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== History ==
== History ==
Orne is one of the original 83 départements created during the [[French Revolution]], on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the [[provinces of France|former provinces]] of [[Normandy]] and [[Perche]]. It is the birthplace of [[Charlotte Corday]], [[Girondist]] and the assassin of [[Jean-Paul Marat]].
Orne is one of the original 83 départements created during the [[French Revolution]], on 4 March 1790.<ref name="Orneguide">{{cite web |title=Orne territoires 2019 |url=https://www.orne.fr/sites/default/files/2019-11/Orne%20territoires-2019-BD_0.pdf |website=Orne.fr |publisher=Orne Department |date=2019 |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref> It was created from parts of the [[provinces of France|former provinces]] of [[Normandy]] and [[Perche]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amisduperche.fr/histoire-du-perche/|title=L'histoire du Perche - Les amis du Perche|website=amisduperche.fr}}</ref>
 
After the [[Battle of Waterloo]] the department was occupied by the [[Prussians|Prussia]] as agreed in the [[Treaty of Paris (1815)|Treaty of Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.napoleon.org/magazine/livres/lorne-sous-le-consulat-et-le-1er-empire/|title=L'Orne sous le Consulat et le 1er Empire|website=napoleon.org}}</ref> The area was occupied for three years, during which time the occupying forces pillaged the locals, taking food and money from the locals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesiecle.com/episode5/|title=Episode 5: The White Terror|first=David H.|last=Montgomery|date=March 20, 2019|website=The Siècle Podcast}}</ref> The Prussians left in 1818.{{sfn|Tombs|1996|p=337}}
 
During [[World War II]] the commune was occupied by the [[Axis powers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/dover-castle/history-and-stories/fall-of-france/|title=The Fall of France in the Second World War|website=English Heritage}}</ref> The commune was liberated from its occupiers on AUgust 21st 1944 as part of [[Operation Overlord]], when the final battle of the [[Falaise pocket|battle of the Falaise pocket]] on [[Hill 262]] near [[Coudehard]] was won.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.normandie-tourisme.fr/discover/d-day-and-the-battle-of-normandy/normandy-after-the-war/|title=Normandy, a lasting testament to the scars of War|website=Normandy Tourism, France}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hill262.org/battle|title=To Battle|website=Hill 262}}</ref> 
 
It is the birthplace of [[Charlotte Corday]], [[Girondist]] and the assassin of [[Jean-Paul Marat]].


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
Orne is in the [[regions of France|region]] of [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] neighbouring [[Eure]], [[Eure-et-Loir]], [[Sarthe]], [[Manche]], [[Mayenne]], and [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]]. It is the only department of Normandy not to border the [[English Channel]].
Orne is in the [[regions of France|region]] of [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]] neighbouring [[Eure]], [[Eure-et-Loir]], [[Sarthe]], [[Manche]], [[Mayenne]], and [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.french-property.com/property/basse_normandie/orne/insight|title=Orne Property Information, Basse Normandie, France|website=French-Property.com}}</ref>  It is the only department of Normandy not to border the [[English Channel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.choosenormandy.com/i-choose/living-in-normandy-france/normandy-departments/living-in-orne-france/|title=Move to Orne, France’s leafy haven|website=Choisir la Normandie}}</ref>
 
===Geology===
 
Orne has several different geological areas, firstly in the west of the department is the [[Armorican Massif]], which is an ancient mountain range that has been eroded over time to become granite hills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brgm.fr/en/reference-completed-project/improving-geological-hydrogeological-knowledge-orne-departement-agho|title=Improving geological and hydrogeological knowledge of the Orne département (AGHO programme) &#124; BRGM|website=www.brgm.fr}}</ref> You then have the flatter plains of the [[Plaine d'Argentan]] in the north.<ref name="APO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.normandie.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/atlas_paysages_orne-up06-argentan-v2022.pdf|title=Atlas Paysages Orne|date=2022-11-16|access-date=2025-03-29}}</ref> To the east of the Plaine d'Argentan you have the rolling hills of the [[Pays d'Auge]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.normandie-cabourg-paysdauge-tourisme.fr/en/the-country-of-auge-the-perfect-place-for-a-rejuvenating-stay-a/|title=Pays d'Auge: the perfect place for a revitalizing stay - Normandy Pays d'Auge tourism|date=June 4, 2024|website=Normandie Pays d’Auge tourisme}}</ref> To the far north east is the [[Pays d'Ouche]], which features [[chalky|Chalk Group]] and [[Clay-with-Flints]] soils that are not agriculturally productive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/l-aigle_61214/comment-le-climat-et-le-relief-du-pays-douche-contribuent-a-sa-richesse-naturelle_51941424.html|title=Comment le climat et le relief du pays d'Ouche contribuent à sa richesse naturelle|date=June 23, 2022|website=actu.fr}}</ref>. In the South of Orne is the forested area of the [[Perche]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.normandie-tourisme.fr/sports-nature/nature/regional-nature-parks/regional-park-perche/|title=The Perche Regional Nature Park|website=Normandy Tourism, France}}</ref>
 
