Srinagar: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 04:52, 22 December 2025

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SrinagarTemplate:Efn is a city in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.^[1] It is the largest city and summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered union territory. It lies in the Kashmir Valley along the banks of the Jhelum River, and the shores of Dal Lake and Anchar Lakes, between the Hari Parbat and Shankaracharya hills. The city is known for its natural environment, various gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like the Kashmir shawl (made of pashmina and cashmere wool), papier-mâché, wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewel making, as well as for dried fruits.^[2]^[3] It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the Himalayas (after Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal).

Founded in the 6th century during the rule of the Gonanda dynasty according to the Rajatarangini, the city took on the name of an earlier capital thought to have been founded by the Mauryas in its vicinity. The city remained the most important capital of the Kashmir Valley under the Hindu dynasties, and was a major centre of learning. During the 14th–16th centuries the city's old town saw major expansions, particularly under the Shah Mir dynasty, whose kings used various parts of it as their capitals. It became the spiritual centre of Kashmir, and attracted several Sufi preachers. It also started to emerge as a hub of shawl weaving and other Kashmiri handicrafts. In the late 16th century, the city became part of the Mughal Empire, many of whose emperors used it as their summer resort. Many Mughal gardens were built in the city and around Dal lake during this time, of which Shalimar and Nishat are the most well-known.

After passing through the hands of the Afghan Durranis and the Sikhs in the late 18th and early 19th century, it eventually became the summer capital of the Dogra kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir in 1846. The city became a popular tourist destination among Europeans and Indian elites during this time, with several hotels and its iconic houseboats being built. In 1952, the city became the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, a region administered by India as a state, with Jammu being its winter capital. It was the flashpoint of violence during the 1990s and early 2000s insurgency in the region. In 2019, it became the summer capital of a smaller region which is administered by India as a union territory, after the former state's reorganisation.

Etymology

The earliest records, such as Kalhana's Rajatarangini, mentions the Sanskrit name shri-nagara which have been interpreted distinctively by scholars in two ways: one being "The city of "Śrī" (Template:Langx), the Hindu goddess of prosperity, meaning "City of Lakshmi"^[4]^[5]^[6]Template:Sfn^[7]^[8] and other being sūrya-nagar, meaning "City of the Surya" (trans) "City of Sun."^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] The name was used for an older capital in the vicinity of the present-day city, before being used for it.Template:Sfn Between the 14th and 19th centuries, and especially during Mughal rule, the city was also referred to simply as Kashmir or Shahr-i-Kashmir (Template:Lit).Template:Sfn

History

Early history

File:Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg

Shiva Temple at Pandrethan, near Srinagar, built c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

According to the Rajatarangini of Kalhana, a capital city by the name of Srinagari was built in the Kashmir valley by Ashoka.Template:Efn Kalhana calls this capital puranadhisthana, Sanskrit for 'old capital', identified as present-day Pandrethan, 3.5 kilometres south-east of Srinagar.Template:Sfn A 'new capital' was built by king Pravarasena, called Parvarapura, in 6th century CE. Srinagari continued to be used as a name for this capital. This new capital was located at the base of the Hari Parbat hill on the right bank of the Jhelum, corresponding to the location of modern-day Srinagar.Template:Sfn Kalhana describes the capital having several markets, mansions, wooden houses, grand temples and canals, and also refers to the Dal lake and Jhelum river.Template:Sfn A long embankment was constructed on the Jhelum by Pravarasena to protect the city from floods, parts of which have survived to the present day.Template:Sfn The two capitals are also mentioned in the chronicle of Chinese traveller Huein Tsang who visited the city in 631 CE.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Although several other capitals of Kashmir were constructed by other rulers over the next few centuries, Pravarasena's Srinagar survived as the capital.Template:Efn The city was divided into several parts, each with its own guardian deity, which continue to be worshipped by Hindu Kashmiris.Template:Sfn The 8th century scholar Adi Shankara visited the city and founded the Shankaracharya Temple here, at the site of the earlier Jyeshteshwara Temple.Template:Sfn The city gradually extended to the left bank of the Jhelum river, and in the early 12th century the royal palace was shifted to this side.Template:Sfn

Sultanate period

File:Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg

The Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, built in the beginning of 15th century CE

Rinchana, a Buddhist convert to Islam who briefly ruled Kashmir in the early 14th century, built the first mosque in Kashmir on the site of a Buddhist temple in a colony of Srinagar built by him.Template:Sfn The Muslim rulers that came after him established their capitals in areas of present-day old city Srinagar.Template:Sfn During the rule of the Sultans, the city became synonymous with the Kashmir valley, and 'Srinagar' fell into disuse as a name for it.Template:Efn Template:Sfn During the rule of Qutbuddin, Islamic preacher Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani visited the valley and established his seat of preaching in Srinagar. Sultan Sikandar Shahmiri (1389–1413 CE) built the Khanqah-e-Moula at this location, and also built the Jamia Mosque at Nowhatta in 1402.Template:Sfn The oldest surviving example of forcible conversion of a Hindu place of worship into Muslim shrine in Kashmir also appears from Srinagar under Sikandar's rule.Template:Sfn Sikandar's successor Zain-ul-Abidin undertook several constructions in and around Srinagar. He built the Zainakadal bridge connecting the two halves of the city on either side of the Jhelum river, the Mar canal and two islands inside Dal lake called Sona Lank and Rupa Lank.Template:Sfn He also built a stone shrine for his Islamic teacher at Madin Sahib, and a brick mausoleum for his mother constructed using materials from a Hindu structure and showing Timurid influences,Template:Sfn where he was also buried after his death. He is also credited with establishing industries around the arts of shawl and carpet weaving, papier-maché, and wood carving in Srinagar.Template:Sfn

Mughal rule

File:India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens.jpg

Nishat Bagh, a Mughal Garden built during the reign of Shah Jahan on the northern bank of the Dal lake, in the vicinity of Srinagar

The Mughals annexed Kashmir in 1586 after a period of internal instability in the valley, and added it to their Kabul province. Mughal emperor Akbar visited the valley three times. During his second visit in 1592, an elaborate Diwali celebration was held in Srinagar.Template:Sfn On the final such visit, he was accompanied by the first recorded European visitors to the area.Template:Efn Akbar built fortifications around the Hari Parbat hill, and established a township called Nagar Nagar there.Template:Sfn He also built a shrine for Hamza Makhdoom, a Sufi mystic of Kashmir's Rishi order, on the southern slope of Hari Parbat which was later expanded several times.Template:Sfn His successor Jahangir was particularly fond of the Kashmir valley and frequently visited it.Template:Sfn His rule brought prosperity to Srinagar, and several Mughal gardens were built in the city and around the Dal lake during his and his successor Shah Jahan's reign, including the Shalimar and Nishat Bagh. Empress Nur Jahan built the Pathar Mosque on the left bank of Jhelum river opposite the Khānqāh-e-Moula in 1623, the mosque was however deemed unfit for worship soon after its construction and used instead for non-religious purposes.^[13]

File:View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780.jpg

A c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". painting showing Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh from Hazratbal

Shah Jahan made Kashmir into a separate Subah (province) with its administrative seat at Srinagar in 1638. His heir apparent prince Dara Shikoh visited the Kashmir valley frequently, and built the Pari Mahal—a palace, pleasure garden and center for intellectual discourse and astronomy on the site of a ruined Buddhist monastery—and a stone mosque for his spiritual master Mullah Shah, whom he had met during his first visit to Kashmir in 1640.Template:Sfn^[14] Aurangzeb (1658–1707) did not share the fondness for Kashmir of his predecessors, and visited the valley only once during his reign.^[14] The Aali Masjid was expanded and the Safa kadal bridge was built over the Jhelum river during his reign. The moi muqaddas, a relic believed to be the hair strand of prophet Muhammad's beard, also arrived in Kashmir during this time, and was housed in a Mughal palace at Hazratbal, which became the Hazratbal Dargah. A number of Europeans visited the city during the later Mughal period.Template:Efn

Afghan and Sikh rule

In 1753, Kashmir passed into the hands of the Afghan Durrani Empire. The Afghans undertook reconstructions in Srinagar and built the palace at Shergarhi at the site of a pre-existing ancient palace, as well as the fort atop Hari Parbat.Template:Sfn However, contemporary accounts describe the city as filthy and deteriorating, and it also saw worsening inter-community relations during Afghan rule, with repeated Hindu-Muslim and Shia-Sunni riots, and state persecution of Pandits.Template:Sfn In 1819, the Sikh Empire assumed control of Kashmir. Under them, Srinagar, the old name of the city, was restored. The situation in the city did not improve much under Sikh rule, and the city remained in a state of decay.Template:Sfn They also imposed several restrictions on Muslim religious expression, and closed the gates of the Jamia Mosque, which remained closed until 1843. A Shia-Sunni riot happened in the city in 1837.Template:Sfn

Dogra rule

File:View of Srinagar 1872.jpg

1872 painting depicting the city of Srinagar.

