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| pop_density_footnotes =
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym  = Lucchesi
| population_demonym  = Lucchesi
|telephone=| elevation_footnotes =
| telephone             =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m        = 19
| elevation_m        = 19
| twin1              =
| twin1              =
| twin1_country      =
| twin1_country      =
|postalcode=|istat=046017| saint              = [[Paulinus of Antioch|St. Paulinus]]
| postalcode     =
| istat               = 046017
| saint              = [[Paulinus of Antioch|St. Paulinus]]
| day                = July 12
| day                = July 12
| postal_code        = 55100
| postal_code        = 55100
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}}
}}
[[File:Dome Lucques Duomo San Martino Lucca.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Lucca Cathedral]]]]
[[File:Dome Lucques Duomo San Martino Lucca.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Lucca Cathedral]]]]
'''Città di Lucca''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|k|ə}} {{respell|LOO|kə}}; {{IPA|it|ˈlukka|lang|It-Lucca.ogg}}) is a city and ''[[comune]]'' in [[Tuscany]], [[Central Italy]], on the [[Serchio]] River, in a fertile plain near the [[Ligurian Sea]]. The city has a population of about 89,000,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popolazione Lucca (2001-2020) Grafici su dati ISTAT|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/toscana/53-lucca/statistiche/popolazione-andamento-demografico/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it}}</ref> while its [[Province of Lucca|province]] has a population of 383,957.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provincia di Lucca (LU)|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/toscana/provincia-di-lucca/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it}}</ref>


'''Città di Lucca''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|k|ə}} {{respell|LOO|kə}}; {{IPA|it|ˈlukka|lang|It-Lucca.ogg}}) is a city and ''[[comune]]'' in [[Tuscany]], [[Central Italy]], on the [[Serchio]] River, in a fertile plain near the [[Ligurian Sea]]. The city has a population of about 89,000,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popolazione Lucca (2001-2020) Grafici su dati ISTAT|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/toscana/53-lucca/statistiche/popolazione-andamento-demografico/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it}}</ref> while its [[Province of Lucca|province]] has a population of 383,957.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Provincia di Lucca (LU)|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/toscana/provincia-di-lucca/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Tuttitalia.it|language=it}}</ref>
Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact [[Renaissance]]-era [[Walls of Lucca|city walls]]<ref name="luccawalls">{{cite web|last=Magrini|first=Graziano|title=The Walls of Lucca|url=http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheWallsOfLucca.html|work=Scientific Itineraries of Tuscany|publisher=Museo Galileo|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="nytimesmenu">{{cite news|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|title=A Walled City in Tuscany Clings to Its Ancient Menu|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/world/europe/13lucca.html?_r=0|work=March 12, 2009|date=13 March 2009 |publisher=New York Times|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the [[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]], which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the [[Guinigi Tower]], a {{convert|45|m|ft|-1|adj=mid|-tall}} tower that dates from the 14th century <ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman amphitheatre in Lucca {{!}} Visit Tuscany|url=https://www.visittuscany.com/en/attractions/roman-amphitheatre-piazza-dellanfiteatro/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=www.visittuscany.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-16|title=20 Bellissime Città d'Arte in Italia|url=https://www.skyscanner.it/notizie/le-20-piu-belle-citta-darte-italiane|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Skyscanner Italia|language=it-IT}}</ref> and the Cathedral of San Martino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathedral of San Martino in Lucca |url=https://www.visittuscany.com/en/attractions/the-cathedral-of-san-martino-in-lucca/}}</ref>
 
Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact [[Renaissance]]-era [[Walls of Lucca|city walls]]<ref name="luccawalls">{{cite web|last=Magrini|first=Graziano|title=The Walls of Lucca|url=http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheWallsOfLucca.html|work=Scientific Itineraries of Tuscany|publisher=Museo Galileo|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="nytimesmenu">{{cite news|last=Donadio|first=Rachel|title=A Walled City in Tuscany Clings to Its Ancient Menu|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/13/world/europe/13lucca.html?_r=0|work=March 12, 2009|date=13 March 2009 |publisher=New York Times|access-date=25 March 2013}}</ref> and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the [[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]], which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the [[Guinigi Tower]], a {{convert|45|m|ft|-1|adj=mid|-tall}} tower that dates from the 14th century <ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman amphitheatre in Lucca {{!}} Visit Tuscany|url=https://www.visittuscany.com/en/attractions/roman-amphitheatre-piazza-dellanfiteatro/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=www.visittuscany.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-16|title=20 Bellissime Città d'Arte in Italia|url=https://www.skyscanner.it/notizie/le-20-piu-belle-citta-darte-italiane|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Skyscanner Italia|language=it-IT}}</ref> and the Cathedral of San Martino.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathedral of San Martino in Lucca |url=https://www.visittuscany.com/en/attractions/the-cathedral-of-san-martino-in-lucca/}}</ref>  


The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including [[Giacomo Puccini]], [[Alfredo Catalani]], and [[Luigi Boccherini]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joe|title=9 Facts About Lucca {{!}}|url=https://www.qualityvillas.com/blog/9-facts-about-lucca,%20https://www.qualityvillas.com/blog/9-facts-about-lucca|access-date=2022-01-07|language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including [[Giacomo Puccini]], [[Alfredo Catalani]], and [[Luigi Boccherini]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joe|title=9 Facts About Lucca {{!}}|url=https://www.qualityvillas.com/blog/9-facts-about-lucca,%20https://www.qualityvillas.com/blog/9-facts-about-lucca|access-date=2022-01-07|language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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To the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]], Lucca was known as ''Luca''. From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" ([[Latin]]: ''lucus''), "to cut" (Latin: ''lucare'') and "luminous space" (''leuk'', a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of [[Serchio]] debris, in the middle of wooded areas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rossebastiano|first=Alda|title=Dizionario di toponomastica|pages=427|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Treccani|first=Giovanni|title=Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti|publisher=Treccani|pages=560|language=it}}</ref>
To the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]], Lucca was known as ''Luca''. From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" ([[Latin]]: ''lucus''), "to cut" (Latin: ''lucare'') and "luminous space" (''leuk'', a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of [[Serchio]] debris, in the middle of wooded areas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rossebastiano|first=Alda|title=Dizionario di toponomastica|pages=427|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Treccani|first=Giovanni|title=Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti|publisher=Treccani|pages=560|language=it}}</ref>


