Liberal conservatism: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Political ideology within conservatism}} | {{Short description|Political ideology within conservatism}} | ||
{{About|the political philosophy of conservatism as influenced by liberalism|the conservative wing of the liberal movement|Conservative liberalism}} | {{About|the political philosophy of conservatism as influenced by liberalism|the conservative wing of the liberal movement|Conservative liberalism}} | ||
{{Distinguish|Libertarian conservatism}} | {{Distinguish|Left-conservatism|Libertarian conservatism}} | ||
{{Conservatism sidebar|variants}} | {{Conservatism sidebar|variants}} | ||
{{Liberalism sidebar|related}} | {{Liberalism sidebar|related}} | ||
'''Liberal conservatism''' is a [[Ideology|political ideology]] combining [[Conservatism|conservative]] policies with [[Liberalism|liberal]] stances, especially on [[Economic liberalism|economic]] issues but also on [[social liberalism|social]] and [[Ethics|ethical]] matters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html|date=2020|title=Content|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck}}</ref> representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism. | '''Liberal conservatism''' is a [[Ideology|political ideology]] combining [[Conservatism|conservative]] policies with [[Liberalism|liberal]] stances, especially on [[Economic liberalism|economic]] issues but also on [[social liberalism|social]] and [[Ethics|ethical]] matters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html|date=2020|title=Content|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck}}</ref> representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism. | ||
The ideology incorporates the [[Classical liberalism|classical liberal]] view of minimal [[economic interventionism|government intervention]] in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the [[Market (economics)|market]] and [[Wealth creation|generate wealth]] without government interference.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure [[law and order (politics)|law and order]] and that social [[institution]]s are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} Liberal conservatives also support [[civil liberties]], along with some [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] positions. They differ on [[ | The ideology incorporates the [[Classical liberalism|classical liberal]] view of minimal [[economic interventionism|government intervention]] in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the [[Market (economics)|market]] and [[Wealth creation|generate wealth]] without government interference.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure [[law and order (politics)|law and order]] and that social [[institution]]s are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} Liberal conservatives also support [[civil liberties]], along with some [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] positions. They differ on [[social issue]]s, with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support the [[rule of law]] regarding [[civil rights]], [[social equality]] and [[environmental issues|the environment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbon |first=Gary |date=7 October 2015 |title=David Cameron tries to return to his liberal Conservatism mission |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/by/gary-gibbon/blogs/david-cameron-return-liberal-conservatism-mission |website=Channel 4 News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What was David Cameron's Conservatism? (overview) |url=https://www.britpolitics.co.uk/a-level-uk-political-parties-david-cameron-conservatism/ |website=Britpolitics |archive-date=2022-06-26 |access-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626103636/https://www.britpolitics.co.uk/a-level-uk-political-parties-david-cameron-conservatism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is equated with the creation of a [[Group cohesiveness|cohesive]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] society with increased levels of [[Moral responsibility|individual responsibility]] and less [[Social inequality|inequality]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Pete |title=Cameron and Welfare: Questioning the liberal Conservatism project |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/48440/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Cameron_and_Welfare_Questioning_the_liberal_Conservatism_project.pdf |publisher=LSE Research Online}}</ref> | ||
Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to [[individualism]], belief in [[negative liberty|negative freedom]], a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal [[rule of law]] state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as [[Thatcherism]],{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} | Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to [[individualism]], belief in [[negative liberty|negative freedom]], a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal [[rule of law]] state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as [[Thatcherism]],{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} | ||
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In their embrace of liberal and [[free market]] principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding [[National conservatism|national-conservative]], fully [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] and/or outright [[Populism|populist]] views, let alone a [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of [[civil and political rights|civil rights]] and support for a limited [[welfare state]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as [[Christian democracy]], liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} | In their embrace of liberal and [[free market]] principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding [[National conservatism|national-conservative]], fully [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] and/or outright [[Populism|populist]] views, let alone a [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of [[civil and political rights|civil rights]] and support for a limited [[welfare state]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as [[Christian democracy]], liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} | ||
At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the [[European People's Party]] (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]] (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|Christian-Democratic and Flemish]] in Belgium, the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] in the Netherlands, the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] in Germany and the [[Austrian People's Party|People's Party]] in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] in Greece, the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] in Portugal, the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] in Spain, {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia]]|italic=no}}/[[The People of Freedom]]/{{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}} in Italy, the [[Union for a Popular Movement]]/[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]] in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[Yugoslavia]]) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism. | At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the [[European People's Party]] (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]] (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|Christian-Democratic and Flemish]] in Belgium, the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] in the Netherlands, the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] in Germany and the [[Austrian People's Party|People's Party]] in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] in Greece, the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] in Portugal, the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] in Spain, {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia (1994)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}}/[[The People of Freedom]]/{{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}} in Italy, the [[Union for a Popular Movement]]/[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]] in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[Yugoslavia]]) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism. | ||
