Kenneth Kitchen: Difference between revisions

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'''Kenneth Anderson Kitchen''' (1932 – 6 February 2025<ref>[https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/kenneth-a-kitchen-1932-2025.html Kenneth A Kitchen (1932–2025)] Egypt Exploration Society, February 6, 2025</ref>) was a British [[biblical scholar]], [[Ancient Near Eastern]] historian, and Personal and Brunner [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[Egyptology]] and honorary research fellow at the School of [[Archaeology]], Classics and Egyptology, [[University of Liverpool]], England. He specialised in the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19]]-[[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20]]), and the [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt]], as well as ancient [[Egyptian chronology]], having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by ''[[The Times]]'' as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 13 October 2002, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150529061841/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article54642.ece How myth became history]</ref>
'''Kenneth Anderson Kitchen''' (1932 – 6 February 2025<ref>[https://www.ees.ac.uk/resource/kenneth-a-kitchen-1932-2025.html Kenneth A Kitchen (1932–2025)] Egypt Exploration Society, February 6, 2025</ref>) was a British [[biblical scholar]], [[Ancient Near Eastern]] historian, and Personal and Brunner [[Professor Emeritus]] of [[Egyptology]] and honorary research fellow at the [[University of Liverpool Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology|School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology]], [[University of Liverpool]], England. He specialised in the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|19]]-[[Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt|20]]), and the [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt]], as well as ancient [[Egyptian chronology]], having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by ''[[The Times]]'' as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".<ref>''[[The Times]]'', 13 October 2002, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150529061841/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/style/article54642.ece How myth became history]</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
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==Third Intermediate Period==
==Third Intermediate Period==
His 1972 book is ''The [[Third Intermediate Period]] in Egypt (1100–650 BC)''. It noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between [[Psusennes I]] with [[Pharaoh Amenemope|Amenemope]] and [[Osorkon III]] with [[Takelot III]], and established that [[Shebitku]] of the [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|25th Dynasty]] was already king of Egypt by 702 BC, among other revelations.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} It stated that [[Takelot II]] succeeded [[Osorkon II]] at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]], whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was [[Shoshenq III]].<ref>(see [[Karl Jansen-Winkeln]], "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", [[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]] 81(1995) pp.129–49, Aidan Dodson in [[Göttinger Miszellen|GM]] 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21–35)</ref> Secondly, the book presented King [[Shoshenq II]] as the High Priest of Amun [[Shoshenq C]], a son of [[Osorkon I]] who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson<ref>in GM 137</ref> and [[Jürgen von Beckerath]]<ref>Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)</ref> accept David Aston's argument<ref>David Aston, ''[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]]'' 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139–153</ref> that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as [[Osorkon III]], a king of the '[[Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt|Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty]]' in [[Upper Egypt]].
Kitchen's 1972 book (republished with a second edition in 1996) titled ''The [[Third Intermediate Period]] in Egypt (1100–650 BC)'', which covered the 21st through to the 25th dynasties of Egypt and contained an extensive catalogue of known dates and inscriptions as well as geneaological information for this period "remains one of the standard works on the subject" notes Egyptologist and Archaeologist [[James K. Hoffmeier]]<ref>James K. Hoffmeier, [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/milestones/kenneth-a-kitchen/ Milestones: Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025)], [[Biblical Archaeology Society]], March 29,. 2025</ref> . His book noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between Year 49 of [[Psusennes I]] with Year X of [[Pharaoh Amenemope|Amenemope]]<ref>K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), Aria and Philips, 1996, second edition, pp.28-34 & pp.412-413</ref> and another coregency between [[Osorkon III]] with his son, [[Takelot III]]. Kitchen's book also established that [[Osorkon I]] of the [[Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt|22st Dynasty]] likely had a reign of 35 years as Manetho states in his Epitome states since the mummy of a priest named Nakhtefmut--buried at the [[Ramesseum]]--"was adorned with leather tabs and pendant emblazoned in the name of Osorkon I, and wrapped in bandages marked Year 33 and Year 3 of unnanamed king"--where the Year 33 date could only belong to Osorkon I.<ref>K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), Aria and Philips, 1996 esecond edition, p.308</ref>
 
Kitchen's book stated that [[Takelot II]] succeeded [[Osorkon II]] at [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]], whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was [[Shoshenq III]] who succeeded Osorkon II in Lower Egypt at [[Tanis]].<ref>(see [[Karl Jansen-Winkeln]], "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", [[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]] 81(1995) pp.129–49, Aidan Dodson in [[Göttinger Miszellen|GM]] 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21–35)</ref> Secondly, the book presented King [[Shoshenq II]] as the High Priest of Amun [[Shoshenq C]], a son of [[Osorkon I]] who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson<ref>in GM 137</ref> and [[Jürgen von Beckerath]]<ref>Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)</ref> accept David Aston's argument<ref>David Aston, ''[[Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|JEA]]'' 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139–153</ref> that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as [[Osorkon III]], a king of the '[[Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt|Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty]]' in [[Upper Egypt]].