==History==
== History ==
{{For timeline}}
{{For timeline}}


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=== Middle Ages ===
=== Middle Ages ===
{{See also|Duchy of Tuscia}}[[File:Torre guinigi, view 11, piazza dell'anfiteatro.JPG|thumb|left|[[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]] and the [[Basilica of San Frediano]]]]
{{See also|Duchy of Tuscia}}[[File:Torre guinigi, view 11, piazza dell'anfiteatro.JPG|thumb|left|[[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]] and the [[Basilica of San Frediano]]]]
[[Frediano]], an [[Ireland|Irish]] [[monk]], was [[bishop of Lucca]] in the early sixth century.<ref>See article on the [[Basilica of San Frediano|Basilica di San Frediano]].</ref> At one point, Lucca was plundered by [[Odoacer]], the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when [[Narses]] besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the [[Lombards]], it was the capital of a duchy, known as [[Duchy of Tuscia]], which included a large part of today's Tuscany and the [[province of Viterbo]], during this time the city also minted its own coins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mancini|first=Augusto|title=Storia di Lucca|publisher=Pacini Fazzi|year=1999|isbn=8872463432|pages=23|language=it}}</ref> The [[Holy Face of Lucca]] (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by [[Nicodemus]], arrived in 742.  
[[Frediano]], an [[Ireland|Irish]] [[monk]], was [[bishop of Lucca]] in the early sixth century.<ref>See article on the [[Basilica of San Frediano|Basilica di San Frediano]].</ref> At one point, Lucca was plundered by [[Odoacer]], the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when [[Narses]] besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the [[Lombards]], it was the capital of a duchy, known as [[Duchy of Tuscia]], which included a large part of today's Tuscany and the [[province of Viterbo]], during this time the city also minted its own coins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mancini|first=Augusto|title=Storia di Lucca|publisher=Pacini Fazzi|year=1999|isbn=8872463432|pages=23|language=it}}</ref> The [[Holy Face of Lucca]] (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by [[Nicodemus]], arrived in 742.


Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of [[Jews]]. The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The Jewish community was led by the [[Kalonymos family]] (which later became a major component of proto-[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazic Jewry]]).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lucca|url=https://www7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda/items/show/776|access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>
Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of [[Jews]]. The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The Jewish community was led by the [[Kalonymos family]] (which later became a major component of proto-[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazic Jewry]]).<ref>{{Citation|title=Lucca|url=https://www7.tau.ac.il/omeka/italjuda/items/show/776|access-date=2022-01-28}}</ref>


Thanks above all to the [[Holy Face of Lucca|Holy Face]] and to the relics of important saints, such as [[:it:San Regolo|San Regolo]] and [[Saint Fridianus]], the city was one of the main destinations of the [[Via Francigena]], the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stopani|first=Renato|title=Le vie di pellegrinaggio del Medioevo.|year=1991|publisher=Le Lettere|isbn=887166048X|pages=61|language=it}}</ref>
Thanks above all to the [[Holy Face of Lucca|Holy Face]] and to the relics of important saints, such as [[:it:San Regolo|San Regolo]] and [[Saint Fridianus]], the city was one of the main destinations of the [[Via Francigena]], the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stopani|first=Renato|title=Le vie di pellegrinaggio del Medioevo.|year=1991|publisher=Le Lettere|isbn=887166048X|pages=61|language=it}}</ref>


The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harmuth |first=Louis |url=http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftext00harmrich |title=Dictionary of textiles |date=1915 |publisher=New York, Fairchild publishing company |others=University of California Libraries |pages=94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Ajoy K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=471VEAAAQBAJ&dq=lucca+cloth&pg=PA283 |title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles |last2=Tortora |first2=Phyllis G. |last3=Johnson |first3=Ingrid |date=2021-11-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-6508-9 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref>  
The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harmuth |first=Louis |url=http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftext00harmrich |title=Dictionary of textiles |date=1915 |publisher=New York, Fairchild publishing company |others=University of California Libraries |pages=94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Ajoy K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=471VEAAAQBAJ&dq=lucca+cloth&pg=PA283 |title=The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles |last2=Tortora |first2=Phyllis G. |last3=Johnson |first3=Ingrid |date=2021-11-04 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-5013-6508-9 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref>


Lucca became prosperous through the [[silk]] trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal [[margraviate of Tuscany]], more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].  
Lucca became prosperous through the [[silk]] trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]]. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal [[margraviate of Tuscany]], more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the [[Holy Roman Emperor]].


In 1057, [[Anselm of Baggio]] (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the [[Catholic Church|Church]] of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the [[Cathedral of Lucca|Cathedral]] of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew [[Anselm of Lucca|Anselm II]], a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALESSANDRO II, papa in "Dizionario Biografico"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-alessandro-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ANSELMO da Lucca in "Enciclopedia Italiana"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anselmo-da-lucca_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref>
In 1057, [[Anselm of Baggio]] (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the [[Catholic Church|Church]] of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the [[Cathedral of Lucca|Cathedral]] of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew [[Anselm of Lucca|Anselm II]], a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALESSANDRO II, papa in "Dizionario Biografico"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-alessandro-ii_(Dizionario-Biografico)|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ANSELMO da Lucca in "Enciclopedia Italiana"|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anselmo-da-lucca_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)|access-date=2022-01-09|website=www.treccani.it|language=it-IT}}</ref>
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Lucca managed, at first as a [[democracy]], and after 1628 as an [[oligarchy]], to maintain its independence alongside of [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]], and painted the word ''Libertas'' on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911)</ref>
Lucca managed, at first as a [[democracy]], and after 1628 as an [[oligarchy]], to maintain its independence alongside of [[Venice]] and [[Genoa]], and painted the word ''Libertas'' on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911)</ref>


===Early modern period===
=== Early modern period ===
{{main|Principality of Lucca and Piombino|Duchy of Lucca}}
{{main|Principality of Lucca and Piombino|Duchy of Lucca}}
[[File:Palazzo pfanner, giardini 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palazzo Pfanner]], garden view]]
[[File:Palazzo pfanner, giardini 03.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palazzo Pfanner]], garden view]]
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From 1815 to 1847, it was a [[Bourbon house|Bourbon-Parma]] [[Duchy of Lucca|duchy]]. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were [[Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca|Maria Luisa of Spain]], who was succeeded by her son [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]] in 1824. Meanwhile, the [[Duchy of Parma]] had been assigned for life to [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]], the second wife of [[Napoleon]]. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)]], upon the death of [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] in 1847, Parma reverted to [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]], while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] in 1860 and finally part of the [[Italy|Italian State]] in 1861.
From 1815 to 1847, it was a [[Bourbon house|Bourbon-Parma]] [[Duchy of Lucca|duchy]]. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were [[Maria Luisa of Spain, Duchess of Lucca|Maria Luisa of Spain]], who was succeeded by her son [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]] in 1824. Meanwhile, the [[Duchy of Parma]] had been assigned for life to [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]], the second wife of [[Napoleon]]. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Vienna (1815)]], upon the death of [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] in 1847, Parma reverted to [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]], while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] in 1860 and finally part of the [[Italy|Italian State]] in 1861.