In the modern European discourse, ''liberal conservatism'' usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of [[social safety net]] and [[environmentalism]] (see also [[green conservatism]] and [[green liberalism]]). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the [[Moderate Party]] in Sweden, the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] in Norway and the [[National Coalition Party]] in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. In an interview shortly after taking office as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] in 2010, [[David Cameron]] introduced himself as a liberal conservative.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=David |title=I am a Liberal Conservative |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8685185.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 August 2012 |date=2010-05-16}}</ref> During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and [[human rights]], but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5407714.stm "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference"], BBC, October 2006</ref> | In the modern European discourse, ''liberal conservatism'' usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of [[social safety net]] and [[environmentalism]] (see also [[green conservatism]] and [[green liberalism]]). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the [[Moderate Party]] in Sweden, the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] in Norway and the [[National Coalition Party]] in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. In an interview shortly after taking office as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] in 2010, [[David Cameron]] introduced himself as a liberal conservative.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=David |title=I am a Liberal Conservative |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8685185.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 August 2012 |date=2010-05-16}}</ref> During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and [[human rights]], but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5407714.stm "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference"], BBC, October 2006</ref> | ||
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In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic [[individualism]] of classical liberals with a [[Edmund Burke|Burkean]] form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.<ref>Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112</ref> From a different perspective, [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for [[patriotism]] while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C |title=The Right Nation: Why America is Different |first1=Adrian |last1=Wooldridge |first2=John |last2=Micklethwait |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |via=Google Books |isbn=9780241958896}}</ref>{{clarify|This passage needs clarification, as it references three “tenets“ then introduces two clauses both containing two subjects, and thus is completely opaque which of the four choices given is among the three claimed tenets. As written, it appears to introduce only two (albeit each of which contains two referants): “loyalty to” two constructs, and skepticism regarding two others.|date=August 2021}} Consequently, the term ''liberal conservatism'' is not used in the United States. [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Modern American liberalism]] happens to be quite different from [[Liberalism in Europe|European liberalism]] and occupies the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the [[Centrism|centre]] and [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] while [[social democracy]] makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in [[Latin America]], where [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of [[neoliberalism]] both in popular culture and academic discourse.<ref>Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.</ref> | In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic [[individualism]] of classical liberals with a [[Edmund Burke|Burkean]] form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.<ref>Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112</ref> From a different perspective, [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for [[patriotism]] while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C |title=The Right Nation: Why America is Different |first1=Adrian |last1=Wooldridge |first2=John |last2=Micklethwait |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |via=Google Books |isbn=9780241958896}}</ref>{{clarify|This passage needs clarification, as it references three “tenets“ then introduces two clauses both containing two subjects, and thus is completely opaque which of the four choices given is among the three claimed tenets. As written, it appears to introduce only two (albeit each of which contains two referants): “loyalty to” two constructs, and skepticism regarding two others.|date=August 2021}} Consequently, the term ''liberal conservatism'' is not used in the United States. [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Modern American liberalism]] happens to be quite different from [[Liberalism in Europe|European liberalism]] and occupies the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the [[Centrism|centre]] and [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] while [[social democracy]] makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in [[Latin America]], where [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of [[neoliberalism]] both in popular culture and academic discourse.<ref>Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.</ref> | ||
Although [[libertarian conservatism]] has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,{{sfn|van de Haar|2015|p=71}} libertarian conservatism is far more [[anti-statist]] than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.{{sfn|Heywood|2004|p=337}} Combining [[Cultural conservatism|conservative cultural]] principles but with less social intervention and a more ''[[laissez faire]]'' economic system. [[Neoconservatism]] is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Oleksii Stus |editor2=Dmytro Finberg |editor3=Leonid Sinchenko |title=Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts |quote= The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary ...|date=2021 |page=346 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9783838215518 }}</ref> However, [[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]] has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Lawler (academic) |year=2002 |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |url=http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[The Intercollegiate Review]] |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages= | Although [[libertarian conservatism]] has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,{{sfn|van de Haar|2015|p=71}} libertarian conservatism is far more [[anti-statist]] than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.{{sfn|Heywood|2004|p=337}} Combining [[Cultural conservatism|conservative cultural]] principles but with less social intervention and a more ''[[laissez faire]]'' economic system. [[Neoconservatism]] is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Oleksii Stus |editor2=Dmytro Finberg |editor3=Leonid Sinchenko |title=Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts |quote= The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary ...|date=2021 |page=346 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9783838215518 }}</ref> However, [[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]] has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Lawler (academic) |year=2002 |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |url=http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[The Intercollegiate Review]] |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094427/http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> | ||
== Classical conservatism and economic liberalism == | == Classical conservatism and economic liberalism == | ||
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== Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions == | == Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions == | ||
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2023}} | {{Incomplete list|date=January 2023}} | ||
=== Current parties === | === Current parties === | ||
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} | {{div col|colwidth=30em}} | ||
* '''{{flag|Albania}}''': [[Democratic Party of Albania]]<ref>http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf | * '''{{flag|Albania}}''': [[Democratic Party of Albania]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Introduction: Albanian Politics Today | url=http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108220758/http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf | archive-date=2014-01-08}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Algeria}}''': [[Democratic National Rally]] | * '''{{flag|Algeria}}''': [[Democratic National Rally]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Andorra}}''': [[Democrats for Andorra]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfmUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT197|title=Party Politics in European Microstates|last1=Casal Bértoa|first1=Fernando|last2=Dumont|first2=Patrick|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2022|access-date=2023-04-13|page=184|isbn=978-1-315-20677-6}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Andorra}}''': [[Democrats for Andorra]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfmUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT197|title=Party Politics in European Microstates|last1=Casal Bértoa|first1=Fernando|last2=Dumont|first2=Patrick|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2022|access-date=2023-04-13|page=184|isbn=978-1-315-20677-6}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Argentina}}''': [[Republican Proposal]]<ref>Sergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, [http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221635/http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}, Draft, March 2013</ref> | * '''{{flag|Argentina}}''': [[Republican Proposal]],<ref>Sergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, [http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221635/http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}, Draft, March 