European robin: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:37, 9 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Speciesbox

The European robin (Erithacus rubecula), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in the British Isles, is a small insectivorous passerine bird that belongs to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.^[1] It is found across Europe, east to Western Siberia and south to North Africa; it is sedentary in the west and south of its range, and migratory in the north and east of its range where winters are harsher.

It is Template:Convert in length; the male and female are identical in plumage, with an orange-toned red breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly. Juveniles are distinct, freckled brown all over and without the red breast; first-winter immatures are like the adults, except for more obvious yellow-brown tips to the wing covert feathers (inconspicuous or absent in adults).

Etymology

The distinctive orange breast of both sexes contributed to the European robin's original name of "redbreast", orange as a colour name being unknown in English until the 16th century, by which time the fruit of the same name had been introduced. The Dutch Script error: No such module "Lang"., French Script error: No such module "Lang"., Swedish rödhake, German Script error: No such module "Lang"., Italian Script error: No such module "Lang"., Spanish Script error: No such module "Lang". and Portuguese Script error: No such module "Lang". all refer to the distinctively coloured front.^[2]

In the 15th century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as robin redbreast, which was eventually shortened to robin.^[3] As a given name, Robin is originally a smaller form of the name Robert. The term robin is also applied to some birds in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the American robin (Turdus migratorius, a thrush) and the Australasian robins of the family Petroicidae, the relationships of which are unclear.

Other older English names for the bird include ruddock and robinet. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the English robin.^[4]

Taxonomy and systematics

The European robin was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Motacilla rubecula.^[5] Its specific epithet rubecula is a diminutive derived from the Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'red'.^[6]^[7] The genus Erithacus was described by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800, giving the bird its current binomial name E. rubecula.^[8]^[9] The genus name Erithacus is from Ancient Greek^[10] and refers to an unknown bird, now usually identified as robin.^[11]

The genus Erithacus was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae) but is now known to belong to the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. The genus formerly included the Japanese robin and the Ryukyu robin, but these east Asian species were shown in molecular phylogenetic studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin;^[12]^[13] in a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus Larvivora leaving the European robin as the sole extant member of Erithacus.^[1] A 2010 phylogenetic analysis placed Erithacus in a subfamily (Cossyphinae Vigors, 1825, syn. Erithacinae G. R. Gray, 1846) which otherwise contained only African species, but its exact position with respect to the other species in that subfamily was not resolved.^[13] More detailed analysis in 2023 confirmed it to be the sole European member of this tropical African subfamily, in which it is in a basal position.^[14]

Subspecies

In their large continental Eurasian range, robins vary somewhat, but do not form discrete populations that might be considered subspecies.^[15]^[16] Robin subspecies are mainly distinguished by forming resident populations on islands and in mountainous areas. The robin found in the British Isles and much of western Europe, Erithacus rubecula melophilus, occurs as a vagrant in adjacent regions. E. r. witherbyi from northwest Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia closely resembles E. r. melophilus but has shorter wings.^[17] The northeasternmost birds, large and fairly washed-out in colour, are E. r. tataricus. In the southeast of its range, E. r. valens of the Crimean Peninsula, E. r. caucasicus of the Caucasus and northern Transcaucasia, and E. r. hyrcanus southeastwards into Iran are generally accepted as significantly distinct.^[17]

On Madeira and the Azores, the local population has been described as E. r. microrhynchos, and although not distinct in morphology, its isolation seems to suggest the subspecies is valid (but see below).^[18]

Canary Islands robins

File:Erithacus rubecula -Canary Islands, Spain -adult and juvenile-8.jpg

Adult and juvenile Gran Canaria robins

File:Erithacus rubecula superbus, Los Silos, Tenerife 1.jpg

Tenerife robin Erithacus rubecula superbus, Los Silos, Tenerife

The most distinct birds are those of Gran Canaria (E. r. marionae) and Tenerife (E. r. superbus), which may be considered two distinct species or at least two different subspecies. They are readily distinguished by a white eye-ring, an intensely coloured breast, a grey line that separates the orange-red from the brown colouration, and the belly is entirely white.^[19]^[20]

Cytochrome b sequence data and vocalisations^[21] indicate that the Gran Canaria/Tenerife robins are indeed very distinct and probably derived from colonisation by mainland birds some 2 million years ago.Template:Efn

Christian Dietzen, Hans-Hinrich Witt and Michael Wink published in 2003 in Avian Science a study called "The phylogeographic differentiation of the European robin Erithacus rubecula on the Canary Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?".^[15] In it they concluded that Gran Canaria's robin diverged genetically from their European relatives as far back as 2.3 million years, while the Tenerife ones took another half a million years to make this leap, 1.8 million years ago. The most likely reason would be a different colonisation of the Canaries by this bird, which arrived at the oldest island first (Gran Canaria) and subsequently passed to the neighbouring island (Tenerife).^[22]

A thorough comparison between E. r. marionae and E. r. superbus is pending to confirm that the first one is effectively a different subspecies. Initial results suggest that birds from Gran Canaria have wings about 10% shorter than those on Tenerife.^[15] The west Canary Islands' populations are younger (Middle Pleistocene) and only beginning to diverge genetically. Robins from the western Canary Islands on El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera (E. r. microrhynchus) are more similar to the European type subspecies (E. r. rubecula).^[17]

Finally, the robins which can be found on Fuerteventura are the European subspecies, which is not surprising as the species does not breed either in this island or on nearby Lanzarote; they are wintering birds or just on passage during their migration between Africa and Europe.^[22]

Other robins

The larger American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a much larger bird named from its similar colouration to the European robin, but the two birds are not closely related, with the American robin instead belonging to the same genus as the common blackbird (T. merula), a species which occupies much of the same range as the European robin. The similarity between the European and American robins lies largely in the orange chest patch found in both species. This American species was incorrectly shown "feathering its nest" in London in the film Mary Poppins,^[23] but it only occurs in the UK as a very rare vagrant.^[24]