===World War II internment camp===
=== World War II internment camp ===
{{Further|List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Italy}}
{{Further|List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Italy}}
In 1942, during [[World War II]], a [[prisoner-of-war]] camp was established at the village of [[Colle di Compito]], in the municipality of [[Capannori]], about {{convert|11|km}} from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. (''prigionieri di guerra'') 60,<ref name=memorial>{{cite book | editor1-last=Megargee | editor1-first=G.P. | editor-last2=White | editor-first2=J.R. | title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany|chapter=Colle di Compecito|first=Silvia Q.|last=Angelini | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-253-02386-5 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 | access-date=26 May 2020 | page=421}}</ref> and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ill-treatment of prisoners of war at Camp PG 60, Lucca, Italy, July to November 1942 | website=The National Archives | date=2008-12-18 | url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=8803320&catln=6 | access-date=26 May 2020 }}</ref> Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and [[British Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the [[Italian armistice]]. During the [[Italian Social Republic]], as a [[puppet state]] of the Germans, [[political prisoner]]s, foreigners, [[common law]] prisoners and [[Jew]]s were interned there, and it functioned as a [[concentration camp]]. In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to [[Bagni di Lucca#World War II|Bagni di Lucca]].<ref name=memorial/>
In 1942, during [[World War II]], a [[prisoner-of-war]] camp was established at the village of [[Colle di Compito]], in the municipality of [[Capannori]], about {{convert|11|km}} from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. (''prigionieri di guerra'') 60,<ref name=memorial>{{cite book | editor1-last=Megargee | editor1-first=G.P. | editor-last2=White | editor-first2=J.R. | title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany|chapter=Colle di Compecito|first=Silvia Q.|last=Angelini | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-253-02386-5 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nBTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 | access-date=26 May 2020 | page=421}}</ref> and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ill-treatment of prisoners of war at Camp PG 60, Lucca, Italy, July to November 1942 | website=The National Archives | date=2008-12-18 | url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=8803320&catln=6 | access-date=26 May 2020 }}</ref> Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and [[British Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the [[Italian armistice]]. During the [[Italian Social Republic]], as a [[puppet state]] of the Germans, [[political prisoner]]s, foreigners, [[common law]] prisoners and [[Jew]]s were interned there, and it functioned as a [[concentration camp]]. In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to [[Bagni di Lucca#World War II|Bagni di Lucca]].<ref name=memorial/>
 
==Climate==


== Climate ==
{{Weather box|width=auto
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|metric first=y
|single line=y  
|single line=y  
|collapsed = Y
|collapsed = Y
|location = Lucca (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present)
|location = Lucca (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present)
|Jan record high C = 18.2
|Jan record high C = 18.2
|Feb record high C = 20.0
|Feb record high C = 20.0
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|Nov high C = 15.1
|Nov high C = 15.1
|Dec high C = 11.1
|Dec high C = 11.1
| year high C =  
|year high C =  
|Jan mean C = 6.7
|Jan mean C = 6.7
|Feb mean C = 7.8
|Feb mean C = 7.8
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|Nov mean C = 11.2
|Nov mean C = 11.2
|Dec mean C = 7.2
|Dec mean C = 7.2
| year mean C =  
|year mean C =  
|Jan low C = 2.6
|Jan low C = 2.6
|Feb low C = 2.9
|Feb low C = 2.9
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|Nov low C = 7.3
|Nov low C = 7.3
|Dec low C = 3.4
|Dec low C = 3.4
| year low C =  
|year low C =  
|precipitation colour = green
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 108
|Jan precipitation mm = 108
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| source 2 = Temperature estreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web
| source 2 = Temperature estreme in Toscana<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/provincia-di-lucca/lucca-istituto-di-igiene-e-profilassi/
| url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/provincia-di-lucca/lucca-istituto-di-igiene-e-profilassi/
|language = it
| language = it
|title=Lucca Istituto di Igiene e Profilassi
| title=Lucca Istituto di Igiene e Profilassi
| publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
| publisher = Temperature estreme in Toscana
| access-date = 26 November 2024}}</ref>
| access-date = 26 November 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}


==Government==
== Government ==
{{See also|List of mayors of Lucca}}
{{See also|List of mayors of Lucca}}


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{{Historical populations|1861|66061|1871|70537|1881|70404|1901|73465|1911|75464|1921|77880|1931|79852|1936|82300|1951|88302|1961|88428|1971|90995|1981|91246|1991|87100|2001|81862|2011|87200|2021|89078|footnote=Source: [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|cols=2|align=none}}
{{Historical populations|1861|66061|1871|70537|1881|70404|1901|73465|1911|75464|1921|77880|1931|79852|1936|82300|1951|88302|1961|88428|1971|90995|1981|91246|1991|87100|2001|81862|2011|87200|2021|89078|footnote=Source: [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|cols=2|align=none}}


