Polygalaceae: Difference between revisions

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The '''Polygalaceae''' or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 27 genera and ''ca''. 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |name-list-style=amp | year=2016 | title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=261 | pages=201–217 | url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue=3 | doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.
The '''Polygalaceae''' or the '''milkwort''' [[family (biology)|family]] are made up of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Fabales]]. They have a [[cosmopolitan range|near-cosmopolitan range]], with about 27 genera and ''ca''. 900 known [[species]]<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |name-list-style=amp | year=2016 | title=The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal=Phytotaxa | volume=261 | pages=201–217 | url=http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue=3 | doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Phytx.261..201C }}</ref> of [[herb]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s. Over half of the species are in one genus, ''[[Polygala]]'', the [[milkwort]]s.


The family was first described in&nbsp;1809 by [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Johann Hoffmansegg]] and [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Johann Link]].<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |author1=Harvard University |author2=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |author3=Australian National Herbarium |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2 |website=International Plant Names Index |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> In&nbsp;1896, [[Robert Chodat]] split it into 3&nbsp;tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe [[Polygaleae]] in&nbsp;1992.<ref name="split1992">{{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Bente |title=Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1993 |volume=186 |issue=1/2 |pages=33–55 |doi=10.1007/BF00937712 |jstor=23674643 |bibcode=1993PSyEv.186...33E |s2cid=32590790 |issn=0378-2697}}</ref>  Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the family belongs in Fabales.
The family was first described in&nbsp;1809 by [[Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg|Johann Hoffmansegg]] and [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Johann Link]].<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |author1=Harvard University |author2=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |author3=Australian National Herbarium |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/30000688-2 |website=International Plant Names Index |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> In&nbsp;1896, [[Robert Chodat]] split it into three tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe [[Polygaleae]] in&nbsp;1992.<ref name="split1992">{{cite journal |last1=Eriksen |first1=Bente |title=Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and its taxonomic implications |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1993 |volume=186 |issue=1/2 |pages=33–55 |doi=10.1007/BF00937712 |jstor=23674643 |bibcode=1993PSyEv.186...33E |s2cid=32590790 |issn=0378-2697}}</ref>  Under the [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]], the family belongs in Fabales.


==Description==
==Description==
''Polygalaceae'' are [[annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial plant|perennial]] herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas.{{R|FOA}} Its [[zygomorphic]], [[hermaphrodite]], [[bisexual flower|bisexual]] flowers have 3-5 petals and 5&nbsp;[[sepal]]s.<ref name=potw/><ref name="victoria">{{cite web |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c812c37c-2c1e-4bde-871a-75827877f679 |website=Flora of Victoria |publisher=Government of Victoria, Australia |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> Its leaves are usually [[alternate (botany)|alternate]], but may be [[Opposite (botany)|opposite]], [[fascicle (botany)|fascicled]], or [[verticillate]].<ref name=potw/> Each flower usually contains 8&nbsp;stamens, though this may range from 3&nbsp;to&nbsp;10. They are usually in 2&nbsp;series.<ref name=victoria/> The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, [[samara (fruit)|samara]], or [[drupe]].<ref name=potw/>
''Polygalaceae'' are [[annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial plant|perennial]] herbs, shrubs, trees or [[lianas]].{{R|FOA}} Its [[zygomorphic]], [[hermaphrodite]], [[bisexual flower|bisexual]] flowers have three to five petals and five [[sepal]]s.<ref name=potw/><ref name="victoria">{{cite web |title=Polygalaceae |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c812c37c-2c1e-4bde-871a-75827877f679 |website=Flora of Victoria |publisher=Government of Victoria, Australia |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> Its leaves are usually [[alternate (botany)|alternate]], but may be [[Opposite (botany)|opposite]], [[fascicle (botany)|fascicled]], or [[verticillate]].<ref name=potw/> Each flower usually contains eight [[stamens]], though this may range from three to ten. They are usually in two series.<ref name=victoria/> The [[fruits]] of each plant can be a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], [[samara (fruit)|samara]], or [[drupe]].<ref name=potw/>