Some South and Central American Turdus thrushes are also called robins, such as the rufous-collared thrush. The Australian "robin redbreast", more correctly the scarlet robin (Petroica multicolor), is more closely related to crows and jays than it is to the European robin. It belongs to the family Petroicidae, whose members are commonly called "Australasian robins". The red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) is sometimes named the "Pekin robin" by aviculturalists. Another group of Old World flycatchers, this time from Africa and Asia, is the genus Copsychus; its members are known as magpie-robins, one of which, the Oriental magpie robin (C. saularis), is the national bird of Bangladesh.^[25]

Description

File:European robin (Erithacus rubecula) juvenile.jpg

Juvenile, Sussex

The adult European robin is Template:Cvt long and weighs Template:Cvt, with a wingspan of Template:Cvt. The male and female bear similar plumage: an orange breast and face (more strongly coloured in the otherwise similar British subspecies E. r. melophilus), lined by a bluish grey on the sides of the neck and chest. The upperparts are brownish, or olive-tinged in British birds, and the belly whitish, while the legs and feet are brown. The bill and eyes are black. Juveniles are a spotted brown and white in colouration, with patches of orange gradually appearing.^[26]

Distribution and habitat

The robin occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands as far west as the Central Group of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, it reaches Iran and the Caucasus range.^[27] Irish and British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter, a few as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast. The continental European robins that migrate during winter prefer spruce woods in northern Europe, contrasting with its preference for parks and gardens in Great Britain.^[28]

In southern Iberia, habitat segregation of resident and migrant robins occurs, with resident robins remaining in the same woodlands where they bred.^[29]

Attempts to introduce the European robin into Australia and New Zealand in the latter part of the 19th century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and Dunedin by various local acclimatisation societies, with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America, as birds failed to become established after being released in Long Island, New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889–1892, and the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia in 1908–1910.^[30]

File:Rouge-gorge à une mangeoire.jpg

Robin eating seeds in France

Behaviour and ecology

File:European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) with mealworm.jpeg

Robin with mealworm

File:European Robin Erithacus rubecula.ogv

European robin feeding on snowy ground

File:04-European Robin-nX-1.webm

European robin feeding.

The robin is diurnal, although it has been reported to be active hunting insects on moonlit nights or near artificial light at night.^[16] Well known to British and Irish gardeners, it is relatively unafraid of people and drawn to human activities involving the digging of soil, in order to look out for earthworms and other food freshly turned up. The British and Irish considered robins to be a gardener's friend and would never harm them, due also to the traditional association of the red colouring of their breasts with the blood of Christ.^[31] In continental Europe, on the other hand, robins were hunted and killed as were most other small birds, and are therefore more wary.^[26] Robins also approach large wild animals, such as wild boar, which disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.

In autumn and winter, robins will supplement their usual diet of terrestrial invertebrates, such as spiders, worms and insects, with berries, fruit and seeds.^[28]^[32] They will also eat seed mixtures and suet placed on bird-tables, as well as left-overs.^[26]^[33]^[32] The robin is even known to feed on small vertebrates (including fish and lizards) and carrion.^[32]

Male robins are very territorial and will fiercely attack other males and competitors that stray into their territories. They have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. There are recorded instances of robins attacking their own reflection.^[34] Territorial disputes sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas.^[35]

Because of high mortality in the first year of life, a robin has an average life expectancy of 1.1 years; however, once past its first year, life expectancy increases. One robin has been recorded as reaching 19 years of age.^[36] A spell of very low temperatures in winter can, however, result in higher mortality rates.^[37] The species is parasitised by the moorhen flea (Dasypsyllus gallinulae)^[38] and the acanthocephalan Apororhynchus silesiacus.^[39]

Breeding

Robins may choose a wide variety of sites for building a nest. In fact, anything which can offer some shelter, like a depression or hole, may be considered. As well as the usual crevices, or sheltered banks, other objects include pieces of machinery, barbecues, bicycle handlebars, bristles on upturned brooms, discarded kettles, watering cans, flower pots and hats. Robins will also nest in manmade nest boxes, favouring a design with an open front placed in a sheltered position up to Template:Convert from the ground.^[40] Nests are generally composed of moss, leaves and grass, with fine grass, hair and feathers for lining.^[20]

Two or three clutches of five or six eggs are laid throughout the breeding season, which commences in March in Britain and Ireland. The eggs are a cream, buff or white speckled or blotched with reddish-brown colour, often more heavily so at the larger end.^[41] When juvenile birds fly from the nests, their colouration is entirely mottled brown. After two to three months out of the nest, the juvenile bird grows some orange feathers under its chin, and over a similar period this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance of an entirely red-orange breast.^[20]

Template:Multiple image

Vocalisation

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The robin produces a fluting, warbling {{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "120401-132827 Erithacus rubecula.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler during the breeding season. Both the male and female sing throughout the year, including during the winter, when they hold separate territories. During the winter, the robin's song is more plaintive than the summer version.^[26] The female robin moves a short distance from the summer nesting territory to a nearby area that is more suitable for winter feeding. The male robin keeps the same territory throughout the year. During the breeding season, male robins usually initiate their morning song an hour before civil sunrise, and usually terminate their daily singing around thirty minutes after sunset.^[42] Nocturnal singing can also occur, especially in urban areas that are artificially lit during the night.^[42] Some urban robins opt to sing at night to avoid daytime anthropogenic noise.^[43]

