Anseriformes: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Order of water birds}}
{{Short description|Order of water birds}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Maastrichtian|Present|refs=<ref name=Torres2025>{{cite journal|first1=Christopher R.|last1=Torres|first2=Julia A.|last2=Clarke|first3=Joseph R.|last3=Groenke|first4=Matthew C.|last4=Lamanna|first5=Ross D. E.|last5=MacPhee|first6=Grace M.|last6=Musser|first7=Eric M.|last7=Roberts|first8=Patrick M.|last8=O’Connor|year=2025|title=Cretaceous Antarctic bird skull elucidates early avian ecological diversity|journal=Nature|volume=638|issue=8049|pages=146–151|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08390-0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>}}
|fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Maastrichtian|Present|refs=<ref name=Torres2025>{{cite journal|first1=Christopher R.|last1=Torres|first2=Julia A.|last2=Clarke|first3=Joseph R.|last3=Groenke|first4=Matthew C.|last4=Lamanna|first5=Ross D. E.|last5=MacPhee|first6=Grace M.|last6=Musser|first7=Eric M.|last7=Roberts|first8=Patrick M.|last8=O'Connor|year=2025|title=Cretaceous Antarctic bird skull elucidates early avian ecological diversity|journal=Nature|volume=638|issue=8049|pages=146–151|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08390-0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>}}
|image = Magpie goose.jpg
|image = Magpie goose.jpg
|image_caption = [[Magpie goose]], ''Anseranas semipalmata''
|image_caption = [[Magpie goose]], ''Anseranas semipalmata''
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The earliest known stem anseriform is the [[presbyornithid]] ''[[Teviornis]]'' from the [[Nemegt Formation]] of [[Mongolia]].<ref name=M2021>{{cite journal|last1=Marjanović|first1=D.|year=2021|title=The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|at=521693|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.521693|doi-access=free |pmid=34054911 |pmc=8149952}}</ref> Some members apparently surviving the [[KT extinction event]], including [[presbyornithid]]s, thought to be the common ancestors of ducks, geese, swans, and [[screamer]]s, the last group once thought to be Galliformes, but now genetically confirmed to be closely related to geese. The first known duck fossils start to appear about 34 million years ago.
The earliest known stem anseriform is the [[presbyornithid]] ''[[Teviornis]]'' from the [[Nemegt Formation]] of [[Mongolia]].<ref name=M2021>{{cite journal|last1=Marjanović|first1=D.|year=2021|title=The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates|journal=Frontiers in Genetics|volume=12|at=521693|doi=10.3389/fgene.2021.521693|doi-access=free |pmid=34054911 |pmc=8149952}}</ref> Some members apparently surviving the [[KT extinction event]], including [[presbyornithid]]s, thought to be the common ancestors of ducks, geese, swans, and [[screamer]]s, the last group once thought to be Galliformes, but now genetically confirmed to be closely related to geese. The first known duck fossils start to appear about 34 million years ago.