==Culture==
== Culture ==
Lucca is the [[birthplace]] of [[composer]]s [[Giacomo Puccini]] (''[[La Bohème]]'' and ''[[Madama Butterfly]]''), [[Nicolao Dorati]], [[Francesco Geminiani]], [[Gioseffo Guami]], [[Luigi Boccherini]], and [[Alfredo Catalani]]. It is also the birthplace of artist [[Benedetto Brandimarte]]. Since 2004, Lucca is home to [[IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca|IMT Lucca]], a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the [[Superior Graduate Schools in Italy]] (''[[Grandes écoles]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imtlucca.it/ |title=IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca - Scuola di Dottorato IMT Alti Studi di Lucca |publisher=Imtlucca.it |date=2011-09-29 |access-date=2011-10-10}}</ref>
Lucca is the [[birthplace]] of [[composer]]s [[Giacomo Puccini]] (''[[La Bohème]]'' and ''[[Madama Butterfly]]''), [[Nicolao Dorati]], [[Francesco Geminiani]], [[Gioseffo Guami]], [[Luigi Boccherini]], and [[Alfredo Catalani]]. It is also the birthplace of artist [[Benedetto Brandimarte]]. Since 2004, Lucca is home to [[IMT Institute for Advanced Studies Lucca|IMT Lucca]], a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the [[Superior Graduate Schools in Italy]] (''[[Grandes écoles]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imtlucca.it/ |title=IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca - Scuola di Dottorato IMT Alti Studi di Lucca |publisher=Imtlucca.it |date=2011-09-29 |access-date=2011-10-10}}</ref>
[[File:Torre Guinigi.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Guinigi Tower]]]]
[[File:Torre Guinigi.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Guinigi Tower]]]]


===Events===
=== Events ===
Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by [[Eric Clapton]], [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], [[Massive Attack]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Tracy Chapman]], and [[Santana (band)|Santana]] at the Piazza Napoleone. For the 2025 edition, [[Riccardo Cocciante]] is scheduled to perform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giusti |first=Gilda |date=2025-03-05 |title=Riccardo Cocciante torna al Lucca Summer Festival: concerto in piazza Napoleone dopo 16 anni |url=https://www.firenzepost.it/2025/03/05/riccardo-cocciante-torna-al-lucca-summer-festival-concerto-in-piazza-napoleone-dopo-16-anni/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Firenze Post |language=it-IT}}</ref>
Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by [[Eric Clapton]], [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], [[Massive Attack]], [[Roger Waters]], [[Tracy Chapman]], and [[Santana (band)|Santana]] at the Piazza Napoleone. For the 2025 edition, [[Riccardo Cocciante]] is scheduled to perform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giusti |first=Gilda |date=2025-03-05 |title=Riccardo Cocciante torna al Lucca Summer Festival: concerto in piazza Napoleone dopo 16 anni |url=https://www.firenzepost.it/2025/03/05/riccardo-cocciante-torna-al-lucca-summer-festival-concerto-in-piazza-napoleone-dopo-16-anni/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Firenze Post |language=it-IT}}</ref>


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Other events include:
Other events include:
* Lucca Film Festival<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vistanova.it/index.php?lang=en| title = Lucca Film Festival| access-date = 2011-02-03| archive-date = 2012-03-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313204325/http://www.vistanova.it/index.php?lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Lucca Film Festival<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vistanova.it/index.php?lang=en| title = Lucca Film Festival| access-date = 2011-02-03| archive-date = 2012-03-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313204325/http://www.vistanova.it/index.php?lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Lucca Digital Photography Fest<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ldpf.it/index.php?lang=en| title = Lucca Digital Photo Fest| access-date = 2011-02-03| archive-date = 2016-03-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305214431/http://ldpf.it/index.php?lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Lucca Digital Photography Fest<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ldpf.it/index.php?lang=en| title = Lucca Digital Photo Fest| access-date = 2011-02-03| archive-date = 2016-03-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305214431/http://ldpf.it/index.php?lang=en| url-status = dead}}</ref>
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Moreover, Lucca hosts [[Lucca Biennale Cartasia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucca Biennale - Cartasia {{!}} Turismo Lucca |url=https://www.luccabiennalecartasia.com/}}</ref> an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on [[Paper craft|Paper Art]].
Moreover, Lucca hosts [[Lucca Biennale Cartasia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucca Biennale - Cartasia {{!}} Turismo Lucca |url=https://www.luccabiennalecartasia.com/}}</ref> an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on [[Paper craft|Paper Art]].


===Film and television===
=== Film and television ===
[[Mauro Bolognini]]'s 1958 film ''[[Young Husbands|Giovani mariti]]'', with [[Sylva Koscina]], is set and was filmed in Lucca.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
[[Mauro Bolognini]]'s 1958 film ''[[Young Husbands|Giovani mariti]]'', with [[Sylva Koscina]], is set and was filmed in Lucca.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}


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Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in the West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble.
Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]] was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in the West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble.


==Main sights==
== Main sights ==
[[File:663LuccaPalDucale.JPG|thumb|right|Palazzo Ducale]]
<gallery>
[[File:Lucca.city walls01.jpg|thumb|right| A stretch of the walls]]
File:663LuccaPalDucale.JPG|Palazzo Ducale
[[File:Torre dell'orologio, view 11 via fillungo, san frediano.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Via Fillungo view from the Clock Tower]]
File:Lucca.city walls01.jpg|A stretch of the walls
[[File:LuccaJC1.jpg|thumb|right|Autumn atop bastions]]
File:Torre dell'orologio, view 11 via fillungo, san frediano.JPG|Via Fillungo view from the Clock Tower
[[File:Lucca veduta TorreOrologio2.jpg|thumb|right|View of Lucca from the Clock Tower]]
File:LuccaJC1.jpg|Autumn atop bastions
 
File:Lucca veduta TorreOrologio2.jpg|View of Lucca from the Clock Tower
===Walls, streets, and squares===
File:Palazzo mansi, cortile 02.JPG|The courtyard of [[Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi]]
File:Lucca-teatro del Giglio-complesso1.jpg|[[Teatro del Giglio]]
File:Statua di Giacomo Puccini - Lucca - panoramio.jpg|Puccini's statue on Piazza Cittadella by Vito Tongiani
File:Lucca San Michele in Foro 01.jpg|[[San Michele in Foro]]
File:San Michele, Antraccoli, Lucca.jpg|San Michele at Antraccoli
</gallery>
=== Walls, streets, and squares ===
[[Walls of Lucca|The walls encircling the old town]] remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]] which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop the walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from the others.
[[Walls of Lucca|The walls encircling the old town]] remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]] which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop the walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from the others.


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The town includes a number of public squares, most notably the [[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, Lucca|Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]], (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele.
The town includes a number of public squares, most notably the [[Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, Lucca|Piazza dell'Anfiteatro]], (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele.