2013</ref> [[Democratic Party (Argentina)|Democratic Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lattuada |first=Mario J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK1EAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Partido+Democrata+Nacional%22+liberal-conservador |title=Política agraria del liberalismo-conservador, 1946-1985 |date=1987 |publisher=Centro Editor de América Latina |isbn=978-950-25-1455-0 |language=es}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[Country Liberal Party]], [[Liberal Party of Australia]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left |journal=PLOS ONE |author1=Nicole A. Thomas |author2=Tobias Loetscher |author3=Danielle Clode |author4=Mike Nicholls |date=May 2, 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=4 |quote=The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036552 |pmid=22567166 |pmc=3342249 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736552T|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]], [[National Party of Australia]] | * '''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[Country Liberal Party]], [[Liberal Party of Australia]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left |journal=PLOS ONE |author1=Nicole A. Thomas |author2=Tobias Loetscher |author3=Danielle Clode |author4=Mike Nicholls |date=May 2, 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=4 |quote=The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036552 |pmid=22567166 |pmc=3342249 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736552T|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]], [[National Party of Australia]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Austria}}''': [[Austrian People's Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Ralph P Güntzel |title=Understanding "Old Europe": An Introduction to the Culture, Politics, and History of France, Germany, and Austria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gJ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |year=2010 |publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-8288-5300-3 |page=162}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Austria}}''': [[Austrian People's Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Ralph P Güntzel |title=Understanding "Old Europe": An Introduction to the Culture, Politics, and History of France, Germany, and Austria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gJ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |year=2010 |publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-8288-5300-3 |page=162}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Bahamas}}''': [[Free National Movement]] | * '''{{flag|Bahamas}}''': [[Free National Movement]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Belarus}}''': [[United Civic Party of Belarus]]<ref name="Bugajski2002">{{cite book |author=Janusz Bugajski |title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-676-0}}</ref>{{rp|22}} | * '''{{flag|Belarus}}''': [[United Civic Party of Belarus]]<ref name="Bugajski2002">{{cite book |author=Janusz Bugajski |title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-676-0}}</ref>{{rp|22}} | ||
* '''{{flag|Belgium}}''': [[New Flemish Alliance]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Beyond issue diversification - Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies | url=https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/299969/files/Beyond%2520issue%2520diversification_AAM.pdf | access-date=2025-09-06 | website=repository.graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=The European Conservatives and Reformists Group: Cooperation or Opposition in Europe’s Parliament? | url=https://www.iris.sssup.it/retrieve/b5ac77fa-bec9-44e1-9af0-31c3fb14810c/The%2520European%2520Conservatives%2520and%2520Reformists%2520Group%2520%2520Cooperation%2520or%2520Opposition%2520in%2520Europe%2520s%2520Parliament%2520.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820010548/https://www.iris.sssup.it/retrieve/b5ac77fa-bec9-44e1-9af0-31c3fb14810c/The%20European%20Conservatives%20and%20Reformists%20Group%20%20Cooperation%20or%20Opposition%20in%20Europe%20s%20Parliament%20.pdf | archive-date=2024-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Reluctant Lion of Flanders: How a Former Separatist Became the Prime Minister of Belgium | date=19 March 2025 | url=https://www.hungarianconservative.com/articles/current/bart-de-wever-former-separatist-belgian-prime-minister }}</ref> | |||
* '''{{flag|Botswana}}''': [[Botswana Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Policy and Institutional Dynamics of Sustained Development in Botswana|last=Maipose|first=Gervase S.|journal=Commission on Growth and Development|date=2008|issue=35|pages=20–21|hdl=10986/28032}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Botswana}}''': [[Botswana Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Policy and Institutional Dynamics of Sustained Development in Botswana|last=Maipose|first=Gervase S.|journal=Commission on Growth and Development|date=2008|issue=35|pages=20–21|hdl=10986/28032}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]], [[Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)|Democratic Renewal Party]], [[Republicans (Brazil)]], [[New Party (Brazil)|New Party]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]] | * '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]], [[Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)|Democratic Renewal Party]], [[Republicans (Brazil)]], [[New Party (Brazil)|New Party]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)|Union of Democratic Forces]],<ref name="Lewis2002">{{cite book |author=Paul Lewis |title=Political Parties in Post-Communist Eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-63437-8 |page=53}}</ref> [[GERB|Citizens for the Development of Bulgaria]]<ref name= | * '''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)|Union of Democratic Forces]],<ref name="Lewis2002">{{cite book |author=Paul Lewis |title=Political Parties in Post-Communist Eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-63437-8 |page=53}}</ref> [[GERB|Citizens for the Development of Bulgaria]]<ref name="Schüler2016">{{cite book|author= Sonja Schüler|chapter=“I am not so much afraid of the Minister of Culture, but rather of the Minister’s Culture” About the Lack of Political Legitimacy in Bulgaria|editor= Sonja Schüler|title=Exchange, Dialogue, New Divisions?: Ethnic Groups and Political Cultures in Eastern Europe|publisher= LIT Verlag Münster|year=2016|isbn= 9783643802095|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLX6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|page=163}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Conservative Party of Canada]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Michel Ducharme |editor2=Jean-François Constant |title=Liberalism and Hegemony: Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution |date=2009 |page=150 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9780802098825 }}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Conservative Party of Canada]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Michel Ducharme |editor2=Jean-François Constant |title=Liberalism and Hegemony: Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution |date=2009 |page=150 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9780802098825 }}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]]<ref>{{Citation |first1=Craig |last1=Arceneaux |first2=David |last2=Pion-Berlin |title=Transforming Latin America: The International And Domestic Origins Of Change |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2005 |page=148}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]]<ref>{{Citation |first1=Craig |last1=Arceneaux |first2=David |last2=Pion-Berlin |title=Transforming Latin America: The International And Domestic Origins Of Change |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2005 |page=148}}</ref> | ||
| Line 53: | Line 55: | ||
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Nagle |author2=Alison Mahr |title=Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC&pg=PA188 |year=1999 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-5679-2 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="Bakke2010">{{cite book |author=Elizabeth Bakke |chapter=Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989 |editor=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA78 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48750-4 |page=78}}</ref> [[TOP 09]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Otto Eibl |author2=Michal Pink |chapter=Election Results, Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns |editor1=Ruxandra Boicu |editor2=Silvia Branea |editor3=Adriana Stefanel |title=Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 |year=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-58591-2 |page=258}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Nagle |author2=Alison Mahr |title=Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC&pg=PA188 |year=1999 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-5679-2 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="Bakke2010">{{cite book |author=Elizabeth Bakke |chapter=Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989 |editor=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA78 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48750-4 |page=78}}</ref> [[TOP 09]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Otto Eibl |author2=Michal Pink |chapter=Election Results, Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns |editor1=Ruxandra Boicu |editor2=Silvia Branea |editor3=Adriana Stefanel |title=Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 |year=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-58591-2 |page=258}}</ref> | ||
