Eth: Difference between revisions
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Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither {{angbr|ð}} nor {{angbr|þ}} was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that {{angbr|ð}} began to emerge in the early 8th century, with {{angbr|ð}} becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref> | Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither {{angbr|ð}} nor {{angbr|þ}} was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that {{angbr|ð}} began to emerge in the early 8th century, with {{angbr|ð}} becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref> | ||
Under the reign of [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred the Great]], {{angbr|þ}} grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake {{angbr|ð}}, and did so completely by the [[Middle English]] period. {{angbr|þ}} in turn went obsolete by the [[Early Modern English]] period, mostly due to the rise of the [[printing press]],<ref name=Hill>{{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |isbn=9780367581565 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |first=Will |last=Hill |date=30 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |page=6 |quote=The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood ‘ye’ occurs through a habit of printer’s usage that originates in Caxton’s time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169) |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022857/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was replaced by the digraph {{angbr|th}}. | Under the reign of [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred the Great]], {{angbr|þ}} grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake {{angbr|ð}}, and did so completely by the [[Middle English]] period. {{angbr|þ}} in turn went obsolete by the [[Early Modern English]] period, mostly due to the rise of the [[printing press]],<ref name=Hill>{{cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System |isbn=9780367581565 |chapter=Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text |first=Will |last=Hill |date=30 June 2020 |chapter-url=https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |page=6 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |quote=The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood ‘ye’ occurs through a habit of printer’s usage that originates in Caxton’s time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169) |access-date=7 July 2022 |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022857/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was replaced by the digraph {{angbr|th}}. | ||
==Welsh== | ==Welsh== | ||
Latest revision as of 04:40, 5 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "Redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Technical reasons Template:Infobox grapheme Template:Orthography notation
Eth (Template:IPAc-en Script error: No such module "Respell"., uppercase: ⟨Ð⟩, lowercase: ⟨ð⟩; also spelled edh or eð), known as Script error: No such module "Lang". (that) in Old English,[1] is a letter used in Old English, Middle English, Icelandic, Faroese (in which it is called Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Elfdalian alphabets.
It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, but was subsequently replaced with Template:Angbr, and later Template:Angbr.
It is often transliterated as Template:Angbr.
The lowercase version has been adopted to represent a voiced dental fricative (IPA: Template:IPAblink) in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Faroese
In Faroese, Template:Angbr is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most glides. When Template:Angbr appears before Template:Angbr, it is in a few words pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".. In the Faroese alphabet, Template:Angbr follows Template:Angbr.
Khmer
Template:Angbr is sometimes used in Khmer romanization to represent Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang"..
Icelandic
In Icelandic, Template:Angbr, called "eð", represents an alveolar non-sibilant fricative, voiced Template:IPAblink intervocalically and word-finally, and voiceless Template:IPAblink otherwise, which form one phoneme, Script error: No such module "IPA".. Generally, Script error: No such module "IPA". is represented by thorn Template:Angbr at the beginning of words and by Template:Angbr elsewhere. The Template:Angbr in the name of the letter is devoiced in the nominative and accusative cases: Script error: No such module "IPA".. In the Icelandic alphabet, Template:Angbr follows Template:Angbr.
Norwegian
In Olav Jakobsen Høyem's version of Script error: No such module "Lang". based on Script error: No such module "Lang"., Template:Angbr was always silent, and was introduced for etymological reasons.
Old English
In Old English, Template:Angbr (called Script error: No such module "Lang". (that)) was used interchangeably with Template:Angbr to represent the Old English dental fricative phoneme Template:IPAslink or its allophone Template:IPAblink, which exist in modern English as the voiceless and voiced dental fricatives both now spelled Template:Angbr.
Unlike the runic letter Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr is a modified Roman letter. Neither Template:Angbr nor Template:Angbr was found in the earliest records of Old English. A study of Mercian royal diplomas found that Template:Angbr began to emerge in the early 8th century, with Template:Angbr becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.[2] Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from Irish writing".[3]
Under the reign of King Alfred the Great, Template:Angbr grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake Template:Angbr, and did so completely by the Middle English period. Template:Angbr in turn went obsolete by the Early Modern English period, mostly due to the rise of the printing press,[4] and was replaced by the digraph Template:Angbr.
Welsh
Template:Angbr has also been used by some in written Welsh to represent Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is normally represented as Template:Angbr.[5]
Phonetic transcription
- Script error: No such module "IPA". (U+00F0) represents a voiced dental fricative in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
- Script error: No such module "IPA". (U+1D9E) is used in phonetic transcription.[6]
- ᴆ (U+1D06) is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[7]
Computer encoding
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Upper and lower case forms of eth have Unicode encodings:
These Unicode codepoints were inherited from ISO/IEC 8859-1 ("ISO Latin-1") encoding.
Modern uses
- A capital eth is used as the currency symbol for Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency.
See also
References
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
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Template:Latin alphabet Script error: No such module "Navbox".