Magnetoreception

File:Effect of RF interference on Magnetoreception in Birds.svg

Very weak radio-frequency interference prevents migratory robins from orienting correctly to the Earth's magnetic field. Since this would not interfere with an iron compass, the experiments imply that the birds use a radical-pair mechanism.^[44]

The avian magnetic compass of the robin has been extensively researched and uses vision-based magnetoreception, in which the robin's ability to sense the magnetic field of the Earth for navigation is affected by the light entering the bird's eye. The physical mechanism of the robin's magnetic sense involves quantum entanglement of electron spins in cryptochrome in the bird's eyes.^[45]^[44]

Conservation status

The European robin has an extensive range and a population numbering in the hundreds of millions. The species does not approach the vulnerable thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30 per cent decline over ten years or three generations); the population appears to be increasing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature evaluates it as least concern.^[27]

Cultural depictions

The robin features prominently in British folklore and that of northwestern France, but much less so in other parts of Europe,^[46] though in the nineteenth century Jacob Grimm reported a tradition from German-speaking Europe that if someone disturbed a robin's nest their house would be struck by lightning.^[47]Template:Rp Robins feature in the traditional children's tale Babes in the Wood; the birds cover the dead bodies of the children.^[48]

The robin has become strongly associated with Christmas, taking a starring role on many Christmas cards since the mid-19th century.^[48] The robin has appeared on many Christmas postage stamps. An old British folk tale seeks to explain the robin's distinctive breast. Legend has it that when Jesus was dying on the cross, the robin, then simply brown in colour, flew to his side and sang into his ear in order to comfort him in his pain. The blood from his wounds stained the robin's breast, and thereafter all robins carry the mark of Christ's blood upon them.^[49]Template:Efn

An alternative legend has it that its breast was scorched fetching water for souls in Purgatory.^[48] The association with Christmas more probably arises from the fact that postmen in Victorian Britain wore red jackets and were nicknamed "Robins"; the robin featured on the Christmas card is an emblem of the postman delivering the card.^[50]

In the 1960s, in a vote publicised by The Times, the robin was adopted as the unofficial national bird of the United Kingdom.^[51] In 2015, the robin was again voted Britain's national bird in a poll organised by birdwatcher David Lindo, taking 34% of the final vote.^[52]

Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed "the Robins". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City,^[53] Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town and, traditionally, Wrexham A.F.C., as well as the English rugby league team Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band).^[54] As of 2019, Bristol City, Swindon Town and Cheltenham Town also incorporate a robin image in their current badge designs.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.^[55]

Footnotes

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Citations

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External links

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Sister project

Template:Field guide birds of the world
European Robin on eBird
Sonatura: Song of the European Robin (Template:Webarchive)
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
Robins in slow motion #2 - UHD 4K video published by wildlife cinematographer Steve Downer via YouTube