Waterfowl are the best-known examples of sexually antagonistic genital coevolution in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations to coevolve in each sex to advance control over mating and fertilization. Sexually antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs as a consequence of [[sexual conflict]] between males and females, resulting in coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or that functions to decrease ease of having sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brennan|first1=Patricia L.R.|last2=Prum|first2=Richard O.|date=July 2015|title=Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology|volume=7|issue=7|pages=a017749|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a017749|pmid=26134314|pmc=4484975|issn=1943-0264}}</ref>
Waterfowl are the best-known examples of sexually antagonistic genital coevolution in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations to coevolve in each sex to advance control over mating and fertilization. Sexually antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs as a consequence of [[sexual conflict]] between males and females, resulting in coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or that functions to decrease ease of having sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brennan|first1=Patricia L.R.|last2=Prum|first2=Richard O.|date=July 2015|title=Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection, Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology|volume=7|issue=7|article-number=a017749|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a017749|pmid=26134314|pmc=4484975|issn=1943-0264}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
The Anseriformes and the [[Galliformes]] ([[pheasants]], etc.) belong to a common group, the [[Fowl|Galloanserae]]. They are the most primitive [[neognathous]] birds, and as such they should follow the [[Palaeognathae]] ([[ratite]]s and [[tinamou]]s) in bird classification systems. Several unusual extinct families of birds like the albatross-like [[Pelagornithidae|pseudotooth birds]] and the giant flightless [[Gastornithidae|gastornithids]] and [[Dromornithidae|mihirung]]s have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region.<ref name="andors1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Andors | first1 = A. | year = 1992 | title = Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird ''Diatryma'' (Aves: Anserimorphae) | journal = Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 36 | pages = 109–125}}</ref><ref name="murrayvickers2004">{{cite book | last1 = Murrary | first1 = P.F | last2 = Vickers-Rich | first2 = P. | year = 2004 | title = Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime | publisher = Indiana University Press}}</ref><ref name="bourdon2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Bourdon | first1 = E. | year = 2005 | title = Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes) | pmid = 16240103 | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 92 | issue = 12 | pages = 586–91 | doi=10.1007/s00114-005-0047-0| bibcode = 2005NW.....92..586B | s2cid = 9453177 }}</ref><ref name="agnolín2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolín | first1 = F. | year = 2007 | title = ''Brontornis burmeisteri'' Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina. | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 9 | pages = 15–25 | doi=10.22179/revmacn.9.361| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="livezeyzusi2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Livezey | first1 = B.C. | last2 = Zusi | first2 = R.L. | year = 2007 | title = Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion | pmc = 2517308 | journal = The Science of Nature | volume = 149 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–95 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x | pmid=18784798}}</ref><ref name="Louchartetal2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Louchart | first1 = A. | last2 = Sire | first2 = J.-Y. | last3 = Mourer-Chauviré | first3 = C. | last4 = Geraads | first4 = D. | last5 = Viriot | first5 = L. | last6 = de Buffrénil | first6 = V. | year = 2013 | title = Structure and Growth Pattern of Pseudoteeth in Pelagornis mauretanicus (Aves, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithidae) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | page = e80372| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080372| pmid = 24244680 | pmc = 3828250 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...880372L | doi-access = free }}</ref> The genus ''[[Vegavis]]'' for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform [[crown group]] but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in the family [[Vegaviidae]].<ref name="agnolínetal2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolín | first1 = F.L. | last2 = Egli | first2 = F.B. | last3 = Chatterjee | first3 = S. | last4 = Marsà | first4 = J.A.G | year = 2017 | title = Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary | journal = The Science of Nature | volume = 104 | issue = 87 | pages = 87| doi=10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y| pmid = 28988276 | bibcode = 2017SciNa.104...87A | s2cid = 13246547 | hdl = 11336/50697 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, the monophyly of Vegaviidae was questioned by other researchers who described a nearly complete skull of ''Vegavis'' in 2025, supporting its placement within crown group Anseriformes.<ref name=Torres2025/>
The Anseriformes and the [[Galliformes]] ([[pheasants]], etc.) belong to a common group, the [[Fowl|Galloanserae]]. They are the most primitive [[neognathous]] birds, and as such they should follow the [[Palaeognathae]] ([[ratite]]s and [[tinamou]]s) in bird classification systems. Several unusual extinct families of birds like the albatross-like [[Pelagornithidae|pseudotooth birds]] and the giant flightless [[Gastornithidae|gastornithids]] and [[Dromornithidae|mihirung]]s have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region.<ref name="andors1992">{{cite journal | last1 = Andors | first1 = A. | year = 1992 | title = Reappraisal of the Eocene groundbird ''Diatryma'' (Aves: Anserimorphae) | journal = Science Series Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County | volume = 36 | pages = 109–125}}</ref><ref name="murrayvickers2004">{{cite book | last1 = Murrary | first1 = P.F | last2 = Vickers-Rich | first2 = P. | year = 2004 | title = Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime | publisher = Indiana University Press}}</ref><ref name="bourdon2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Bourdon | first1 = E. | year = 2005 | title = Osteological evidence for sister group relationship between pseudo-toothed birds (Aves: Odontopterygiformes) and waterfowls (Anseriformes) | pmid = 16240103 | journal = Naturwissenschaften | volume = 92 | issue = 12 | pages = 586–91 | doi=10.1007/s00114-005-0047-0| bibcode = 2005NW.....92..586B | s2cid = 9453177 }}</ref><ref name="agnolín2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolín | first1 = F. | year = 2007 | title = ''Brontornis burmeisteri'' Moreno & Mercerat, un Anseriformes (Aves) gigante del Mioceno Medio de Patagonia, Argentina. | journal = Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales | volume = 9 | pages = 15–25 | doi=10.22179/revmacn.9.361| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="livezeyzusi2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Livezey | first1 = B.C. | last2 = Zusi | first2 = R.L. | year = 2007 | title = Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion | pmc = 2517308 | journal = The Science of Nature | volume = 149 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–95 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x | pmid=18784798}}</ref><ref name="Louchartetal2013">{{cite journal | last1 = Louchart | first1 = A. | last2 = Sire | first2 = J.-Y. | last3 = Mourer-Chauviré | first3 = C. | last4 = Geraads | first4 = D. | last5 = Viriot | first5 = L. | last6 = de Buffrénil | first6 = V. | year = 2013 | title = Structure and Growth Pattern of Pseudoteeth in Pelagornis mauretanicus (Aves, Odontopterygiformes, Pelagornithidae) | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | article-number = e80372| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0080372| pmid = 24244680 | pmc = 3828250 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...880372L | doi-access = free }}</ref> The genus ''[[Vegavis]]'' for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform [[crown group]] but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in the family [[Vegaviidae]].<ref name="agnolínetal2017">{{cite journal | last1 = Agnolín | first1 = F.L. | last2 = Egli | first2 = F.B. | last3 = Chatterjee | first3 = S. | last4 = Marsà | first4 = J.A.G | year = 2017 | title = Vegaviidae, a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary | journal = The Science of Nature | volume = 104 | issue = 87 | page = 87| doi=10.1007/s00114-017-1508-y| pmid = 28988276 | bibcode = 2017SciNa.104...87A | s2cid = 13246547 | hdl = 11336/50697 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, the monophyly of Vegaviidae was questioned by other researchers who described a nearly complete skull of ''Vegavis'' in 2025, supporting its placement within crown group Anseriformes.<ref name=Torres2025/>


