Long-jawed orb weaver: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Family of spiders}} | {{Short description|Family of spiders}} | ||
{{Automatic taxobox | {{Automatic taxobox | ||
| name = Long-jawed orb-weavers | | name = Long-jawed orb-weavers | ||
| image = Metellina mengei (aka).jpg | | image = Metellina mengei (aka).jpg | ||
| image_caption = ''[[Metellina mengei]]'' | | image_caption = ''[[Metellina mengei]]'' | ||
| image2 = Long-jawed orb-weaver spider (Tetragnatha montana) female.jpg | | image2 = Long-jawed orb-weaver spider (Tetragnatha montana) female.jpg | ||
| image2_caption = ''[[Tetragnatha montana]]'', female | | image2_caption = ''[[Tetragnatha montana]]'', female | ||
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Cretaceous|present}} | |||
| taxon = Tetragnathidae | | taxon = Tetragnathidae | ||
| authority = [[Anton Menge|Menge]], 1866 | | authority = [[Anton Menge|Menge]], 1866 | ||
| range_map = | | image_upright = 1.15 | ||
| range_map = Tetragnathidae range map.svg | |||
| range_map_caption = <span style="color:blue">blue</span>: reported countries ([[World Spider Catalog|WSC]])<br/><span style="color:green">green</span>: observation hotspots ([[iNaturalist]]) | |||
| range_map_upright = 1.15 | | range_map_upright = 1.15 | ||
| diversity = [[#Genera| | | diversity = [[#Genera|45 genera]], [[List of Tetragnathidae species|c. 1,000 species]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Long-jawed orb weavers''' or '''long jawed spiders''' ('''Tetragnathidae''') are a family of [[Araneomorphae|araneomorph]] [[spider]]s first described by [[Anton Menge]] in 1866.<ref | '''Long-jawed orb weavers''' or '''long jawed spiders''' ('''Tetragnathidae''') are a family of [[Araneomorphae|araneomorph]] [[spider]]s first described by [[Anton Menge]] in 1866.<ref name="menge1866" /> They have elongated bodies, legs, and [[chelicerae]], and build small orb webs with an open hub with few, wide-set radii and spirals with no signal line or retreat. Some species are often found in long [[vegetation]] near water.<ref name="gould2023" /> | ||
==Systematics== | ==Systematics== | ||
{{Main|List of Tetragnathidae species}} | {{Main|List of Tetragnathidae species}} | ||
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[[File:LogJawed SilverSiders.webm|thumb|thumbtime=141|right|Pair of [[Tetragnatha laboriosa|silver long-jawed orb weaver spider]]s interacting, laying silk and losing the [[cranefly]] they were consuming to [[Formicidae|ant]]s.]] | [[File:LogJawed SilverSiders.webm|thumb|thumbtime=141|right|Pair of [[Tetragnatha laboriosa|silver long-jawed orb weaver spider]]s interacting, laying silk and losing the [[cranefly]] they were consuming to [[Formicidae|ant]]s.]] | ||
{{as of| | {{as of|2025|10}}, this family includes 45 genera:<ref name="wsc" /> | ||
{{ | {{Div col}} | ||
*''[[Allende (spider)|Allende]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</small> | * ''[[Allende (spider)|Allende]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</small> – [[Argentina]], [[Chile]] | ||
*''[[Antillognatha]]'' <small>Bryant, 1945</small> | * ''[[Antillognatha]]'' <small>Bryant, 1945</small> – [[Hispaniola]] | ||
*''[[Atelidea]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> | * ''[[Atelidea]]'' <small>[[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1895</small> – [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] | ||
*''[[Azilia]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1881</small> | * ''[[Azilia]]'' <small>[[Eugen von Keyserling|Keyserling]], 1881</small> – Central America to Peru | ||
*''[[Chrysometa]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> | * ''[[Chrysometa]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> – North America, South America | ||
*''[[Cyrtognatha]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1881</small> | * ''[[Cyrtognatha]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1881</small> – North America, South America | ||