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of bird}}
 {{EngvarB|date=August 2023}}
-{{Short description|Species of bird}}
 {{Good article}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
 {{Speciesbox
-| image              = Erithacus rubecula with cocked head.jpg
+| image = Erithacus rubecula with cocked head.jpg
-| image2             = Pechuguero de Gran Canaria (Erithacus Rubecula Marionae).ogg
+| image2 = Pechuguero de Gran Canaria (Erithacus Rubecula Marionae).ogg
-| image2_caption     = Call recorded in [[Gran Canaria]]
+| image2_caption = Song recorded in [[Gran Canaria]]
-| status             = LC
+| status = LC
-| status_system      = IUCN3.1
+| status_system = IUCN3.1
-| status_ref         = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Erithacus rubecula'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22709675A131953953 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22709675A131953953.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
+| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Erithacus rubecula'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22709675A131953953 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22709675A131953953.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
-| genus              = Erithacus
+| genus = Erithacus
-| parent_authority   =
+| parent_authority =
-| species            = rubecula
+| species = rubecula
-| authority          = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
+| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
-| subdivision_ranks  = Subspecies
+| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
-| subdivision        = 7–10, see text.
+| subdivision = 7–10, see text.
-| synonyms           =
+| synonyms = {{Species list
-{{Species list
 | Erithacus dandalus subsp. sardus | Kleinschmidt,&nbsp;1906
 | Erithacus rubecula subsp. armoricanus | Lebeurier & Rapine,&nbsp;1936
@@ Line 23: / Line 22: @@
 | Motacilla rubecula | Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758
 }}
-| synonyms_ref       = <ref>{{GBIF |id=2492462 |taxon=''Erithacus rubecula'' |accessdate=21 January 2022}}</ref>
+| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{GBIF |id=2492462 |taxon=''Erithacus rubecula'' |accessdate=21 January 2022}}</ref>
-| range_map          = ErithacusRubeculaIUCN.svg
+| range_map = ErithacusRubeculaIUCN.svg
-| range_map_caption  = Range of ''E rubecula''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}}  {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF80FF|Possible extinct & Introduced|outline=gray}}
+| range_map_caption = Range of ''E rubecula''{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}}  {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#FF80FF|Introduced and probably extinct|outline=gray}}
 }}
-The '''European robin''' ('''''Erithacus rubecula'''''), known simply as the '''robin''' or '''robin redbreast''' in the British Isles, is a small [[insectivorous]] [[passerine]] [[bird]] that belongs to the [[Old World flycatcher]] family Muscicapidae.<ref name=ioc/> It is found across Europe, east to Western [[Siberia]] and south to North Africa; it is [[Sedentism|sedentary]] in the west and south of its range, and [[bird migration|migratory]] in the north and east of its range where winters are harsher.
+The '''European robin''' ('''''Erithacus rubecula'''''), known simply as the '''robin''' or '''robin redbreast''' in the British Isles, is a small [[insectivorous]] [[passerine]] bird that belongs to the [[Old World flycatcher]] family Muscicapidae.<ref name=ioc/> It is found across Europe, east to Western [[Siberia]] and south to North Africa; it is [[Sedentism|sedentary]] in the west and south of its range, and [[bird migration|migratory]] in the north and east of its range where winters are harsher.
-It is {{convert|12.5|–|14.0|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length; the male and female are identical in plumage, with an orange-toned red breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly. Juveniles are distinct, freckled brown all over and without the red breast; first-winter immatures are like the adults, except for more obvious yellow-brown tips to the wing covert feathers (inconspicuous or absent in adults).
+It is {{convert|12.5|–|14.0|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length; the male and female are identical in [[plumage]], with an orange-toned red breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly. Juveniles are distinct, freckled brown all over and without the red breast; first-winter immatures are like the adults, except for more obvious yellow-brown tips to the wing covert feathers (inconspicuous or absent in adults).
 == Etymology ==
@@ Line 37: / Line 36: @@
 In the 15th century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as ''robin redbreast'', which was eventually shortened to ''robin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lack|first=D.|title=Robin Redbreast|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|year=1950|location=Oxford|page=44}}</ref> As a [[given name]], Robin is originally a [[diminutive|smaller form]] of the name [[Robert]]. The term ''robin'' is also applied to some birds in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the [[American robin]] (''Turdus migratorius'', a [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]]) and the [[Australasia]]n robins of the family [[Petroicidae]], the relationships of which are unclear.
-Other older English names for the bird include ''ruddock'' and ''robinet''. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the ''English robin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sylvester|first=Charles H.|title=Journeys Through Bookland|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4264-2117-4|page=155}}</ref>
+Other older English names for the bird include ''ruddock'' and ''robinet''. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the ''English robin''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sylvester|first=Charles H.|title=Journeys Through Bookland, Volume 2|publisher=Bellows-Reeve Company|place=Chicago|year=1909|page=254|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-AXA-671_2/page/254/mode/1up?q=robin}}</ref>
 == Taxonomy and systematics ==
 The European robin was described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Motacilla rubecula''.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Linnaeus| first=Carolus | author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.|publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii) | year=1758 | volume=1 |page=188 | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727097 | quote=M. grisea, gula pectoreque fulvis.}}</ref> Its [[Specific epithet (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''rubecula'' is a diminutive derived from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|ruber}}, meaning 'red'.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simpson|first=D.P.|title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary|publisher=Cassell Ltd.|year=1979|edition=5th|location=London, UK|page=883|isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}</ref><ref>{{L&S|ruber|ref}}</ref> The genus ''[[Erithacus]]'' was described by French naturalist [[Georges Cuvier]] in 1800, giving the bird its current binomial name ''E. rubecula''.<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Mayr | first1=Ernst | last2=Paynter | first2=Raymond A. Jr. | year=1964 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 10 | volume=10 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=32 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14486221 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | last=Cuvier | first=George | author-link=Georges Cuvier | year=1800 | title=Leçons d'anatomie comparée. Volume 1 | publisher=L'Institute National des Sciences et des Arts | at=Table 2 | url=http://docnum.u-strasbg.fr/cdm/ref/collection/coll13/id/175485 | language=fr }} (The year is given on the title page as "VIII" in the [[French Republican Calendar]])</ref> The [[genus]] name ''Erithacus'' is from [[Ancient Greek]]<ref>{{LSJ|e)ri/qakos|ἐρίθακος|ref}}.</ref> and refers to an unknown bird, now usually identified as robin.<ref>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=149}}</ref>
