Field marshal: Difference between revisions

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{{Military ranks | state=expanded}}
{{Military ranks | state=expanded}}
[[File:Duke of Wellingtons batons.jpg|thumb|right|The ceremonial marshal's batons of the Duke of Wellington]]
[[File:Duke of Wellingtons batons.jpg|thumb|right|The ceremonial marshal's batons of the Duke of Wellington]]
'''Field marshal''' (or '''field-marshal''', abbreviated as '''FM''') is the most senior [[military rank]], senior to the [[general officer]] ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of [[Generalissimo]]), and as such, few persons are ever appointed to it. It is considered as a [[five-star rank]] (OF-10) in modern-day armed forces in many countries.
'''Field marshal''' (or '''field-marshal''', abbreviated as '''FM''') is the most senior [[military rank]], senior to the [[general officer]] ranks.  


Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a [[Division (military)|divisional command]] rank and as a [[brigade]] command rank.  Examples of the different uses of the rank include [[Afghanistan]], [[Austria-Hungary]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Prussia]]/[[Germany]] and [[Sri Lanka]] for an extraordinary achievement; Spain and [[Mexico]] for a divisional command ({{langx|es|link=no|mariscal de campo}}); and France, [[Portugal]] and [[Brazil]] for a brigade command ({{langx|fr|link=no|maréchal de camp}}, {{langx|pt|marechal de campo}}).
Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a [[Division (military)|divisional command]] rank and as a [[brigade]] command rank.


==Origins==
==Origins==
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<!-- Alphabetic by country name please -->
<!-- Alphabetic by country name please -->
===Afghanistan===
''[[Sardar]]'' [[Sardar Shah Wali Khan|Shah Wali Khan]] (died 1977), of the [[Musahiban]] and uncle of [[Mohammad Zahir Shah|King Zahir]] and [[President of Afghanistan|President]] ''Sardar'' [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]], was a field marshal. [[Mohammed Fahim]] became an honorary marshal in 2004.
[[Abdul Rashid Dostum]] became an honorary marshal in 2020 (this position is now defunct).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan – Marshal Fahim National Defense University |work=Flags of the World |date=2020-07-26 |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/af_mfndu.html |access-date=6 June 2021 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611193221/https://www.fotw.info/flags/af_mfndu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2021}} [[Ghulam Nabi Khan]], is sometimes identified as a field marshal.


===Australia===
===Australia===
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The first appointment to the rank was [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]], who received the honour in March 1925. [[Thomas Blamey|Sir Thomas Blamey]] was the second appointment to the rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and [[Australian Army]] substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of [[Sir Robert Menzies]], the [[Prime Minister of Australia]], in June 1950. His field marshal's [[Baton (symbol)|baton]] is on display in the [[Second World War]] galleries at the [[Australian War Memorial]] in [[Canberra]]. The third appointment was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], who was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to [[Charles III|King Charles III]] in October 2024.
The first appointment to the rank was [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]], who received the honour in March 1925. [[Thomas Blamey|Sir Thomas Blamey]] was the second appointment to the rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and [[Australian Army]] substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of [[Sir Robert Menzies]], the [[Prime Minister of Australia]], in June 1950. His field marshal's [[Baton (symbol)|baton]] is on display in the [[Second World War]] galleries at the [[Australian War Memorial]] in [[Canberra]]. The third appointment was [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], who was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to [[Charles III|King Charles III]] in October 2024.


===Brazil===
===Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary===
{{main|Marshal (Brazil)}}
{{See also|List of Austrian field marshals}}
[[File:Kuk FieldMarsh 1918.svg|thumb|''Feldmarschall'' of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army|k.u.k.&nbsp;Army]]]]


[[File:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva.jpg|right|thumb|Marshal [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias|Duke of Caxias]]]]
The rank existed in the [[Austrian Empire]] as {{lang|de|Kaiserlicher Feldmarschall}} ("Imperial field marshal") and in [[Austria-Hungary]] as {{lang|de|[[Imperial and Royal|Kaiserlicher und königlicher]] Feldmarschall}} ({{langx|hu|Császári és királyi tábornagy}}; {{translation|Imperial and royal field marshal}}. Both were based on prior usage during the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. The [[Emperor of Austria|Emperor]]-[[King of Hungary|King]] held the rank ''[[ex officio]]'', other officers were promoted as required. Between 1914 and 1918, ten men attained this rank, of whom four were members of the reigning [[Habsburg-Lorraine]] dynasty.
When Brazil became independent from Portugal in 1822, the Portuguese system of ranks was maintained by the [[Brazilian Army]], including the rank of ''marechal de campo''. In the second half of the 19th century, the rank of ''marechal de campo'' was replaced, both in Portugal and Brazil, by the rank of ''general de brigada'' (brigade general). This last rank still exists today in the Brazilian Army, but corresponds to the present rank of ''major-general'' (major-general) in the Portuguese Army.
Today, the rank of ''Marechal'' is the maximum rank available but only awarded during wartime. The [[Brazilian Air Force]] has the similar rank of [[air marshal]].