Below is the general consensus (prior to Torres et al. (2025)<ref name=Torres2025/>) of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.<ref name=andors1992/><ref name=murrayvickers2004/><ref name=bourdon2005/><ref name=agnolín2007/><ref name=livezeyzusi2007/><ref name=agnolínetal2017/>
Below is the general consensus (prior to Torres et al. (2025)<ref name=Torres2025/>) of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.<ref name=andors1992/><ref name=murrayvickers2004/><ref name=bourdon2005/><ref name=agnolín2007/><ref name=livezeyzusi2007/><ref name=agnolínetal2017/>
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===Systematics===
===Systematics===
[[Anatidae]] systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae.<ref name=Gonzalez2009>{{ cite journal | last1=Gonzalez | first1=J. | last2=Düttmann | first2=H. | last3=Wink | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=279 | issue= 3| pages=310–318 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x }}</ref> The Anatinae consists of tribes [[Anatini]], [[Aythyini]], [[Mergini]] and [[Tadornini]]. The higher-order classification below follows a [[phylogenetic]] analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny Archive<ref name="mikko">Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{cite web |last=Haaramo |first=Mikko |year=2007 |title=''Anseriformes – waterfowls'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/aves/galloanserae/anseriformes/anseriformes_1.html |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Paleofile.com (net, info) {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Paleofile.com |access-date=2015-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=2016-01-11 }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves'' |access-date=30 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref> and John Boyd's website.<ref name="Boyd">John Boyd's website [http://jboyd.net/] {{cite web |last=Boyd |first=John |year=2007 |title=''Anseriformes – waterfowl'' |url=http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List1a.html#anseriformes |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
[[Anatidae]] systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae.<ref name=Gonzalez2009>{{ cite journal | last1=Gonzalez | first1=J. | last2=Düttmann | first2=H. | last3=Wink | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=279 | issue= 3| pages=310–318 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x }}</ref> The Anatinae consists of tribes [[Anatini]], [[Aythyini]], [[Mergini]] and [[Tadornini]]. The higher-order classification below follows a [[phylogenetic]] analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny Archive<ref name="mikko">Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/] {{cite web |last=Haaramo |first=Mikko |year=2007 |title=''Anseriformes – waterfowls'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/archosauria/aves/galloanserae/anseriformes/anseriformes_1.html |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Paleofile.com (net, info) {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=Paleofile.com |access-date=2015-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=2016-01-11 }}. {{cite web|url=http://www.paleofile.com/ |title=''Taxonomic lists- Aves'' |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111195520/http://paleofile.com/ |archive-date=11 January 2016 }}</ref> and John Boyd's website.<ref name="Boyd">John Boyd's website [http://jboyd.net/] {{cite web |last=Boyd |first=John |year=2007 |title=''Anseriformes – waterfowl'' |url=http://jboyd.net/Taxo/List1a.html#anseriformes |access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>