With the establishment of Dogra rule following the 1846 Treaty of Amritsar, Srinagar became the capital of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Jammu-based dynasty's founder Gulab Singh brought production and trade under state control, and laid the foundation of a state seeking to draw its legitimacy from the valley's Hindu past, alienating its majority Muslim population.Template:Sfn The Dogras found Srinagar deteriorating, filthy and overcrowded.Template:Sfn The city used to see several break-outs of cholera, as well as earthquakes, floods, fires and famines. The famine of 1877–79 is said to have halved the city's population.Template:Sfn Consequently, due to the famine and forced labour in the villages, a considerable number of people migrated to Srinagar.Template:Sfn Script error: No such module "Multiple image".

The Darbar Move was introduced in 1872 by Ranbir Singh, whereby the capital moved to Jammu for six months during the winter.^[15] The Raghunath Temple was also completed during Ranbir Singh's rule.Template:Sfn With a global decline in shawl trade during late 19th century, the shawl weaving class of the city was upended. Several changes were ushered in during the reign of Pratap Singh (1885–1925). A British Residency was established in Srinagar and direct British influence on the administration of the state grew. During this time, Srinagar, and in turn the Kashmir Valley, was connected to the rest of India via roads, which saw increased trade with Punjab. In 1886, a municipality was established for the city of Srinagar.Template:Sfn Works for sanitation and urban development undertaken by the municipality were often met with stiff opposition by the residents, who were averse to changes.Template:Sfn In the late 19th and early 20th century, modern tourism began to take hold in the city, especially on and around the Dal lake, with houseboats being built to accommodate British officers and their families who came in the summers seeking respite from the heat of the plains of northern India.^[16] The Shergarhi Palace was greatly modified by the Dogras, who used it as their official residence in the city. Pratap Singh and his successor Hari Singh also laid out several parks in the city. The city expanded rapidly between 1891 and 1941, partly due to increased migration from the countryside as a result of famines and due to improvements in sanitation and urban development as well as economic expansion, in particular the growth of the textile and tourism industries in the city.Template:Sfn Many Punjabis also settled in Srinagar during this time for trade, commerce and administration.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Srinagar emerged as the hub of political activity within the Kashmir valley during later Dogra rule. Kashmiris at large despised the Dogra rule and considered the dynasty an "alien rule".Template:Sfn Many Muslim leaders competed for influence and control over Muslim shrines in the city through which they sought to become representatives of Kashmiri Muslims.Template:Sfn Sheikh Abdullah, and his National Conference (NC), eventually succeeded in doing so.

Partition and Independence

In 1947, after the princely state's accession to India following an invasion of the state by Pakistani irregulars in the aftermath of the partition of India, Indian forces were airlifted to Srinagar on 27 October to defend the city and the larger Kashmir valley.Template:Sfn The National Conference also established a popular people's militia in the city to aid the army in their defence of the territory.Template:Sfn^[17] Srinagar became the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir when it was established in 1952. Script error: No such module "Multiple image". In 1963–1964, the relic at the Hazratbal Shrine in Srinagar briefly disappeared, causing political turmoil.Template:Sfn Following this, the shrine was reconstructed between 1968 and 1979 in a Mughal-inspired style.Template:Sfn In 1989, Srinagar became the focus of the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. The city saw increased violence against the minority Hindus—particularly the Kashmiri Pandits—during the insurgency which resulted in their ultimate exodus.^[18]^[19] Kashmiri Hindus constituted 8.39% of Srinagar's population in the 1981 census and 2.75% in the 2011 census.^[20]^[21] The Gawakadal massacre took place in the city in January 1990, resulting in 50–100 deaths.^[22] As a result, bunkers and checkpoints are found throughout the city, although their numbers have come down in the past few years as militancy has declined. Protests against Indian rule still occur with large demonstrations happening in 2008, 2010, 2013, and 2016.^[23]^[24] After revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir and the subsequent devolution of the state into a union territory in August 2019, a lockdown was imposed in Kashmir, including in Srinagar.^[25]

Geography

The city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River, called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Wular Lake. The city is known for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city.

There are a number of lakes and swamps in and around the city. These include the Dal, the Nigeen, the Anchar, Khushal Sar, Gil Sar and Hokersar.

Hokersar is a wetland situated near Srinagar. Thousands of migratory birds come to Hokersar from Siberia and other regions in the winter season. Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between September and October and again around spring. These wetlands play a vital role in sustaining a large population of wintering, staging and breeding birds.

Hokersar is Script error: No such module "convert". north of Srinagar, and is a world class wetland spread over Script error: No such module "convert". including lake and marshy area. It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's wetlands which include Hygam, Shalibug and Mirgund. A record number of migratory birds have visited Hokersar in recent years.^[26]

Birds found in Hokersar are migratory ducks and geese which include brahminy duck, tufted duck, gadwall, garganey, greylag goose, mallard, common merganser, northern pintail, common pochard, ferruginous pochard, red-crested pochard, ruddy shelduck, northern shoveller, common teal, and Eurasian wigeon.^[27]^[28]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Srinagar has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with moderately hot summers and cool winters. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Due to influence from Himalayan rain shadow and western disturbances, Srinagar has year-round precipitation; the spring season is the wettest while autumn is the driest. The region also has less rain from the southwest monsoon in the summer due to lying in the leeward side of the rain shadow which reduces these winds from the south. Winters are colder in the region than most areas with monsoon climates due to these influences and its elevation,^[29] resulting in higher temperature variations similar to continental climates.

Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the highway connecting Srinagar with the rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads, landslides and avalanches. Daily maximum temperatures average Script error: No such module "convert". in January and drop below freezing point at night. Summers are warm to hot, slightly moderated from its elevation, with a July daytime average of Script error: No such module "convert".. The average annual rainfall is around Script error: No such module "convert".. The highest temperature reliably recorded is Script error: No such module "convert". recorded on 10 July 1946, and the lowest is Script error: No such module "convert". recorded on 6 February 1895.^[30]

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Srinagar has been ranked 43rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.^[31]

Economy

File:Market boats on Mar Canal, Srinigar.jpg

Market boats on Mar Canal in Srinagar

In November 2011, the City Mayors Foundation Template:Spaced ndashan advocacy think tankTemplate:Spaced ndashannounced that Srinagar was the 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020.^[32]

Tourism

Srinagar is one of several places that have been called the "Venice of the East".^[33]^[34]^[35] Lakes around the city include Dal Lake Template:Spaced ndashnoted for its houseboats Template:Spaced ndash and Nigeen Lake. Apart from Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake, Wular Lake and Manasbal Lake both lie to the north of Srinagar. Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.

File:WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal.jpg

Pari Mahal

Srinagar has some Mughal gardens, forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring); Shalimar Bagh; the Naseem Bagh. Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969.^[36] The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in the tentative list for sites to be included in world Heritage sites.

The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government.^[37] Another palace of the Maharajas, the Gulab Bhavan, has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.^[38]

The Shankaracharya Temple lies on a hill top in the middle of the city.^[39]

Places of Interest

In and Around Srinagar

Dal Lake in winter

Dal Lake in winter
Shikaras on Dal Lake

Shikaras on Dal Lake
Floating vegetable market on Dal Lake, the only of its kind in India

Floating vegetable market on Dal Lake, the only of its kind in India
Chashme Shahi Mughal Garden

Chashme Shahi Mughal Garden
Shalimar Bagh

Shalimar Bagh
Shalimar Mughal Garden

Shalimar Mughal Garden
Hari Parbat Fort

Hari Parbat Fort
Kathi Darwaza gate

Kathi Darwaza gate

Near Srinagar

Wular Lake, a Ramsar site – 46 km.
Manasbal Lake – 25 km.
Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve, a Ramsar site – 34 km.
Pahalgam – 85 km.
Gulmarg – 52 km.
Anantnag – 54 km.
Martand Sun Temple, near Anantnag – 62 km.
Achabal Gardens, near Anantnag – 63 km.
Verinag – 86 km.

