city of ''Jorjan'' can still be seen near the current city of [[Gonbad-e Qabus (city)|Gonbad-e Kavus]]. It was an important city of Persia located on the [[Silk Road]]. | ||
Under | Under [[Achaemenid Iran]], it seems to have been administered as a sub-province of [[Parthia]] and is not named separately in the provincial lists of [[Darius the great|Darius]] and [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]]. The Hyrcanians, however, under the leadership of [[Megapanus]], are mentioned by [[Herodotus]]<ref>Herodotus, Histories, 7.62</ref> in his list of Xerxes' army during the invasion of [[Greece]].<ref name=Iranica /> | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
| Line 115: | Line 133: | ||
===Population=== | ===Population=== | ||
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,593,055 in 379,354 households.<ref name="2006 Golestan Province">{{cite | At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,593,055 in 379,354 households.<ref name="2006 Golestan Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 : استان گلستان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2006: Golestan Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/27.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920085741/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/27.xls |archive-date=20 September 2011 |format=Excel |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> The following census in 2011 showed an increase in population to 1,777,014 in 482,842 households.<ref name="2011 Golestan Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1390 : استان گلستان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2011: Golestan Province |language=fa |website=Iran Data Portal—Syracuse University |url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Golestan.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117141913/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Golestan.xls |archive-date=17 January 2023 |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |format=Excel |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,868,819 in 550,249 households.<ref name="2016 Golestan Province"> {{cite web |script-title=fa:سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1395 : استان گلستان |trans-title=General Population and Housing Census 2016: Golestan Province |language=fa |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مرکز آمار ایران}} [Statistical Centre of Iran] |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_27.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329051758/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_27.xlsx |archive-date=29 March 2019 |format=Excel |access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> | ||
===Administrative divisions=== | ===Administrative divisions=== | ||
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! Counties !! 2006<ref name="2006 Golestan Province"/> !! 2011<ref name="2011 Golestan Province"/> !! 2016<ref name="2016 Golestan Province"/> | ! Counties !! 2006<ref name="2006 Golestan Province"/> !! 2011<ref name="2011 Golestan Province"/> !! 2016<ref name="2016 Golestan Province"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Aliabad-e Katul County|Aliabad-e Katul]]{{efn|Formerly [[Aliabad-e Katul County|Aliabad County]]<ref name="Aliabad County Renamed Aliabad-e Katul County">{{cite | | [[Aliabad-e Katul County|Aliabad-e Katul]]{{efn|Formerly [[Aliabad-e Katul County|Aliabad County]]<ref name="Aliabad County Renamed Aliabad-e Katul County"> {{cite web |first=Eshaq |last=Jahangiri |author-link=Eshaq Jahangiri |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|۱۳۹۸/۱۰/۱۴}} (1398/10/14) (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=4 January 2020 <!-- Converted date using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:تصویبنامه در خصوص تغییر نام شهرستان علیآباد استان گلستان به علیآباد کتول|trans-title=Approval regarding changing the name of Aliabad County, Golestan province, to Aliabad-e Katul |url=https://sdil.ac.ir/مصوبات-هیئت-دولت-دهه-دوم-دی-98/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324031037/https://sdil.ac.ir/مصوبات-هیئت-دولت-دهه-دوم-دی-98/ |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|پژوهشکده حقوقی شهر دانش}} [Shahr Danesh Law Research Institute] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|هیات وزیران}} [Council of Ministers] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|پیشنهاد شماره ۱۳۳۴۲۸}} [Proposal No. 133428].}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | 123,923 || style="text-align: right;" | 132,757 || style="text-align: right;" | 140,709 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Aqqala County|Aqqala]] || style="text-align: right;" | 109,440 || style="text-align: right;" | 124,185 || style="text-align: right;" | 132,733 | | [[Aqqala County|Aqqala]] || style="text-align: right;" | 109,440 || style="text-align: right;" | 124,185 || style="text-align: right;" | 132,733 | ||