*''[[Dianleucauge]]'' <small>Song & Zhu, 1994</small> | * ''[[Dianleucauge]]'' <small>Song & Zhu, 1994</small> – [[China]] | ||
*''[[Diphya]]'' <small>Nicolet, 1849</small> | * ''[[Diphya]]'' <small>[[Hercule Nicolet|Nicolet]], 1849</small> – [[Madagascar]], [[South Africa]], Eastern Asia, [[Russia]], South America | ||
*''[[Dolichognatha]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869</small> | * ''[[Dolichognatha]]'' <small>[[Octavius Pickard-Cambridge|O. Pickard-Cambridge]], 1869</small> – Africa, Asia, Cuba, North to South America, Ocenia | ||
*''[[Doryonychus]]'' <small>Simon, 1900</small> | * ''[[Doryonychus]]'' <small>Simon, 1900</small> – [[Hawaii]] | ||
*''[[Dyschiriognatha]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small> | * ''[[Dyschiriognatha]]'' <small>Simon, 1893</small> – [[Brazil]], [[Malaysia]], Oceania | ||
*''[[Glenognatha]]'' <small>Simon, 1887</small> | * ''[[Glenognatha]]'' <small>Simon, 1887</small> – Africa, Asia, North America, South America, [[French Polynesia]], Marquesas Islands. Introduced to [[Seychelles]], [[St. Helena]], Brazil, [[Ecuador]], [[Galapagos]] | ||
*''[[Harlanethis]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> | * ''[[Harlanethis]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & [[:species:Gustavo Hormiga|Hormiga]], 2020</small> – Australia | ||
*''[[Hispanognatha]]'' <small>Bryant, 1945</small> | * ''[[Hispanognatha]]'' <small>Bryant, 1945</small> – Hispaniola | ||
*''[[Homalometa]]'' <small>Simon, 1898</small> | * ''[[Homalometa]]'' <small>Simon, 1898</small> – Cuba, [[Costa Rica]], Panama, Mexico, Brazil, Lesser Antilles | ||
*''[[Iamarra]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> | * ''[[Iamarra]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> – Australia | ||
*''[[Leucauge]]'' <small>White, 1841</small> | * ''[[Leucauge]]'' <small>White, 1841</small> – Africa, Asia, Oceania, Americas | ||
*''[[Leucognatha]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> | * ''[[Leucognatha]]'' <small>[[Jörg Wunderlich|Wunderlich]], 1992</small> – [[Kenya]], Tanzania, [[Azores]] | ||
*''[[Mesida]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1911</small> | * ''[[Mesida]]'' <small>[[Władysław Kulczyński|Kulczyński]], 1911</small> – Asia, Oceania | ||
*''[[Meta (spider)|Meta]]'' <small>C. L. Koch, | * ''[[Meta (spider)|Meta]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Koch|C. L. Koch]], 1835</small> – North Africa, Tanzania, South Africa, Asia, Australia, [[Madeira]], Russia, Cuba, North America | ||
*''[[ | * ''[[Metabus]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899</small> – [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guatemala]], Mexico | ||
*''[[Metellina]]'' <small>Chamberlin & Ivie, 1941</small> | * ''[[Metellina]]'' <small>[[Ralph Vary Chamberlin|Chamberlin]] & Ivie, 1941</small> –Africa, Europe, Asia. Introduced to [[Canada]] | ||
*''[[Metleucauge]]'' <small>Levi, 1980</small> | * ''[[Metleucauge]]'' <small>[[Herbert Walter Levi|Levi]], 1980</small> – Asia, Russia, United States | ||
*''[[Mitoscelis]]'' <small>Thorell, 1890</small> | * ''[[Mitoscelis]]'' <small>[[Tamerlan Thorell|Thorell]], 1890</small> – [[Indonesia]] | ||
*''[[Mollemeta]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</small> | * ''[[Mollemeta]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</small> – Chile | ||
*''[[Nanningia]]'' <small>Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997</small> | * ''[[Nanningia]]'' <small>Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997</small> – China | ||
*''[[Nanometa]]'' <small>Simon, 1908</small> | * ''[[Nanometa]]'' <small>Simon, 1908</small> – Australia, [[New Caledonia]], Papua New Guinea, [[New Zealand]] | ||
*''[[Neoprolochus]]'' <small>Reimoser, 1927</small> | * ''[[Neoprolochus]]'' <small>Reimoser, 1927</small> – Indonesia | ||
*''[[Okileucauge]]'' <small>Tanikawa, 2001</small> | * ''[[Okileucauge]]'' <small>[[:species:Akio Tanikawa|Tanikawa]], 2001</small> – China, [[Japan]] | ||