Government and politics

The city is run by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC) under the leadership of a Mayor. The Srinagar district along with the adjoining Budgam and Ganderbal districts forms the Srinagar Parliamentary seat.Established in 1886, Srinagar Municipal Corporation comprises 74 wards and stretches over 227.34 sqkm within boundaries from North up to Pandach-Nagbal, North-East up to Harwan Bridge, East up to Zawoora-Zaafraan Colony, South-East up to Mahjoor Nagar-Natipora, South up to Baagh-i-Mahtaab, South-West up to Hamdaaniyah Colony, West up to Sozieth-Lawaypora and North-West up to Mujgund-Abdullahpora. SMC is organised into two wings - The deliberative wing (Mayor) and the Executive wing (Commissioner). The last elections were held in 2018.^[40]

SMC is involved in Sanitation, Town Planning, Revenue, Birth and Death, Development and Grievances. SMC has been successful in its efforts of e-Governance, Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste, Beautification and Creation of Green Spaces and Improvement of Drainage Networks. The organisation has, however, failed to prevent Dood Ganga Pollution for which the J&K Pollution Control Committee (JKPCC), on the direction of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), has imposed a penalty as Environmental Compensation of more than Rs 41.67 crores on Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC).^[41]

Stray dog controversy

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Srinagar's city government attracted brief international attention in March 2008 when it announced a mass poisoning program aimed at eliminating the city's population of stray dogs.^[42] Officials estimate that 100,000 stray dogs roam the streets of the city, which has a human population of just under 900,000. In a survey conducted by an NGO, it was found that some residents welcomed this program, saying the city was overrun by dogs, while critics contended that more humane methods should be used to deal with the animals.

The situation has become alarming with local news reports coming up at frequent intervals highlighting people, especially children being mauled by street dogs.^[43]

Demographics

Template:Historical population

Religion in Srinagar (2011)^[44]

Islam			95.97%
Hinduism			2.75%
Sikhism			0.92%
Other or not stated			0.36%

As of 2011 census Srinagar urban agglomeration had a population of 1,264,202.^[45] Both the city and the urban agglomeration has average literacy rate of approximately 70%.^[45]^[46] The child population of both the city and the urban agglomeration is approximately 12% of the total population.^[45] Males constituted 53.0% and females 47% of the population. The sex ratio in the city area is 888 females per 1000 males, whereas in the urban agglomeration it is 880 per 1,000.^[45]^[47]

The predominant religion of Srinagar is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population, nearly all migrant workers from outside Kashmir as most local Kashmiri Hindus fled the city in the 1990s.^[48] The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains.^[49]^[50] Kashmiri Hindus constituted 21.9% of Srinagar's population as per 1891 census and 2.75% as per 2011 census.^[21]

Template:Pie chart

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.14% spoke Kashmiri and 1.49% Hindi as their first language.^[51]

Transport

File:Lapangan terbang Srinagar 2.jpg

Srinagar International Airport

File:A DEMU passenger train at Srinagar Railway Station Platform.jpg

A passenger train at Srinagar Railway Station

Road

The city is served by many highways, including National Highway 1A and National Highway 1D.^[52]

File:ENGINEER DIRECTING PATCH MACADAMISATION.jpg

Engineer directing patch macadamisation of a road in Srinagar

Air

Srinagar International Airport has regular domestic flights to Leh, Jammu, Chandigarh, Delhi and Mumbai and occasional international flights. An expanded terminal capable of handling both domestic and international flights was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with Air India Express flights to Dubai. Hajj flights also operate from this airport to Saudi Arabia.^[53]

Rail

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Srinagar is a station on the Script error: No such module "convert". long Banihal-Baramulla line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, Anantnag and Qazigund. The railway track also connects to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through a newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for a train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of 55 billion INR.^[54] The train also runs during heavy snow.

There are proposals to develop a metro system in the city.^[55] The feasibility report for the Srinagar Metro is planned to be carried out by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.^[56]

Cable car

Template:Srinagar Cable Car In December 2013, the 594m cable car allowing people to travel to the shrine of the Sufi saint Hamza Makhdoom on Hari Parbat was unveiled. The project is run by the Jammu and Kashmir Cable Car Corporation (JKCCC), and has been envisioned for 25 years. An investment of 300 million INR was made, and it is the second cable car in Kashmir after the Gulmarg Gondola.^[57]

Boat

While popular since the 7th century, water transport is now mainly confined to Dal Lake, where shikaras (wooden boats) are used for local transport and tourism. There are efforts to revive transportation on the River Jhelum.^[58]

Culture

Like the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around the city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley.

Places of worship

There are many religious holy places in Srinagar. They include:

Hazratbal Shrine, only domed mosque in the city.^[59]
Jama Masjid, Srinagar, one of the oldest mosques in Kashmir
Khanqah-e-Moula, first Islamic centre in Kashmir
Aali Masjid, in Eidgah Locality
Hari Parbat hill hosts shrine of Sharika Mata temple
Zeashta Devi Shrine a holy shrine for Kashmiri Hindus
Shankaracharya temple
Gurdwara Chatti Patshahi
Pathar Masjid
All Saints Church, Srinagar
Holy Family Catholic Church (Srinagar)

Additional structures include the Dastgeer Sahib shrine, Mazar-e-Shuhada, Roza Bal shrine, Khanqah of Shah Hamadan, Pathar Masjid ("The Stone Mosque"), Hamza Makhdoom shrine, tomb of the mother of Zain-ul-abidin, tomb of Pir Haji Muhammad, Akhun Mulla Shah Mosque, cemetery of Baha-ud-din Sahib, tomb and Madin Sahib Mosque at Zadibal.^[60] Apart from these, dozens of smaller mosques are located all over the city. Several temples and temple ghats are located on the banks of river Jhelum in Srinagar, including Shurayar temple, Gadhadhar temple, Pratapishwar temple, Ganpatyar Ganesh temple, Purshyar temple, Sheshyar temple, Raghunath Mandir, Durga Patshala and Dhar temple.^[61] Gurdwaras are located in Rainawari, Amira Kadal, Jawahar Nagar, Mehjoor Nagar, Shaheed Gunj, Maharajpur and Indra Nagar areas of the city. There are three Christian churches in Srinagar.

The Sheikh Bagh Cemetery is a Christian cemetery located in Srinagar that dates from the British colonial era. The oldest grave in the cemetery is that of a British colonel from the 9th Lancers of 1850 and the cemetery is valued for the variety of persons buried there which provides an insight into the perils faced by British colonisers in India.^[62] It was damaged by floods in 2014.^[63] It contains a number of war graves.^[64] The notable interments here are Robert Thorpe^[65] and Jim Borst.

Khanqah-e-Moula

Khanqah-e-Moula
Sharika Mata Temple

Sharika Mata Temple
Pathar Masjid

Pathar Masjid
Gurdwara Chatti Patsahi

Gurdwara Chatti Patsahi

Performing arts

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Kashmiri cuisine is an important part of Srinagar’s Culture. Here, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes can be found. Wazwaan is a multi-course meal generally served at weddings. It is served on beautiful huge Copper plates called tream. Wazwaan is prepared by Male chefs.^[66]

Kahwa is a form of green tea and is made by boiling green tea leaves with local saffron, cinnamon, cardamom and Kashmiri roses.

Harissa is winter delicacy here generally eaten during chilai kalan ( a period of extreme cold; 40 days from 20 Dec ).Garnished with two wazwaan delicacies along and topped with hot smoking mustard oil, this is the spicy slow cooked meat usually served with Kashmiri bread Tchot. It is prepared for hours usually overnight and generally eaten in the early cold winter.^[67]

Education

File:University Convocation Complex, University of Kashmir.png

University of Kashmir

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Srinagar is home to various premiere Higher Education Institutes including the University of Kashmir, the Cluster University of Srinagar, Central University of Kashmir besides the National Institute of Technology Srinagar formerly known as Regional Engineering College (REC Srinagar). Most of these are among the oldest and earliest Institutions of the country including the University of Kashmir dating back to 1948 while the National Institute of Technology Srinagar was established during the second Five year plan. The educational institutions in the City include:

Schools

Medical colleges

Universities

General degree colleges

Broadcasting

Srinagar is broadcasting hub for radio channels in UT which are Radio Mirchi 98.3FM,^[68] Red FM 93.5^[69] and AIR Srinagar. State television channel DD Kashir is also broadcast.^[70]

Sports

File:RSGC.jpg

Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar

The city is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, where international cricket matches have been played.^[71] The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated India and the last international match was played in 1986 in which Australia defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international matches have been played in the stadium due to the security situation (although the situation has now improved quite considerably).Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely Bakshi Stadium for hosting football matches.^[72] It is named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad. The city has a golf course named Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered one of the best golf courses of India.^[73] Football is followed by the youth of Srinagar and the TRC Turf Ground is redeveloped for the particular sport in 2015. Srinagar is home to professional football club of I-League, Real Kashmir FC and Downtown Heroes FC of I-League 2.^[74] There are certain other sports being played but those are away from the main city like in Pahalgam (Water rafting) and Gulmarg (skiing).