[[File:Palazzo mansi, cortile 02.JPG|thumb|right|The courtyard of [[Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi]]]]
=== Palaces and villas ===
[[File:Lucca-teatro del Giglio-complesso1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Teatro del Giglio]]]]
* [[Ducal Palace (Lucca)|Ducal Palace]] – Built on the site of [[Castruccio Castracani]]'s fortress. Construction began under [[Bartolomeo Ammannati]] (1577–1582) and was continued by [[Filippo Juvarra]] in the 18th century.
[[File:Statua di Giacomo Puccini - Lucca - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|Puccini's statue on Piazza Cittadella created by Vito Tongiani]]
* [[Palazzo Pfanner|Pfanner Palace]] – A Baroque palace known for its formal garden and monumental staircase.
[[File:Lucca San Michele in Foro 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[San Michele in Foro]]]]
* [[Villa Garzoni (Collodi)|Villa Garzoni]] – Located in nearby Collodi, noted for its elaborate water gardens.
[[File:San Michele, Antraccoli, Lucca.jpg|thumb|right|upright|San Michele at Antraccoli]]
* [[Palazzo Cenami]] – A Renaissance palace formerly owned by the prominent [[Arnolfini family]].


===Palaces, villas, houses, offices, and museums===
=== Towers and historic houses ===
*[[Ducal Palace (Lucca)|Ducal Palace]]: built on the site of [[Castruccio Castracani]]'s fortress. Construction was begun by [[Bartolomeo Ammannati|Ammannati]] in 1577–1582 and continued by [[Filippo Juvarra|Juvarra]] in the eighteenth century
* [[Guinigi Tower]] and House – Famous for its rooftop oak trees and panoramic city views.
*[[Palazzo Pfanner|Pfanner Palace]]
* [[Torre delle Ore, Lucca|Torre delle Ore]] ("The Clock Tower") – The tallest tower in Lucca, offering views over the historic center.
*[[Villa Garzoni (Collodi)|Villa Garzoni]], noted for its water gardens
* [[Casa di Puccini]] – Birthplace of composer [[Giacomo Puccini]], located in nearby [[Torre del Lago]] where he spent summers. A Puccini opera festival is held there annually from July to August.
*[[Casa di Puccini]]: House of the opera composer, at the nearby [[Torre del Lago]], where the composer spent his summers. A [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]] opera festival takes place every July–August
*[[Torre delle Ore, Lucca|Torre delle Ore]]: ("The Clock Tower")
*[[Guinigi Tower]] and House: Panoramic view from tower-top balcony with oak trees
*[[National Museum of Villa Guinigi]]
*[[Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi|National Museum of Palazzo Mansi]]
*[[Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca]]: [[botanical garden]] dating from 1820
*Academy of Sciences (1584)
*[[Palazzo Cenami]]: Renaissance palace once owned by the [[Arnolfini family]]
*[[Teatro del Giglio, Lucca|Teatro del Giglio]]: nineteenth-century opera house


===Churches===
=== Museums and cultural institutions ===
There are many medieval, a few as old as the eighth century, [[basilica]]-form churches with richly arcaded façades and campaniles
* [[National Museum of Villa Guinigi]] – Hosts collections of medieval and Renaissance art.
*[[Duomo di San Martino]]: St Martin's Cathedral
* [[Museo Nazionale di Palazzo Mansi|National Museum of Palazzo Mansi]] – A former noble residence now exhibiting artworks and period furnishings.
*[[San Michele in Foro]]: Romanesque church
* [[Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca]] – The municipal botanical garden, established in 1820.
*[[San Giusto di Lucca|San Giusto]]: Romanesque church
* Academy of Sciences (1584) – One of the oldest scientific academies in Italy.
*[[Basilica di San Frediano]]
* [[Teatro del Giglio, Lucca|Teatro del Giglio]] – A 19th-century opera house still in active use.
*[[Sant'Alessandro, Lucca|SanSan Romano, Luccat'Alessandro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuscanypass.com/tuscany_attractions/13131_church-of-sant-alessandro-maggiore.html |title=Church of Sant'Alessandro Maggiore &#124; Lucca |publisher=Tuscanypass.com |date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2013-03-26 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123230326/http://www.tuscanypass.com/tuscany_attractions/13131_church-of-sant-alessandro-maggiore.html |archive-date=2013-01-23 }}</ref> an example of medieval [[Classicism#In architecture|classicism]]
*[[Santa Giulia, Lucca|Santa Giulia]]: [[Lombard architecture|Lombard]] church rebuilt in thirteenth century
*[[San Michele, Lucca|San Michele]]: church at Antraccoli, founded in 777, it was enlarged and rebuilt in the twelfth century with the introduction of a sixteenth-century portico
*[[San Giorgio, Lucca|San Giorgio]] church in the locality of Brancoli, built in the late twelfth century has a bell tower in Lombard-Romanesque style, the interior houses a massive [[Pulpit|ambo]] (1194) with four columns mounted on lion sculptures, a highly decorated Romanesque octagonal baptismal fount, and the altar is supported by six small columns with human figures
*[[San Lorenzo di Moriano, Lucca|San Lorenzo di Moriano]], a 12th century Romanesque style parish church
*[[San Romano, Lucca|San Romano]], erected by the Dominican order in the second half of the 13th century, is today a deconsecrated Roman Catholic Church located on Piazza San Romano in the center of Lucca


===Museums===
=== Churches ===
* Museo della Cattedrale
There are many medieval, some as old as the 8th century, [[basilica]]-form churches in Lucca, characterized by richly arcaded façades and campaniles.
* [[Orto Botanico Comunale di Lucca]]


==Education==
* [[Duomo di San Martino]] – St Martin's Cathedral, main church of Lucca.
* [[San Michele in Foro]] – Romanesque church built on the ancient Roman forum.
* [[San Giusto di Lucca|San Giusto]] – Romanesque church with a simple façade.
* [[Basilica di San Frediano]] – Early Christian basilica with a golden mosaic façade.
* [[Sant'Alessandro, Lucca|Sant'Alessandro]] – Example of medieval [[Classicism#In architecture|classicism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tuscanypass.com/tuscany_attractions/13131_church-of-sant-alessandro-maggiore.html |title=Church of Sant'Alessandro Maggiore &#124; Lucca |publisher=Tuscanypass.com |date=2010-12-16 |access-date=2013-03-26 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123230326/http://www.tuscanypass.com/tuscany_attractions/13131_church-of-sant-alessandro-maggiore.html |archive-date=2013-01-23 }}</ref>
* [[Santa Giulia, Lucca|Santa Giulia]] – Originally Lombard, rebuilt in the 13th century.
* [[San Michele, Lucca|San Michele (Antraccoli)]] – Founded in 777, enlarged in the 12th century; features a 16th-century portico.
* [[San Giorgio, Lucca|San Giorgio (Brancoli)]] – Built in the late 12th century; includes a Lombard-Romanesque bell tower, Romanesque pulpit (1194), octagonal font, and sculpted altar.
* [[San Lorenzo di Moriano, Lucca|San Lorenzo di Moriano]] – 12th-century parish church in Romanesque style.
* [[San Romano, Lucca|San Romano]] – Erected by Dominicans in the late 13th century; now deconsecrated and located on Piazza San Romano.
 