==Ramesside period==
==Ramesside period==
Kitchen was regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the [[Ramesside period]] (1196–1070 a.C., Dynasty XIX and XX) of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Toby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P07rgiJjsk4C |title=The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing, A&C Black |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4088-1002-6 |location=London, Berlin, New York, Sydney |pages=562}}</ref> he published a well-respected book on [[Ramesses II]] in 1982 titled ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Kitchen was a scholar who advocated a high view of the [[Old Testament]] and its inherent [[Historicity of the Bible|historicity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2003|isbn=0-8028-4960-1|location=Grand Rapids, Cambridge|pages=xiii-xv}}</ref> His 2003 book ''[[On the Reliability of the Old Testament]]'' documents several clear or indirect allusions to King [[David]]'s status as the founder of [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Ancient Israel]], based on passages in the [[Tel Dan Stele|Tel Dan]] ('House of David') and [[Mesha stele|Mesha]] stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's [[Karnak]] list.<ref>pp. 90–94, 452, 453</ref>
Kitchen was regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the [[Ramesside period]] (1196–1070 a.C., Dynasty XIX and XX) of the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Toby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P07rgiJjsk4C |title=The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing, A&C Black |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4088-1002-6 |location=London, Berlin, New York, Sydney |pages=562}}</ref> he published a well-respected book on [[Ramesses II]] in 1982 titled ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Kitchen was a scholar who advocated a high view of the [[Old Testament]] and its inherent [[Historicity of the Bible|historicity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|year=2003|isbn=0-8028-4960-1|location=Grand Rapids, Cambridge|pages=xiii-xv}}</ref> His 2003 book ''[[On the Reliability of the Old Testament]]'' documents several clear or indirect allusions to King [[David]]'s status as the founder of [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Ancient Israel]], based on passages in the [[Tel Dan Stele|Tel Dan]] ('House of David') and [[Mesha stele|Mesha]] stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's [[Karnak]] list.<ref>pp. 90–94, 452, 453</ref> It provoked two interesting scholarly reactions and a reply by Kitchen.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240415001639/https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/the-kitchen-debate/ The Kitchen Debate: Three Scholars Discuss a Major New Book on History and the Bible] Biblical Archaeological Society, July/August 2005</ref>