-The genus ''Erithacus'' was formerly classified as a member of the [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]] family (Turdidae) but is now known to belong to the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]]. The genus formerly included the [[Japanese robin]] and the [[Ryukyu robin]], but these east Asian species were shown in [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin;<ref>{{cite journal | last =Seki | first =Shin-Ichi| year =2006| title=The origin of the East Asian ''Erithacus'' robin, ''Erithacus komadori'', inferred from cytochrome ''b'' sequence data | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume =39 | issue =3 | pages =899–905 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.028 | pmid =16529957}}</ref><ref name="sangster2010">{{cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}}</ref> in a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Larvivora]]'' leaving the European robin as the sole member of ''Erithacus''.<ref name="ioc">{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2016 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref> A 2010 phylogenetic analysis placed ''Erithacus'' in a subfamily (Cossyphinae Vigors, 1825, syn. Erithacinae G. R. Gray, 1846) which otherwise contained only African species, but its exact position with respect to the other species in that subfamily was not resolved.<ref name="sangster2010" /> More detailed analysis in 2023 confirmed it to be the sole European member of this tropical African subfamily, in which it is in a basal position.<ref name="Zhao2023">{{cite journal | last=Zhao | first=Min | last2=Gordon Burleigh | first2=J. | last3=Olsson | first3=Urban | last4=Alström | first4=Per | last5=Kimball | first5=Rebecca T. | title=A near-complete and time-calibrated phylogeny of the Old World flycatchers, robins and chats (Aves, Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=178 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107646 | doi-access=free | page=107646}}</ref>
+The genus ''Erithacus'' was formerly classified as a member of the [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]] family (Turdidae) but is now known to belong to the [[Old World flycatcher]] family [[Muscicapidae]]. The genus formerly included the [[Japanese robin]] and the [[Ryukyu robin]], but these east Asian species were shown in [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin;<ref>{{cite journal | last =Seki | first =Shin-Ichi| year =2006| title=The origin of the East Asian ''Erithacus'' robin, ''Erithacus komadori'', inferred from cytochrome ''b'' sequence data | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume =39 | issue =3 | pages =899–905 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.028 | pmid =16529957}}</ref><ref name="sangster2010">{{cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Alström | first2=P. | last3=Forsmark | first3=E. | last4=Olsson | first4=U. | year=2010 | title=Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=57 | issue=1 | pages=380–392 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008 | pmid=20656044}}</ref> in a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Larvivora]]'' leaving the European robin as the sole [[neontology|extant]] member of ''Erithacus''.<ref name="ioc">{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2016 | title=Chats, Old World flycatchers | work=World Bird List Version 6.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/chats/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union| access-date=20 May 2016 }}</ref> A 2010 phylogenetic analysis placed ''Erithacus'' in a subfamily (Cossyphinae Vigors, 1825, syn. Erithacinae G. R. Gray, 1846) which otherwise contained only African species, but its exact position with respect to the other species in that subfamily was not resolved.<ref name="sangster2010" /> More detailed analysis in 2023 confirmed it to be the sole European member of this tropical African subfamily, in which it is in a basal position.<ref name="Zhao2023">{{cite journal | last=Zhao | first=Min | last2=Gordon Burleigh | first2=J. | last3=Olsson | first3=Urban | last4=Alström | first4=Per | last5=Kimball | first5=Rebecca T. | title=A near-complete and time-calibrated phylogeny of the Old World flycatchers, robins and chats (Aves, Muscicapidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=178 | date=2023 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107646 | doi-access=free | article-number=107646}}</ref>
 === Subspecies ===
@@ Line 59: / Line 58: @@
 }}
-Christian Dietzen, Hans-Hinrich Witt and Michael Wink published in 2003 in ''Avian Science'' a study called "The phylogeographic differentiation of the European robin ''Erithacus rubecula'' on the Canary Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?".<ref name=Dietzen/> In it they concluded that Gran Canaria's robin diverged genetically from their European relatives as far back as 2.3&nbsp;million years, while the Tenerife ones took another half a million years to make this leap, 1.8&nbsp;million years ago. The most likely reason would be a different colonisation of the Canaries by this bird, which arrived at the oldest island first (Gran Canaria) and subsequently passed to the neighbouring island (Tenerife).<ref name="canarias7.es">{{cite news |first1=César-Javier |last1=Palacios |year=2006 |title=Hallazgo en Gran Canaria de una especie de petirrojo única en el mundo |lang=es |trans-title=Discovery in Gran Canaria of a species of robin unique in the world |newspaper=Newspaper Canarias 7 |url=http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?Id=36465 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307001055/http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?Id=36465 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
+Christian Dietzen, Hans-Hinrich Witt and Michael Wink published in 2003 in ''Avian Science'' a study called "The phylogeographic differentiation of the European robin ''Erithacus rubecula'' on the Canary Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?".<ref name=Dietzen/> In it they concluded that Gran Canaria's robin diverged genetically from their European relatives as far back as 2.3&nbsp;million years, while the Tenerife ones took another half a million years to make this leap, 1.8&nbsp;million years ago. The most likely reason would be a different colonisation of the Canaries by this bird, which arrived at the oldest island first (Gran Canaria) and subsequently passed to the neighbouring island (Tenerife).<ref name="canarias7.es">{{cite news |first1=César-Javier |last1=Palacios |year=2006 |title=Hallazgo en Gran Canaria de una especie de petirrojo única en el mundo |language=es |trans-title=Discovery in Gran Canaria of a species of robin unique in the world |newspaper=Newspaper Canarias 7 |url=http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?Id=36465 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307001055/http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?Id=36465 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
 A thorough comparison between ''E. r. marionae'' and ''E. r. superbus'' is pending to confirm that the first one is effectively a different subspecies. Initial results suggest that birds from Gran Canaria have wings about 10% shorter than those on Tenerife.<ref name=Dietzen/> The west Canary Islands' populations are younger ([[Middle Pleistocene]]) and only beginning to diverge genetically. Robins from the western [[Canary Islands]] on El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera (''E. r. microrhynchus'') are more similar to the European type subspecies (''E. r. rubecula'').<ref name=Lack46/>
@@ Line 66: / Line 65: @@
 === Other robins ===