== Education ==
Since 2005, Lucca hosts [[IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca]], a selective graduate and doctoral school which is part of the [[Superior Graduate Schools in Italy|Italian superior graduate school system]]. Its main educational facilities are located at the [[San Francesco, Lucca|San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus]], and the former [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]]-style [[Roman Catholic]] church of [[San Ponziano, Lucca|San Ponziano]] now hosts the university library.
Since 2005, Lucca hosts [[IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca]], a selective graduate and doctoral school which is part of the [[Superior Graduate Schools in Italy|Italian superior graduate school system]]. Its main educational facilities are located at the [[San Francesco, Lucca|San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus]], and the former [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]]-style [[Roman Catholic]] church of [[San Ponziano, Lucca|San Ponziano]] now hosts the university library.


==Sports==
== Sports ==
[[Association football]] arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in [[Brazil]], thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned the game in Brazil. The [[Lucchese 1905]], or simply Lucchese, plays in [[Serie C]], the third tier of [[Italian football league system|Italian football]], having last been in top tier [[Serie A]] in 1952. The club plays its home games at [[Stadio Porta Elisa]], just outside the northeast wall of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lucchese1905.it/societa/storia/|title=History of the Lucchese 1905|website=www.lucchese1905.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lucchese1905.it/stadio//|title=Stadium of the Lucchese 1905|website=www.lucchese1905.it|date=6 July 2017 }}</ref>
[[Association football]] arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in [[Brazil]], thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned the game in Brazil. The [[Lucchese 1905]], or simply Lucchese, plays in [[Serie C]], the third tier of [[Italian football league system|Italian football]], having last been in top tier [[Serie A]] in 1952. The club plays its home games at [[Stadio Porta Elisa]], just outside the northeast wall of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lucchese1905.it/societa/storia/|title=History of the Lucchese 1905|website=www.lucchese1905.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lucchese1905.it/stadio//|title=Stadium of the Lucchese 1905|website=www.lucchese1905.it|date=6 July 2017 }}</ref>


==Transportation==
== Transportation ==
===Buses===
 
=== Buses ===
'''Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici''', also known as '''CLAP''', was established in 1969, as the main company in the [[Province of Lucca]] to manage the local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the [[Tuscany|Region]] to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies '''Lazzi''' and '''C.LU.B.''' Scpa to form the consortium '''VaiBus''' which was absorbed by the newly formed company [[CTT Nord]] in 2012. VaiBus was part of [[ONE Scarl]] the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for the management of the [[Public transport|TPL]] throughout the Region.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://lucca.cttnord.it/chi-siamo/P/397 |title = Lucca CTT Soluzione per la mobilità |publisher = CTT Nord |access-date = 30 May 2022 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220523160200/https://lucca.cttnord.it/chi-siamo/P/397 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici''', also known as '''CLAP''', was established in 1969, as the main company in the [[Province of Lucca]] to manage the local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the [[Tuscany|Region]] to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies '''Lazzi''' and '''C.LU.B.''' Scpa to form the consortium '''VaiBus''' which was absorbed by the newly formed company [[CTT Nord]] in 2012. VaiBus was part of [[ONE Scarl]] the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for the management of the [[Public transport|TPL]] throughout the Region.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://lucca.cttnord.it/chi-siamo/P/397 |title = Lucca CTT Soluzione per la mobilità |publisher = CTT Nord |access-date = 30 May 2022 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20220523160200/https://lucca.cttnord.it/chi-siamo/P/397 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


Since 1 November 2021 the public local transport is managed by [[Autolinee Toscane]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.at-bus.it/it/notizie/354-guida-al-primo-giorno-di-servizio.html | title = Guida al primo giorno di servizio | website = Autolinee Toscane | access-date = 4 June 2022}}</ref>
Since 1 November 2021 the public local transport is managed by [[Autolinee Toscane]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.at-bus.it/it/notizie/354-guida-al-primo-giorno-di-servizio.html | title = Guida al primo giorno di servizio | website = Autolinee Toscane | access-date = 4 June 2022}}</ref>


==Notable people==
== Notable people ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* St. [[Anselm of Lucca]] (1036–1086), bishop of Lucca
* St. [[Anselm of Lucca]] (1036–1086), bishop of Lucca
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* [[Renato Salvatori]] (1933–1988), actor
* [[Renato Salvatori]] (1933–1988), actor
* [[Carlo Sforza]] (1872–1952), diplomat and politician
* [[Carlo Sforza]] (1872–1952), diplomat and politician
* [[Pellegrino Tomeoni]] (1721-1816), composer and organist
* [[Pellegrino Tomeoni]] (1721–1816), composer and organist
* [[Torani|Rinaldo and Ezilda Torre]], founded the [[Torani]] syrup company in [[San Francisco]] using Luccan recipes from their hometown
* [[Torani|Rinaldo and Ezilda Torre]], founded the [[Torani]] syrup company in [[San Francisco]] using Luccan recipes from their hometown
* [[Nicola Fanucchi]] (born 1964), actor and director
* [[Nicola Fanucchi]] (born 1964), actor and director

Revision as of 11:00, 13 June 2025

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File:Dome Lucques Duomo San Martino Lucca.jpg
Lucca Cathedral

Città di Lucca (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. The city has a population of about 89,000,[1] while its province has a population of 383,957.[2]

Lucca is known as an Italian "Città d'arte" (City of Art) from its intact Renaissance-era city walls[3][4] and its very well preserved historic center, where, among other buildings and monuments, are located the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, which has its origins in the second half of the 1st century A.D., the Guinigi Tower, a Template:Convert tower that dates from the 14th century [5][6] and the Cathedral of San Martino.[7]

The city is the birthplace of numerous world-class composers, including Giacomo Puccini, Alfredo Catalani, and Luigi Boccherini.[8]

