Libellulidae: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Family of dragonflies}}
{{Short description|Family of dragonflies}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Wandering Glider Pantala flavescens.jpg
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Turonian|present|[[Turonian]] to present}}
|image_caption = ''[[Pantala flavescens]]''
| image = Wandering Glider Pantala flavescens.jpg
|taxon = Libellulidae
| image_caption = ''[[Pantala flavescens]]''
| taxon = Libellulidae
| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1815<ref name="Leach 1815 encyclopaedia">{{cite book|last1=Leach|first1=W.E.|editor1-last=Brewster|editor1-first=D.|title=The Edinburgh Encyclopedia|date=1815|publisher=William Blackburn|location=Edinburgh|pages=57–172 [136]|edition=reprint 1830|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17493626|chapter=Entomology|isbn=|volume=9|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.30911 }}</ref>
| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1815<ref name="Leach 1815 encyclopaedia">{{cite book|last1=Leach|first1=W.E.|editor1-last=Brewster|editor1-first=D.|title=The Edinburgh Encyclopedia|date=1815|publisher=William Blackburn|location=Edinburgh|pages=57–172 [136]|edition=reprint 1830|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/17493626|chapter=Entomology|isbn=|volume=9|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.30911 }}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision = See text
| subdivision = See text
}}
}}


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Libellulids have stout-bodied [[larva]]e with the lower lip or labium developed into a mask over the lower part of the face.
Libellulids have stout-bodied [[larva]]e with the lower lip or labium developed into a mask over the lower part of the face.
The earliest record of the family is the fossil genus †''[[Palaeolibellula]]'' <small>Fleck, Nel & Martinez-Delclos, 1999</small> from the [[Turonian]] of Kazakhstan, which appears to represent a [[Stem group|stem]]-member of the family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Fleck |first1=G. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Martı́nez-DelclòS |first3=X. |date=1999-10-01 |title=The oldest record of libellulid dragonflies from the Upper Cretaceous of Kazakhstan (Insecta: Odonata, Anisoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667199901660 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=655–658 |doi=10.1006/cres.1999.0166 |bibcode=1999CrRes..20..655F |issn=0195-6671|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=University~mkk24@njit.edu |first1=Manpreet Kaur Kohli~Rutgers |last2=University~jware@amnh.org |first2=Jessica L. Ware~Rutgers |last3=Bechly~Eberhard-Karls-University~guenter.bechly@smns-bw.de |first3=Günter |date=2016-03-18 |title=How to date a dragonfly: Fossil calibrations for odonates |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/fc-8 |access-date=2025-08-20 |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=19 |page=576 |doi=10.26879/576 |bibcode=2016PalEl..19..576K |language=en}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The family name may have been derived from the Latin ''libella'' which means "booklet".
The family name comes from [[Latin]] ''[[wikt:libella|libella]]'', meaning "a carpenter's level", because of the insect's ability to stay level when hovering.<ref>{{cite web | title=Definition of LIBELLULA | url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/libellula }}</ref>