-The larger [[American robin]] (''Turdus migratorius'') is a much larger bird named from its similar colouration to the European robin, but the two birds are not closely related, with the American robin instead belonging to the [[Turdus|same genus]] as the [[common blackbird]] (''T.&nbsp;merula''), a species which occupies much of the same range as the European robin. The similarity between the European and American robins lies largely in the orange chest patch found in both species. This American species was incorrectly shown "feathering its nest" in London in the film ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'',<ref name=imdb>{{cite web |title=''Mary Poppins'' (1964) - Goofs |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058331/goofs |access-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> but it only occurs in the UK as a very rare vagrant.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Roberts |title=Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in |newspaper=[[Yorkshire Post]] |url=http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55&ArticleID=1997214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508082115/http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55 |archive-date=8 May 2006 |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
+The larger [[American robin]] (''Turdus migratorius'') is a much larger bird named from its similar colouration to the European robin, but the two birds are not closely related, with the American robin instead belonging to the [[Turdus|same genus]] as the [[common blackbird]] (''T.&nbsp;merula''), a species which occupies much of the same range as the European robin. The similarity between the European and American robins lies largely in the orange chest patch found in both species. This American species was incorrectly shown "feathering its nest" in London in the film ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'',<ref name=imdb>{{cite web |title=''Mary Poppins'' (1964) - Goofs |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0058331/goofs |access-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> but it only occurs in the UK as a very rare vagrant.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Roberts |title=Village braced for invasion of twitchers as rare visitor flies in |newspaper=[[Yorkshire Post]] |url=http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55&ArticleID=1997214 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508082115/http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55 |archive-date=8 May 2006 |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>
 Some South and Central American ''Turdus'' thrushes are also called robins, such as the [[rufous-collared thrush]]. The Australian "robin redbreast", more correctly the [[scarlet robin]] (''Petroica multicolor''), is more closely related to crows and jays than it is to the European robin. It belongs to the family [[Petroicidae]], whose members are commonly called "Australasian robins". The [[red-billed leiothrix]] (''Leiothrix lutea'') is sometimes named the "Pekin robin" by [[Aviculture|aviculturalists]]. Another group of Old World flycatchers, this time from Africa and Asia, is the genus ''Copsychus''; its members are known as [[magpie-robin]]s, one of which, the [[Oriental magpie robin]] (''C.&nbsp;saularis''), is the national bird of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National icons of Bangladesh |website=Bangla 2000 |url=http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/national_icons.shtm |access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>
@@ Line 75: / Line 74: @@
 == Distribution and habitat ==
-The robin occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands as far west as the [[Central Group, Azores|Central Group]] of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, it reaches Iran the [[Caucasus]] range.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Irish and British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter, a few as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast. The continental European robins that migrate during winter prefer spruce woods in northern Europe, contrasting with its preference for parks and gardens in Great Britain.<ref name=Jon78>{{Cite book|title=Birds of Wood, Park and Garden |last=Jonsson |first=Lars|year=1976|publisher=Penguin |location=Middlesex, England |isbn=978-0-14-063002-2 |pages=90}}</ref>
+The robin occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands as far west as the [[Central Group, Azores|Central Group]] of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, it reaches Iran and the [[Caucasus]] range.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Irish and British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter, a few as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast. The continental European robins that migrate during winter prefer spruce woods in northern Europe, contrasting with its preference for parks and gardens in Great Britain.<ref name=Jon78>{{Cite book|title=Birds of Wood, Park and Garden |last=Jonsson |first=Lars|year=1976|publisher=Penguin |location=Middlesex, England |isbn=978-0-14-063002-2 |page=90}}</ref>
 In southern Iberia, habitat segregation of resident and migrant robins occurs, with resident robins remaining in the same woodlands where they bred.<ref>{{cite journal |author1= De La Hera, I. |author2= Fandos, G. | author3= Fernández‐López, J. | author4= Onrubia, A. | author5= Pérez‐Rodríguez, A. |author6= Pérez‐Tris, J. | author7= Tellería, J. L. |year=2018| title= Habitat segregation by breeding origin in the declining populations of European Robins wintering in southern Iberia | journal=Ibis| volume=160| pages=355–364| doi=10.1111/ibi.12549| issue=2| hdl= 10468/7018 | hdl-access= free }}</ref>
-Attempts to introduce the European robin into Australia and New Zealand in the latter part of the 19th century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and [[Dunedin]] by various local [[Acclimatisation society|acclimatisation societies]], with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America, as birds failed to become established after being released in [[Long Island]], New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889–1892, and the [[Saanich Peninsula]] in British Columbia in 1908–1910.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments|last=Long|first=John L.|year=1981|publisher=Reed|location=Terrey Hills, Sydney|isbn=978-0-589-50260-7|pages=309}}</ref>
+Attempts to introduce the European robin into Australia and New Zealand in the latter part of the 19th century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and [[Dunedin]] by various local [[Acclimatisation society|acclimatisation societies]], with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America, as birds failed to become established after being released in [[Long Island]], New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889–1892, and the [[Saanich Peninsula]] in British Columbia in 1908–1910.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments|last=Long|first=John L.|year=1981|publisher=Reed|location=Terrey Hills, Sydney|isbn=978-0-589-50260-7|page=309}}</ref>
 [[File:Rouge-gorge à une mangeoire.jpg|thumb|Robin eating seeds in France]]
@@ Line 91: / Line 90: @@
 In autumn and winter, robins will supplement their usual diet of terrestrial invertebrates, such as spiders, worms and insects, with berries, fruit and seeds.<ref name=Jon78 /><ref name="Collar, N">{{cite web |last=Collar |first=N. |editor-last1=J. del Hoyo |editor-last2=A. Elliott |editor-last3=J. Sargatal |editor-last4=D. A. Christie |editor-last5=E. de Juana |name-list-style=and |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eurrob1/1.0/introduction |title=European Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |website=[[Birds of the World]] |url-access=subscription |date=2020-03-04 |doi=10.2173/bow.eurrob1.01}}</ref> They will also eat seed mixtures and suet placed on bird-tables, as well as left-overs.<ref name=RSPB /><ref>{{cite web |last=Hoskins |first=Rachel |title=What do Robins Eat? And What to Feed them |url=https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/12/what-do-robins-eat/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=[[Woodland Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="Collar, N" /> The robin is even known to feed on small vertebrates (including fish and lizards) and carrion.<ref name="Collar, N" />