* '''Order Anseriformes'''
* '''Order Anseriformes'''
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** †''[[Anatalavis]]'' <small>Olson & Parris 1987</small> (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene – Early Eocene) &ndash; including ''Nettapterornis''; may belong in Anseranatidae or Conflictonidae
** †''[[Anatalavis]]'' <small>Olson & Parris 1987</small> (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene – Early Eocene) &ndash; including ''Nettapterornis''; may belong in Anseranatidae or Conflictonidae
** †''[[Naranbulagornis]]'' <small>Zelenkov 2019</small>
** †''[[Naranbulagornis]]'' <small>Zelenkov 2019</small>
** †''[[Anachronornis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houde |first1=Peter |last2=Dickson |first2=Meig |last3=Camarena |first3=Dakota |date=February 2023 |title=Basal Anseriformes from the Early Paleogene of North America and Europe |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233 |doi=10.3390/d15020233 |issn=1424-2818|doi-access=free }}</ref>
** †''[[Anachronornis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houde |first1=Peter |last2=Dickson |first2=Meig |last3=Camarena |first3=Dakota |date=February 2023 |title=Basal Anseriformes from the Early Paleogene of North America and Europe |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=233 |doi=10.3390/d15020233 |issn=1424-2818|doi-access=free }}</ref>
** †''[[Paakniwatavis]]'' <small>Musser & Clarke 2024</small>
** †''[[Paakniwatavis]]'' <small>Musser & Clarke 2024</small>
** Suborder '''[[Anhimae]]''' <small>Wetmore & Miller 1926</small>
** Suborder '''[[Anhimae]]''' <small>Wetmore & Miller 1926</small>
*** Genus †''[[Chaunoides]]'' <small>de Alvarenga 1999</small>
*** Genus †''[[Chaunoides]]'' <small>Alvarenga 1999</small>
*** Family [[Anhimidae]] <small>Stejneger 1885</small> (screamers)
*** Family [[Anhimidae]] <small>Stejneger 1885</small> (screamers)
**** Genus ''[[Anhima cornuta|Anhima]]'' <small>(Linnaeus 1766) Brisson 1760</small> (horned screamer)
**** Genus ''[[Anhima cornuta|Anhima]]'' <small>(Linnaeus 1766) Brisson 1760</small> (horned screamer)
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***** Genus †''[[Murgonornis]]'' <small>Worthy et al. 2023</small>
***** Genus †''[[Murgonornis]]'' <small>Worthy et al. 2023</small>
**** Family †[[Paranyrocidae]] <small>Miller & Compton 1939</small>
**** Family †[[Paranyrocidae]] <small>Miller & Compton 1939</small>
***** Genus †''[[Paranyroca]]'' <small>Miller & Compton 1939</small> (Rosebud Early Miocene of Bennett County, USA) <!-- Auk87:537. Condor41:153. JSystPaleontol5:1. -->[[File:Vogels door Jan van Oort (12).jpg|thumb|[[Anatidae]]]]
***** Genus †''[[Paranyroca]]'' <small>Miller & Compton 1939</small> (Rosebud Early Miocene of Bennett County, USA) <!-- Auk87:537. Condor41:153. JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
**** Family [[Anatidae]] <small>Leach 1820</small> (almost 150 species)
**** Family [[Anatidae]] <small>Leach 1820</small> (almost 150 species)
***** Genus †''[[Garganornis|Garganornis ballmanni]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pavia | first1 = M. | first2 = H.J.M. | last2 = Meijer | first3 = M.A. | last3 = Rossi | first4 = U.B. | last4 = Göhlich | date = 2017 | journal = Royal Society Open Science | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 160722 | title = The extreme insular adaptation of ''Garganornis ballmanni'' Meijer, 2014: a giant Anseriformes of the Neogene of the Mediterranean Basin | doi = 10.1098/rsos.160722 | pmid = 28280574 | pmc = 5319340 | bibcode = 2017RSOS....460722P }}</ref> <small>Meijer 2014</small>
***** Genus †''[[Garganornis|Garganornis ballmanni]]''<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pavia | first1 = M. | first2 = H.J.M. | last2 = Meijer | first3 = M.A. | last3 = Rossi | first4 = U.B. | last4 = Göhlich | date = 2017 | journal = Royal Society Open Science | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | article-number = 160722 | title = The extreme insular adaptation of ''Garganornis ballmanni'' Meijer, 2014: a giant Anseriformes of the Neogene of the Mediterranean Basin | doi = 10.1098/rsos.160722 | pmid = 28280574 | pmc = 5319340 | bibcode = 2017RSOS....460722P }}</ref> <small>Meijer 2014</small>
***** Subfamily †[[Romainvilliinae]] <small>Lambrecht 1933</small>
***** Subfamily †[[Romainvilliinae]] <small>Lambrecht 1933</small>
****** Genus †''[[Romainvillia]]'' <small>Lebedinský 1927</small> (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
****** Genus †''[[Romainvillia]]'' <small>Lebedinský 1927</small> (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene)
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***** Subfamily †[[Dendrocheninae]] <small>Livezey & Martin 1988</small>
