Ephedraceae: Difference between revisions

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| parent_authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=1E4EB308-C14C-49A9-8D0A-A2D3F4C4223F |title=Ephedrales Dumort. |work=EU-NOMEN |access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
| parent_authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=1E4EB308-C14C-49A9-8D0A-A2D3F4C4223F |title=Ephedrales Dumort. |work=EU-NOMEN |access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
| taxon = Ephedraceae
| taxon = Ephedraceae
| authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]<ref name=Kramer>{{cite book|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 1: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms|year=1990|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=3540517944|pages=379–381| vauthors = Kramer KU, Green PS, Götz E | veditors = Kramer KU, Green PS }}</ref>
| authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]]<ref name=Kramer>{{cite book|title=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 1: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms|year=1990|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin|isbn=3-540-51794-4|pages=379–381| vauthors = Kramer KU, Green PS, Götz E | veditors = Kramer KU, Green PS }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]''
| type_genus = ''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]''
| subdivision_ranks = Other genera
| subdivision_ranks = Other genera
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File:Jianchangia verticillata.webp|''[[Jianchangia]]'', showing chlamydosperms (C) and ovulate cone (F)
File:Jianchangia verticillata.webp|''[[Jianchangia]]'', showing chlamydosperms (C) and ovulate cone (F)
File:Arlenea diagram.jpg|Diagram of ''[[Arlenea]],'' showing closeup of terminal region with female reproductive structures (B) and cross section of a female reproductive structure.(C)
File:Arlenea diagram.jpg|Diagram of ''[[Arlenea]],'' showing closeup of terminal region with female reproductive structures (B) and cross section of a female reproductive structure.(C)
</gallery>Ephedraceae is agreed to be the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] group amongst extant gnetophytes. Members of the family typically grow as shrubs and have small, linear leaves that possess parallel veins. The fossil Ephedraceae genera show a range of morphologies transitional between the ancestral [[Glossary of botanical terms#lax|lax]] male and female reproductive structures and the highly compact reproductive structures typical of modern ''Ephedra''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yong |date=2014-02-04 |title=A systematic classification of Ephedraceae: living and fossil |url=https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.158.3.8 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=283 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.158.3.8 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref> Modern members of ''Ephedra'' have either dry winged membranous [[bract]]s (modified leaves which surround the seed), which are dispersed by wind, leathery covered seeds, which are dispersed by seed-eating rodents, or fleshy bracts which are consumed and then dispersed by birds. Some extinct members of ''Ephedra'' from the Early Cretaceous, such as ''Ephedra carnosa'', as well as ''[[Arlenea]]'' from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil have fleshy bracts surrounding the seeds, suggesting that these seeds were dispersed by animals.<ref name=":1" />
</gallery>Ephedraceae is agreed to be the most [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] group amongst extant gnetophytes. Members of the family typically grow as shrubs and have small, linear leaves that possess parallel veins. The fossil Ephedraceae genera show a range of morphologies transitional between the ancestral [[Glossary of botanical terms#lax|lax]] male and female reproductive structures and the highly compact reproductive structures typical of modern ''Ephedra''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yong |date=2014-02-04 |title=A systematic classification of Ephedraceae: living and fossil |url=https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.158.3.8 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=158 |issue=3 |page=283 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.158.3.8 |issn=1179-3163}}</ref> Modern members of ''Ephedra'' have either dry winged membranous [[bract]]s (modified leaves which surround the seed), which are dispersed by wind, leathery covered seeds, which are dispersed by seed-eating rodents, or fleshy bracts which are consumed and then dispersed by birds. Some extinct members of ''Ephedra'' from the Early Cretaceous, such as ''Ephedra carnosa'', as well as ''[[Arlenea]]'' from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil have fleshy bracts surrounding the seeds, suggesting that these seeds were dispersed by animals.<ref name=":1" />


=== Genera ===
=== Genera ===