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Croatian Democratic Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tris.com.hr/2016/06/portret-tjedna-andrej-plenkovic-kandidat-za-sefa-hdz-a-salonski-politicar-i-hdz-ov-liberal-antipod-karamarku/|title = Portret tjedna/Andrej Plenković, kandidat za šefa HDZ-a: Salonski političar i HDZ-ov liberal, antipod Karamarku|date = 25 June 2016}}</ref> | *'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Croatian Democratic Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tris.com.hr/2016/06/portret-tjedna-andrej-plenkovic-kandidat-za-sefa-hdz-a-salonski-politicar-i-hdz-ov-liberal-antipod-karamarku/|title = Portret tjedna/Andrej Plenković, kandidat za šefa HDZ-a: Salonski političar i HDZ-ov liberal, antipod Karamarku|date = 25 June 2016}}</ref> | ||
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': {{lang|da|[[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]]|italic=no}},<ref name="HumphreysSteed1988"/> [[Conservative People's Party (Denmark)|Conservative People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/denmark.html|title=Denmark|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref> | *'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': {{lang|da|[[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]]|italic=no}},<ref name="HumphreysSteed1988"/> [[Conservative People's Party (Denmark)|Conservative People's Party]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/denmark.html|title=Denmark|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref> [[Liberal Alliance (Denmark)|Liberal Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.altinget.dk/artikel/la-er-optaget-i-epp-for-foerste-gang|title=LA er optaget i EPP for første gang |date=19 June 2024 }}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Egypt}}''': [[Egyptian Wafd Party|New Wafd Party]] | * '''{{flag|Egypt}}''': [[Egyptian Wafd Party|New Wafd Party]] | ||
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Estonian Reform Party]]<ref name="Duvold2017">{{cite book |author=Kjetil Duvold |chapter=When Left and Right is a Matter of Identity: Overlapping Political Dimensions in Estonia and Latvia |editor1=Andrey Makarychev |editor2=Alexandra Yatsyk |title=Borders in the Baltic Sea Region: Suturing the Ruptures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NB5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-352-00014-6 |page=132}}</ref> | *'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Estonian Reform Party]]<ref name="Duvold2017">{{cite book |author=Kjetil Duvold |chapter=When Left and Right is a Matter of Identity: Overlapping Political Dimensions in Estonia and Latvia |editor1=Andrey Makarychev |editor2=Alexandra Yatsyk |title=Borders in the Baltic Sea Region: Suturing the Ruptures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NB5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-352-00014-6 |page=132}}</ref> | ||
| Line 69: | Line 71: | ||
* '''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref name="Karan2005">{{Citation |first=Pradyumna P. |last=Karan |title=Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS5kcRvShg8C&pg=PT259 |isbn=978-0813137773}}</ref><ref name="Noman2010">{{cite book|author=Omar Noman|title=Responsible Development: Vulnerable Democracies, Hunger and Inequality|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135180751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7eLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Hoover2011">{{cite book |author=William D. Hoover |editor=William D. Hoover |title=Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, First Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exa7XoW-1n8C&pg=PA211 |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7539-5 |page=211}}</ref>{{efn|The LDP was described as a [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] or [[conservative-liberal]] party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the [[Second Abe Cabinet]], but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related to [[ultranationalism]] and [[fascism]]. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-right [[Nippon Kaigi]].)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan’s wartime atrocities ‘had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.’ The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism — centred around the figure of the emperor — retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party. |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=[[The Spectator]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>}} | * '''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref name="Karan2005">{{Citation |first=Pradyumna P. |last=Karan |title=Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS5kcRvShg8C&pg=PT259 |isbn=978-0813137773}}</ref><ref name="Noman2010">{{cite book|author=Omar Noman|title=Responsible Development: Vulnerable Democracies, Hunger and Inequality|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135180751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7eLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Hoover2011">{{cite book |author=William D. Hoover |editor=William D. Hoover |title=Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, First Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exa7XoW-1n8C&pg=PA211 |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7539-5 |page=211}}</ref>{{efn|The LDP was described as a [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] or [[conservative-liberal]] party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the [[Second Abe Cabinet]], but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related to [[ultranationalism]] and [[fascism]]. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-right [[Nippon Kaigi]].)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan’s wartime atrocities ‘had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.’ The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism — centred around the figure of the emperor — retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party. |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=[[The Spectator]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>}} | ||
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': [[New Unity|Unity]]<ref name="Duvold2017"/> | * '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': [[New Unity|Unity]]<ref name="Duvold2017"/> | ||
* '''{{flag|Liechtenstein}}''': [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]]<ref name=AFP>{{cite news |url=https://www.thelocal.ch/20130203/centre-right-liechtenstein-party-gains-power |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=3 February 2013 |work=[[The Local]] |title=Liechtenstein voters elect new government |archive-date=30 September 2019 |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930135422/https://www.thelocal.ch/20130203/centre-right-liechtenstein-party-gains-power |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
* '''{{flag|Lithuania}}''': [[Homeland Union]]<ref name="Bugajski2002"/>{{rp|141}} | * '''{{flag|Lithuania}}''': [[Homeland Union]]<ref name="Bugajski2002"/>{{rp|141}} | ||
* '''{{flag|Mexico}}''': [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=O'Toole |title=Politics Latin America |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |page=383 |isbn=9781405821292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A91Xz9leFMC&pg=PA383}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Mexico}}''': [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=O'Toole |title=Politics Latin America |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |page=383 |isbn=9781405821292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A91Xz9leFMC&pg=PA383}}</ref> | ||
| Line 77: | Line 80: | ||
* '''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arco Timmermans |author2=Edwin van Rooyen |author3=Gerrit Voerman |chapter=Policy analysis and political party think tanks |editor1=Frans van Nispen |editor2=Peter Scholten |title=Policy analysis in the Netherlands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6GkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1333-5 |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Liubomir K. Topaloff |title=Political Parties and Euroscepticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPPZMBzaRGwC&pg=PA21 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-00968-5 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=José M. Magone |title=The Statecraft of Consensus Democracies in a Turbulent World: A Comparative Study of Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-40785-2 |page=112}}</ref> [[JA21]]<ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boersema">{{Cite news|title=''Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert''|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arco Timmermans |author2=Edwin van Rooyen |author3=Gerrit Voerman |chapter=Policy analysis and political party think tanks |editor1=Frans van Nispen |editor2=Peter Scholten |title=Policy analysis in the Netherlands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6GkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1333-5 |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Liubomir K. Topaloff |title=Political Parties and Euroscepticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPPZMBzaRGwC&pg=PA21 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-00968-5 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=José M. Magone |title=The Statecraft of Consensus Democracies in a Turbulent World: A Comparative Study of Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-40785-2 |page=112}}</ref> [[JA21]]<ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boersema">{{Cite news|title=''Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert''|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]]<ref name="Vowles">{{cite book |first=Jack|last=Vowles |title=The New Zealand Journal of History|publisher=University of Auckland|page=225|date=1987|quote=[T]he National Party is both conservative and liberal, its liberalism containing both elements of classical and new liberalism, the implications of the latter also overlapping with elements of conservatism. Within the National Party, it is the liberals rather than the conservatives who are most self-conscious and vocal, although the conservatives most frequently seem to prevail.