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| [[Bandar-e Gaz County|Bandar-e Gaz]] || style="text-align: right;" | 46,179 || style="text-align: right;" | 46,315 || style="text-align: right;" | 46,130 | | [[Bandar-e Gaz County|Bandar-e Gaz]] || style="text-align: right;" | 46,179 || style="text-align: right;" | 46,315 || style="text-align: right;" | 46,130 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Galikash County|Galikash]]{{efn|Separated from [[Minudasht County]]<ref name="Galikash County Establishment">{{cite web| | | [[Galikash County|Galikash]]{{efn|Separated from [[Minudasht County]]<ref name="Galikash County Establishment"> {{cite web |first=Mohammad Reza |last=Rahimi |author-link=Mohammad Reza Rahimi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|مصوب}} (Approved on) 1389/04/23) (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=14 July 2010 <!-- Converted 'Approved on' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:تغييرات و اصلاحات تقسيماتي در استان گلستان |trans-title=Divisional changes and amendments in Golestan province |url=https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/?IDS=10503364040954659624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209010056/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/?IDS=10503364040954659624 |archive-date=9 December 2025 |access-date=9 December 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|سامانه ملی قوانین و مقررات}} [National System of Laws and Regulations] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|هیات وزیران}} [Council of Ministers] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|پيشنهاد شماره}} [Proposal number] 1/4/42/29250.}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | 59,975 || style="text-align: right;" | 63,173 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Gomishan County|Gomishan]]{{efn|Separated from [[Torkaman County]]<ref name="Gomishan County Establishment">{{cite | | [[Gomishan County|Gomishan]]{{efn|Separated from [[Torkaman County]]<ref name="Gomishan County Establishment"> {{cite web |first=Parviz |last=Davoodi |author-link=Parviz Davoodi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1388/01/23 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=12 April 2009 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:تصویب نامه درخصوص تقسیمات کشوری در شهرستان ترکمن |trans-title=Approval letter regarding national divisions in Torkaman County |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/135217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213170328/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/135217 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=11 December 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|هیات وزیران}} [Council of Ministers] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] 26BAE465-CA23-42EA-A71E-293C9584666F.}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | 63,447 || style="text-align: right;" | 68,773 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Gonbad-e Kavus County|Gonbad-e Kavus]] || style="text-align: right;" | 283,331 || style="text-align: right;" | 325,789 || style="text-align: right;" | 348,744 | | [[Gonbad-e Kavus County|Gonbad-e Kavus]] || style="text-align: right;" | 283,331 || style="text-align: right;" | 325,789 || style="text-align: right;" | 348,744 | ||
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| [[Kordkuy County|Kordkuy]] || style="text-align: right;" | 67,427 || style="text-align: right;" | 70,244 || style="text-align: right;" | 71,270 | | [[Kordkuy County|Kordkuy]] || style="text-align: right;" | 67,427 || style="text-align: right;" | 70,244 || style="text-align: right;" | 71,270 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Maraveh Tappeh County|Maraveh Tappeh]]{{efn|Separated from [[Kalaleh County]]<ref name="Maraveh Tappeh County Establishment">{{cite | | [[Maraveh Tappeh County|Maraveh Tappeh]]{{efn|Separated from [[Kalaleh County]]<ref name="Maraveh Tappeh County Establishment"> {{cite web |first=Parviz |last=Davoodi |author-link=Parviz Davoodi |orig-date={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|تاریخ تصویب}} (Approval date) 1386/09/18 (Iranian Jalali calendar) |date=9 December 2007 <!-- Converted 'Approval date' using https://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php --> |script-title=fa:تصویب نامه درخصوص اصلاحات تقسیمات کشوری در استان گلستان |trans-title=Letter of approval regarding the reforms of national divisions in Golestan province |url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/134982 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215215127/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/134982 |archive-date=15 December 2025 |access-date=15 December 2025 |website={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|لام تا کام}} [Lam ta Kam] |publisher={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|وزارت کشور}} [Ministry of the Interior] |agency={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|کمیسیون سیاسی دفاعی هیأت دولت}} [Political Defense Commission of the Government Board] |language=fa |id={{lang|fa|rtl=yes|شناسه}} [ID] C8B0C933-7177-4969-9DE9-D68C5C64B226.}}</ref>}} || style="text-align: right;" | — || style="text-align: right;" | 55,821 || style="text-align: right;" | 60,953 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Minudasht County|Minudasht]] || style="text-align: right;" | 126,676 || style="text-align: right;" | 75,659 || style="text-align: right;" | 75,483 | | [[Minudasht County|Minudasht]] || style="text-align: right;" | 126,676 || style="text-align: right;" | 75,659 || style="text-align: right;" | 75,483 | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Portal-inline|Iran}} | |||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
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[[Category:Golestan province| ]] | [[Category:Golestan province| ]] | ||
[[Category:Provinces of Iran]] | [[Category:Provinces of Iran]] | ||
[[Category:1997 establishments in Iran]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:14, 22 December 2025
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Template:Contains special characters
Golestan provinceTemplate:Efn is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country and southeast of the Caspian Sea. Its capital is the city of Gorgan,[1] formerly called Esterabad until 1937. Golestan was split off from Mazandaran Province in 1997.