-Male robins are very territorial and will fiercely attack other males and competitors that stray into their territories. They have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. There are recorded instances of robins attacking their own reflection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=RHS|date=December 2018|title=December wildlife: Robins have a new family|journal=The Garden RHS|volume=143|issue=12|pages=29}}</ref> Territorial disputes sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/territory.asp|title=The RSPB-Robin:Territory|access-date=1 July 2019|work=RSPB website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211111532/http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/territory.asp |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref>
+Male robins are very territorial and will fiercely attack other males and competitors that stray into their territories. They have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. There are recorded instances of robins attacking their own reflection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=RHS|date=December 2018|title=December wildlife: Robins have a new family|journal=The Garden RHS|volume=143|issue=12|page=29}}</ref> Territorial disputes sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/territory.asp|title=The RSPB-Robin:Territory|access-date=1 July 2019|work=RSPB website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211111532/http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/territory.asp |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref>
 Because of high mortality in the first year of life, a robin has an average life expectancy of 1.1&nbsp;years; however, once past its first year, life expectancy increases. One robin has been recorded as reaching 19&nbsp;years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euring.org/data_and_codes/longevity-voous.htm|title=Euring: European Longevity Records|access-date=1 June 2015|publisher=euring.org}}</ref> A spell of very low temperatures in winter can, however, result in higher mortality rates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/threats.asp|title=The RSPB-Robin:Threats|access-date=17 May 2008|work=RSPB website}}</ref> The species is parasitised by the [[moorhen flea]] (''Dasypsyllus gallinulae'')<ref name=Rothschild>{{cite book|title=Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites|author=Rothschild, Miriam|author-link=Miriam Rothschild|author2=Clay, Theresa|year=1957|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|page=113|url=https://archive.org/details/fleasflukescucko00roth}}</ref> and the [[acanthocephala]]n ''[[Apororhynchus silesiacus]]''.<ref name="Dimitrova">{{cite journal |last1=Dimitrova |first1=Z. M. |last2=Murai |first2=Éva |last3=Georgiev |first3=Boyko B. |s2cid=82191853 |date=1995 |title=The first record in Hungary of ''Apororhynchus silesiacus'' Okulewicz and Maruszewski, 1980 (Acanthocephala), with new data on its morphology |journal=Parasitologia Hungarica |volume=28 |pages=83–88}}</ref>
 === Breeding ===
-Robins may choose a wide variety of sites for building a nest. In fact, anything which can offer some shelter, like a depression or hole, may be considered. As well as the usual crevices, or sheltered banks, other objects include pieces of machinery, barbecues, bicycle handlebars, bristles on upturned brooms, discarded kettles, watering cans, flower pots and hats. Robins will also nest in manmade [[nest box]]es, favouring a design with an open front placed in a sheltered position up to {{convert|2|m}} from the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bto-nest-boxes-essential-guide.pdf|title=NEST BOXES : YOUR ESSENTIAL GUIDE|pages=12–13|website=Bto.org|access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> Nests are generally composed of moss, leaves and grass, with fine grass, hair and feathers for lining.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Hannah |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/robin-erithacus-rubecula.html |title=Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |website=[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] |orig-date=Original date 20 December 2019 |date=2024-03-21}}</ref>
+Robins may choose a wide variety of sites for building a nest. In fact, anything which can offer some shelter, like a depression or hole, may be considered. As well as the usual crevices, or sheltered banks, other objects include pieces of machinery, barbecues, bicycle handlebars, bristles on upturned brooms, discarded kettles, watering cans, flower pots and hats. Robins will also nest in manmade [[nest box]]es, favouring a design with an open front placed in a sheltered position up to {{convert|2|m}} from the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bto-nest-boxes-essential-guide.pdf|title=NEST BOXES: YOUR ESSENTIAL GUIDE|pages=12–13|website=Bto.org|access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref> Nests are generally composed of moss, leaves and grass, with fine grass, hair and feathers for lining.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Hannah |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/robin-erithacus-rubecula.html |title=Robin (Erithacus rubecula) |website=[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] |orig-date=Original date 20 December 2019 |date=2024-03-21}}</ref>
-Two or three clutches of five or six eggs are laid throughout the breeding season, which commences in March in Britain and Ireland. The eggs are a cream, buff or white speckled or blotched with reddish-brown colour, often more heavily so at the larger end.<ref name=Observerbirdseggs>{{Cite book|title=The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs|author=Evans, G.|pages=85|year=1972|publisher=Warne|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0-7232-0060-4}}</ref> When juvenile birds fly from the nests, their colouration is entirely mottled brown. After two to three months out of the nest, the juvenile bird grows some orange feathers under its chin, and over a similar period this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance of an entirely red-orange breast.<ref name="auto"/>
+Two or three clutches of five or six eggs are laid throughout the breeding season, which commences in March in Britain and Ireland. The eggs are a cream, buff or white speckled or blotched with reddish-brown colour, often more heavily so at the larger end.<ref name=Observerbirdseggs>{{Cite book|title=The Observer's Book of Birds' Eggs|author=Evans, G.|page=85|year=1972|publisher=Warne|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0-7232-0060-4}}</ref> When juvenile birds fly from the nests, their colouration is entirely mottled brown. After two to three months out of the nest, the juvenile bird grows some orange feathers under its chin, and over a similar period this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance of an entirely red-orange breast.<ref name="auto"/>
 {{multiple image
@@ Line 158: / Line 157: @@
 }}
 </ref>
-though in the nineteenth century [[Jacob Grimm]] reported a tradition from German-speaking Europe that if someone disturbed a robin's nest their house would be struck by lightning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grimm|others=Stallybrass (tr.)|title=Teutonic mythology|publisher=George Bell & Sons|year=1883|volume=2|url=https://archive.org/details/teutonicmytholog02grim}}</ref>{{rp|682-83}} Robins feature in the traditional children's tale ''[[Babes in the Wood]]''; the birds cover the dead bodies of the children.<ref name=deVries76/>
+though in the nineteenth century [[Jacob Grimm]] reported a tradition from German-speaking Europe that if someone disturbed a robin's nest their house would be struck by lightning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grimm|others=Stallybrass (tr.)|title=Teutonic mythology|publisher=George Bell & Sons|year=1883|volume=2|url=https://archive.org/details/teutonicmytholog02grim}}</ref>{{rp|682–83}} Robins feature in the traditional children's tale ''[[Babes in the Wood]]''; the birds cover the dead bodies of the children.<ref name=deVries76/>