*''[[Orsinome]]'' <small>Thorell, 1890</small> | * ''[[Orsinome]]'' <small>Thorell, 1890</small> – Asia, New Guinea | ||
*''[[Pachygnatha]]'' <small>Sundevall, 1823</small> | * ''[[Pachygnatha]]'' <small>[[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1823</small> – Africa, Asia, Europe, Cuba, North America | ||
*''[[Parameta]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> | * ''[[Parameta]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small> – [[Sierra Leone]] | ||
*''[[Parazilia]]'' <small>Lessert, 1938</small> | * ''[[Parazilia]]'' <small>[[Roger de Lessert|Lessert]], 1938</small> – [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]] | ||
*''[[Pholcipes]]'' <small>Schmidt & Krause, 1993</small> | * ''[[Pholcipes]]'' <small>Schmidt & Krause, 1993</small> – Comoros | ||
*''[[Pickardinella]]'' <small>Archer, 1951</small> | * ''[[Pickardinella]]'' <small>[[Allan Frost Archer|Archer]], 1951</small> – Mexico | ||
*''[[Pinkfloydia]]'' <small>Dimitrov | * ''[[Pinkfloydia]]'' <small>Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2011</small> – Australia | ||
*''[[ | * ''[[Schenkeliella]]'' <small>[[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1934</small> – Sri Lanka | ||
* ''[[Taraire]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> – New Zealand | |||
*''[[Taraire]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> | * ''[[Tawhai]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> – New Zealand | ||
*''[[Tawhai]]'' <small>Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020</small> | * ''[[Tetragnatha]]'' <small>[[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1804</small> – Worldwide | ||
*''[[Tetragnatha]]'' <small>Latreille, 1804</small> | * ''[[Timonoe]]'' <small>Thorell, 1898</small> – Myanmar | ||
*''[[Timonoe]]'' <small>Thorell, 1898</small> | * ''[[Tylorida]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> – West Africa, Asia to Australia | ||
*''[[Tylorida]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> | * ''[[Wolongia]]'' <small>Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997</small> – China, India | ||
*''[[Wolongia]]'' <small>Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997</small> | * ''[[Zhinu (spider)|Zhinu]]'' <small>Kallal & Hormiga, 2018</small> – Japan, Korea, Taiwan | ||
*''[[Zhinu (spider)|Zhinu]]'' <small>Kallal & Hormiga, 2018</small> | * ''[[Zygiometella]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1995</small> – [[Israel]], [[Cyprus]] | ||
*''[[Zygiometella]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 1995</small> | {{Div col end}} | ||
{{ | |||
===Fossil genera=== | ===Fossil genera=== | ||
Several extinct, fossil genera have been described:<ref name=dunlop2018 | Several extinct, fossil genera have been described:<ref name=dunlop2018 /> | ||
{{div col | {{div col}} | ||
* †''[[Anameta]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 2004</small> ([[Palaeogene]], [[Bitterfield amber|Bitterfield]] and [[Baltic amber]]) | * †''[[Anameta]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 2004</small> ([[Palaeogene]], [[Bitterfield amber|Bitterfield]] and [[Baltic amber]]) | ||
* †''[[Balticgnatha]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 2004</small> (Palaeogene, Baltic amber) | * †''[[Balticgnatha]]'' <small>Wunderlich, 2004</small> (Palaeogene, Baltic amber) | ||
| Line 91: | Line 92: | ||
* ''Eryciniolia'' <small>Strand, 1912</small> – now a synonym of ''[[Nanometa]]'' | * ''Eryciniolia'' <small>Strand, 1912</small> – now a synonym of ''[[Nanometa]]'' | ||
* ''Menosira'' <small>Chikuni, 1955</small> – now a synonym of ''[[Metellina]]'' | * ''Menosira'' <small>Chikuni, 1955</small> – now a synonym of ''[[Metellina]]'' | ||
* ''Nediphya'' <small>Marusik & Omelko, 2017</small> – now a synonym of ''[[Nanometa]]'' | * ''Nediphya'' <small>[[Yuri M. Marusik|Marusik]] & Omelko, 2017</small> – now a synonym of ''[[Nanometa]]'' | ||
* ''[[Phonognatha]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> – now in Araneidae | * ''[[Phonognatha]]'' <small>Simon, 1894</small> – now in Araneidae | ||