***** Subfamily †[[Dendrocheninae]] <small>Livezey & Martin 1988</small>
****** Genus †''[[Dendrochen]]'' <small>Miller 1944</small>
****** Genus †''[[Dendrochen]]'' <small>Miller 1944</small>
****** Genus †''[[Manuherikia (genus)|Manuherikia]]'' <small>Worthy et al. 2007</small>
****** Genus †''[[Manuherikia (bird)|Manuherikia]]'' <small>Worthy et al. 2007</small>
****** Genus †''[[Mionetta]]'' <small>Livezey & Martin 1988</small>
****** Genus †''[[Mionetta]]'' <small>Livezey & Martin 1988</small>
***** Subfamily [[Stictonettinae]]  
***** Subfamily [[Stictonettinae]]  
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****** Genus †''[[Anserobranta]]'' <small>Kuročkin & Ganya 1972</small>
****** Genus †''[[Anserobranta]]'' <small>Kuročkin & Ganya 1972</small>
****** Genus †''[[Asiavis]]'' <small>Nesov 1986</small>
****** Genus †''[[Asiavis]]'' <small>Nesov 1986</small>
****** Genus †''[[“Chenopis”]]'' <small>De Vis 1905</small>
****** Genus †''[["Chenopis"]]'' <small>De Vis 1905</small>
****** Genus †''[[Cygnavus]]'' <small>Lambrecht 1931</small>
****** Genus †''[[Cygnavus]]'' <small>Lambrecht 1931</small>
****** Genus †''[[Cygnopterus]]'' <small>Lambrecht 1931</small>
****** Genus †''[[Cygnopterus]]'' <small>Lambrecht 1931</small>
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****** Genus ''[[Coscoroba coscoroba|Coscoroba]]'' <small>(Molina 1782) Reichenbach 1853</small> (Coscoroba swan)
****** Genus ''[[Coscoroba coscoroba|Coscoroba]]'' <small>(Molina 1782) Reichenbach 1853</small> (Coscoroba swan)
****** Genus ''[[Cereopsis novaehollandiae|Cereopsis]]'' <small>Latham 1801</small> (Cape Barren goose)
****** Genus ''[[Cereopsis novaehollandiae|Cereopsis]]'' <small>Latham 1801</small> (Cape Barren goose)
****** Genus ''[[Cygnus (genus)|Cygnus]]'' <small>Garsault 1764</small>
****** Genus ''[[Cygnus (bird)|Cygnus]]'' <small>Garsault 1764</small>
****** Genus ''[[Branta]]'' <small>Scopoli 1769</small>
****** Genus ''[[Branta]]'' <small>Scopoli 1769</small>
****** Tribe [[Anserini]] <small>Vigors 1825</small>
****** Tribe [[Anserini]] <small>Vigors 1825</small>
******* Genus ''[[Anser (genus)|Anser]]'' <small>Brisson 1760</small>
******* Genus ''[[Anser (bird)|Anser]]'' <small>Brisson 1760</small>
***** Subfamily [[Tadorninae]] <small>Reichenbach 1849–50</small> (shelducks and sheldgeese)
***** Subfamily [[Tadorninae]] <small>Reichenbach 1849–50</small> (shelducks and sheldgeese)
****** Genus †''[[Australotadorna]]'' <small>Worthy 2009</small>
****** Genus †''[[Australotadorna]]'' <small>Worthy 2009</small>
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****** Genus †''[[Pinpanetta]]'' <small>Worthy 2009</small>
****** Genus †''[[Pinpanetta]]'' <small>Worthy 2009</small>
****** Genus †''[[Tirarinetta]]'' <small>Worthy 2008</small>
****** Genus †''[[Tirarinetta]]'' <small>Worthy 2008</small>
****** Genus ''[[Aix (genus)|Aix]]'' <small>Boie 1828</small>
****** Genus ''[[Aix (bird)|Aix]]'' <small>Boie 1828</small>
****** Genus ''[[Callonetta]]'' <small>Delacour 1936</small> (ringed teal)
****** Genus ''[[Callonetta]]'' <small>Delacour 1936</small> (ringed teal)
****** Genus ''[[Chenonetta]]'' <small>von Brandt 1836</small> (Australian wood duck)
****** Genus ''[[Chenonetta]]'' <small>von Brandt 1836</small> (Australian wood duck)
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******* Genus ''[[Sibirionetta formosa|Sibirionetta]]'' <small>(Georgi 1775)</small> (Baikal teal)
******* Genus ''[[Sibirionetta formosa|Sibirionetta]]'' <small>(Georgi 1775)</small> (Baikal teal)
******* Genus  ''[[Mareca]]'' <small>(Stephens 1824)</small>
******* Genus  ''[[Mareca]]'' <small>(Stephens 1824)</small>
******* Genus ''[[Spatula (genus)|Spatula]]'' <small>Boie 1822</small>
******* Genus ''[[Spatula (bird)|Spatula]]'' <small>Boie 1822</small>
****** Tribe [[Aythyini]]  <small>Delacour and Mayr, 1945</small> (diving ducks)
****** Tribe [[Aythyini]]  <small>Delacour and Mayr, 1945</small> (diving ducks)
******* Genus ''[[Aythya]]'' <small>Boie 1822</small>
******* Genus ''[[Aythya]]'' <small>Boie 1822</small>