===Chad===
===Denmark===
On the 11 August 2020, Chadian president [[Idris Déby]] was promoted to the rank of [[Marshal]] for his efforts against terrorism in West Africa. He would die the following year.
{{Main|Field marshal (Denmark)}}
 
{{see also|Ranks and insignia of Royal Danish Army}}
===China===
Field Marshal was the second highest rank in the [[Royal Danish Army]] below [[General field marshal]], both ranks were abolished in 1842.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hedegaard |first1=Ole A. |editor1-last=Nielsen |editor1-first=K. V. |title=Nyt militært gradstegn - en ny/gammel tradition! |journal=Militært tidsskrift |date=January 1986 |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=36-43 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223002156/http://krigsvidenskab.dk/sites/default/files/militaert_tidskrift_115_aargang_jan_2.pdf |access-date=23 October 2025 |publisher=Det Krigsvidenskablige Selskab |language=da}}</ref>
{{Main|Yuan Shuai}}
During [[Imperial era of Chinese history|Imperial rule]] in China, different dynasties gave different titles to generals. A very similar title is "司馬" ([[Sima (office)|sima]]) in the Eastern Han dynasty, which literally means "master of horse", and later became a two-character surname too. "司馬" is one of the [[Three Excellencies]] in Eastern Han, who is in charge of the country's military affairs. Later, a more common title for a field marshal or a commandant was (元帥 ''[[Yuan Shuai]]'') or [[grand marshal|grand field marshal]] (大元帥 ''da yuan shuai''). One of the most famous of these generals was [[Yue Fei]] from the [[Song dynasty]]. Since the [[People's Republic of China]] was established in 1949, it has promoted 10 military commanders to the rank of marshal, all in 1955 and abolished in 1965. Since then, the rank has remained defunct. The last Chinese marshal, Nie Rongzhen, died in 1992.


===Ethiopia===
===Ethiopia===
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[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png|thumb|[[C. G. E. Mannerheim]]]]
[[File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png|thumb|[[C. G. E. Mannerheim]]]]
[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to [[Marshal of Finland]], which is not a distinctive military rank but an honour.
[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to [[Marshal of Finland]], which is not a distinctive military rank but an honour.
===France===
{{Main|Maréchal de camp}}
In the French army of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'', the normal brigade command rank was field marshal (''maréchal de camp''). In 1793, during the [[French Revolution]], the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general. The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars (one-star being used for a senior colonel rank). The French field marshal rank was below [[lieutenant-general]], which in 1793 became [[divisional-general]]. In the title ''maréchal de camp'' and the English "field marshal", there is an etymological confusion in the French ''camp'' between the English words "camp" and "field". The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of [[Marshal of France]], which has been the highest rank of the [[French Army]] since the higher dignity of [[Marshal General of France]] was abolished in 1848 (although in theory it is not an actual rank but a "state dignity").


===German-speaking lands===
===German-speaking lands===
{{Main|Generalfeldmarschall}}
{{Main|Generalfeldmarschall}}
''Generalfeldmarschall'' ('general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal', abbreviated to ''Feldmarschall'') was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). In the [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], the rank ''Feldmarschall'' was used. The rank was also given to imperial generals in southern German States including Austria (''Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall'') by the [[Roman-German Emperor]] during the existence of the [[List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] up to 1806.
{{lang|de|Generalfeldmarschall}} ('general field marshal or field marshal general) was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). The rank was also given to imperial generals in southern German States including Austria (''Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall'') by the [[Roman-German Emperor]] during the existence of the [[List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]] up to 1806.
 
===Greece===
{{Main|Stratarches}}
'''''Stratarches''''' ({{langx|el|Στρατάρχης}}), meaning ''Ruler of the Army'' in Greek, is a title for senior military commanders dating back to classical antiquity, in the sense of "commander-in-chief". In modern Greek usage, it has been used to translate the rank of field marshal. In this sense, the rank was borne by the [[Monarchy of Greece|kings of Greece]] since 1939, and has been awarded only once in modern Greek history to a professional officer: [[Alexandros Papagos]] in 1949 for his leadership in the [[Greco-Italian War|Greek victory against Fascist Italy]] in World War II and against the [[Democratic Army of Greece|Communist forces]] in the [[Greek Civil War]]. The rank is not retained by the current (since 1974) [[Third Hellenic Republic]].