Toponymy

To the Ancient Romans, Lucca was known as Luca. From more recent and concrete toponymic studies, the name Lucca has references that lead to "sacred grove" (Latin: lucus), "to cut" (Latin: lucare) and "luminous space" (leuk, a term used by the first European populations). The origin apparently refers to a wooded area deforested to make room for light or to a clearing located on a river island of Serchio debris, in the middle of wooded areas.[9][10]

History

Template:For timeline

Antiquity

The territory of present-day Lucca was certainly settled by the Etruscans, and it also has traces of a probable earlier Ligurian presence (called Luk meaning "marsh", which was previously speculated as a possible origin of the city's name), dating from the 3rd century BC. However, it was only with the arrival of the Romans that the area took on the appearance of a real town. It obtained the status of a Roman colony in 180 BC and of a municipality (municipium) in 89 BC.[11][12]

The rectangular grid of its historical centre preserves the Roman street plan, and the Piazza San Michele occupies the site of the ancient forum. The outline of the Roman amphitheatre is still seen in the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, and the outline of a Roman theater is visible in Piazza Sant'Agostino. Fragments of the Roman-era walls are incorporated into the church of Santa Maria della Rosa.

At the Lucca Conference, in 56 BC, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus reaffirmed their political alliance known as the First Triumvirate.[12][13]

Middle Ages

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File:Torre guinigi, view 11, piazza dell'anfiteatro.JPG
Piazza dell'Anfiteatro and the Basilica of San Frediano

Frediano, an Irish monk, was bishop of Lucca in the early sixth century.[14] At one point, Lucca was plundered by Odoacer, the first Germanic King of Italy. Lucca was an important city and fortress even in the sixth century, when Narses besieged it for several months in 553. From 576 to 797, under the Lombards, it was the capital of a duchy, known as Duchy of Tuscia, which included a large part of today's Tuscany and the province of Viterbo, during this time the city also minted its own coins.[15] The Holy Face of Lucca (or Volto Santo), a major relic supposedly carved by Nicodemus, arrived in 742.

Among the population that inhabited Lucca in the medieval era, there was also a significant presence of Jews. The first mention of their presence in the city is from a document from the year 859. The Jewish community was led by the Kalonymos family (which later became a major component of proto-Ashkenazic Jewry).[16]

Thanks above all to the Holy Face and to the relics of important saints, such as San Regolo and Saint Fridianus, the city was one of the main destinations of the Via Francigena, the major pilgrimage route to Rome from the north.[17]

The Lucca cloth was a silk fabric that was woven with gold or silver threads. It was a popular type of textile in Lucca throughout the mediaeval period.[18][19]

Lucca became prosperous through the silk trade that began in the eleventh century, and came to rival the silks of Byzantium. During the tenth–eleventh centuries Lucca was the capital of the feudal margraviate of Tuscany, more or less independent but owing nominal allegiance to the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1057, Anselm of Baggio (later Pope Alexander II) was appointed bishop of Lucca, a position he held also during the papacy. As bishop of Lucca he managed to rebuild the patrimony of the Church of Lucca, recovering alienated assets, obtaining numerous donations thanks to his prestige, and had the Cathedral of the city rebuilt. From 1073 to 1086, the bishop of Lucca was his nephew Anselm II, a prominent figure in the Investiture Controversy.[20][21]

During the High Middle Ages, one of the most illustrious dynasties of Lucca was the noble Allucingoli family, who managed to forge strong ties with the Church. Among the family members were Ubaldo Allucingoli, who was elected to the Papacy as Pope Lucius III in 1181, and the Cardinals Gerardo Allucingoli and Uberto Allucingoli.[22][23]

Republican period (12th to 19th century)

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". After the death of Matilda of Tuscany, the city began to constitute itself an independent commune with a charter in 1160. For almost 500 years, Lucca remained an independent republic. There were many minor provinces in the region between southern Liguria and northern Tuscany dominated by the Malaspina; Tuscany in this time was a part of feudal Europe. Dante's Divine Comedy includes many references to the great feudal families who had huge jurisdictions with administrative and judicial rights. Dante spent some of his exile in Lucca.

In 1273 and again in 1277, Lucca was ruled by a Guelph capitano del popolo (captain of the people) named Luchetto Gattilusio. In 1314, internal discord allowed Uguccione della Faggiuola of Pisa to make himself lord of Lucca. The Lucchesi expelled him two years later, and handed over the city to another condottiero, Castruccio Castracani, under whose rule it became a leading state in central Italy. Lucca rivalled Florence until Castracani's death in 1328. On 22 and 23 September 1325, in the battle of Altopascio, Castracani defeated Florence's Guelphs. For this he was nominated by Louis IV the Bavarian to become duke of Lucca. Castracani's tomb is in the church of San Francesco. His biography is Machiavelli's third famous book on political rule.

Occupied by the troops of Louis of Bavaria, the city was sold to a rich Genoese, Gherardino Spinola, then seized by John, king of Bohemia. Pawned to the Rossi of Parma, by them it was ceded to Mastino II della Scala of Verona, sold to the Florentines, surrendered to the Pisans, and then nominally liberated by the emperor Charles IV and governed by his vicar.

In 1408, Lucca hosted a convocation organized by Pope Gregory XII with his cardinals intended to end the schism in the papacy.[24]

Lucca managed, at first as a democracy, and after 1628 as an oligarchy, to maintain its independence alongside of Venice and Genoa, and painted the word Libertas on its banner until the French Revolution in 1789.[25]

Early modern period

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File:Palazzo pfanner, giardini 03.jpg
Palazzo Pfanner, garden view

Lucca had been the second largest Italian city state (after Venice) with a republican constitution ("comune") to remain independent over the centuries.

Between 1799 and 1800, it was contested by the French and Austrian armies. Finally the French prevailed and granted a democratic constitution in the 1801. However, already in 1805 the Republic of Lucca was converted into a monarchy by Napoleon, who installed his sister Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi as "Princess of Lucca".

From 1815 to 1847, it was a Bourbon-Parma duchy. The only reigning dukes of Lucca were Maria Luisa of Spain, who was succeeded by her son Charles II, Duke of Parma in 1824. Meanwhile, the Duchy of Parma had been assigned for life to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, the second wife of Napoleon. In accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1815), upon the death of Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma in 1847, Parma reverted to Charles II, Duke of Parma, while Lucca lost independence and was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. As part of Tuscany, it became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 and finally part of the Italian State in 1861.