Golestan province borders Turkmenistan to the north. One of the key border points between the two countries is Incheh Borun, which serves as a vital crossing point.[2]
The province was made a part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes, on 22 June 2014.[3] The majority of its population are Shia Muslims.[4][5]
Etymology
Gulistan, Golestan, or Golastan translates to "gul-" meaning "flower" and "-stan" meaning "land" or "region." Golestan, therefore, literally means "land of flowers" in Iranian languages (e.g., Persian, Kurdish, and Mazandarani). This is a common toponym in countries with Persian linguistic roots (see Gulistan).
The capital of Gorgan derives its name from a wider region known historically as Gorgân (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Middle Persian Gurgān, and Old Persian Varkāna (in the Behistun Inscription) meaning "land of wolves".[6] This is also the root of the Ancient Greek Ὑρκανία (Hyrkanía) and Latin Hyrcania. Wild wolves are still found in Golestan.
History
Human settlements in this area date back to 10,000 BC. Evidence of the ancient city of Jorjan can still be seen near the current city of Gonbad-e Kavus. It was an important city of Persia located on the Silk Road.
Under Achaemenid Iran, it seems to have been administered as a sub-province of Parthia and is not named separately in the provincial lists of Darius and Xerxes. The Hyrcanians, however, under the leadership of Megapanus, are mentioned by Herodotus[7] in his list of Xerxes' army during the invasion of Greece.[6]
Demographics
Language and ethnicity
In 2006, the Ministry of Education of Iran estimated the ethnic breakdown of the province to be:
- Turkmens: 34.20%
- Mazandaranis: 30.40%[8][9][10]
- Sistanis & Persians: 14.90%
- Baluchis: 10.90%
- Qizilbash: 7.30%
- Others (including Azeris, Kazakhs, Kurds, Armenians and Georgians): 2.3%
The Mazandaranis who inhabit the foothills to Shah Pasand were subsumed under the rubric "Persian" by these official statistics.
The Persians/Mazandaranis are considered by nearly all inhabitants of the province to be "the old natives" while all others are considered ethnic immigrants in the past.
Most Mazandaranis live in Gorgan, Ali Abad, Kordkuy, Bandar-e Gaz and Gonbad-e Kavus. They speak Mazanderani language.[9][11][8][10][12]
The Turkmens reside in the north of the province, a plain called Turkmen Sahra. Since the 15th century, these formerly nomadic people have lived in this area, the main cities of which are Gonbad-e Kavus and Bandar Torkaman. Turkmens are Sunni Muslim. They form a sizable minority in cities such as Gorgan, Ali Abad, Kalaleh, and many eastern townships.
Azeris and the Qizilbash predate the Turkmen by centuries and have in time become completely Shia, and therefore, culturally associated with the Persians and other Shias.
The Sistani Persians and the Baluch are relatively recent arrivals and date back to the early 20th century. They are still arriving in the area in some numbers due to the lasting drought in their home areas of Sistan.
The people of Kordkuy are originally from the Kurdish areas of west Iran, Kermanshah and Kurdistan provinces. They belong to the Kord-rostami tribe and are also found in significant numbers in other cities like Gorgan and Bandare Gaz. Subtribes of the Kord-Rostami tribe are the Aghili and Sepanlou tribes. Moreover, the city of Maraveh Tappeh has a mixed population of Sunni Turkmens and Shia Kurds.[13]
Other ethnic groups such as Kazakhs, Khorasani Kurds, Georgians, and Armenians also reside in this area, and have preserved their traditions and rituals.