==Genera==
==Genera==
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*''[[Zyxomma]]'' {{small|Rambur, 1842}}
*''[[Zyxomma]]'' {{small|Rambur, 1842}}
}}
}}
[[File:Libellulidae - Oryctodiplax gypsorum .JPG|thumb|Fossil larvae of ''[[Oryctodiplax]]'']]
The following fossil genera are also known:<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=ZESSIN |first1=WOLFGANG |last2=ŽALOHAR |first2=JURE |last3=HITIJ |first3=TOMAŽ |date=2008 |title=A new fossil dragonfly (Insecta, Odonata, Libellulidae) of the Miocene (Lower-Sarmatian) of the Tunjice Hills, Slovenia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267944661 |journal=Virgo, Mitteilungsblatt des Entomologischen Vereins Mecklenburg 11. Jahrgang, Heft |volume=1 |pages=86–96}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=170249 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref>
* †''[[Caussanelia]]'' <small>Nel, Martinez-Delclós, Papier, & Oudard, 1997</small> ([[Late Oligocene]] of France)
* †''[[Jeanlegrandia]]'' <small>Nel, Petrulevicius & Jarzembowski, 2005</small> (Late Oligocene of France)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petrulevicius |first1=Julian F. |last2=Jarzembowski |first2=Edmund A. |date=2005-04-21 |title=New fossil Odonata from the European Cenozoic (Insecta: Odonata: Thaumatoneuridae, Aeshnidae, ?Idionychidae, Libellulidae) |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de//papers/njgpa/detail/235/82985/New_fossil_Odonata_from_the_European_Cenozoic_Inse?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=235 |issue=3 |language=en |pages=343–380 |doi=10.1127/njgpa/235/2005/343|bibcode=2005NJGPA.235..343P |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* †''[[Lithemis]]'' <small>Fraser</small><small>, 1951</small> (mid-late Miocene of Croatia)
* †''[[Miorhodopygia]]'' <small>Riou</small> <small>& Nel, 1995</small> ([[Late Miocene]] of France)
* †''[[Molertrum]]'' <small>Zessin, 2019</small> ([[Ypresian|earliest Eocene]] of Denmark)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zessin |first=Wolfgang |date=2019 |title=Neue Insekten aus dem Moler (Paläozän/Eozän) von Dänemark, Teil 4 (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Eumastacidae, Ensifera: Gryllidae; Odonata: Libellulidae) |url=https://www.entomologie-mv.de/download/virgo_22/07_Zessin_web.pdf |journal=Virgo |volume=22 |pages=56–63}}</ref>
* †''[[Oligocaemia]]'' <small>Fraser, 1951</small> (mid-late Miocene of Croatia)
* †''[[Oryctodiplax]]'' <small>Cavallo & Galetti, 1987</small> (Late Miocene of Italy)
* †''[[Palaeolibellula]]'' <small>Fleck, Nel & Martinez-Delclos, 1999</small> ([[Late Cretaceous]] of Kazakhstan)<ref name=":0" />
* †''[[Paleotauriphila]]'' <small>Nel & Paicheler, 1993</small> ([[Early Oligocene]] of France)
* †''[[Palaeotramea]]'' <small>Nel & Papazian, 1985</small> (Late Oligocene to early Miocene of France, Germany & Turkey)
* †''[[Parabrachydiplax]]'' <small>Bechly & Sach, 2002</small> ([[Middle Miocene]] of Germany)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bechly |first1=Günter |last2=Sach |first2=Volker J. |date=2002 |title=An interesting new fossil dragonfly (Anisoptera: Libellulidae: "Brachydiplacini") from the Miocene of Germany, with a discussion on the phylogeny of Tetrathemistinae and a fossil list for the locality Heggbach |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237415011 |journal=Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk. |volume=B |issue=325}}</ref>
* †''[[Protopaltothemis]]'' <small>Pongrácz</small><small>, 1928</small> (Middle Miocene of Croatia)
* †''[[Prorhyothemis]]'' <small>Prokop, Fleck & Nel, 2003</small> ([[Early Miocene]] of the Czech Republic)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prokop |first1=Jakub |last2=Fleck |first2=Günther |last3=Nel |first3=André |date=2003-09-18 |title=New dragonflies from the Lower Miocene (Ottnangian/Karpatian) of the Cypris Shale in western Bohemia (Odonata: Libellulidae) |url=https://www.schweizerbart.de//papers/njgpm/detail/2003/92522/New_dragonflies_from_the_Lower_Miocene_Ottnangian_?af=crossref |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte |issue=9 |language=en |pages=561–576 |doi=10.1127/njgpm/2003/2003/561|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* †''[[Pisaurum coloratum|Pisaurum]]'' <small>Gentilini, 1988</small> (Late Miocene of Italy)
* †''[[Randecktrum]]'' <small>Zessin</small><small>, 2019</small> (early-mid Miocene of Germany)
* †''[[Sloveniatrum]]'' <small>Zessin, Zalohar & Hitij, 2008</small> (mid-late [[Miocene]] of Slovenia)<ref name=":1" />
* †''[[Trameobasileus]]'' <small>Zeuner, 1938</small> (Early Miocene of Germany)


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Latest revision as of 19:27, 1 December 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

The chasers, darters, skimmers, and perchers and their relatives form the Libellulidae, the largest family of dragonflies.[1] It is sometimes considered to contain the Corduliidae as the subfamily Corduliinae and the Macromiidae as the subfamily Macromiinae. Even if these are excluded (as Silsby does), there remains a family of over 1000 species. With nearly worldwide distribution, these are the most commonly encountered dragonflies.

The genus Libellula is mostly New World but also has one of the few endangered odonates from Japan: Libellula angelina. Many of the members of this genus are brightly colored or have banded wings. The related genus Plathemis includes the whitetails. The genus Celithemis contains several brightly marked species in the southern United States. Members of the genus Sympetrum are called darters (or meadowhawks in North America) and are found throughout most of the world, except Australia. Several tropical species in the genera Trithemis and Zenithoptera are considered to be especially beautiful. Other common genera include Tramea and Pantala.

Libellulids have stout-bodied larvae with the lower lip or labium developed into a mask over the lower part of the face.

The earliest record of the family is the fossil genus †Palaeolibellula Fleck, Nel & Martinez-Delclos, 1999 from the Turonian of Kazakhstan, which appears to represent a stem-member of the family.[2][3]

Etymology

The family name comes from Latin libella, meaning "a carpenter's level", because of the insect's ability to stay level when hovering.[4]

Genera

The Libelluidae contain these genera: Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

File:Libellulidae - Oryctodiplax gypsorum .JPG
Fossil larvae of Oryctodiplax

The following fossil genera are also known:[5][6]

Gallery

References

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Bibliography

  • Silsby, Jill. 2001. Dragonflies of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

External links

Template:Odonata Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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