The Orne department has the highest point in Normandy, called the Signal d'Écouves, located in [[Fontenai-les-Louvets]] which is 413 metres in height.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/fontenai-les-louvets_61172/a-fontenay-louvets-sommet-normandie_17216870.html|title=A Fontenay-les-Louvets : le sommet de la Normandie|date=June 10, 2018|website=actu.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/alencon_61001/geographie-et-montagnes-depuis-l-orne-ou-faut-il-aller-pour-trouver-plus-haut-que-le-signal-d-ecouves_47880755.html|title=Géographie et montagnes : depuis l'Orne, où faut-il aller pour trouver plus haut que le Signal d'Ecouves ?|date=January 12, 2022|website=actu.fr}}</ref>
 
===Hydrology===
 
The 170km River [[Orne (river)|Orne]] is the main river that flows through the commune flowing into the [[English Channel]] from its source in [[Aunou-sur-Orne]] .<ref>{{sandre|id=I2--0200|nom=L'Orne}}</ref> The Orne forms the '''Lac de Rabodanges''' in [[Putanges-le-Lac]] a 6&nbsp;km artificial lake covering almost 240 acres, making it the largest lake in [[Lower Normandy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.normandie-tourisme.fr/museums-and-heritage-sites/lac-de-rabodanges/|title=Lac de Rabodanges PUTANGES-LE-LAC : Normandy Tourism|website=en.normandie-tourisme.fr}}</ref>
 
[[File:61-Cours eau-Bassins.png|thumb|Rivers running through the Orne department]]
 
In addition to the river Orne that the department is named after there are a further 16 rivers running through the commune that are at least 25km in length:
 
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
#[[Avre (Eure)|Avre]] - 80.4km long, its source is at [[Tourouvre au Perche]] and flows into the [[Eure (river)|Eure]] near [[Dreux]]<ref>{{sandre|id=H42-0400|nom=L'Avre}}</ref>
#[[Baize (Orne, right bank)|Baize]] - 25.72km long, its source is at [[Habloville]] and flows into the river [[Orne (river)|Orne]] at the border between the communes of [[Les Isles-Bardel]] and [[Rapilly]].<ref>{{Sandre|I22-0400|La Baize}}</ref>
#Cance - 25.5km long, its source is at [[La Lande-de-Goult]] and flows into the river [[Orne (river)|Orne]] at [[Écouché-les-Vallées]]<ref>{{Sandre|I21-0420|Cance}}</ref>
#[[Charentonne]] - 63km long, its source is at [[Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois]] and flows into the [[Eure (river)|Eure]] near [[Nassandres sur Risle]]<ref>{{sandre|id=H61-0400|nom=La Charentonne}}</ref>
#[[Colmont]] - 50.4km long, its source is at [[Fougerolles-du-Plessis]] and flows into the [[Mayenne (river)|Mayenne]] near [[Saint-Loup-du-Gast]]<ref>{{Sandre|M32-0300|la Colmont}}</ref>
#[[Dives (river)|Dives]] - 105km long, its source is at [[Gouffern en Auge]] and flows into the [[English Channel]] in [[Cabourg]]<ref>{{sandre|id=I1--0200|nom=La Dives}}</ref>
#Don -  29.55km long, its source is at [[Brullemail]] and flows into the river [[Orne (river)|Orne]] at [[Almenêches]]<ref>{{sandre|id=I20-0400|nom=Don}}</ref>
#[[Huisne]] -  164.86km long, its source is at [[Belforêt-en-Perche]] and flows into the river [[Sarthe (river)|Sarthe]] at [[Le Mans]]<ref>{{Sandre|id=M0--0150|nom=Huisne}}</ref>
#[[Noireau]] -  43.26km long, its source is at [[Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu]] and flows into the river [[Orne (river)|Orne]] at [[Ménil-Hubert-sur-Orne]]<ref>{{Sandre|I24-0400|Le Noireau}}</ref>
#[[Mayenne (river)|Mayenne]] -  202.61km long, its source is at [[Lalacelle]] and flows into the river [[Maine (river)|Maine]] at [[Angers]]<ref>{{Sandre|id=M---0090|nom=Mayenne}}</ref>
#[[Risle]] -  144.72km long, its source is at [[Planches]] and flows into the river [[Seine]] at [[Berville-sur-Mer]]<ref>{{sandre|id=H6--0200|nom=La Risle}}</ref>
#[[Rouvre]] -  45.6km long, its source is at [[Beauvain]] and flows into the river [[Orne (river)|Orne]] at [[Le Mesnil-Villement]]<ref>{{sandre|id=I23-0400|nom=La Rouvre}}</ref>
#[[Sarthe (river)|Sarthe]] -  313.81km long, its source is at [[Soligny-la-Trappe]] and flows into the river [[Maine (river)|Maine]] at [[Angers]]<ref>{{Sandre|id=M---0060|nom=Sarthe}}</ref>
#[[Touques (river)|Touques]] - 108.4km long, its source is at [[Champ-Haut]] and flows into the [[English Channel]] between the communes of [[Deauville]] and [[Trouville-sur-Mer]]<ref>{{sandre|id=I0--0200|nom=La Touques}}</ref>
#Udon -  28.24km long, its source is at [[Chahains]] and flows into the river [[Orne (river)|Orne]] at [[Sevrai]]<ref>{{Sandre|id=I21-0410|nom=Udon}}</ref>
#[[Varenne (Mayenne)|Varenne]] - 50.4km long, its source is at [[Messei]] and flows into the [[Mayenne (river)|Mayenne]] near [[Ambrières-les-Vallées]]<ref>{{Sandre|M31-0300 |la Varenne}}</ref>
 