Unassigned Anatidae:
Unassigned Anatidae:
* †''[[Allgoviachen]]'' <small>Mayr et al. 2022</small>
* †''[[Anas albae|"Anas" albae]]'' <small>Jánossy 1979</small> [?''Mergus'']
* †''[[Anas albae|"Anas" albae]]'' <small>Jánossy 1979</small> [?''Mergus'']
* †''[[Anas amotape|"Anas" amotape]]'' <small>Campbell 1979</small>
* †''[[Anas amotape|"Anas" amotape]]'' <small>Campbell 1979</small>
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                     |1={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                       |1=''[[Sthenelides]]''[[File:Cygnus melancoryphus 1876 flipped.jpg|60px]]
                       |1=''[[Sthenelides]]''[[File:Cygnus melancoryphus 1876 flipped.jpg|60px]]
                       |2=''[[Cygnus (genus)|Cygnus]]''[[File:Cuvier-96-Bernache de Magellan et Cygne tuberculé flipped.jpg|70 px]]
                       |2=''[[Cygnus (bird)|Cygnus]]''[[File:Cuvier-96-Bernache de Magellan et Cygne tuberculé flipped.jpg|70 px]]
                       }}
                       }}
                     |label2=[[Anserina]]
                     |label2=[[Anserina]]
                     |2={{clade
                     |2={{clade
                       |1=''[[Branta]]''[[File:Birds Illustrated Canada Goose white background.jpg|70 px]]
                       |1=''[[Branta]]''[[File:Birds Illustrated Canada Goose white background.jpg|70 px]]
                       |2=''[[Anser (genus)|Anser]]''[[File:Greylag flipped.JPG|70 px]]
                       |2=''[[Anser (bird)|Anser]]''[[File:Greylag flipped.JPG|70 px]]
                       }}
                       }}
                     }}
                     }}
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             |3={{clade
             |3={{clade
               |1=''[[Cairina]]''[[File:Pato Criollo Blanco Macho.jpg|50px]]
               |1=''[[Cairina]]''[[File:Pato Criollo Blanco Macho.jpg|50px]]
               |2=''[[Aix (genus)|Aix]]''[[File:Rural Hours - Wood Duck white background.jpg|50px]]
               |2=''[[Aix (bird)|Aix]]''[[File:Rural Hours - Wood Duck white background.jpg|50px]]
               }}
               }}
             |label4=[[Callonettini]]
             |label4=[[Callonettini]]
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                   |1={{clade
                   |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Sibirionetta]]''[[File:Anas formosa male Fauna Japonica flipped.jpg|50px]]
                     |1=''[[Sibirionetta]]''[[File:Anas formosa male Fauna Japonica flipped.jpg|50px]]
                     |2=''[[Spatula (genus)|Spatula]]''[[File:A history of British birds (white background).jpg|50px]]
                     |2=''[[Spatula (bird)|Spatula]]''[[File:A history of British birds (white background).jpg|50px]]
                     }}
                     }}
                   |2={{clade
                   |2={{clade
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Studies of the mitochondrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches – [[Anseranatidae]], [[Dendrocygninae]], [[Anserinae]] and [[Anatinae]] – with [[Dendrocygninae]] being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing an
Studies of the mitochondrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches – [[Anseranatidae]], [[Dendrocygninae]], [[Anserinae]] and [[Anatinae]] – with [[Dendrocygninae]] being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing an
independent family.<ref name=Liu2013>{{cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = G | last2 = Zhou | first2 = L | last3 = Zhang | first3 = L | last4 = Luo | first4 = Z | last5 = Xu | first5 = W | year = 2013 | title = The complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose (''Anser fabalis'') and implications for anseriformes taxonomy | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5| page = e63334 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0063334 | pmid = 23717412 | pmc = 3662773 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...863334L | doi-access = free }}</ref> The clade Somaterini has a single genus ''[[Somateria]]''.
independent family.<ref name=Liu2013>{{cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = G | last2 = Zhou | first2 = L | last3 = Zhang | first3 = L | last4 = Luo | first4 = Z | last5 = Xu | first5 = W | year = 2013 | title = The complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose (''Anser fabalis'') and implications for anseriformes taxonomy | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 5| article-number = e63334 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0063334 | pmid = 23717412 | pmc = 3662773 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...863334L | doi-access = free }}</ref> The clade Somaterini has a single genus ''[[Somateria]]''.