===India===
===India===
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[[File:Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg|right|thumb|Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]]]]
[[File:Field_marshal_SHFJ_Manekshaw.jpg|right|thumb|Field Marshal [[Sam Manekshaw]]]]
Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the [[Indian Army]]. It is a ceremonial/war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. [[Sam Manekshaw]] was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to aid in the final days of the Indian Army's support for the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] against Pakistan. [[K. M. Cariappa]] was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services for beating back the Pakistani invasion of Kashmir in 1947-48 in his role as Army Commander of India's Western Command, and for later as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?|date=24 February 2016|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090735/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces|archive-date=4 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the [[Indian Army]]. It is a ceremonial/war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. [[Sam Manekshaw]] was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to aid in the final days of the Indian Army's support for the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] against Pakistan. [[K. M. Cariappa]] was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services for beating back the Pakistani invasion of Kashmir in 1947-48 in his role as Army Commander of India's Western Command, and for later as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|title=Did You Know That Only 3 People Have Been Given The Highest Ranks In The Indian Armed Forces?|date=24 February 2016|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090735/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/Highest-ranks-in-Indian-Armed-Forces|archive-date=4 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Libya===
{{main|Field marshal (Libya)}}
[[Khalifa Haftar]] was the first to "claim" receive this rank in [[Libya]] from the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] in 2016 after the liberation of oil ports in the [[Operation Swift Lightning]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27492354|title=Profile: Libya's military strongman Khalifa Haftar|work=BBC News |date=15 September 2016|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227132639/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27492354|archive-date=27 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


=== Malaysia ===
=== Malaysia ===
Field Marshal of Malaysia is equivalent to [[General of the Army (United States)|general of the army]] of the United States which is the highest rank in the [[Malaysian Armed Forces|Malaysian army]] and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank.
Field Marshal is the highest rank in the [[Malaysian Army]] and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank.


===New Zealand===
===New Zealand===
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{{main|Field marshal (Philippines)}}
{{main|Field marshal (Philippines)}}
US Army General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was the first and only field marshal in the history of the [[Philippine Army]], a position he held while also acting as the [[Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines|Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines]] with a rank of major general. [[Manuel L. Quezon|President Quezon]] conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of the Philippines nation-state.
US Army General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was the first and only field marshal in the history of the [[Philippine Army]], a position he held while also acting as the [[Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines|Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines]] with a rank of major general. [[Manuel L. Quezon|President Quezon]] conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of the Philippines nation-state.
===Portugal===
{{main|List of Marshals of Portugal}}
In the [[Portuguese Army]], the rank of ''marechal de campo'' was created in 1762, as the most junior general officer rank. Hierarchically, it was ranked between ''tenente-general'' (lieutenant-general) and ''brigadeiro'' (brigadier), this last one not being considered a general rank, but a kind of [[senior colonel]].
In Portugal, the ranks of ''marechal-general'' (marshal-general) and ''marechal do Exército'' (marechal of the Army) or simply ''marechal'' also existed. Distinctively from the rank of ''marechal de campo'', the ranks of ''marechal-general'' and ''marechal'' were the highest in the Portuguese Army, usually being reserved for the commanders-in-chief of the Army. Latter, the rank of ''marechal-general'' became reserved for the [[King of Portugal|monarch]], as a mere honorary dignity.
===Romania===
{{Main|Mareșal (Romania)}}
''Mareșal'' is the highest rank in the [[Romanian Armed Forces]].  The rank of ''mareșal'' can only be bestowed to a [[general]] or [[admiral]] ({{langx|ro|amiral}}), in time of war for exceptional military merits, by the [[President of Romania]] and confirmed by the [[Supreme Council of National Defense (Romania)|Supreme Council of National Defense]].


===Russia and the Soviet Union===
===Russia and the Soviet Union===
{{Main|List of Field Marshals of the Russian Empire|Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal of the Russian Federation}}
{{Main|List of Field Marshals of the Russian Empire|Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal of the Russian Federation}}
Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation.
Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, {{as of|2025|lc=yes}}, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation.
 