* ''Prolochus'' <small>Thorell, 1895</small> – see ''[[Dolichognatha]]'' | * ''Prolochus'' <small>Thorell, 1895</small> – see ''[[Dolichognatha]]'' | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist|refs= | ||
<ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/family/99 | title=Family: Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-09}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="dunlop2018">Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 19.0, accessed on 7 October 2018.</ref> | |||
<ref name="menge1866">{{cite journal |last=Menge |first=Anton |year=1866 |title=Preussische Spinnen. Erste Abtheilung |journal=Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig (N.F.) |volume=1}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="gould2023">{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=John |last2=García |first2=Luis Fernando |last3=Valdez |first3=Jose. W. |date=March 2023 |title=Water webbing: Long‐jawed spider (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) produces webs that touch the surface of ephemeral waterbodies |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/eth.13355 |journal=Ethology |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=182–185 |doi=10.1111/eth.13355 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
* Chickering, A.M. (1963). The Male of ''Mecynometa globosa'' (O. P.-Cambridge) (Araneae, Argiopidae). ''[[Psyche (entomological journal)|Psyche]]'' 70:180–183. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928163951/http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/70/70-180.pdf PDF] | * Chickering, A.M. (1963). The Male of ''Mecynometa globosa'' (O. P.-Cambridge) (Araneae, Argiopidae). ''[[Psyche (entomological journal)|Psyche]]'' 70:180–183. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928163951/http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/70/70-180.pdf PDF] | ||
== External links == | ==External links== | ||
{{ | * {{inaturalist taxon}} | ||
* [http://tolweb.org/Tetragnathidae/2799 Tree of Life Tetragnathidae] | * [http://tolweb.org/Tetragnathidae/2799 Tree of Life Tetragnathidae] | ||
* [http://cirrusimage.com/spider_longjawed_orb_weaver.htm ''Tatragnatha sp''.] Large format diagnostic photographs and information | * [http://cirrusimage.com/spider_longjawed_orb_weaver.htm ''Tatragnatha sp''.] Large format diagnostic photographs and information | ||
Latest revision as of 14:21, 28 December 2025
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Long-jawed orb weavers or long jawed spiders (Tetragnathidae) are a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Anton Menge in 1866.[1] They have elongated bodies, legs, and chelicerae, and build small orb webs with an open hub with few, wide-set radii and spirals with no signal line or retreat. Some species are often found in long vegetation near water.[2]
Systematics
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since October 2025[update]Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"., this family includes 45 genera:[3]
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- Allende Álvarez-Padilla, 2007 – Argentina, Chile
- Antillognatha Bryant, 1945 – Hispaniola
- Atelidea Simon, 1895 – India, Sri Lanka
- Azilia Keyserling, 1881 – Central America to Peru
- Chrysometa Simon, 1894 – North America, South America
- Cyrtognatha Keyserling, 1881 – North America, South America
- Dianleucauge Song & Zhu, 1994 – China
- Diphya Nicolet, 1849 – Madagascar, South Africa, Eastern Asia, Russia, South America
- Dolichognatha O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 – Africa, Asia, Cuba, North to South America, Ocenia
- Doryonychus Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
- Dyschiriognatha Simon, 1893 – Brazil, Malaysia, Oceania
- Glenognatha Simon, 1887 – Africa, Asia, North America, South America, French Polynesia, Marquesas Islands. Introduced to Seychelles, St. Helena, Brazil, Ecuador, Galapagos