Notable people

Aabha Hanjura
Abhay Sopori (1979–present)
Ali Mohammad Jan (1914–1988)
Amitabh Mattoo (1962–present)
Agha Shahid Ali (1949–2001)
Bakshi Abdur Rashid (1923–1977)
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (1907–1972)
Bhai Almast (1553–1643)
Durga Prasad Dhar (1918–1975)
Farah Pandith (1968–present)
Farooq Abdullah (1937–present)
Farooq Kathwari (1944–present)
Gani Kashmiri (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1929–1997)
Hina Khan (1987–present)
Joanna Lumley (1946–present)
Kunal Khemu (1983–present)
Lakshman Joo (1907–1991)
Lalleshwari (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Manohar Kaul (1925–1999)
Mehrajuddin Wadoo (1984–present)
Mohammad Abbas Ansari (1936–2022)
Mohammad Muneem (1983–present)
Mohammad Subhan Hajam (1910–1962)
Raj Zutshi (1961–present)
Raj Begum (1927–2016)
Ram Chandra Kak (1893–1983)
Rehman Rahi (1925–2023)
Reshma (1951/1952–2022)
Rupa Bhawani (c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Samsar Chand Kaul (1883–1977)
Sandeepa Dhar
Sanjay Suri (1971–present)
Shamas Faqir (1843–1901)
Shehla Rashid (1988–present)
Tika Lal Taploo (1930–1989)
Vibha Saraf (1986–present)
Vidhu Vinod Chopra (1952–present)
Vikram Misri (1964–present)
Yasin Malik (1966–present)
Zareef Ahmad Zareef (1943–present)
Zinda Kaul (1884–1965)

References

Template:Notelist

↑ The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below).
(a) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
(b) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
(c) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
(d) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
(e) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";
(f) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
(g) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."
(h) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
(i) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."
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↑ M. Monier Monier–Williams, "Śrīnagar", in: The Great Sanskrit–English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1899
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Old Srinagar Kalhana, who lived in the beginning of the twelfth century, mentions in his Rajtarangni the city of Srinagar, a city in the south – east ... Shri here does not mean Surya or the son and it is a mistake to call Srinagar, the city of sun ."
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↑ Flood ravages Srinagar's British-era buildings. Template:Webarchive Noor-Ul-Qamrain, The Sunday Guardian, 27 September 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
↑ Karachi 1914–1918 War Memorial. Template:Webarchive Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
↑ Grave of Kashmir's first known martryr lies beneath rubble after floods.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Swati Bhasin, DNA of Srinagar, 10 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Bibliography

Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Hewson, Eileen. (2008) Graveyards in Kashmir India. Wem, England: Kabristan Archives. Template:ISBN
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External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Kashmir Valley Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Jammu and Kashmir topics Template:Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir Template:Authority control

[tertiary-kashmir-1] The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below).
(a) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
(b) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
(c) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
(d) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
(e) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";
(f) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
(g) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."
(h) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
(i) Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."

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[10] M. Monier Monier–Williams, "Śrīnagar", in: The Great Sanskrit–English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1899

[11] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[12] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".: "Old Srinagar Kalhana, who lived in the beginning of the twelfth century, mentions in his Rajtarangni the city of Srinagar, a city in the south – east ... Shri here does not mean Surya or the son and it is a mistake to call Srinagar, the city of sun ."

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[63] Flood ravages Srinagar's British-era buildings. Template:Webarchive Noor-Ul-Qamrain, The Sunday Guardian, 27 September 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.

[64] Karachi 1914–1918 War Memorial. Template:Webarchive Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 9 October 2017.