===Serbia and Yugoslavia===
{{Main|Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia)}}
In Serbian, field marshal can be literally translated as {{Langx|sr|label=none|Бојни Маршал|Bojni Maršal}}. The closest equivalent of a five-star general in Serbia was [[Vojvoda (Serbia and Yugoslavia)]], a military rank that has many similarities compared to [[Generalfeldmarschall]], [[Marshal of France]] and [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)]] but also differs in way of promotion, duration and style. However, the name of this military is [[Etymology|etymologically]] closer to the nobility title of [[duke]]. It was the highest rank in the army of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] until the [[Second World War]]. It was first created with the passing of the law on the ''Organization of the Army'' of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1901. The law was passed on the suggestion of [[Lieutenant Colonel]] (later [[Divisional General]]) [[Miloš Vasić (General)|Miloš Vasić]], who was minister of defense at the time. The rank was awarded only during the war for particular military contributions of top generals. Only four Serbian generals have reached the rank of Vojvoda, most notably [[Radomir Putnik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medal-Medaille, Orders, decorations and medals of the world for sale online |url=http://www.medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=778 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.medal-medaille.com |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214095233/http://www.medal-medaille.com/sold/product_info.php?products_id=778 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Later [[Yugoslav People's Army]] had the rank of [[Marshal of Yugoslavia]] used only by [[Josip Broz Tito]] as the supreme commander. This would actually be one rank above the rank of Field marshal and the equivalent of a [[Six star general|six-star general]], but it was essentially an [[honorific]] title with political connotations that became Tito's best-known nickname.


=== South Africa ===
=== South Africa ===
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| supp = y
| supp = y
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
=== South Korea ===
During the 2010s, the South Korean government tried to promote [[Paik Sun-yup]] to the rank of field marshal. However, the attempt failed because of his past service in the [[Manchukuo Imperial Army]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-05|title=[단독]군 원로들이 백선엽 예비역 대장의 명예원수 추대를 좌절시켰다|url=https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/defense-diplomacy/article/201702051530011|access-date=2022-01-12|website=경향신문|language=ko|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409072651/https://m.khan.co.kr/politics/defense-diplomacy/article/201702051530011|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Sri Lanka===
===Sri Lanka===
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Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count [[Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie]] received the rank.
Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count [[Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie]] received the rank.
=== Syria ===
[[Mushir|Field Marshal]] ({{Langx|ar|فريق}}) is the highest rank within the [[Syrian Army]] which is a ceremonial and honorary military rank, the only holder to-date is former [[President of Syria|President]] [[Bashar al-Assad]] who was promoted from Colonel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |date=2006-09-01 |title=Bashar al-Assad's Gamble |url=https://www.meforum.org/1021/bashar-al-assads-gamble |journal=Middle East Quarterly |language=en |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110085741/https://www.meforum.org/1021/bashar-al-assads-gamble |url-status=live }}</ref> Its insignia is unique amongst Arab states, as the majority of Arab militaries that has a Field Marshal rank, the insignias has the national [[coat of arms]] or a [[Crown (heraldry)|crown]] above two crossed batons or swords surrounded by yellow leaves below, Syria's Marshal rank adds an extra star to its General insignia ergo three stars above crossed swords below the coat of arms.
===Thailand===
{{main|Field marshal (Thailand)}}
In the [[Royal Thai Army]] the rank of [[Field marshal (Thailand)|''Chom Phon'']] ({{langx|th|จอมพล, จอมพลทหารบก}}) was created in 1888, together with all other military ranks along western lines, by King [[Chulalongkorn]]. Today it is ceremonially held by members of the Thai royal family.
===Turkey===
{{main|Mareşal (Turkey)}}
In the [[Turkish Armed Forces]], the corresponding rank is ''mareşal''. Its origins can be traced to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and to the military of [[Persia]], where it was called "müşir"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=m%FC%FEir&ayn=tam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729050257/http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/?kategori=verilst&kelime=m%FC%FEir&ayn=tam |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2012 |title=Great Turkish Dictionary |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |access-date=1 August 2009 }}</ref> and bestowed upon senior commanders upon order of the ruling [[sultan]]. The rank of ''mareşal'' can only be bestowed by the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|National Assembly]], to generals or admirals who have displayed distinguished merit in wartime. Only two persons have been bestowed the rank in history of the Republic: [[Kemal Atatürk]], the founder of modern [[Turkey]], and his [[List of Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of Staff]] [[Fevzi Çakmak]], both for their successes in the [[Turkish War of Independence]].