A small minority of followers of the Baháʼí faith also live in Golestan (in Shahpasand).[14][15][16]
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,593,055 in 379,354 households.[17] The following census in 2011 showed an increase in population to 1,777,014 in 482,842 households.[18] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 1,868,819 in 550,249 households.[19]
Administrative divisions
The population history and structural changes of Golestan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
| Counties | 2006[17] | 2011[18] | 2016[19] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aliabad-e KatulTemplate:Efn | 123,923 | 132,757 | 140,709 |
| Aqqala | 109,440 | 124,185 | 132,733 |
| Azadshahr | 88,251 | 91,767 | 96,803 |
| Bandar-e Gaz | 46,179 | 46,315 | 46,130 |
| GalikashTemplate:Efn | — | 59,975 | 63,173 |
| GomishanTemplate:Efn | — | 63,447 | 68,773 |
| Gonbad-e Kavus | 283,331 | 325,789 | 348,744 |
| Gorgan | 393,887 | 462,455 | 480,541 |
| Kalaleh | 149,857 | 110,473 | 117,319 |
| Kordkuy | 67,427 | 70,244 | 71,270 |
| Maraveh TappehTemplate:Efn | — | 55,821 | 60,953 |
| Minudasht | 126,676 | 75,659 | 75,483 |
| Ramian | 81,866 | 85,324 | 86,210 |
| Torkaman | 122,218 | 72,803 | 79,978 |
| Total | 1,593,055 | 1,777,014 | 1,868,819 |
Cities
According to the 2016 census, 1,015,774 people (over 54% of the population of Golestan province) live in the following cities:[19]
| City | Population |
|---|---|
| Aliabad-e Katul | 52,838 |
| Anbar Olum | 7,003 |
| Aqqala | 35,116 |
| Azadshahr | 43,760 |
| Bandar Torkaman | 53,970 |
| Bandar-e Gaz | 20,742 |
| Daland | 20,754 |
| Faraghi | 5,777 |
| Fazelabad | 19,461 |
| Galikash | 23,394 |
| Gomishan | 19,191 |
| Gonbad-e Kavus | 151,910 |
| Gorgan | 350,676 |
| Incheh Borun | 2,494 |
| Jelin | 7,417 |
| Kalaleh | 36,176 |
| Khan Bebin | 10,878 |
| Kordkuy | 39,881 |
| Maraveh Tappeh | 8,671 |
| Mazraeh | 4,009 |
| Minudasht | 30,085 |
| Neginshahr | 8,138 |
| Now Deh Khanduz | 2,989 |
| Now Kandeh | 6,650 |
| Ramian | 12,426 |
| Sangdevin | 4,203 |
| Sarkhon Kalateh | 7,589 |
| Siminshahr | 17,205 |
| Tatar-e Olya | 4,782 |
Culture
The world's tallest brick structure of its kind, the Gonbad-e Qabus tower, stands in this province.
Climate and geography
Golestan enjoys mild weather and a temperate climate most of the year. Geographically, it is divided into two sections: The plains, and the mountains of the Alborz range. In the eastern Alborz section, the direction of the mountains faces northeast and gradually decreases in height. The highest point of the province is Shavar, with a height of 3,945 meters. Two of the main rivers are the Gharasu and Gorganrud.
Golestan National Park
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Golestan National Park in northern Iran is faced with the construction of a road through the forest, allegedly for the ease of traffic for the villagers and woodmen but at the expense of losing the only national park in Iran throughout which a range of different climates (humidity near the Caspian Sea and desert farther south) is spread.
Golestan National Park is Iran's biggest national park which spans three provinces, Golestan, Mazandaran, and North Khorasan. Surprisingly, the authorities ignore repeated calls by experts to construct such roads around, instead of through, the forests, which in this way would no longer threaten animal and plant life.
Colleges and universities
- Golestan University
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences[20]
- Gonbad Kavous University
- Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
- Islamic Azad University of Azadshahr
- Islamic Azad University of Gorgan
- Islamic Azad University of Ali Abad katool[21]
See also
Notes
References
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- ↑ Herodotus, Histories, 7.62
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ a b میردیلمی، سیدضیاء، تاریخ کتول، ناشر مؤلف، ص ۲۸ و ۲۱.
- ↑ احسن التّقاسیم فی معرفة الاقالیم، ص ۳۶۸
- ↑ واژهنامه بزرگ تبری، گروه پدید آورندگان به سرپرستی: جهانگیر نصراشرفی و حیسن صمدی، سال 1377، جلد اول، ص 31
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ The Geography of Golestan Province, Educational Ministry of Iran, 2006
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External links
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