Kitchen strongly criticized the [[New Chronology (Rohl)|new chronology]] views of [[David Rohl]], who posits that the Biblical [[Shishak]] who invaded the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than [[Shoshenq I]] and argues that the [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|21st]] and [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasties]] of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 [[Apis (Egyptian mythology)|Apis Bull]] [[stele]] in the [[Serapeum of Saqqara|Serapeum]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|work=Egyptian Interventions in the Levant in Iron Age II|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2003|isbn=1-57506-081-7|editor-last=Dever|editor-first=William G.|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|pages=122f}}</ref>  Kitchen observed that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.<ref>Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33</ref>
Kitchen strongly criticized the [[New Chronology (Rohl)|new chronology]] views of [[David Rohl]], who posits that the Biblical [[Shishak]] who invaded the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than [[Shoshenq I]] and argues that the [[Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt|21st]] and [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasties]] of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 [[Apis (Egyptian mythology)|Apis Bull]] [[stele]] in the [[Serapeum of Saqqara|Serapeum]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past|last=Kitchen|first=Kenneth A.|work=Egyptian Interventions in the Levant in Iron Age II|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2003|isbn=1-57506-081-7|editor-last=Dever|editor-first=William G.|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|pages=122f}}</ref>  Kitchen observed that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.<ref>Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33</ref>
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*1982. ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
*1982. ''Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt''. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
*1977. ''The Bible In Its World'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_bibleinitsworld.html The Bible in its World: The Bible & Archaeology Today]. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.
*1977. ''The Bible In Its World'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_bibleinitsworld.html The Bible in its World: The Bible & Archaeology Today]. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.
*1972. ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)''. 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=0856682985|title=The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C.|last1=Kitchen|first1=Kenneth Anderson|year=1986|publisher=Aris & Phillips }}</ref>
*1972. ''[https://archive.org/details/kenneth-anderson-kitchen-the-third-intermediate-period-in-egypt-1100-650-b.-c.-4-ed.-2009/page/5/mode/2up The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)]''. 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=0856682985|title=The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt, 1100-650 B.C.|last1=Kitchen|first1=Kenneth Anderson|year=1986|publisher=Aris & Phillips }}</ref>
*1969–1990. ''Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical''. 8 Vols. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.
*1969–1990. ''Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical''. 8 Vols. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.
*1966. ''Ancient Orient and Old Testament'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_ancientorient.html Ancient Orient and Old Testament]. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
*1966. ''Ancient Orient and Old Testament'' [http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/book_ancientorient.html Ancient Orient and Old Testament]. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
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==External links==
==External links==
*  [https://tyndalehouse.com/updates/news/kenneth-kitchen Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025) (obituary)]
*  [https://tyndalehouse.com/updates/news/kenneth-kitchen Professor Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025) (obituary)]
* [http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/the-old-testament-in-light-of-the-archaeological-evidence Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the Professor of Old Testament, Denver Seminary (extensive summary)
* [https://www.denverseminary.edu/article/the-old-testament-in-light-of-the-archaeological-evidence Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the Professor of Old Testament, Denver Seminary (extensive summary)
* [http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Isbell-Kitchen_and_Minimalism.shtml Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the director of Jewish studies, Louisiana State University (more critical)
* [http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Isbell-Kitchen_and_Minimalism.shtml Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] by the director of Jewish studies, Louisiana State University (more critical)
* [Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20111211172003/http://www.liv.ac.uk/sace/organisation/people/kitchen.htm K. A. Kitchen's home page at University of Liverpool] Some archival snapshots can be found by search engines.
* [Review of ''On the Reliability of the Old Testament''] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20111211172003/http://www.liv.ac.uk/sace/organisation/people/kitchen.htm K. A. Kitchen's home page at University of Liverpool] Some archival snapshots can be found by search engines.
* [https://chrisnaunton.com/category/uncategorized/ Thank You Ken Kitchen] March 4, 2025 by [[Chris Naunton]]
* {{IMDb name|3034373}}
* {{IMDb name|3034373}}


Latest revision as of 06:47, 4 December 2025

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Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (1932 – 6 February 2025[1]) was a British biblical scholar, Ancient Near Eastern historian, and Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and honorary research fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England. He specialised in the ancient Egyptian Ramesside Period (i.e., Dynasties 19-20), and the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, as well as ancient Egyptian chronology, having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by The Times as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".[2]

Background

Kitchen was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1932.[3][4] He died on 6 February 2025 as an unmarried bachelor.[5]

Third Intermediate Period

Kitchen's 1972 book (republished with a second edition in 1996) titled The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC), which covered the 21st through to the 25th dynasties of Egypt and contained an extensive catalogue of known dates and inscriptions as well as geneaological information for this period "remains one of the standard works on the subject" notes Egyptologist and Archaeologist James K. Hoffmeier[6] . His book noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between Year 49 of Psusennes I with Year X of Amenemope[7] and another coregency between Osorkon III with his son, Takelot III. Kitchen's book also established that Osorkon I of the 22st Dynasty likely had a reign of 35 years as Manetho states in his Epitome states since the mummy of a priest named Nakhtefmut--buried at the Ramesseum--"was adorned with leather tabs and pendant emblazoned in the name of Osorkon I, and wrapped in bandages marked Year 33 and Year 3 of unnanamed king"--where the Year 33 date could only belong to Osorkon I.[8]

Kitchen's book stated that Takelot II succeeded Osorkon II at Tanis, whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was Shoshenq III who succeeded Osorkon II in Lower Egypt at Tanis.[9] Secondly, the book presented King Shoshenq II as the High Priest of Amun Shoshenq C, a son of Osorkon I who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson[10] and Jürgen von Beckerath[11] accept David Aston's argument[12] that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as Osorkon III, a king of the 'Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty' in Upper Egypt.