===Uganda===
===Uganda===
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=== United States ===
=== United States ===
No branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]] has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of [[General of the Army (United States)|"general of the army]]", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, [[George C. Marshall|George Marshall]] was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for a five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified.<ref name="Mosley">Leonard Mosley, ''Marshall, hero for our times'' (1982), 270, available at [[iarchive:marshallheroforo00mosl|Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="mayer">Sydney Louis Mayer, ''The biography of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur'' (1984), 70, available at [[iarchive:marshallheroforo00mosl|<!-- quote="Marshal Marshall". --> Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="Larrabee">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Larrabee |title= Commander in chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his lieutenants, and their war |date= 2004 |page= 200 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=9781591144557 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBaZ5zoIQwgC&dq=%22field+marshal+marshall&pg=PA200 |via= Google Books}}</ref><ref name="loory">Stuart H. Loory, ''Defeated; inside America's military machine'' (1973), 78, available at [[iarchive:defeatedinsideam0000loor|<!-- quote="field marshal marshall". --> Internet Archive]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eisenhower Memorial Commission – The Story Behind Ike's Fifth Star|url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-fifth-star.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030648/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-fifth-star.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012|access-date=2012-05-14|publisher=Eisenhowermemorial.org|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Thus, [[Douglas MacArthur]] is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines.
No branch of the [[United States Armed Forces]] has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of [[General of the Army (United States)|"general of the army]]", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, [[George C. Marshall|George Marshall]] was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for a five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified.<ref name="Mosley">Leonard Mosley, ''Marshall, hero for our times'' (1982), 270, available at [[iarchive:marshallheroforo00mosl|Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="mayer">Sydney Louis Mayer, ''The biography of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur'' (1984), 70, available at [[iarchive:marshallheroforo00mosl|<!-- quote="Marshal Marshall". --> Internet Archive]]</ref><ref name="Larrabee">{{citation |first=Eric |last=Larrabee |title= Commander in chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, his lieutenants, and their war |date= 2004 |page= 200 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=9781591144557 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBaZ5zoIQwgC&dq=%22field+marshal+marshall&pg=PA200 |via= Google Books}}</ref><ref name="loory">Stuart H. Loory, ''Defeated; inside America's military machine'' (1973), 78, available at [[iarchive:defeatedinsideam0000loor|<!-- quote="field marshal marshall". --> Internet Archive]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eisenhower Memorial Commission – The Story Behind Ike's Fifth Star|url=http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-fifth-star.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030648/http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/stories/Ike-fifth-star.htm|archive-date=17 July 2012|access-date=2012-05-14|publisher=Eisenhowermemorial.org|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Thus, [[Douglas MacArthur]] is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines.
===Yemen===
*[[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]], former [[President of Yemen]] and Field Marshal of the [[Republic of Yemen Armed Forces]]
*[[Mahdi al-Mashat]], Chairman of the [[Supreme Political Council]] of Yemen, and Field Marshal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saba.ye/en/news534155.htm|title=Parliament elevates president al-Mashat to field marshal rank|date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427121645/http://saba.ye/en/news534155.htm|archive-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>
===Zaire===
On the 17 June 1983, [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] promoted himself to the rank of field marshal. The order was signed by [[General officer|General]] [[Likulia Bolongo]].