}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]]<ref name="Vowles">{{cite book |first=Jack|last=Vowles |title=The New Zealand Journal of History|publisher=University of Auckland|page=225|date=1987|quote=[T]he National Party is both conservative and liberal, its liberalism containing both elements of classical and new liberalism, the implications of the latter also overlapping with elements of conservatism. Within the National Party, it is the liberals rather than the conservatives who are most self-conscious and vocal, although the conservatives most frequently seem to prevail.}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|North Macedonia}}''': [[VMRO-DPMNE]]<ref> VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity) | https://vmro-dpmne.org.mk/ </ref> | * '''{{flag|North Macedonia}}''': [[VMRO-DPMNE]]<ref>VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity) | https://vmro-dpmne.org.mk/</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Norway}}''': [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles¶meter=17|title=Valgomaten: Riksdekkende 2007|work=[[Aftenposten]]|year=2007|access-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172955/http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles¶meter=17|archive-date=27 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Norway}}''': [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles¶meter=17|title=Valgomaten: Riksdekkende 2007|work=[[Aftenposten]]|year=2007|access-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172955/http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles¶meter=17|archive-date=27 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Partido Federal ng Pilipinas]] | * '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Partido Federal ng Pilipinas]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Civic | * '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Civic Coalition (party)|Civic Coalition]], [[Polska 2050]], [[Trzecia Droga]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=André Krouwel |title=Party Transformations in European Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4DMRL66gOIC&pg=PA348 |year=2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-4483-3 |page=348}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=André Krouwel |title=Party Transformations in European Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4DMRL66gOIC&pg=PA348 |year=2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-4483-3 |page=348}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/romania.html|title=Romania|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2020|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/romania.html|title=Romania|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2020|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Civic Platform (Russia)|Civic Platform]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html |title=2016 Russia legislative elections: State Duma |publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe |date=2016 |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> [[Party of Growth]] | * '''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Civic Platform (Russia)|Civic Platform]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html |title=2016 Russia legislative elections: State Duma |publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe |date=2016 |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> [[Party of Growth]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[People's Party (Serbia, 2017)|People's Party]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.narodna.org.rs/o-nama/program |title=Program Narodne stranke |publisher=Narodna Stranka}}</ref> [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Čamprag |first=Nebojša |date=2019-01-02 |title=Re-imagineering Belgrade and Skopje: urban megaprojects between politics and struggle |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |journal=European Planning Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=181–200 |doi=10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |s2cid=158202545 |issn=0965-4313|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dérens |first=Jean-Arnault |date=2016-12-01 |title=Rewriting Balkan history |url=https://mondediplo.com/2016/12/10balkans |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Le Monde |language=en}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[People's Party (Serbia, 2017)|People's Party]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.narodna.org.rs/o-nama/program |title=Program Narodne stranke |publisher=Narodna Stranka}}</ref> [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Čamprag |first=Nebojša |date=2019-01-02 |title=Re-imagineering Belgrade and Skopje: urban megaprojects between politics and struggle |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |journal=European Planning Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=181–200 |doi=10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |bibcode=2019EurPS..27..181C |s2cid=158202545 |issn=0965-4313|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dérens |first=Jean-Arnault |date=2016-12-01 |title=Rewriting Balkan history |url=https://mondediplo.com/2016/12/10balkans |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Le Monde |language=en}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Democrats (Slovakia)|Democrats]], [[NOVA (Slovakia)|NOVA]], [[Civic Conservative Party (Slovakia)|Civic Conservative Party]], [[For the People (Slovakia)|For the People]] | * '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Democrats (Slovakia)|Democrats]], [[NOVA (Slovakia)|NOVA]], [[Civic Conservative Party (Slovakia)|Civic Conservative Party]], [[For the People (Slovakia)|For the People]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Slovenia}}''': [[Slovenian Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Alfio Cerami |title=Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJdWwGKl2iAC&pg=PA29 |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-9699-7 |pages=29–}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Slovenia}}''': [[Slovenian Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Alfio Cerami |title=Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJdWwGKl2iAC&pg=PA29 |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-9699-7 |pages=29–}}</ref> | ||
| Line 104: | Line 107: | ||
* '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] | * '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]] | ||
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Civic Democratic Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberální strana |url=http://liberalove.bluefile.cz/archiv.php?co=1240492348 |website=liberalove.bluefile.cz |access-date=27 March 2017 |language=cs}}</ref> [[Freedom Union – Democratic Union]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Unie svobody – zoufalé hledání identity |url=http://www.witzany.cz/archiv/clanky/Potrebuje_CR_lib_str.htm |website=www.witzany.cz |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> [[Realists (political party)|Realists]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Politická strana Realisté po třech letech končí, rozhodli členové |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/realiste-politicka-strana-petr-robejsek-jiri-hynek.A190722_212515_domaci_knn |website=Idnes |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Civic Democratic Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberální strana |url=http://liberalove.bluefile.cz/archiv.php?co=1240492348 |website=liberalove.bluefile.cz |access-date=27 March 2017 |language=cs}}</ref> [[Freedom Union – Democratic Union]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Unie svobody – zoufalé hledání identity |url=http://www.witzany.cz/archiv/clanky/Potrebuje_CR_lib_str.htm |website=www.witzany.cz |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> [[Realists (political party)|Realists]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Politická strana Realisté po třech letech končí, rozhodli členové |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/realiste-politicka-strana-petr-robejsek-jiri-hynek.A190722_212515_domaci_knn |website=Idnes |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> | ||