==Tribes and genera==
==Tribes and genera==
The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,<ref name=potw>{{cite web |title=''Polygalaceae'' Hoffmanns. & Link |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000688-2 |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref> with tribes based on various sources.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Abbott JR. | year=2011 | title=Notes on the disintegration of ''Polygala'' (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal= Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=125–137 | jstor=41972495}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Pastore JFB. | year=2012 | title=''Caamembeca'': Generic status and new name for ''Polygala'' subgenus ''Ligustrina'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=67 | issue=3 | pages=435–442 | doi=10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x| bibcode=2012KewBu..67..435P | s2cid=19252598 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL | year=2013 | title=Generic status and lectotypifications for ''Gymnospora'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Novon]] | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=304–306 | url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi=10.3417/2010113| bibcode=2013Novon..22..304P | s2cid=85269764 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Abbott JR, Pastore JF | year=2015 | title=Preliminary synopsis of the genus ''Hebecarpa'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=70 | issue=3 | pages=39 | doi=10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2| bibcode=2015KewBu..70...39A | s2cid=22601207 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Freire-Fierro A. | date=2015 | title=Systematics of ''Monnina'' (Polygalaceae) | publisher=Drexel University | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | access-date=2017-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195921/http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | archive-date=2017-03-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C | year=2017 | title=A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in ''Caamembeca'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=54–62 | doi=10.1600/036364417X694935| bibcode=2017SysBo..42...54P | s2cid=90353852 }}</ref>
The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,<ref name=potw>{{cite web |title=''Polygalaceae'' Hoffmanns. & Link |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000688-2 |access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref> with tribes based on various sources.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Abbott JR. | year=2011 | title=Notes on the disintegration of ''Polygala'' (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America | journal= Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=125–137 | jstor=41972495}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Pastore JFB. | year=2012 | title=''Caamembeca'': Generic status and new name for ''Polygala'' subgenus ''Ligustrina'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=67 | issue=3 | pages=435–442 | doi=10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x| bibcode=2012KewBu..67..435P | s2cid=19252598 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Rodrigues de Moraes PL | year=2013 | title=Generic status and lectotypifications for ''Gymnospora'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Novon]] | volume=22 | issue=3 | pages=304–306 | url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/2531694 | doi=10.3417/2010113| bibcode=2013Novon..22..304P | s2cid=85269764 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Abbott JR, Pastore JF | year=2015 | title=Preliminary synopsis of the genus ''Hebecarpa'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Kew Bulletin|Kew Bull]] | volume=70 | issue=3 | pages=39 | doi=10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2| bibcode=2015KewBu..70...39A | s2cid=22601207 }}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis | type=Ph.D. | author=Freire-Fierro A. | date=2015 | title=Systematics of ''Monnina'' (Polygalaceae) | publisher=Drexel University | url=http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | access-date=2017-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319195921/http://gradworks.umi.com/36/85/3685585.html | archive-date=2017-03-19 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Caamembeca">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pastore JF, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C | year=2017 | title=A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in ''Caamembeca'' (Polygalaceae) | journal=[[Systematic Botany|Syst Bot]] | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=54–62 | doi=10.1600/036364417X694935| bibcode=2017SysBo..42...54P | s2cid=90353852 }}</ref>


*Carpolobieae <small>Eriksen</small>
*Carpolobieae <small>Eriksen</small>
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**''[[Bredemeyera]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
**''[[Bredemeyera]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
**''[[Caamembeca]]'' <small>J.F.B. Pastore</small>
**''[[Caamembeca]]'' <small>J.F.B. Pastore</small>
**''[[Chamaebuxus]]'' {{small|Tourn.}} (synonym ''Polygaloides'' <small>Haller</small>)
**''[[Comesperma]]'' <small>Labill.</small>
**''[[Comesperma]]'' <small>Labill.</small>
**''[[Epirixanthes]]'' <small>Blume</small>
**''[[Epirixanthes]]'' <small>Blume</small>
Line 53: Line 54:
**''[[Phlebotaenia]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
**''[[Phlebotaenia]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
**''[[Polygala]]'' <small>L.</small>
**''[[Polygala]]'' <small>L.</small>
**''[[Polygaloides]]'' <small>Haller</small>
**''[[Rhamphopetalum]]'' <small>J.F.B.Pastore & M.Mota</small>
**''[[Rhamphopetalum]]'' <small>J.F.B.Pastore & M.Mota</small>
**''[[Rhinotropis]]'' <small>(S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott</small>
**''[[Rhinotropis]]'' <small>(S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott</small>

Latest revision as of 17:57, 14 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 27 genera and ca. 900 known species[1] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.

The family was first described in 1809 by Johann Hoffmansegg and Johann Link.[2] In 1896, Robert Chodat split it into three tribes. A fourth tribe was split off from the tribe Polygaleae in 1992.[3] Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.

Description

Polygalaceae are annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees or lianas.Template:R Its zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, bisexual flowers have three to five petals and five sepals.[4][5] Its leaves are usually alternate, but may be opposite, fascicled, or verticillate.[4] Each flower usually contains eight stamens, though this may range from three to ten. They are usually in two series.[5] The fruits of each plant can be a capsule, samara, or drupe.[4]

Tribes and genera

The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera,[4] with tribes based on various sources.[6][7][8][9][10][11]

Fossils

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[11][12][13][14][15][16]

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References

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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Template:Cite thesis
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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Template:Angiosperm families Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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