==Insignia==
==Insignia==
<gallery class="center">
<gallery class="center">
File:Australian Army OF-10.svg|([[Australian Army]])<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |website=defence.gov.au |publisher=Department of Defence (Australia) |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901144804/http://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Australian Field Marshal rank insignia 2025.svg|([[Australian Army]])<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |website=defence.gov.au |publisher=Department of Defence (Australia) |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=1 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901144804/http://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:20.RBrLF-FM.svg|{{lang|ms|Fil marsyal}}<br />([[Royal Brunei Land Force]])<ref name="Brunei_Army">{{cite web |title=Akta angkatan bersenjata diraja Brunei (Penggal 149) |url=http://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LAWS/Gazette_PDF/2013/BM/b088.pdf |website=agc.gov.bn |access-date=14 July 2021 |pages=1999–2000 |language=ms |date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104838/http://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LAWS/Gazette_PDF/2013/BM/b088.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:20.RBrLF-FM.svg|{{lang|ms|Fil marsyal}}<br />([[Royal Brunei Land Force]])<ref name="Brunei_Army">{{cite web |title=Akta angkatan bersenjata diraja Brunei (Penggal 149) |url=http://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LAWS/Gazette_PDF/2013/BM/b088.pdf |website=agc.gov.bn |access-date=14 July 2021 |pages=1999–2000 |language=ms |date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104838/http://www.agc.gov.bn/AGC%20Images/LAWS/Gazette_PDF/2013/BM/b088.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Ethiopia-Army-OF-10 (2022).svg|{{langx|am|የፊልድ ማርሻል ጄኔራል|Yefīlidi marishali jēnērali}}<br />([[Ethiopian Army]])<ref name="Ethiopia_Army">{{cite news |title=Ethiopia introduces its first Field Marshal rank amid changes to insignia |url=https://www.ethiopiancitizen.com/2022/01/ethiopia-introduces-first-field-marshal-amid-changes-to-insignia.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |work=ethiopiancitizen.com |date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110113850/https://www.ethiopiancitizen.com/2022/01/ethiopia-introduces-first-field-marshal-amid-changes-to-insignia.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
File:Ethiopia-Army-OF-10 (2022).svg|{{langx|am|የፊልድ ማርሻል ጄኔራል|Yefīlidi marishali jēnērali}}<br />([[Ethiopian Army]])<ref name="Ethiopia_Army">{{cite news |title=Ethiopia introduces its first Field Marshal rank amid changes to insignia |url=https://www.ethiopiancitizen.com/2022/01/ethiopia-introduces-first-field-marshal-amid-changes-to-insignia.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |work=ethiopiancitizen.com |date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110113850/https://www.ethiopiancitizen.com/2022/01/ethiopia-introduces-first-field-marshal-amid-changes-to-insignia.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
Line 175: Line 117:
File:OF-10 Pakistan Army.svg|{{langx|ur|فیلڈ مارشل|field marchell}}<br />([[Pakistan Army]])<ref name="Pakistan_Army">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Army Ranks with Salary and Insignia |url=https://pakistanforces.com/pakistan-army-ranks/ |website=pakistanforces.com |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126212724/https://pakistanforces.com/pakistan-army-ranks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:OF-10 Pakistan Army.svg|{{langx|ur|فیلڈ مارشل|field marchell}}<br />([[Pakistan Army]])<ref name="Pakistan_Army">{{cite web |title=Pakistan Army Ranks with Salary and Insignia |url=https://pakistanforces.com/pakistan-army-ranks/ |website=pakistanforces.com |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126212724/https://pakistanforces.com/pakistan-army-ranks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-10.svg|([[Sri Lanka Army]])<ref name="SriLanka_Army">{{cite web |title=Dress Regulation PDF – Part I |url=https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress-regulation-2019-PART-I.pdf |website=army.lk |publisher=Sri Lanka Army |pages=10–4–10–11 |date=January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423112420/https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress-regulation-2019-PART-I.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Sri Lanka-army-OF-10.svg|([[Sri Lanka Army]])<ref name="SriLanka_Army">{{cite web |title=Dress Regulation PDF – Part I |url=https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress-regulation-2019-PART-I.pdf |website=army.lk |publisher=Sri Lanka Army |pages=10–4–10–11 |date=January 2019 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423112420/https://www.army.lk/sites/all/themes/bootstrap/common/images/images2/downloads/Dress-regulation-2019-PART-I.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Turkey-army-OF-10.svg|[[Mareşal (Turkey)]] ([[Military ranks of Turkey]])
File:British Army OF-10.svg|([[British Army]])<ref name="UK_Army">{{cite web |title=Rank structure |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/ranks/ |website=army.mod.uk |publisher=British Army |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102013/https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/ranks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:British Army OF-10.svg|([[British Army]])<ref name="UK_Army">{{cite web |title=Rank structure |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/ranks/ |website=army.mod.uk |publisher=British Army |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406102013/https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/our-people/ranks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:RTA OF-10 (Field Marshal).svg|[[Field marshal (Thailand)|Chom Phon]] ([[Royal Thai Army]])
</gallery>
</gallery>
==Variants==
<!-- In sort by country name - Please only add links to existing articles - Please don't duplicate links mentioned above -->
*[[Austro-Hungarian Army#Ranks|Feldmarschall]] ([[Austro-Hungarian monarchy]])
*[[Stožerni general]] ([[Croatia]])
*[[Marshal of the Empire]] ([[First French Empire]])
*[[Stratarches]] ([[Greece]])
*[[Marshal of Italy]]
*[[Wonsu]] ([[DPRK|North]] & [[Republic of Korea|South]] Korea)
* [[Mushir]] ([[Ottoman Empire]], [[Middle East]] & [[North Africa]])
*[[Marshal of Peru]]
*[[Marshal of Poland]]
*[[Field Marshal (Russia)|General field marshal]] ([[Imperial Russia]])
*[[Marshal of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Fältmarskalk]] ([[Sweden]])
*[[Chom phon]] ([[Thailand]])
*[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)]]