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 20:02, 16 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Anseriformes is an order of birds also known as waterfowl that comprises about 180 living species of birds in three families: Anhimidae (three species of screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans. Most modern species in the order are highly adapted for an aquatic existence at the water surface. With the exception of screamers, males have penises, a trait that has been lost in the Neoaves, the clade consisting of all other modern birds except the galliformes and paleognaths. Due to their aquatic nature, most species are web-footed.

Evolution

Anseriformes are one of only two types of modern bird to be confirmed present during the Mesozoic alongside the other dinosaurs, and in fact were among the very few birds to survive their extinction, along with their cousins, the Galliformes. These two groups only occupied two ecological niches during the Mesozoic, living in water and on the ground, while the toothed Enantiornithes were the dominant birds that ruled the trees and air. The asteroid that ended the Mesozoic destroyed all trees as well as animals in the open, a condition that took centuriesScript error: No such module "Unsubst". to recover from. The Anseriformes and Galliformes are thought to have survived in the cover of burrows and water, and not to have needed trees for food and reproduction.[1]

The earliest known stem anseriform is the presbyornithid Teviornis from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia.[2] Some members apparently surviving the KT extinction event, including presbyornithids, thought to be the common ancestors of ducks, geese, swans, and screamers, the last group once thought to be Galliformes, but now genetically confirmed to be closely related to geese. The first known duck fossils start to appear about 34 million years ago.