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Res Publica Party]]<ref name="Duvold2017"/> | *'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Res Publica Party]]<ref name="Duvold2017"/> | ||
* '''{{flag|France}}''': [[National Centre of Independents and Peasants]], [[Union for the New Republic (France)|Union for the New Republic]], [[Independent Republicans]],<ref>{{cite book |author=David Hanley |chapter=France: Living with Instability |editor=David Broughton |title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA66 |access-date=21 August 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-85567-328-1 |page=66}}</ref> [[Perspectives and Realities Clubs]], [[Union of Democrats for the Republic]], [[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]], [[Rally for the Republic]], [[Union for French Democracy]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Alistair Cole |chapter=Stress, strain and stability in the French party system |editor=Jocelyn Evans |title=The French Party System|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2 |page=12}}</ref> [[Union for a Popular Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url-status=dead|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2012|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000823/http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|France}}''': [[National Centre of Independents and Peasants]], [[Union for the New Republic (France)|Union for the New Republic]], [[Independent Republicans]],<ref>{{cite book |author=David Hanley |chapter=France: Living with Instability |editor=David Broughton |title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA66 |access-date=21 August 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-85567-328-1 |page=66}}</ref> [[Perspectives and Realities Clubs]], [[Union of Democrats for the Republic]], [[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]], [[Rally for the Republic]], [[Union for French Democracy]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Alistair Cole |chapter=Stress, strain and stability in the French party system |editor=Jocelyn Evans |title=The French Party System|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2 |page=12}}</ref> [[Union for a Popular Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url-status=dead|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2012|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000823/http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Free Conservative Party]] | * '''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Free Conservative Party]] | ||
* '''{{flag|India}}''': [[Swatantra Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Swatantra Party: a political biography|year=1997|page=199|publisher=Dattsons|first=Vasanti|last=Pratapchandra Rasam}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|India}}''': [[Swatantra Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Swatantra Party: a political biography|year=1997|page=199|publisher=Dattsons|first=Vasanti|last=Pratapchandra Rasam}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[General Zionists]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress|year=1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmEuAAAAIAAJ&pg=SL1-PA5443|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=5443}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[General Zionists]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress|year=1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmEuAAAAIAAJ&pg=SL1-PA5443|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=5443}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Italy}}''': {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia]]|italic=no}},<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ruth Wodak |author2=John E. Richardson |title=Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIG9aJxuxAC&pg=PA43 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-89919-2 |page=43}}</ref> [[The People of Freedom]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Donatella M. Viola |editor=Donatella M. Viola |title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections |chapter=Italy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50363-7 |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ilaria Riccioni |author2=Ramono Bongelli |author3=Andrzej Zuczkwoski |chapter=The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses |editor=Anita Fetzer |title=The Pragmatics of Political Discourse: Explorations across cultures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0dEZmhEUcC&pg=PA131 |year=2013 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-7239-3 |page=131}}</ref> [[Tyrolean Homeland Party]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Günther |last=Pallaver |year=2008 |chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqdu4aP4kOkC&pg=PA309 |editor1=Jens Woelk |editor2=Francesco Palermo |editor3=Joseph Marko |title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |pages=309 |isbn=978-90-04-16302-7 |oclc=646789592}}</ref> [[Italian Liberal Party]]<ref name="HumphreysSteed1988">{{cite book|editor=Emil J. Kirchner|author1=Peter Humphreys|author2=Michael Steed|chapter=Identifying Liberal Parties|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA408|date=3 November 1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32394-9|pages=408–409}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Italy}}''': {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia (1994)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}},<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ruth Wodak |author2=John E. Richardson |title=Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIG9aJxuxAC&pg=PA43 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-89919-2 |page=43}}</ref> [[The People of Freedom]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Donatella M. Viola |editor=Donatella M. Viola |title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections |chapter=Italy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50363-7 |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ilaria Riccioni |author2=Ramono Bongelli |author3=Andrzej Zuczkwoski |chapter=The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses |editor=Anita Fetzer |title=The Pragmatics of Political Discourse: Explorations across cultures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0dEZmhEUcC&pg=PA131 |year=2013 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-7239-3 |page=131}}</ref> [[Tyrolean Homeland Party]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Günther |last=Pallaver |year=2008 |chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqdu4aP4kOkC&pg=PA309 |editor1=Jens Woelk |editor2=Francesco Palermo |editor3=Joseph Marko |title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |pages=309 |isbn=978-90-04-16302-7 |oclc=646789592}}</ref> [[Italian Liberal Party]]<ref name="HumphreysSteed1988">{{cite book|editor=Emil J. Kirchner|author1=Peter Humphreys|author2=Michael Steed|chapter=Identifying Liberal Parties|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA408|date=3 November 1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32394-9|pages=408–409}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Japan New Party]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murakami |first1=Hiroshi |author-link1=:ja:村上弘 (行政学者) |year=2009 |title=The changing party system in Japan 1993-2007: More competition and limited convergence |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/law/lex/rlr26/hiroshi%20Murakami.pdf |access-date=29 April 2021 |journal=Ritsumeikan Law Review |publisher=[[Ritsumeikan University]] |volume=26 |page=30 }}</ref> [[New Party Sakigake]],<ref name="Hoover2019">{{cite book|author=William D. Hoover|editor=William D. Hoover|title= Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, Second Edition|year=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111567|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268|page=268}}</ref> [[Democratic Party of Japan]] (factions)<ref name="Magara2012">{{cite book|author=Hideko Magara|chapter=Divergent fate of left parties in political economic regime transitions: Italy and Japan in the 1990s|editor=Masanobu Ido|title=Varieties of Capitalism, Types of Democracy and Globalization|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-136-34270-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNTFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|page=182}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Japan New Party]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murakami |first1=Hiroshi |author-link1=:ja:村上弘 (行政学者) |year=2009 |title=The changing party system in Japan 1993-2007: More competition and limited convergence |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/law/lex/rlr26/hiroshi%20Murakami.pdf |access-date=29 April 2021 |journal=Ritsumeikan Law Review |publisher=[[Ritsumeikan University]] |volume=26 |page=30 }}</ref> [[New Party Sakigake]],<ref name="Hoover2019">{{cite book|author=William D. Hoover|editor=William D. Hoover|title= Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, Second Edition|year=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111567|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268|page=268}}</ref> [[Democratic Party of Japan]] (factions)<ref name="Magara2012">{{cite book|author=Hideko Magara|chapter=Divergent fate of left parties in political economic regime transitions: Italy and Japan in the 1990s|editor=Masanobu Ido|title=Varieties of Capitalism, Types of Democracy and Globalization|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-136-34270-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNTFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|page=182}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Montenegro}}''': [[Movement for Changes]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | * '''{{flag|Montenegro}}''': [[Movement for Changes]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | ||