==See also==
==See also==
* ''[[Admiralissimo]]''
* ''[[Admiralissimo]]''
* ''[[Generalissimo]]''
* ''[[Generalissimo]]''
* [[Generalfeldmarschall]]
* [[Marshal]]
* [[Marshal]]
* [[Grand Marshal]]
* [[Grand Marshal]]
Line 206: Line 129:
* [[Admiral of the Fleet]]  
* [[Admiral of the Fleet]]  
* [[List of Field Marshals]]
* [[List of Field Marshals]]
* [[List of German Field Marshals]]
* [[General of the Army]]
* [[Admiral of the Navy]]
* [[General of the Air Force]]


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 15:39, 23 October 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:More citations needed Template:Military ranks

File:Duke of Wellingtons batons.jpg
The ceremonial marshal's batons of the Duke of Wellington

Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks.

Promotion to the rank of field marshal in many countries historically required extraordinary military achievement by a general (a wartime victory). However, the rank has also been used as a divisional command rank and as a brigade command rank.

Origins

The origin of the term dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses (from Old German Marh-scalc, Template:Lit), from the time of the early Frankish kings; words originally meaning "servant" were sometimes used to mean "subordinate official" or similar. The German Holy Roman Empire and the kingdom of France had officers named Feldmarschall and Maréchal de camp respectively as far back as the 1600s. The exact wording of the titles used by field marshals varies: examples include "marshal" and "field marshal general".

The air force equivalent in Commonwealth and many Middle Eastern air forces is marshal of the air force (not to be confused with air marshal). Navies, which usually do not use the nomenclature employed by armies or air forces, use titles such as "fleet admiral," "grand admiral" or "admiral of the fleet" for the equivalent rank. The traditional attribute distinguishing a field marshal is a baton. The baton nowadays is purely ornamental, and as such may be richly decorated. That said, it is not necessary for the insignia to be a baton (Such is the case in Russia post-1991 and the former Soviet Union, which use a jewelled star referred to as a Marshal's star).

Field marshal ranks by country

Australia

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The first appointment to the rank was Sir William Birdwood, who received the honour in March 1925. Sir Thomas Blamey was the second appointment to the rank, and was the first and so far only Australian-born and Australian Army substantive (not honorary) field marshal. He was promoted to the rank on the insistence of Sir Robert Menzies, the Prime Minister of Australia, in June 1950. His field marshal's baton is on display in the Second World War galleries at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. The third appointment was Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who was promoted to the rank on 1 April 1954. The fourth and latest appointment was to King Charles III in October 2024.

Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary

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File:Kuk FieldMarsh 1918.svg
Feldmarschall of the k.u.k. Army

The rank existed in the Austrian Empire as Script error: No such module "Lang". ("Imperial field marshal") and in Austria-Hungary as Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Langx; Template:Translation. Both were based on prior usage during the Holy Roman Empire. The Emperor-King held the rank ex officio, other officers were promoted as required. Between 1914 and 1918, ten men attained this rank, of whom four were members of the reigning Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.

Denmark

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Field Marshal was the second highest rank in the Royal Danish Army below General field marshal, both ranks were abolished in 1842.[1]

Ethiopia

On 8 January 2022, General Birhanu Jula, the Chief of General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defence Force, was promoted to the rank of Field Marshal (or Field Marshal General, depending on source). The rank was introduced to the Ethiopian National Defence Force with this promotion. The rank of Field Marshal was last used in Ethiopia during the Ethiopian Empire in the 20th century, when Emperor Haile Selassie was head of the Imperial Ethiopian Army. The formal ceremonial uniform matched that of its British counterpart, with the exception of headgear, which was a Bicorne adorned with a golden lion's mane.[2]

Finland

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

File:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.png
C. G. E. Mannerheim

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim was promoted to Field Marshal in 1933. In 1942 he was promoted to Marshal of Finland, which is not a distinctive military rank but an honour.

German-speaking lands

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Lang". ('general field marshal or field marshal general) was the most senior general officer rank in the armies of several German states, including Saxony, Brandenburg-Prussia, Prussia, the German Empire, and lastly, Germany (from 1918). The rank was also given to imperial generals in southern German States including Austria (Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall) by the Roman-German Emperor during the existence of the Holy Roman Empire up to 1806.

India

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File:Field marshal SHFJ Manekshaw.jpg
Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw

Field marshal is the highest attainable rank in the Indian Army. It is a ceremonial/war time rank. There have been two Indian field marshals to date. Sam Manekshaw was promoted to the rank in 1973 for his role in leading the Indian Army to aid in the final days of the Indian Army's support for the Bangladesh Liberation War against Pakistan. K. M. Cariappa was promoted in 1986, long after he retired, in recognition of his services for beating back the Pakistani invasion of Kashmir in 1947-48 in his role as Army Commander of India's Western Command, and for later as the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army.[3]

Malaysia

Field Marshal is the highest rank in the Malaysian Army and are reserved for His Majesty the King of Malaysia though there are several non-royals who hold this rank.