[65] Grave of Kashmir's first known martryr lies beneath rubble after floods.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Swati Bhasin, DNA of Srinagar, 10 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2017.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|City in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir}}
 {{other uses}}
-{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
 {{Infobox settlement
 | name               = Srinagar
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 |image2 = Shankaracharya Temple in Srinagar, India, under snow.jpg
 |caption2 = [[Shankaracharya Temple]]
-|image3 = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG
+|image3 =  Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG
 |caption3 = [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]]
 |image4 = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 | blank_emblem_type  =
 | blank_emblem_size  = 250px
-| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Srinagar|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
+| image_map          =
-| map_caption        = Interactive map of Srinagar
+| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Srinagar
 | coordinates        = {{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}
 | subdivision_type   = Administering country
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 | subdivision_name3  = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
 | leader_title1      = Municipal Commissioner
-| leader_name1       = [[Owais Ahmed Rana]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
+| leader_name1       = Owais Ahmed Rana, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
 | unit_pref          = Metric
 | area_footnotes     = <ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=The Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
 | area_total_km2     = 294
 | area_metro_km2     = 766
-| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
+| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103013956/http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
 | elevation_footnotes =
 | elevation_m        = 1585
@@ Line 92: / Line 92: @@
 | website            = {{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}
 | official_name      =
-| module             = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
+| mapframe = yes
+| mapframe-wikidata = yes
 | government_type    = [[Municipal corporation]]
 | governing_body     = [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]]
@@ Line 99: / Line 100: @@
 }}
-'''Srinagar''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Srinagar.ogg|ˈ|s|r|iː|n|ə|g|ər}}; {{IPA|ks|siriːnagar|lang}}) is a city in Indian-administered  [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Kashmir|disputed Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir>The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). <br />
+'''Srinagar'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=Srinagar.ogg|ˈ|s|r|iː|n|ə|g|ər}}; {{IPA|ks|siriːnagar|lang}}, {{literally|city of ''[[Sri Lakshmi|Shri]]''}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |chapter=Srīnagar |title= Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names |edition=6th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |quote=Founded c. 250 bc becoming known as the ‘City of Shrī (or Laksmī)’, the Hindu goddess of wealth and good fortune; ... |isbn=9780191905636}}</ref>}} is a city in Indian-administered  [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the [[Kashmir|disputed Kashmir]] region.<ref name=tertiary-kashmir>The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of [[Kashmir]] and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the [[WP:TERTIARY|tertiary sources]] (a) through (d), reflecting [[WP:DUE|due weight]] in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). <br />
-(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br /> (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br /> (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br /> (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br />(e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br /> (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; <br /> (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br /> (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br /> (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." </ref> It is the largest city and [[summer capital]] of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered [[union territory]]. It lies in the [[Kashmir Valley]] along the banks of the [[Jhelum River]], and the shores of [[Dal Lake]] and [[Anchar Lake]]s, between the [[Hari Parbat]] and [[Shankaracharya Temple|Shankaracharya]] hills. The city is known for its natural environment, various gardens, waterfronts and [[houseboat]]s. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like the [[Kashmir shawl]] (made of [[Pashmina (material)|pashmina]] and [[cashmere wool]]), papier-mâché, wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewel making, as well as for [[dried fruit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|title=Here's how beautiful Srinagar's Dal Lake looks this winter|date=5 January 2018|website=India Today|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130122935/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srinagar.nic.in/|title=District Srinagar :: Official Website|website=srinagar.nic.in|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204230258/http://srinagar.nic.in/|archive-date=4 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the [[Himalayas]] (after [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal).
+(a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br /> (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |accessdate=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br /> (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br /> (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br />(e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br /> (f) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |accessdate=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; <br /> (g) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br /> (h) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br /> (i) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."</ref> It is the largest city and [[summer capital]] of Jammu and Kashmir, which is an Indian-administered [[union territory]]. It lies in the [[Kashmir Valley]] along the banks of the [[Jhelum River]], and the shores of [[Dal Lake]] and [[Anchar Lake]]s, between the [[Hari Parbat]] and [[Shankaracharya Temple|Shankaracharya]] hills. The city is known for its natural environment, various gardens, waterfronts and [[houseboat]]s. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like the [[Kashmir shawl]] (made of [[Pashmina (material)|pashmina]] and [[cashmere wool]]), papier-mâché, wood carving, carpet weaving, and jewel making, as well as for [[dried fruit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|title=Here's how beautiful Srinagar's Dal Lake looks this winter|date=5 January 2018|website=India Today|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130122935/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srinagar.nic.in/|title=District Srinagar :: Official Website|website=srinagar.nic.in|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204230258/http://srinagar.nic.in/|archive-date=4 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second-largest metropolitan area in the [[Himalayas]] (after [[Kathmandu]], the capital of Nepal).
 Founded in the 6th century during the rule of the [[Gonanda dynasty]] according to the [[Rajatarangini]], the city took on the name of an earlier capital thought to have been founded by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] in its vicinity. The city remained the most important capital of the Kashmir Valley under the Hindu dynasties, and was a major centre of learning. During the 14th–16th centuries the city's old town saw major expansions, particularly under the [[Shah Mir dynasty]], whose kings used various parts of it as their capitals. It became the spiritual centre of Kashmir, and attracted several [[Sufism|Sufi]] preachers. It also started to emerge as a hub of [[shawl]] weaving and other Kashmiri handicrafts. In the late 16th century, the city became part of the [[Mughal Empire]], many of whose emperors used it as their summer resort. Many Mughal gardens were built in the city and around Dal lake during this time, of which [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar]] and [[Nishat Bagh|Nishat]] are the most well-known.
@@ Line 111: / Line 112: @@
 ==History==
+===Early history===
 [[File:Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg|thumb|left|[[Pandrethan Shiva Temple|Shiva Temple]] at Pandrethan, near Srinagar, built {{circa|8th–9th century CE}}]]
-===Early history===
 According to the [[Rajatarangini]] of [[Kalhana]], a capital city by the name of ''Srinagari'' was built in the Kashmir valley by [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka]].{{efn|Despite several discrepancies, scholars identify this Ashoka of the Rajatarangini with the [[Mauryan empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=75}}{{sfn|Kaul|2018|p=110}}}} Kalhana calls this capital ''puranadhisthana'', Sanskrit for 'old capital', identified as present-day Pandrethan, 3.5 kilometres south-east of Srinagar.{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=75}} A 'new capital' was built by king [[Gonanda dynasty#Rule#Pravarasena II|Pravarasena]], called ''Parvarapura'', in 6th century CE. ''Srinagari'' continued to be used as a name for this capital. This new capital was located at the base of the Hari Parbat hill on the right bank of the Jhelum, corresponding to the location of modern-day Srinagar.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=22}} Kalhana describes the capital having several markets, mansions, wooden houses, grand temples and canals, and also refers to the Dal lake and Jhelum river.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=3–4}} A long embankment was constructed on the Jhelum by Pravarasena to protect the city from floods, parts of which have survived to the present day.{{sfn|Wani|Wani|2023|p=159}} The two capitals are also mentioned in the chronicle of Chinese traveller [[Xuanxang|Huein Tsang]] who visited the city in 631 CE.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=3}}{{sfn|Rabbani|1981|p=33}} Although several other capitals of Kashmir were constructed by other rulers over the next few centuries, Pravarasena's Srinagar survived as the capital.{{efn|Historian [[Mohammad Ishaq Khan]] states that this is due Srinagar's central location within the valley and the larger neighbourhood, and due to the presence of various water bodies around the city which provided protection.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=6–7}}}} The city was divided into several parts, each with its own guardian deity, which continue to be worshipped by [[Hindu Kashmiris]].{{sfn|Rabbani|1981|p=33–35}} The 8th century scholar [[Adi Shankara]] visited the city and founded the [[Shankaracharya Temple]] here, at the site of the earlier Jyeshteshwara Temple.{{sfn|Kaul|2018|pp=124–125}} The city gradually extended to the left bank of the Jhelum river, and in the early 12th century the royal palace was shifted to this side.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=8}}
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 ===Mughal rule===
-[[File:India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens.jpg|thumb|[[Nishat Bagh]], a Mughal Garden built during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] on the northern bank of the Dal lake, in the vicinity of Srinagar]]
+[[File:India - Srinagar - 023 - Nishat Bagh Mughal Gardens.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nishat Bagh]], a Mughal Garden built during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] on the northern bank of the Dal lake, in the vicinity of Srinagar]]