Waterfowl are the best-known examples of sexually antagonistic genital coevolution in vertebrates, causing genital adaptations to coevolve in each sex to advance control over mating and fertilization. Sexually antagonistic coevolution (or SAC) occurs as a consequence of sexual conflict between males and females, resulting in coevolutionary process that reduce fit, or that functions to decrease ease of having sex.[3]

Taxonomy

The Anseriformes and the Galliformes (pheasants, etc.) belong to a common group, the Galloanserae. They are the most primitive neognathous birds, and as such they should follow the Palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) in bird classification systems. Several unusual extinct families of birds like the albatross-like pseudotooth birds and the giant flightless gastornithids and mihirungs have been found to be stem-anseriforms based on common features found in the skull region, beak physiology and pelvic region.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The genus Vegavis for a while was found to be the earliest member of the anseriform crown group but a recent 2017 paper has found it to be just outside the crown group in the family Vegaviidae.[10] However, the monophyly of Vegaviidae was questioned by other researchers who described a nearly complete skull of Vegavis in 2025, supporting its placement within crown group Anseriformes.[11]

Below is the general consensus (prior to Torres et al. (2025)[11]) of the phylogeny of anseriforms and their stem relatives.[4][5][6][7][8][10] Template:Clade

Systematics

Anatidae systematics, especially regarding placement of some "odd" genera in the dabbling ducks or shelducks, is not fully resolved. See the Anatidae article for more information, and for alternate taxonomic approaches. Anatidae is traditionally divided into subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae.[12] The Anatinae consists of tribes Anatini, Aythyini, Mergini and Tadornini. The higher-order classification below follows a phylogenetic analysis performed by Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[13][14] and John Boyd's website.[15]

Unassigned Anatidae:

In addition, a considerable number of mainly Late Cretaceous and Paleogene fossils have been described where it is uncertain whether or not they are anseriforms. This is because almost all orders of aquatic birds living today either originated or underwent a major radiation during that time, making it hard to decide whether some waterbird-like bone belongs into this family or is the product of parallel evolution in a different lineage due to adaptive pressures.

  • "Presbyornithidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Barun Goyot Late Cretaceous of Udan Sayr, Mongolia) – Presbyornithidae?
  • UCMP 117599 (Hell Creek Late Cretaceous of Bug Creek West, USA)
  • Petropluvialis (Late Eocene of England) – may be same as Palaeopapia
  • Agnopterus (Late Eocene – Late Oligocene of Europe) – includes Cygnopterus lambrechti
  • "Headonornis hantoniensis" BMNH PAL 4989 (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England) – formerly "Ptenornis"
  • Palaeopapia (Hampstead Early Oligocene of Isle of Wight, England)
  • "Anas" creccoides (Early/Middle Oligocene of Belgium)
  • "Anas" skalicensis (Early Miocene of "Skalitz", Czech Republic)
  • "Anas" risgoviensis (Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany)
  • †"Anas" meyerii Milne-Edwards 1867 [Aythya meyerii (Milne-Edwards 1867) Brodkorb 1964]
  • †Eonessa anaticula Wetmore 1938 {Eonessinae Wetmore 1938}

Phylogeny

Living Anseriformes based on the work by John Boyd.[15]

Anseriformes classification

Template:Clade

Molecular studies

Studies of the mitochondrial DNA suggest the existence of four branches – Anseranatidae, Dendrocygninae, Anserinae and Anatinae – with Dendrocygninae being a subfamily within the family Anatidae and Anseranatidae representing an independent family.[19] The clade Somaterini has a single genus Somateria.

See also

References

Template:Reflist

Cited texts

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

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  • Murray, P. F. & Vickers-Rich, P. (2004) Magnificent Mihirungs: The Colossal Flightless Birds of the Australian Dreamtime. Indiana University Press.

Template:Odontoanserae Template:Birds Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ Quail-like creatures were the only birds to survive the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact
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  13. ↑ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive [1] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Paleofile.com (net, info) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b John Boyd's website [2] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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