New Zealand

Charles, Prince of Wales, as he was at the time, was officially appointed a Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army in November 2015. As King Charles III, he remains the only living person to hold the ranks of Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army, Admiral of the Fleet in the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) and Marshal of the RNZAF.[4][5] The King's late father, the Duke of Edinburgh (1921–2021), also held these three ranks during his lifetime.

Pakistan

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Ayub Khan (1907–1974) was the first and, for many decades, only field marshal in the history of Pakistan. He served as the second President of Pakistan and was the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army. On 20 May 2025, General Asim Munir became the second officer to be promoted to the rank of Field Marshal following his command in the brief conflict with India.

Philippines

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". US Army General Douglas MacArthur was the first and only field marshal in the history of the Philippine Army, a position he held while also acting as the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines with a rank of major general. President Quezon conferred the rank of field marshal on 24 August 1936 and MacArthur's duty included the supervision of the creation of the Philippines nation-state.

Russia and the Soviet Union

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Imperial Russia had for a long time maintained the rank of Field Marshal. It was active all the way until the Russian Revolutions of 1917. When the Bolsheviks took over, they briefly abandoned military ranks until 1935. When it was restored, an equivalent rank Marshal of the Soviet Union was introduced in place of the Imperial Russian Army Field Marshal. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the rank was replaced by the Marshal of the Russian Federation. However, Template:As of, there has only been one Marshal of the Russian Federation.

South Africa

File:Jan Smuts 1947.jpg
Jan Smuts

South African statesman and prime minister Jan Smuts was appointed a field marshal of the British Army on 24 May 1941.[6]

Sri Lanka

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Field Marshal is the highest rank in the Sri Lanka Army. It is a ceremonial rank. Sarath Fonseka is the first and only Sri Lankan officer to hold the rank. He was promoted to the position on 22 March 2015.[7]

Sweden

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In Sweden, a total of 75 field marshals have been appointed, from 1609 to 1824. Since 1972, the rank has not been used in Sweden, and it had long been decided to only be used in wartime.

The title denoted the commander of the mounted part of the army. During the Thirty Years' War, the field marshal was subordinate to the country's lieutenant general. In the Swedish army, the field marshal had unlimited military and considerable political authority. However, the field marshal was subordinate to the Lord High Constable of Sweden (Riksmarsken) and his closest man was the Template:Interlanguage link.[8]

Initially, the field marshal was the commander of the cavalry and first became the foremost military rank in Sweden during the early 17th century, especially after count Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie received the rank.

Uganda

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Field Marshal Idi Amin was the military dictator and third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Amin joined the British colonial regiment, the King's African Rifles in 1946, serving in Somalia and Kenya. Eventually, Amin held the rank of major general in the post-colonial Ugandan Army and became its commander before seizing power in the military coup of January 1971, deposing Milton Obote. He later promoted himself to field marshal while he was the head of state.

United Kingdom

File:Harold Alexander E010750678-v8.jpg
General Sir Harold Alexander was promoted to field marshal in the British Army when he was made Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean during World War II

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, was promoted to the rank of a field marshal (of multiple armies) in 1813. Nine of his field marshal batons are on display in Apsley House (see Batons of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington).

United States

No branch of the United States Armed Forces has ever used the rank of field marshal. On 14 December 1944, Congress created the rank of "general of the army", a five-star rank equivalent to that of field marshal in other countries. Two days later, George Marshall was promoted to this rank, becoming the first five-star general in American history. It has been suggested that the denomination of "Marshal" for a five-star officer was not adopted because, otherwise, George Marshall would be addressed as "Marshal Marshall", which was considered undignified.[9][10][11][12][13] Thus, Douglas MacArthur is the only US officer ever to have received the rank of Marshal, which was given to him by the government of the Philippines.

Insignia

See also

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Star officer ranks

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Template:London Gazette
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Svensk uppslagsbok, Malmö 1932
  9. ↑ Leonard Mosley, Marshall, hero for our times (1982), 270, available at Internet Archive
  10. ↑ Sydney Louis Mayer, The biography of General of the Army, Douglas MacArthur (1984), 70, available at Internet Archive
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Stuart H. Loory, Defeated; inside America's military machine (1973), 78, available at Internet Archive
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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