-The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] annexed Kashmir in 1586 after a period of internal instability in the valley, and added it to their Kabul province. Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] visited the valley three times. During his second visit in 1592, an elaborate [[Diwali]] celebration was held in Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=12}} On the final such visit, he was accompanied by the first recorded European visitors to the area.{{efn|These were jesuit priests [[Jerome Xavier]] and [[Bento de Góis]].{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}}}} Akbar built fortifications around the Hari Parbat hill, and established a township called ''Nagar Nagar'' there.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}} He also built a shrine for [[Hamza Makhdoom]], a Sufi mystic of Kashmir's [[Rishi order]], on the southern slope of Hari Parbat which was later expanded several times.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=93–95}} His successor [[Jahangir]] was particularly fond of the Kashmir valley and frequently visited it.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}} His rule brought prosperity to Srinagar, and several Mughal gardens were built in the city and around the Dal lake during his and his successor [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign, including the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar]] and [[Nishat Bagh]]. Empress [[Nur Jahan]] built the [[Pathar Mosque]] on the left bank of Jhelum river opposite the ''Khānqāh-e-Moula'' in 1623, the mosque was however deemed unfit for worship soon after its construction and used instead for non-religious purposes.<ref>{{citation|last=Rai |first=Mridu |chapter=To 'Tear the Mask off the Face of the Past': Archaeology and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |editor=Chitralekha Zutshi |url=https://www.cambridge.org/9781107181977 |year=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18197-7 |pages=39–41}}</ref> Shah Jahan made Kashmir into a separate ''[[Mughal Kashmir|Subah]]'' (province) with its administrative seat at Srinagar in 1638. The [[Aali Masjid]] was built during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707), as was the Safa kadal bridge over the Jhelum. The ''moi muqaddas'', a relic believed to be the hair strand of prophet Muhammad's beard, also arrived in Kashmir during this time, and was housed in a Mughal palace at [[Hazratbal]], which became the [[Hazratbal Shrine|Hazratbal Dargah]]. A number of Europeans visited the city during the later Mughal period.{{efn|These include physician [[Francois Bernier]] and priests [[Ippolito Desideri]] and Manoel Freyre.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=15}}}}
+The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] annexed Kashmir in 1586 after a period of internal instability in the valley, and added it to their Kabul province. Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] visited the valley three times. During his second visit in 1592, an elaborate [[Diwali]] celebration was held in Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=12}} On the final such visit, he was accompanied by the first recorded European visitors to the area.{{efn|These were jesuit priests [[Jerome Xavier]] and [[Bento de Góis]].{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}}}} Akbar built fortifications around the Hari Parbat hill, and established a township called ''Nagar Nagar'' there.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}} He also built a shrine for [[Hamza Makhdoom]], a Sufi mystic of Kashmir's [[Rishi order]], on the southern slope of Hari Parbat which was later expanded several times.{{sfn|Hamdani|2021|p=93–95}} His successor [[Jahangir]] was particularly fond of the Kashmir valley and frequently visited it.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=13}} His rule brought prosperity to Srinagar, and several Mughal gardens were built in the city and around the Dal lake during his and his successor [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign, including the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar]] and [[Nishat Bagh]]. Empress [[Nur Jahan]] built the [[Pathar Mosque]] on the left bank of Jhelum river opposite the ''Khānqāh-e-Moula'' in 1623, the mosque was however deemed unfit for worship soon after its construction and used instead for non-religious purposes.<ref>{{citation|last=Rai |first=Mridu |chapter=To 'Tear the Mask off the Face of the Past': Archaeology and Politics in Jammu and Kashmir |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |editor=Chitralekha Zutshi |url=https://www.cambridge.org/9781107181977 |year=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-18197-7 |pages=39–41}}</ref>
+[[File:View of Dal Lake and Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar, Lucknow, circa 1780.jpg|thumb|A {{circa|1780 CE}} painting showing Dal Lake and [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]] from Hazratbal]]
+Shah Jahan made Kashmir into a separate ''[[Mughal Kashmir|Subah]]'' (province) with its administrative seat at Srinagar in 1638. His heir apparent prince [[Dara Shikoh]] visited the Kashmir valley frequently, and built the [[Pari Mahal]]—a palace, pleasure garden and center for intellectual discourse and astronomy on the site of a ruined Buddhist monastery—and a [[Akhund Mullah Shah Mosque|stone mosque]] for his spiritual master [[Shah Badakhshi|Mullah Shah]], whom he had met during his first visit to Kashmir in 1640.{{sfn|Pal|2007|pages=148, 154}}<ref name=McInerney>{{cite journal |last=McInerney |first=Terence |year=2013 |title=The Mughal artist Jalal Quli, also entitled the "Kashmiri painter" |journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] |volume=73 |number= 2 |pages=479–501 |doi=10.61342/ZUUT7171 |jstor=24240821 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24240821|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) did not share the fondness for Kashmir of his predecessors, and visited the valley only once during his reign.<ref name=McInerney/> The [[Aali Masjid]] was expanded and the Safa kadal bridge was built over the Jhelum river during his reign. The ''moi muqaddas'', a relic believed to be the hair strand of prophet Muhammad's beard, also arrived in Kashmir during this time, and was housed in a Mughal palace at [[Hazratbal]], which became the [[Hazratbal Shrine|Hazratbal Dargah]]. A number of Europeans visited the city during the later Mughal period.{{efn|These include physician [[Francois Bernier]] and priests [[Ippolito Desideri]] and Manoel Freyre.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=15}}}}
 ===Afghan and Sikh rule===
@@ Line 128: / Line 130: @@
 ===Dogra rule===
-[[File:View of Srinagar 1872.jpg|thumb|An 1872 painting depicting the city of Srinagar.]]
+[[File:View of Srinagar 1872.jpg|thumb|1872 painting depicting the city of Srinagar.]]
-With the establishment of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]] following the 1846 [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], Srinagar became the capital of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Taxes were increased and the production of silk, saffron, paper, tobacco, wine, and salt, as well as the sale of grain, became the monopoly of the state. It was a capital offence for a Muslim to kill a cow as late as the 1920s; later, the penalty was reduced to ten years of imprisonment and still later to seven years (Section 219 of [[Ranbir Penal Code]]).<ref>
+With the establishment of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra rule]] following the 1846 [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)|Treaty of Amritsar]], Srinagar became the capital of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The Jammu-based dynasty's founder [[Gulab Singh]] brought production and trade under state control, and laid the foundation of a state seeking to draw its legitimacy from the valley's Hindu past, alienating its majority Muslim population.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|pages=58–59}} The Dogras found Srinagar deteriorating, filthy and overcrowded.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=18–20}} The city used to see several break-outs of [[cholera]], as well as earthquakes, floods, fires and famines. The famine of 1877–79 is said to have halved the city's population.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=20–24}} Consequently, due to the famine and forced labour in the villages, a considerable number of people migrated to Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=32}}
-[https://web.archive.org/web/20220206164745/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/dogra-raj-in-kashmir/article9946288.ece Dogra raj in Kashmir]. ''[[FrontLine]]'' 8 November 2017.
+{{multiple image
-</ref> The Dogras found Srinagar deteriorating, filthy and overcrowded.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=18–20}} The city used to see several break-outs of [[cholera]], as well as earthquakes, floods, fires and famines. The famine of 1877–79 is said to have halved the city's population.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=20–24}} Consequently, due to the famine and forced labour in the villages, a considerable number of people migrated to Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=32}}
+| total_width       = 400
-{{multiple image |total_width=400 |align=right |perrow=2 |image1=Palace-of-srinagar 0.jpg |caption1=Early 20th century painting of [[Sher Garhi Palace]], the official residence of the Dogra rulers in Srinagar |image2=Srinagar and Environ map 1911.jpg |caption2=1911 map of Srinagar and its surroundings}}
+| align             = right
-The [[Darbar Move]] was introduced in 1872 by [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]], whereby the capital moved to [[Jammu]] for six months during the winter<ref>{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha | year=2019 |title=Kashmir |series=Oxford India Short Introductions |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-012141-9 |pages=53–54}}</ref> albeit later phased down by [[Hari Singh]] who "fixed his headquarters permanently at Jammu". The Ministers and Heads of Departments continued to followed it, nevertheless, it was still a move which was resented by Kashmiris, particularly Pandits.{{sfn|Bazaz|1941|pp=91}} The [[Raghunath Temple, Srinagar|Raghunath Temple]] was also completed during Ranbir Singh's rule.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=54}} With a global decline in shawl trade during late 19th century, the shawl weaving class of the city was upended. Several changes were ushered in during the reign of [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1885–1925). A [[Residencies of British India|British Residency]] was established in Srinagar and direct British influence on the administration of the state grew. During this time, Srinagar, and in turn the Kashmir Valley, was connected to the rest of India via roads, which saw increased trade with [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. In 1886, a municipality was established for the city of Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=27}} Works for sanitation and urban development undertaken by the municipality were often met with stiff opposition by the residents, who were averse to changes.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=27–28}} In the late 19th and early 20th century, modern tourism began to take hold in the city, especially on and around the Dal lake, with houseboats being built to accommodate British officers and their families who came in the summers seeking respite from the heat of the [[North Indian River Plain|plains]] of northern India.<ref>{{citation |last=Casimir |first=Michael J. |year=2021 |title=Floating Economies: The Cultural Ecology of the Dal Lake in Kashmir, India |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80073-029-8 |page=11}}</ref> The Shergarhi Palace was greatly modified by the Dogras, who used it as their official residence in the city. Pratap Singh and his successor [[Hari Singh]] also laid out several parks in the city. The city expanded rapidly between 1891 and 1941, partly due to increased migration from the countryside as a result of famines and due to improvements in sanitation and urban development as well as economic expansion, in particular the growth of the textile and tourism industries in the city.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=32–33}} Many [[Punjabis]] also settled in Srinagar during this time for trade, commerce and administration.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=55}}
+| perrow            = 2
+| image1            = Palace-of-srinagar 0.jpg
+| caption1          = Early 20th century painting of [[Sher Garhi Palace]], the official residence of the Dogra rulers in Srinagar
+| image2            = Map of Srinagar, Kashmir of the British Indian Empire, environs, from the Constable's Hand Atlas of India (1893).jpg
+| caption2          = 1893 map of Srinagar and its surroundings
+}}