- Harlanethis Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 – Australia
- Hispanognatha Bryant, 1945 – Hispaniola
- Homalometa Simon, 1898 – Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, Brazil, Lesser Antilles
- Iamarra Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 – Australia
- Leucauge White, 1841 – Africa, Asia, Oceania, Americas
- Leucognatha Wunderlich, 1992 – Kenya, Tanzania, Azores
- Mesida Kulczyński, 1911 – Asia, Oceania
- Meta C. L. Koch, 1835 – North Africa, Tanzania, South Africa, Asia, Australia, Madeira, Russia, Cuba, North America
- Metabus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 – Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico
- Metellina Chamberlin & Ivie, 1941 –Africa, Europe, Asia. Introduced to Canada
- Metleucauge Levi, 1980 – Asia, Russia, United States
- Mitoscelis Thorell, 1890 – Indonesia
- Mollemeta Álvarez-Padilla, 2007 – Chile
- Nanningia Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997 – China
- Nanometa Simon, 1908 – Australia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand
- Neoprolochus Reimoser, 1927 – Indonesia
- Okileucauge Tanikawa, 2001 – China, Japan
- Orsinome Thorell, 1890 – Asia, New Guinea
- Pachygnatha Sundevall, 1823 – Africa, Asia, Europe, Cuba, North America
- Parameta Simon, 1895 – Sierra Leone
- Parazilia Lessert, 1938 – DR Congo
- Pholcipes Schmidt & Krause, 1993 – Comoros
- Pickardinella Archer, 1951 – Mexico
- Pinkfloydia Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2011 – Australia
- Schenkeliella Strand, 1934 – Sri Lanka
- Taraire Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 – New Zealand
- Tawhai Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga, 2020 – New Zealand
- Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 – Worldwide
- Timonoe Thorell, 1898 – Myanmar
- Tylorida Simon, 1894 – West Africa, Asia to Australia
- Wolongia Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997 – China, India
- Zhinu Kallal & Hormiga, 2018 – Japan, Korea, Taiwan
- Zygiometella Wunderlich, 1995 – Israel, Cyprus
Fossil genera
Several extinct, fossil genera have been described:[4]
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- †Anameta Wunderlich, 2004 (Palaeogene, Bitterfield and Baltic amber)
- †Balticgnatha Wunderlich, 2004 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Corneometa Wunderlich, 2004 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Eometa Petrunkevitch, 1958 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Huergnina Selden & Penney, 2003 (Cretaceous, Las Hoyas, Spain)
- †Macryphantes Selden, 1990 (Cretaceous)
- †Palaeometa Petrunkevitch, 1922 (Palaeogene, Florissant)
- †Palaeopachygnatha Petrunkevitch, 1922 (Palaeogene, Florissant)
- †Priscometa Petrunkevitch, 1958 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
- †Samlandicmeta Wunderlich, 2012 (Palaeogene, Baltic amber)
Formerly placed here
- Deliochus Simon, 1894 – now in Araneidae
- Eryciniolia Strand, 1912 – now a synonym of Nanometa
- Menosira Chikuni, 1955 – now a synonym of Metellina
- Nediphya Marusik & Omelko, 2017 – now a synonym of Nanometa
- Phonognatha Simon, 1894 – now in Araneidae
- Prolochus Thorell, 1895 – see Dolichognatha
See also
A few spiders in this family include:
References
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- ↑ Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2018. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, version 19.0, accessed on 7 October 2018.
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- Chickering, A.M. (1963). The Male of Mecynometa globosa (O. P.-Cambridge) (Araneae, Argiopidae). Psyche 70:180–183. PDF
External links
- Tree of Life Tetragnathidae
- Tatragnatha sp. Large format diagnostic photographs and information
- Reference Photos: Tetragnatha laboriosa
- Venusta Orchard Spider - Family Tetragnathidae
- Pictures of Tetragnatha sp. (free for noncommercial use)
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