* '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[United Future]]<ref name="Miller2011">{{cite book|author=Caroline Miller|title=Implementing Sustainability: The New Zealand Experience|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-85441-5|page=10}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[United Future]]<ref name="Miller2011">{{cite book|author=Caroline Miller|title=Implementing Sustainability: The New Zealand Experience|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-85441-5|page=10}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Conservative People's Party (Poland)|Conservative People's Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Aleks Szczerbiak |chapter=The Polish centre-right's (last?) best hope: The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action |editor1=Aleks Szczerbiak |editor2=Seán Hanley |title=Centre-right Parties in Post-communist East-Central Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=512cxC7eT1IC&pg=PA66 |year=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34781-5 |page=66}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Conservative People's Party (Poland)|Conservative People's Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Aleks Szczerbiak |chapter=The Polish centre-right's (last?) best hope: The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action |editor1=Aleks Szczerbiak |editor2=Seán Hanley |title=Centre-right Parties in Post-communist East-Central Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=512cxC7eT1IC&pg=PA66 |year=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34781-5 |page=66}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Romanian Democratic Convention|Democratic Convention of Romania]],<ref name="Lewis2002"/> [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | * '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Romanian Democratic Convention|Democratic Convention of Romania]],<ref name="Lewis2002"/> [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | ||
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[G17 Plus]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | * '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[G17 Plus]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | ||
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | * '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/> | ||
* '''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Bareunmirae Party]]<ref>{{cite web|language=ko|url=http://www.inews24.com/view/1075446|title=What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle? |work=아이뉴스21 |date=3 February 2018|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210611000463 |title=New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections |quote= After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People’s Party were merged. |work=[[The Korean Herald]] |date=11 June 2021}}</ref> | * '''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Bareunmirae Party]]<ref>{{cite web|language=ko|url=http://www.inews24.com/view/1075446|title=What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle? |work=아이뉴스21 |date=3 February 2018|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210611000463 |title=New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections |quote= After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People’s Party were merged. |work=[[The Korean Herald]] |date=11 June 2021}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Spain}}''': [[Liberal-Conservative Party (Spain)|Liberal-Conservative Party]] | |||
* '''{{flag|Spain}}''' [[Liberal-Conservative Party (Spain)|Liberal-Conservative Party]] | * '''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party (historical)]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Özdalga|chapter=Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities|editor=Riva Kastoryano|title=Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKE54_BVskC&pg=PA54|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52923-5|page=54}}</ref> | ||
* '''{{flag|Turkey}}''' [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party (historical)]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Özdalga|chapter=Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities|editor=Riva Kastoryano|title=Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKE54_BVskC&pg=PA54|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52923-5|page=54}}</ref> | |||
{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||
| Line 148: | Line 146: | ||
== General and cited references == | == General and cited references == | ||
* {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |year=2004 |title=Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0333961803}} | * {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |year=2004 |title=Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0333961803}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2007 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john |url-access=registration |edition=3rd |location=Peterborough, Ont. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0040-9}} | * {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2007 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john |url-access=registration |edition=3rd |location=Peterborough, Ont. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0040-9}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2011 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john_l7q9 |url-access=registration |edition=4th |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0533-6}} | * {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2011 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john_l7q9 |url-access=registration |edition=4th |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0533-6}} | ||
* {{cite book |last=McAnulla |first=Stuart |year=2006 |title=British Politics: A Critical Introduction |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-826-46155-1 }} | * {{cite book |last=McAnulla |first=Stuart |year=2006 |title=British Politics: A Critical Introduction |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-826-46155-1 }} | ||
Latest revision as of 20:21, 25 December 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Script error: No such module "Sidebar". Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters,[1] representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.
The ideology incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.Template:Sfn However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and that social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.Template:Sfn Liberal conservatives also support civil liberties, along with some socially conservative positions. They differ on social issues, with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support the rule of law regarding civil rights, social equality and the environment.[2][3] This is equated with the creation of a cohesive and tolerant society with increased levels of individual responsibility and less inequality.[4]
Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to individualism, belief in negative freedom, a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal rule of law state.Template:Sfn A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as Thatcherism,Template:Sfn were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.Template:Sfn However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.Template:Sfn Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.Template:Sfn
Overview, definitions and usage
Both conservatism and liberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The term liberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law, private property, the market economy and constitutional representative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the term liberal conservatism came to be understood simply as conservatism in popular culture,Template:Sfn prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical-liberal values to call themselves libertarians instead.[5] However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.Template:Sfn
In their embrace of liberal and free market principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding national-conservative, fully socially conservative and/or outright populist views, let alone a right-wing populist posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as Christian democracy, liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the European People's Party (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as Christian-Democratic and Flemish in Belgium, the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands, the Christian Democratic Union in Germany and the People's Party in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as New Democracy in Greece, the Social Democratic Party in Portugal, the People's Party in Spain, Script error: No such module "Lang"./The People of Freedom/Script error: No such module "Lang". in Italy, the Union for a Popular Movement/The Republicans in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.