+The [[Darbar Move]] was introduced in 1872 by [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]], whereby the capital moved to [[Jammu]] for six months during the winter.<ref>{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha | year=2019 |title=Kashmir |series=Oxford India Short Introductions |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0-19-012141-9 |pages=53–54}}</ref> The [[Raghunath Temple, Srinagar|Raghunath Temple]] was also completed during Ranbir Singh's rule.{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=54}} With a global decline in shawl trade during late 19th century, the shawl weaving class of the city was upended. Several changes were ushered in during the reign of [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] (1885–1925). A [[Residencies of British India|British Residency]] was established in Srinagar and direct British influence on the administration of the state grew. During this time, Srinagar, and in turn the Kashmir Valley, was connected to the rest of India via roads, which saw increased trade with [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. In 1886, a municipality was established for the city of Srinagar.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=27}} Works for sanitation and urban development undertaken by the municipality were often met with stiff opposition by the residents, who were averse to changes.{{sfn|Khan|1978|p=27–28}} In the late 19th and early 20th century, modern tourism began to take hold in the city, especially on and around the Dal lake, with houseboats being built to accommodate British officers and their families who came in the summers seeking respite from the heat of the [[North Indian River Plain|plains]] of northern India.<ref>{{citation |last=Casimir |first=Michael J. |year=2021 |title=Floating Economies: The Cultural Ecology of the Dal Lake in Kashmir, India |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80073-029-8 |page=11}}</ref> The Shergarhi Palace was greatly modified by the Dogras, who used it as their official residence in the city. Pratap Singh and his successor [[Hari Singh]] also laid out several parks in the city. The city expanded rapidly between 1891 and 1941, partly due to increased migration from the countryside as a result of famines and due to improvements in sanitation and urban development as well as economic expansion, in particular the growth of the textile and tourism industries in the city.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=32–33}} Many [[Punjabis]] also settled in Srinagar during this time for trade, commerce and administration.{{sfn|Khan|1978|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|p=55}}
 Srinagar emerged as the hub of political activity within the Kashmir valley during later Dogra rule. Kashmiris at large despised the Dogra rule and considered the dynasty an "alien rule".{{sfn|Bazaz|1941|pp=90}} Many Muslim leaders competed for influence and control over Muslim shrines in the city through which they sought to become representatives of [[Kashmiri Muslims]].{{sfn|Zutshi|2019|pp=59–62}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]], and his [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] (NC), eventually succeeded in doing so.
@@ Line 156: / Line 165: @@
 ===Climate===
-Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Srinagar has a four-season [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') with moderately hot summers and cool winters. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Due to influence from Himalayan [[rain shadow]] and [[western disturbance]]s, Srinagar has year-round precipitation; the spring season is the wettest while autumn is the driest. The region also has less rain from the [[Monsoon#Southwest_monsoon|southwest monsoon]] in the summer due to lying in the leeward side of the rain shadow which reduces these winds from the south. Winters are colder in the region than most areas with monsoon climates due to these influences and its elevation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Anand |title=India & World Geography |date=29 April 2023 |publisher=YCT Expert Team |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYjEAAAQBAJ&dq=srinagar+rain+shadow+western+depression&pg=PA80}}</ref> resulting in higher temperature variations similar to [[continental climate]]s.
+Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Srinagar has a four-season [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') with moderately hot summers and cool winters. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Due to influence from Himalayan [[rain shadow]] and [[western disturbance]]s, Srinagar has year-round precipitation; the spring season is the wettest while autumn is the driest. The region also has less rain from the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]] in the summer due to lying in the leeward side of the rain shadow which reduces these winds from the south. Winters are colder in the region than most areas with monsoon climates due to these influences and its elevation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Anand |title=India & World Geography |date=29 April 2023 |publisher=YCT Expert Team |page=80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYjEAAAQBAJ&dq=srinagar+rain+shadow+western+depression&pg=PA80}}</ref> resulting in higher temperature variations similar to [[continental climate]]s.
 Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the [[Jammu–Srinagar National Highway|highway]] connecting Srinagar with the rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads, landslides and avalanches. Daily maximum temperatures average {{convert|7.1|°C|1}} in January and drop below freezing point at night. Summers are warm to hot, slightly moderated from its elevation, with a July daytime average of {{convert|30.0|°C|1}}. The average annual rainfall is around {{convert|697.5|mm}}. The highest temperature reliably recorded is {{convert|38.3|°C}} recorded on 10 July 1946, and the lowest is {{convert|-20.0|°C}} recorded on 6 February 1895.<ref name="NCEI"/>
@@ Line 387: / Line 396: @@
 ===Tourism===
 Srinagar is one of several places that have been called the "[[list of places called Venice of the East|Venice of the East]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VloVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6789,6379670&dq=srinagar+venice+of+the+east&hl=en|title=The Sydney Morning Herald – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117043656/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VloVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=B-YDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6789,6379670&dq=srinagar+venice+of+the+east&hl=en|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/585827282.html?dids=585827282:585827282&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+13%2C+1965&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Fabled+Kashmir%3A+An+Emerald+Set+Among+Pearls&pqatl=google |title=Fabled Kashmir: An Emerald Set Among Pearls |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |date=13 June 1965 |access-date=26 July 2010 |first=James |last=Holloway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174641/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/585827282.html?dids=585827282:585827282&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+13,+1965&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Fabled+Kashmir:+An+Emerald+Set+Among+Pearls&pqatl=google |archive-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The Earthtimes |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/112701.html |title=Can Kashmir become 'Venice of the East' again? &#124; Earth Times News |publisher=Earthtimes.org |date=24 September 2007 |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914190739/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/112701.html |archive-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> Lakes around the city include [[Dal Lake]]{{spaced ndash}}noted for its [[houseboat]]s{{spaced ndash}} and [[Nigeen Lake]]. Apart from Dal Lake and Nigeen Lake, [[Wular Lake]] and [[Manasbal Lake]] both lie to the north of Srinagar. Wular Lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.
+[[File:WLM@J&K-Pari Mahal.jpg|thumb|[[Pari Mahal]]]]
 Srinagar has some [[Mughal gardens]], forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include [[Chashma Shahi]] (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); [[Nishat Bagh]] (the garden of spring); [[Shalimar Gardens (Jammu and Kashmir)|Shalimar Bagh]]; the Naseem Bagh.
 [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden]] is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/attractions/parks-and-gardens/jawaharlal-nehru-memorial-botanical-garden.htm|title=Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden|publisher=discoveredindia.com|access-date=21 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231132139/http://www.discoveredindia.com/jammu-and-kashmir/attractions/parks-and-gardens/jawaharlal-nehru-memorial-botanical-garden.htm|archive-date=31 December 2014|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in the tentative list for sites to be included in [[world Heritage sites]].
-The [[Sher Garhi Palace]] houses administrative buildings from the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest|publisher=Government of Jammu & Kashmir|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Another palace of the Maharajas, the [[Gulab Bhavan]], has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.<ref name="India Today – 25Aug2011 – One hundred years of splendour">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/one-hundred-years-of-splendour/1/149122.html|title=One hundred years of splendour|last=Saxton|first=Aditi|date=25 August 2011|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124015944/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/one-hundred-years-of-splendour/1/149122.html|archive-date=24 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The [[Sher Garhi Palace]] houses administrative buildings from the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srinagar.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest|publisher=Government of Jammu & Kashmir|access-date=1 January 2020}}</ref> Another palace of the Maharajas, the [[Gulab Bhavan]], has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.<ref name="India Today – 25Aug2011 – One hundred years of splendour">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110905-one-hundred-years-of-splendour-747358-2011-08-24|title=One hundred years of splendour|last=Saxton|first=Aditi|date=25 August 2011|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=24 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124015944/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/one-hundred-years-of-splendour/1/149122.html|archive-date=24 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The [[Shankaracharya Temple]] lies on a hill top in the middle of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jktdc.in/contact-us/99.html|title=Shankaracharya Temple|publisher=jktdc.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231122822/http://jktdc.in/contact-us/99.html|archive-date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 428: / Line 437: @@
 File:Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar.jpg|[[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Mughal Garden]]
 File:Hari Parbat Fort, Srinagar (5).jpg|Hari Parbat Fort
+File:WLM@J&K-Kathi Darwaza.jpg|[[Kathi Darwaza|Kathi Darwaza gate]]
 </gallery>
@@ Line 442: / Line 452: @@
 ==Government and politics==
-The city is run by the [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]] (SMC) under the leadership of a [[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]. The Srinagar district along with the adjoining [[Budgam]] and [[Ganderbal]] districts forms the [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Parliamentary seat]].Established in 1886, Srinagar Municipal Corporation comprises 74 wards and stretches over 227.34 sqkm within boundaries from  North up to Pandach-Nagbal, North-East up to Harwan Bridge, East up to Zawoora-Zaafraan Colony, South-East up to Mahjoor Nagar-Natipora,  South up to Baagh-i-Mahtaab, South-West up to Hamdaaniyah Colony, West up to Sozieth-Lawaypora and North-West up to Mujgund-Abdullahpora. SMC is organized into two wings - The deliberative wing (Mayor) and the Executive wing (Commissioner). The last elections were held in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=HomeServices - SMC |url=https://www.smcsrinagar.in/portal/smc |website=smcsrinagar.in |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