{{div col end}}


== Economy ==
== Economy ==

Revision as of 14:36, 20 June 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Template:Expand French Script error: No such module "Settlement short description".Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Expression error: Unexpected < operator. Orne (Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a département in the northwest of France, named after the river Orne. It had a population of 279,942 in 2019.[1]

History

Orne is one of the original 83 départements created during the French Revolution, on 4 March 1790.[2] It was created from parts of the former provinces of Normandy and Perche.[3]

After the Battle of Waterloo the department was occupied by the Prussia as agreed in the Treaty of Paris.[4] The area was occupied for three years, during which time the occupying forces pillaged the locals, taking food and money from the locals.[5] The Prussians left in 1818.Template:Sfn

During World War II the commune was occupied by the Axis powers.[6] The commune was liberated from its occupiers on AUgust 21st 1944 as part of Operation Overlord, when the final battle of the battle of the Falaise pocket on Hill 262 near Coudehard was won.[7][8]

It is the birthplace of Charlotte Corday, Girondist and the assassin of Jean-Paul Marat.

Geography

Orne is in the region of Normandy neighbouring Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Sarthe, Manche, Mayenne, and Calvados.[9] It is the only department of Normandy not to border the English Channel.[10]

Geology

Orne has several different geological areas, firstly in the west of the department is the Armorican Massif, which is an ancient mountain range that has been eroded over time to become granite hills.[11] You then have the flatter plains of the Plaine d'Argentan in the north.[12] To the east of the Plaine d'Argentan you have the rolling hills of the Pays d'Auge.[13] To the far north east is the Pays d'Ouche, which features Chalk Group and Clay-with-Flints soils that are not agriculturally productive.[14]. In the South of Orne is the forested area of the Perche.[15]

The Orne department has the highest point in Normandy, called the Signal d'Écouves, located in Fontenai-les-Louvets which is 413 metres in height.[16][17]

Hydrology

The 170km River Orne is the main river that flows through the commune flowing into the English Channel from its source in Aunou-sur-Orne .[18] The Orne forms the Lac de Rabodanges in Putanges-le-Lac a 6 km artificial lake covering almost 240 acres, making it the largest lake in Lower Normandy.[19]

File:61-Cours eau-Bassins.png
Rivers running through the Orne department

In addition to the river Orne that the department is named after there are a further 16 rivers running through the commune that are at least 25km in length:

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Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  1. Avre - 80.4km long, its source is at Tourouvre au Perche and flows into the Eure near Dreux[20]
  2. Baize - 25.72km long, its source is at Habloville and flows into the river Orne at the border between the communes of Les Isles-Bardel and Rapilly.[21]
  3. Cance - 25.5km long, its source is at La Lande-de-Goult and flows into the river Orne at Écouché-les-Vallées[22]
  4. Charentonne - 63km long, its source is at Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois and flows into the Eure near Nassandres sur Risle[23]
  5. Colmont - 50.4km long, its source is at Fougerolles-du-Plessis and flows into the Mayenne near Saint-Loup-du-Gast[24]
  6. Dives - 105km long, its source is at Gouffern en Auge and flows into the English Channel in Cabourg[25]
  7. Don - 29.55km long, its source is at Brullemail and flows into the river Orne at Almenêches[26]
  8. Huisne - 164.86km long, its source is at Belforêt-en-Perche and flows into the river Sarthe at Le Mans[27]
  9. Noireau - 43.26km long, its source is at Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu and flows into the river Orne at Ménil-Hubert-sur-Orne[28]
  10. Mayenne - 202.61km long, its source is at Lalacelle and flows into the river Maine at Angers[29]
  11. Risle - 144.72km long, its source is at Planches and flows into the river Seine at Berville-sur-Mer[30]
  12. Rouvre - 45.6km long, its source is at Beauvain and flows into the river Orne at Le Mesnil-Villement[31]
  13. Sarthe - 313.81km long, its source is at Soligny-la-Trappe and flows into the river Maine at Angers[32]
  14. Touques - 108.4km long, its source is at Champ-Haut and flows into the English Channel between the communes of Deauville and Trouville-sur-Mer[33]
  15. Udon - 28.24km long, its source is at Chahains and flows into the river Orne at Sevrai[34]
  16. Varenne - 50.4km long, its source is at Messei and flows into the Mayenne near Ambrières-les-Vallées[35]

Economy

The largest town by a considerable margin is the prefecture, Alençon, which is an administrative and commercial centre for what is still an overwhelmingly rural department. There are no large industrial centres, and agriculture remains the economic focus.

Demographics

<templatestyles src="Module:Historical populations/styles.css"/>Script error: No such module "Historical populations". The inhabitants of the department are called Ornais.

The recorded population level peaked at 443,688 in 1836. Declining farm incomes and the lure of better prospects in the overseas empire led to a sustained reduction in population levels in many rural departments. By the time of the 1936 census, the recorded population stood at just 269,331. Once motor car ownership started to surge in the 1960s, employment opportunities became less restricted and by 1982, the population level had recovered a little to 295,000, after which it slowly decreased.

Principal towns

The most populous commune is Alençon, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 5,000 inhabitants:[1]

Commune Population (2019)
Alençon 25,870
Flers 14,762
Argentan 13,395
L'Aigle 7,961
La Ferté Macé 5,186

Politics

The president of the Departmental Council is Christophe de Balorre, elected in 2017.

Presidential elections 2nd round

Election Winning Candidate Party % 2nd Place Candidate Party %
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | 2022[36] Emmanuel Macron LREM 55.12 Marine Le Pen RN 44.88
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | 2017 Emmanuel Macron LREM 61.64 Marine Le Pen FN 38.36
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | 2012 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 52.89 François Hollande PS 47.11
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy UMP 57.66 Ségolène Royal PS 42.34
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | 2002[37] Jacques Chirac RPR 81.30 Jean-Marie Le Pen FN 18.70

Current National Assembly Representatives

Constituency Member[38] Party
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | Orne's 1st constituency Joaquim Pueyo Socialist Party
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | Orne's 2nd constituency Véronique Louwagie The Republicans
style="background-color: Template:Party color" | Orne's 3rd constituency Jérôme Nury The Republicans

Culture

Alençon is the chief town of the Orne department.

Camembert, the village where Camembert cheese is made, is located in Orne.

The local dialect is known as Augeron.

Tourism

See also

References

  1. ↑ a b Populations légales 2019: 61 Orne, INSEE
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Template:Sandre
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Template:Sandre
  21. ↑ Template:Sandre
  22. ↑ Template:Sandre
  23. ↑ Template:Sandre
  24. ↑ Template:Sandre
  25. ↑ Template:Sandre
  26. ↑ Template:Sandre
  27. ↑ Template:Sandre
  28. ↑ Template:Sandre
  29. ↑ Template:Sandre
  30. ↑ Template:Sandre
  31. ↑ Template:Sandre
  32. ↑ Template:Sandre
  33. ↑ Template:Sandre
  34. ↑ Template:Sandre
  35. ↑ Template:Sandre
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

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Template:Authority control

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