In the modern European discourse, liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism (see also green conservatism and green liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British Conservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010, David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative.[6] During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[7]
Relation to American conservatism
Template:Conservatism US In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.[8] From a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.[9]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Consequently, the term liberal conservatism is not used in the United States. Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different from European liberalism and occupies the centre-left of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the centre and centre-right while social democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in Latin America, where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.[10]
Although libertarian conservatism has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,Template:Sfn libertarian conservatism is far more anti-statist than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.Template:Sfn Combining conservative cultural principles but with less social intervention and a more laissez faire economic system. Neoconservatism is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.[11] However, Peter Lawler has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.[12]
Classical conservatism and economic liberalism
Historically, conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneous liberalism, now recalled as classical liberalism, advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Edward Gibbon, David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers of liberalism, including economic liberalism, the separation of church and state, social liberalism and utilitarianism.
According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".Template:Sfn Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de Tocqueville[13] as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy, without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the term liberal is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case in continental Europe,[14] Australia[15] and Latin America.[16]
Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions
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Current parties
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- File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania: Democratic Party of Albania[17]
- File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria: Democratic National Rally
- File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra: Democrats for Andorra[18]
- File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina: Republican Proposal,[19] Democratic Party[20]
- File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia: Country Liberal Party, Liberal Party of Australia,[21] Liberal National Party of Queensland, National Party of Australia
- File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria: Austrian People's Party[22]
- File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas: Free National Movement
- File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus: United Civic Party of Belarus[23]Template:Rp
- File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium: New Flemish Alliance[24][25][26]
- File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana: Botswana Democratic Party[27]
- File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil: Liberal Party, Democratic Renewal Party, Republicans (Brazil), New Party, Podemos
- File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria: Union of Democratic Forces,[28] Citizens for the Development of Bulgaria[29]
- File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada: Conservative Party of Canada[30]
- File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile: National Renewal[31]
- File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica: Social Christian Unity Party
- File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus: Democratic Rally
- File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Party,[32][33] TOP 09[34]
- File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia: Croatian Democratic Union[35]
- File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark: Script error: No such module "Lang".,[36] Conservative People's Party,[37] Liberal Alliance[38]
- File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt: New Wafd Party
- File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia: Estonian Reform Party[39]
- File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji: People's Alliance, Social Democratic Liberal Party
- File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland: National Coalition Party,[40] Centre Party[41]
- File:Flag of France.svg France: The Republicans[42]
- File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany: Christian Democratic Union of Germany,[43] Free Democratic Party,[44][45] Free Voters[46]
- File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana: New Patriotic Party
- File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece: New Democracy[47]
- File:Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland: Feeling of Community[48]
- File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland: Independence Party[49]
- File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland: Fine Gael,[50][51] Fianna Fáil[51]
- File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel: Likud,[52] New Hope
- File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy: Script error: No such module "Lang".,[53] Us Moderates
- File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan: Liberal Democratic Party[54][55][56]Template:Efn
- File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia: Unity[39]
- File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein: Patriotic Union[57]
- File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania: Homeland Union[23]Template:Rp
- File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico: National Action Party[58]
- File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco: Constitutional Union[59]
- File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia: Democratic Party[60]
- File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar: National League for Democracy[61]
- File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy[62][63][64] JA21[65][66]
- File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand: National Party[67]
- Template:Country data North Macedonia: VMRO-DPMNE[68]
- File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway: Conservative Party[69]
- File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines: Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
- File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland: Civic Coalition, Polska 2050, Trzecia Droga
- File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal: Social Democratic Party[70]
- File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania: National Liberal Party[71]
- File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia: Civic Platform,[72] Party of Growth
- File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia: People's Party,[73] Serbian Progressive Party[74][75]
- File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia: Democrats, NOVA, Civic Conservative Party, For the People
- File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia: Slovenian Democratic Party[76]
- File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain: People's Party[77][78]
- File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka: United National Party[79]
- File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden: Moderate Party[80][81][82]
- File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China: Kuomintang[83]
- File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand: Pheu Thai Party[84]
- File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey: Justice and Development Party,[85][86]Template:Efn Democrat Party (current)
- File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine: European Solidarity[87]
- File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom: Conservative Party[88]
- File:Flag of the United States.svg United States: Republican Party (factions)Template:Sfn
- File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay: National Party[89]
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Historical parties or factions
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- File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil: Democratic Social Party, Democrats[90]
- File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
- File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic: Civic Democratic Alliance,[91] Freedom Union – Democratic Union,[92] Realists[93]
- File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia: Res Publica Party[39]
- File:Flag of France.svg France: National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Union for the New Republic, Independent Republicans,[94] Perspectives and Realities Clubs, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Republican Party, Rally for the Republic, Union for French Democracy,[95] Union for a Popular Movement[96]
- File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany: Free Conservative Party
- File:Flag of India.svg India: Swatantra Party[97]
- File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel: General Zionists[98]
- File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy: Script error: No such module "Lang".,[99] The People of Freedom,[100][101] Tyrolean Homeland Party,[102] Italian Liberal Party[36]
- File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan: Japan New Party,[103] New Party Sakigake,[104] Democratic Party of Japan (factions)[105]
- File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro: Movement for Changes[33]
- File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand: United Future[106]
- File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland: Conservative People's Party,[107]
- File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania: Democratic Convention of Romania,[28] Democratic Liberal Party[33]
- File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia: G17 Plus[33]
- File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia: Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party[33]
- File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea: Bareunmirae Party[108][109]
- File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain: Liberal-Conservative Party
- File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey: Democrat Party (historical)[110]
Liberal-conservative organisations
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See also
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Explanatory notes
Citations
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- ↑ Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference", BBC, October 2006
- ↑ Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112
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- ↑ Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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- ↑ Lakoff, Sandoff, "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism." The review of politics 60(3), pp. 435–464, 1998. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
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- ↑ Sergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party Template:Webarchive, Draft, March 2013
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- ↑ VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity) | https://vmro-dpmne.org.mk/
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General and cited references
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