+The city is run by the [[Srinagar Municipal Corporation]] (SMC) under the leadership of a [[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]. The Srinagar district along with the adjoining [[Budgam]] and [[Ganderbal]] districts forms the [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Parliamentary seat]].Established in 1886, Srinagar Municipal Corporation comprises 74 wards and stretches over 227.34 sqkm within boundaries from  North up to Pandach-Nagbal, North-East up to Harwan Bridge, East up to Zawoora-Zaafraan Colony, South-East up to Mahjoor Nagar-Natipora,  South up to Baagh-i-Mahtaab, South-West up to Hamdaaniyah Colony, West up to Sozieth-Lawaypora and North-West up to Mujgund-Abdullahpora. SMC is organised into two wings - The deliberative wing (Mayor) and the Executive wing (Commissioner). The last elections were held in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=HomeServices - SMC |url=https://www.smcsrinagar.in/portal/smc |website=smcsrinagar.in |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
-SMC is involved in Sanitation, Town Planning, Revenue, Birth and Death, Development and Grievances. SMC has been successful in its efforts of e-Governance, Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste,  Beautification and Creation of Green Spaces and  Improvement of Drainage Networks. The organization has, however, failed to prevent Dood Ganga Pollution for which the J&K Pollution Control Committee (JKPCC), on the direction of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), has imposed a penalty as Environmental Compensation of more than Rs 41.67 crores on Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC).<ref>{{cite news |title=NGT imposes penalty on SMC |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/ngt-imposes-penalty-on-smc/ |work=Greater Kashmir |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
+SMC is involved in Sanitation, Town Planning, Revenue, Birth and Death, Development and Grievances. SMC has been successful in its efforts of e-Governance, Collection and Disposal of Solid Waste,  Beautification and Creation of Green Spaces and  Improvement of Drainage Networks. The organisation has, however, failed to prevent Dood Ganga Pollution for which the J&K Pollution Control Committee (JKPCC), on the direction of the National Green Tribunal (NGT), has imposed a penalty as Environmental Compensation of more than Rs 41.67 crores on Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC).<ref>{{cite news |title=NGT imposes penalty on SMC |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/ngt-imposes-penalty-on-smc/ |work=Greater Kashmir |date=24 October 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024}}</ref>
 ===Stray dog controversy===
@@ Line 484: / Line 494: @@
 As of 2011 census Srinagar urban agglomeration had a population of 1,264,202.<ref name=jkcensus11>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/jammu+and+kashmir.html | title = Jammu and Kashmir Population Census data 2011 | publisher = [[2011 census of India]] | access-date = 7 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121218061646/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/jammu+and+kashmir.html | archive-date = 18 December 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref> Both the city and the urban agglomeration has average literacy rate of approximately 70%.<ref name=jkcensus11/><ref name=census11lr>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | title = Literacy in India | publisher = 2011 census of India | access-date = 6 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181128085703/https://www.census2011.co.in/literacy.php | archive-date = 28 November 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref> The child population of both the city and the urban agglomeration is approximately 12% of the total population.<ref name=jkcensus11/> Males constituted 53.0% and females 47% of the population. The sex ratio in the city area is 888 females per 1000 males, whereas in the urban agglomeration it is 880 per 1,000.<ref name=jkcensus11/><ref name=census11sr>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/sexratio.php | title = Sex Ratio of India | publisher = 2011 census of India | access-date = 7 December 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227054841/http://www.census2011.co.in/sexratio.php | archive-date = 27 February 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>
-The predominant religion of Srinagar is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population, nearly all migrant workers from outside Kashmir as most local Kashmiri Hindus fled the city in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-05 |title=Kashmiri Hindus: Driven out and insignificant |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35923237 |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html|title=2011 Census demographics of Srinagar|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607103319/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html|archive-date=7 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |date=1 August 1996 |title=Kashmiri Muslims: Social and Identity Consciousness |url=https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-16-2-25 |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=36 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-16-2-25 |issn=1089-201X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Kashmiri Hindus constituted 21.9% of Srinagar's population as per 1891 census and 2.75% as per 2011 census.<ref name="1891Census" />
+The predominant religion of Srinagar is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population, nearly all migrant workers from outside Kashmir as most local Kashmiri Hindus fled the city in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2016 |title=Kashmiri Hindus: Driven out and insignificant |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35923237 |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html|title=2011 Census demographics of Srinagar|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607103319/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/1-srinagar.html|archive-date=7 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |date=1 August 1996 |title=Kashmiri Muslims: Social and Identity Consciousness |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=16 |issue=2 |page=36 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-16-2-25 |issn=1089-201X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Kashmiri Hindus constituted 21.9% of Srinagar's population as per 1891 census and 2.75% as per 2011 census.<ref name="1891Census" />
 {{Pie chart
@@ Line 502: / Line 512: @@
 ===Road===
 The city is served by many highways, including [[National Highway 1A (India)|National Highway 1A]] and [[National Highway 1D (India)|National Highway 1D]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.newkerala.com/map-of-national-highways-in-india.php|title=Road Map with National Highways of India|access-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225072045/http://maps.newkerala.com/map-of-national-highways-in-india.php|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
-[[File:ENGINEER DIRECTING PATCH MACADAMISATION.jpg|thumb|Engineer directing patch [[Macadam|macadamisation]] of a road in Srinagar]]
+[[File:ENGINEER DIRECTING PATCH MACADAMISATION.jpg|thumb|Engineer directing patch [[macadam]]isation of a road in Srinagar]]
 ===Air===
@@ Line 553: / Line 563: @@
 {{main|Music of Kashmir}}
-Kashmiri cuisine is an important part of Srinagar’s Culture. Here, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes can be found. Wazwaan is a multi-course meal generally served at weddings. It is served on beautiful huge Copper plates called tream. Wazwaan is prepared by Male chefs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wazwan |url=https://ethnq.com/wazwan/?srsltid |website=Ethnq |date=4 March 2023 |access-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref>
+Kashmiri cuisine is an important part of Srinagar’s Culture. Here, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes can be found. Wazwaan is a multi-course meal generally served at weddings. It is served on beautiful huge Copper plates called tream. Wazwaan is prepared by Male chefs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wazwan |url=https://ethnq.com/wazwan/?srsltid |website=Ethnq |date=4 March 2023 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>
 Kahwa is a form of green tea and is made by boiling green tea leaves with local saffron, cinnamon, cardamom and  Kashmiri roses.
-Harissa is winter delicacy here generally eaten during chilai kalan ( a period of extreme cold ; 40 days from Dec 20 ).Garnished with two wazwaan delicacies along and topped with hot smoking  mustard oil, this is the spicy slow cooked meat usually served with Kashmiri bread Tchot. It is prepared for hours usually overnight and generally eaten in the early cold winter.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Firdous |first=Mehran |date=Jan 12, 2024 |title=Harissa — Kashmir's Winter Staple |url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/south-asia-journal/harissa-kashmirs-winter-staple |magazine=Whetstone Magazine |access-date=Jan 3, 2025}}</ref>
+Harissa is winter delicacy here generally eaten during chilai kalan ( a period of extreme cold; 40 days from 20 Dec ).Garnished with two wazwaan delicacies along and topped with hot smoking  mustard oil, this is the spicy slow cooked meat usually served with Kashmiri bread Tchot. It is prepared for hours usually overnight and generally eaten in the early cold winter.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Firdous |first=Mehran |date=12 January 2024 |title=Harissa — Kashmir's Winter Staple |url=https://www.whetstonemagazine.com/south-asia-journal/harissa-kashmirs-winter-staple |magazine=Whetstone Magazine |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>
 ==Education==
@@ Line 601: / Line 611: @@
 ==Notable people==
+* [[Aabha Hanjura]]
+* [[Abhay Sopori]] (1979–present)
+* [[Ali Mohammad Jan]] (1914–1988)
+* [[Amitabh Mattoo]] (1962–present)
 * [[Agha Shahid Ali]] (1949–2001)
+* [[Bakshi Abdur Rashid]] (1923–1977)
+* [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] (1907–1972)
+* [[Bhai Almast]] (1553–1643)
+* [[Durga Prasad Dhar]] (1918–1975)
+* [[Farah Pandith]] (1968–present)
+* [[Farooq Abdullah]] (1937–present)
+* [[Farooq Kathwari]] (1944–present)
+* [[Gani Kashmiri]] ({{circa|1630–1669}})
+* [[Ghulam Rasool Santosh]] (1929–1997)
+* [[Hina Khan]] (1987–present)
 * [[Joanna Lumley]] (1946–present)
-* [[Bakshi Abdur Rashid]] (1923–1977)
+* [[Kunal Khemu]] (1983–present)
-* [[Reshma of Kashmir|Reshma]] (1951/1952–2022), singer and transgender activist
+* [[Lakshman Joo]] (1907–1991)
-* [[Pandit Jia Lal Saraf]], Sanskrit scholar
+* [[Lalleshwari]] ({{circa|1320–1392}})
+* [[Manohar Kaul]] (1925–1999)
+* [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]] (1984–present)
+* [[Mohammad Abbas Ansari]] (1936–2022)
+* [[Mohammad Muneem]] (1983–present)
+* [[Mohammad Subhan Hajam]] (1910–1962)
+* [[Raj Zutshi]] (1961–present)
+* [[Raj Begum]] (1927–2016)
+* [[Ram Chandra Kak]] (1893–1983)
+* [[Rehman Rahi]] (1925–2023)
+* [[Reshma of Kashmir|Reshma]] (1951/1952–2022)
+* [[Rupa Bhawani]] ({{circa|1621–1721}})
+* [[Samsar Chand Kaul]] (1883–1977)
+* [[Sandeepa Dhar]]
+* [[Sanjay Suri]] (1971–present)
+* [[Shamas Faqir]] (1843–1901)
+* [[Shehla Rashid]] (1988–present)
+* [[Tika Lal Taploo]] (1930–1989)
+* [[Vibha Saraf]] (1986–present)
+* [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] (1952–present)
+* [[Vikram Misri]] (1964–present)
+* [[Yasin Malik]] (1966–present)
+* [[Zareef Ahmad Zareef]] (1943–present)
+* [[Zinda Kaul]] (1884–1965)
 == See also ==
@@ Line 625: / Line 672: @@
 * {{citation |last=Kaul |first=Shonaleeka |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rajatarangini |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-948292-4 |year=2018 |url=https://india.oup.com/product/the-making-of-early-kashmir-9780199482924 }}
 * {{citation |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |author-link=Mohammad Ishaq Khan |year=1978 |title=History of Srinagar 1846–1947: A Study in Socio-Cultural Change |publisher=Srinagar: Aamir Publications |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TwYKAQAAIAAJ }}
-* {{citation |last=Rabbani |first= G. M. |title= Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective |year=1981 |publisher=Srinagar:Gulshan Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUhuAAAAMAAJ }}
+*{{citation |last=Pal |first=Pratapaditya |author-link=Pratapaditya Pal |year=2007 |title=The arts of Kashmir |publisher=New York: [[Asia Society]]}}
+* {{citation |last=Rabbani |first= G. M. |title= Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective |year=1981 |publisher=Srinagar: Gulshan Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUhuAAAAMAAJ }}
 * {{citation |first1=Muhammad Ashraf |last1=Wani |first2=Aman Ashraf |last2=Wani |year=2023 |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-15830-3 }}
 * {{citation |last=Bazaz|first=Prem Nath |author-link=Prem Nath Bazaz|year=1941 |title=Inside Kashmir |publisher=Gulshan Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfhKAAAAIAAJ |isbn= 978-8-186-71457-7 }}