 The robin has become strongly associated with Christmas, taking a starring role on many [[Christmas card]]s since the mid-19th century.<ref name=deVries76>
@@ Line 183: / Line 182: @@
 }}
 </ref>{{efn|
-In Christian folklore the robin got its red breast because it plucked a thorn from Jesus' crown-of-thorns during His crucifixion. A drop of Jesus' blood fell on to the bird and thereafter they had a red breast – for Christians the robin has long been associated with charity and piety.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goodall |first=Simon |title=European robin (''Erithacus rubecula'') |website=Greater Manchester Local Record Centre |url-status=dead |url=http://www.gmwildlife.org.uk/wildlife/species/index.php?species=European%20Robin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307095635/https://www.gmwildlife.org.uk/wildlife/species/index.php?species=European%20Robin |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>
+In Christian folklore the robin got its red breast because it plucked a thorn from Jesus' crown-of-thorns during His crucifixion. A drop of Jesus' blood fell on to the bird and thereafter they had a red breast – for Christians the robin has long been associated with charity and piety.<ref>{{cite web |last=Goodall |first=Simon |title=European robin (''Erithacus rubecula'') |website=Greater Manchester Local Record Centre |url=http://www.gmwildlife.org.uk/wildlife/species/index.php?species=European%20Robin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307095635/https://www.gmwildlife.org.uk/wildlife/species/index.php?species=European%20Robin |archive-date=7 March 2016 }}</ref>
 }}
 An alternative legend has it that its breast was scorched fetching water for souls in Purgatory.<ref name=deVries76/> The association with Christmas more probably arises from the fact that postmen in [[Queen Victoria|Victorian]] Britain wore red jackets and were nicknamed "Robins"; the robin featured on the Christmas card is an emblem of the postman delivering the card.<ref>
-{{cite web |title=Robin |website=[[BBC]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/amazing/robin.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021229131702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/amazing/robin.shtml |archive-date=29 December 2002}}</ref>
+{{cite web |title=Robin |website=[[BBC]] |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/amazing/robin.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021229131702/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/reallywild/amazing/robin.shtml |archive-date=29 December 2002}}</ref>
-In the 1960s, in a vote publicised by ''[[The Times]]'', the robin was adopted as the unofficial national bird of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=European robin |website=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/European_Robin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027141358/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/European_Robin |archive-date=2010-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
+In the 1960s, in a vote publicised by ''[[The Times]]'', the robin was adopted as the unofficial national bird of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=European robin |website=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/European_Robin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027141358/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/species/European_Robin |archive-date=2010-10-27 }}</ref>
 In 2015, the robin was again voted Britain's national bird in a poll organised by birdwatcher David Lindo, taking 34% of the final vote.<ref>
 {{cite news
@@ Line 201: / Line 200: @@
 </ref>
-Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed "the Robins". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Robin sees City soar into new era |website=[[Bristol City F.C.]] |url=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/robin-sees-city-soar-into-new-era/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> [[Crewe Alexandra]], [[Swindon Town]], [[Cheltenham Town]] and, traditionally, [[Wrexham A.F.C.]], as well as the English rugby league team the [[Hull Kingston Rovers]] (whose home colours are white with a red band).<ref>
+Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed "the Robins". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs [[Bristol City F.C.|Bristol City]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Robin sees City soar into new era |website=[[Bristol City F.C.]] |url=https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/robin-sees-city-soar-into-new-era/ |access-date=2025-03-22}}</ref> [[Crewe Alexandra]], [[Swindon Town]], [[Cheltenham Town]] and, traditionally, [[Wrexham A.F.C.]], as well as the English rugby league team [[Hull Kingston Rovers]] (whose home colours are white with a red band).<ref>
 {{cite web
   |title=History
@@ Line 208: / Line 207: @@
   |publisher=[[Hull Kingston Rovers RLFC]]
   |url=http://hullkr.co.uk/history
-  |access-date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead
+  |access-date=22 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127212257/http://hullkr.co.uk/history
- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127212257/http://hullkr.co.uk/history
   |archive-date=27 January 2012
 }}
-</ref> As of 2019, Bristol City, Swindon Town and Cheltenham Town also incorporate a robin image in their current badge designs.{{cn|date=March 2024}} A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.<ref>
+</ref> As of 2019, Bristol City, Swindon Town and Cheltenham Town also incorporate a robin image in their current badge designs.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.<ref>
 {{cite book
   |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris
@@ Line 225: / Line 223: @@
 </ref>
 {{clear}}
 == Footnotes ==
 {{notelist}}
@@ Line 240: / Line 239: @@
 {{Wiktionary|robin}}
 * {{field guide birds of the world|Erithacus rubecula}}
-* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/european-robin-erithacus-rubecula European Robin videos, photos & sounds] on Internet Bird Collection
+* [https://ebird.org/species/eurrob1 European Robin] on [[eBird]]
 * [http://association.sonatura.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255&Itemid=41 Sonatura: Song of the European Robin] ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827063653/http://association.sonatura.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=255&Itemid=41 |date=27 August 2011 }})
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108173715/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/327_RobinErubecula.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9&nbsp;MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze]
-* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkFcjv7HAJU Robins in slow motion #2 - UHD 4K] video published by wildlife cinematographer Steve Downer via [[YouTube]]
+* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkFcjv7HAJU Robins in slow motion #2 - UHD 4K] video published by wildlife cinematographer Steve Downer via YouTube
 {{Taxonbar|from=Q25334}}
@@ Line 252: / Line 251: @@
 [[Category:Birds of Europe]]
 [[Category:Birds described in 1758|European robin]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
+[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

European robin: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:37, 9 November 2025

Contents

Etymology

Taxonomy and systematics

Subspecies

Canary Islands robins

Other robins

Description

Distribution and habitat

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Vocalisation

Magnetoreception

Conservation status

Cultural depictions

Footnotes

Citations

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

European robin: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:37, 9 November 2025

Etymology

Taxonomy and systematics

Subspecies

Canary Islands robins

Other robins

Description

Distribution and habitat

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

Vocalisation

Magnetoreception

Conservation status

Cultural depictions

Footnotes

Citations

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

Search