Ramesside period

Kitchen was regarded as one of the foremost scholars on the Ramesside period (1196–1070 a.C., Dynasty XIX and XX) of the New Kingdom;[13] he published a well-respected book on Ramesses II in 1982 titled Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. Kitchen was a scholar who advocated a high view of the Old Testament and its inherent historicity.[14] His 2003 book On the Reliability of the Old Testament documents several clear or indirect allusions to King David's status as the founder of Ancient Israel, based on passages in the Tel Dan ('House of David') and Mesha stelas as well as in Shoshenq I's Karnak list.[15] It provoked two interesting scholarly reactions and a reply by Kitchen.[16]

Kitchen strongly criticized the new chronology views of David Rohl, who posits that the Biblical Shishak who invaded the Kingdom of Judah in 925 BC was actually Ramesses II rather than Shoshenq I and argues that the 21st and 22nd Dynasties of Egypt were contemporary with one another due to the absence of Dynasty 21 Apis Bull stele in the Serapeum.[17] Kitchen observed that the word Shishak is closer philologically to Shoshenq I and that this Pharaoh records in his monuments at Thebes that he campaigned actively against Ancient Israel and Judah.[18]

Biblical scholarship

Kitchen was a biblical maximalist and published frequently defending the historicity of the Old Testament. He was an outspoken critic of the documentary hypothesis, publishing various articles and books upholding his viewpoint, arguing that the Bible is historically reliable.[19] Kitchen also published articles for the Biblical Archaeology Review including, 'Where Did Solomon's Gold Go?' (1989),[20] 'Shishak's Military Campaign in Israel Confirmed' (1989),[21] 'The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?' (1995)[22] and 'How we know when Solomon ruled' (2001).[23]

Bibliography

  • 2023. Das Alte Testament und der Vordere Orient: Zur historischen Zuverlässigkeit biblischer Geschichte. 3rd edition. Gießen: Brunnen. Template:ISBN German revised edition of On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Template:ISBN
  • 2012. Treaty, Law and Covenant in the Ancient Near East. 3 Volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
  • 2009. Egyptian New Kingdom Topographical Lists, in "Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane", Brill
  • 2003. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Template:ISBN
  • 2002. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Egyptian Chronology for Aegeanists, MAA 2, Dec 2002
  • 1999. Poetry of Ancient Egypt. Jonsered: P. Aströms förlag.
  • 1994. Documentation for Ancient Arabia. Part 1: Chronological Framework and Historical Sources. The World of Ancient Arabia 1. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press
  • 1982. Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Times of Ramesses II, King of Egypt. Monumenta Hannah Sheen Dedicata 2. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
  • 1977. The Bible In Its World The Bible in its World: The Bible & Archaeology Today. Exeter: Paternoster. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press 1978.
  • 1972. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). 1972. 2nd ed. 1996. 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited, 1998.[24]
  • 1969–1990. Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical. 8 Vols. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd.
  • 1966. Ancient Orient and Old Testament Ancient Orient and Old Testament. London: Tyndale Press. Chicago: InterVarsity Press.
  • 1962. Suppiluliuma and the Amarna Pharaohs; a study in relative chronology, Liverpool University Press

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Kenneth A Kitchen (1932–2025) Egypt Exploration Society, February 6, 2025
  2. ↑ The Times, 13 October 2002, How myth became history
  3. ↑ Kenneth A. Kitchen Profile at Goodreads.com
  4. ↑ See Kenneth Kitchen's statement in KA Kitchen, 'The strengths and weaknesses of Egyptian chronology', Ägypten und Levante 16, 2006. p.299
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ James K. Hoffmeier, Milestones: Kenneth A. Kitchen (1932–2025), Biblical Archaeology Society, March 29,. 2025
  7. ↑ K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), Aria and Philips, 1996, second edition, pp.28-34 & pp.412-413
  8. ↑ K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 BC), Aria and Philips, 1996 esecond edition, p.308
  9. ↑ (see Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit", JEA 81(1995) pp.129–49, Aidan Dodson in GM 137(1993), p.58 and G. Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.21–35)
  10. ↑ in GM 137
  11. ↑ Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten (1997)
  12. ↑ David Aston, JEA 75 (1989), Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?, pp.139–153
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ pp. 90–94, 452, 453
  16. ↑ The Kitchen Debate: Three Scholars Discuss a Major New Book on History and the Bible Biblical Archaeological Society, July/August 2005
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Kitchen (2003), pp. 10, 32, 33
  19. ↑ The Factual Reliability of the Old Testament, by Kenneth A. Kitchen, theologynetwork.org. 2006, accessed 1/31/15.
  20. ↑ Kenneth Kitchen (May/June 1989), "Where did Solomon's Gold Go?". Biblical Archaeology Review.
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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