World War II internment camp

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". In 1942, during World War II, a prisoner-of-war camp was established at the village of Colle di Compito, in the municipality of Capannori, about Template:Convert from Lucca. Its official number was P.G. (prigionieri di guerra) 60,[26] and it was usually referred to as PG 60 Lucca.[27] Although it never had permanent structures and accommodation consisted of tents in an area prone to flooding, it housed more than 3,000 British and Commonwealth prisoners of war during the period of its existence. It was handed over to the Germans on 10 September 1943, not long after the signing of the Italian armistice. During the Italian Social Republic, as a puppet state of the Germans, political prisoners, foreigners, common law prisoners and Jews were interned there, and it functioned as a concentration camp. In June 1944, the prisoners were moved to Bagni di Lucca.[26]

Climate

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Government

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Population

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Culture

Lucca is the birthplace of composers Giacomo Puccini (La Bohème and Madama Butterfly), Nicolao Dorati, Francesco Geminiani, Gioseffo Guami, Luigi Boccherini, and Alfredo Catalani. It is also the birthplace of artist Benedetto Brandimarte. Since 2004, Lucca is home to IMT Lucca, a public research institution and a selective graduate school and part of the Superior Graduate Schools in Italy (Grandes écoles).[28]

File:Torre Guinigi.jpg
Guinigi Tower

Events

Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Summer Festival. The 2006 edition featured live performances by Eric Clapton, Placebo, Massive Attack, Roger Waters, Tracy Chapman, and Santana at the Piazza Napoleone. For the 2025 edition, Riccardo Cocciante is scheduled to perform.[29]

Lucca hosts the annual Lucca Comics and Games festival, Europe's largest festival for comics, movies, games and related subjects.

Other events include:

  • Lucca Film Festival[30]
  • Lucca Digital Photography Fest[31]
  • Procession of Santa Croce, on 13 September. Costume procession through the town's roads.
  • Lucca Jazz Donna[32]
  • Lucca Classica Music Festival[33]

Moreover, Lucca hosts Lucca Biennale Cartasia,[34] an international biennial contemporary art exhibition focusing solely on Paper Art.

Film and television

Mauro Bolognini's 1958 film Giovani mariti, with Sylva Koscina, is set and was filmed in Lucca.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Sergio Martino's 1993 miniseries Private Crimes, starring Edwige Fenech, is set and was filmed in Lucca.

Top Gear filmed the third episode of the 17th season here.

Architecture

Lucca is also known for its marble deposits. After a fire in the early 1900s, the West Wing of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario was rebuilt with marble sourced in Lucca. The floor mosaic in the West Wing was hand-laid and is constructed entirely of Italian, Lucca marble.

Main sights

Walls, streets, and squares

The walls encircling the old town remain intact, even though the city has expanded and been modernised, which is unusual for cities in this region. These walls were built initially as a defensive rampart which, after losing their military importance, became a pedestrian promenade (the Passeggiata delle Mure Urbane) atop the walls which not only links the Bastions of Santa Croce, San Frediano, San Martino, San Pietro/Battisti, San Salvatore, La Libertà/Cairoli, San Regolo, San Colombano, Santa Maria, San Paolino/Catalani and San Donato but also passes over the gates (Porte) of San Donato, Santa Maria, San Jacopo, Elisa, San Pietro, and Sant'Anna. Each of the four principal sides of the structure is lined with a tree species different from the others.

The walled city is encircled by Piazzale Boccherini, Viale Lazzaro Papi, Viale Carlo Del Prete, Piazzale Martiri della Libertà, Via Batoni, Viale Agostino Marti, Viale G. Marconi (vide Guglielmo Marconi), Piazza Don A. Mei, Viale Pacini, Viale Giusti, Piazza Curtatone, Piazzale Ricasoli, Viale Ricasoli, Piazza Risorgimento (vide Risorgimento), and Viale Giosuè Carducci.

The town includes a number of public squares, most notably the Piazza dell'Anfiteatro, (site of the ancient Roman amphitheater), the Piazzale Verdi, the Piazza Napoleone, and the Piazza San Michele.

Palaces and villas

Towers and historic houses

  • Guinigi Tower and House – Famous for its rooftop oak trees and panoramic city views.
  • Torre delle Ore ("The Clock Tower") – The tallest tower in Lucca, offering views over the historic center.
  • Casa di Puccini – Birthplace of composer Giacomo Puccini, located in nearby Torre del Lago where he spent summers. A Puccini opera festival is held there annually from July to August.

Museums and cultural institutions

Churches

There are many medieval, some as old as the 8th century, basilica-form churches in Lucca, characterized by richly arcaded façades and campaniles.

Education

Since 2005, Lucca hosts IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, a selective graduate and doctoral school which is part of the Italian superior graduate school system. Its main educational facilities are located at the San Francesco Convent Complex and Campus, and the former Renaissance-style Roman Catholic church of San Ponziano now hosts the university library.

Sports

Association football arrived in Lucca in 1905 and has its roots in Brazil, thanks to a number of fans that helped found the club who had learned the game in Brazil. The Lucchese 1905, or simply Lucchese, plays in Serie C, the third tier of Italian football, having last been in top tier Serie A in 1952. The club plays its home games at Stadio Porta Elisa, just outside the northeast wall of the city.[36][37]

Transportation

Buses

Consorzio Lucchese Autotrasporti Pubblici, also known as CLAP, was established in 1969, as the main company in the Province of Lucca to manage the local public transport. In 2005, following the decision of the Region to assign the local public transport to a single operator for each of the 14 lots constituted, CLAP merged with the companies Lazzi and C.LU.B. Scpa to form the consortium VaiBus which was absorbed by the newly formed company CTT Nord in 2012. VaiBus was part of ONE Scarl the consortium holder of the two-year (2018-2019) contract for the management of the TPL throughout the Region.[38]

Since 1 November 2021 the public local transport is managed by Autolinee Toscane.[39]

Notable people

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Sister cities

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Lucca is twinned with:[42][43] Template:Div col

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See also

Footnotes

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Bibliography

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External links

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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Boatwright, Mary et al. The Romans: From Village to Empire, pg 229.
  14. ↑ See article on the Basilica di San Frediano.
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  25. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)
  26. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ "About" Template:Webarchive SimoneBianchi.com, retrieved March 25, 2012
  41. ↑ The Quarterly Review, vol. 139 Google Books
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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