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* ''[[Arlenea]]'' Ribeiro, Yang, Saraiva, Bantim, Calixto Junior et Lima, 2023<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Alita Maria Neves |last2=Yang |first2=Yong |last3=Saraiva |first3=Antônio Álamo Feitosa |last4=Bantim |first4=Renan Alfredo Machado |last5=Calixto Junior |first5=João Tavares |last6=de Lima |first6=Flaviana Jorge |date=June 2023 |title=Arlenea delicata gen. et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant from the Early Cretaceous Crato Formation, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468265923000872 |journal=Plant Diversity |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2023.06.008|doi-access=free |pmc=11119550 }}</ref> [[Crato Formation]], Brazil, Early Cretaceous ([[Aptian]])
* ''[[Arlenea]]'' Ribeiro, Yang, Saraiva, Bantim, Calixto Junior et Lima, 2023<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Alita Maria Neves |last2=Yang |first2=Yong |last3=Saraiva |first3=Antônio Álamo Feitosa |last4=Bantim |first4=Renan Alfredo Machado |last5=Calixto Junior |first5=João Tavares |last6=de Lima |first6=Flaviana Jorge |date=June 2023 |title=Arlenea delicata gen. et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant from the Early Cretaceous Crato Formation, Araripe Basin, Northeast Brazil |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468265923000872 |journal=Plant Diversity |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2023.06.008|doi-access=free |pmc=11119550 }}</ref> [[Crato Formation]], Brazil, Early Cretaceous ([[Aptian]])
* ''[[Leongathia]]'' V.A. Krassilov, D.L. Dilcher & J.G. Douglas 1998<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krassilov |first1=V.A. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Douglas |first3=J.G. |date=January 1998 |title=New ephedroid plant from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed, Victoria, Australia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115519808619195 |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=123–133 |doi=10.1080/03115519808619195 |bibcode=1998Alch...22..123K |issn=0311-5518|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Koonwarra, Victoria|Koonwarra fossil bed]], Australia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Leongathia]]'' V.A. Krassilov, D.L. Dilcher & J.G. Douglas 1998<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krassilov |first1=V.A. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Douglas |first3=J.G. |date=January 1998 |title=New ephedroid plant from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed, Victoria, Australia |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115519808619195 |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=123–133 |doi=10.1080/03115519808619195 |bibcode=1998Alch...22..123K |issn=0311-5518|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Koonwarra, Victoria|Koonwarra fossil bed]], Australia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Jianchangia]]'' Yang, Wang and Ferguson, 2020<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Wang |first2=Yingwei |last3=Ferguson |first3=David Kay |date=2020-02-04 |title=A new macrofossil ephedroid plant with unusual bract morphology from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of northeastern China |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=19 |doi=10.1186/s12862-019-1569-y |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=7001366 |pmid=32019502 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020BMCEE..20...19Y }}</ref> [[Jiufotang Formation]], China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Jianchangia]]'' Yang, Wang and Ferguson, 2020<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Wang |first2=Yingwei |last3=Ferguson |first3=David Kay |date=2020-02-04 |title=A new macrofossil ephedroid plant with unusual bract morphology from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of northeastern China |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s12862-019-1569-y |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=7001366 |pmid=32019502 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020BMCEE..20...19Y }}</ref> [[Jiufotang Formation]], China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Eamesia]]'' Yang, Lin and Ferguson, 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Lin |first2=Longbiao |last3=Ferguson |first3=David K. |last4=Wang |first4=Yingwei |date=December 2018 |title=Macrofossil evidence unveiling evolution of male cones in Ephedraceae (Gnetidae) |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=125 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1243-9 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=6116489 |pmid=30157769 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..125Y }}</ref> [[Yixian Formation]], China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Eamesia]]'' Yang, Lin and Ferguson, 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Lin |first2=Longbiao |last3=Ferguson |first3=David K. |last4=Wang |first4=Yingwei |date=December 2018 |title=Macrofossil evidence unveiling evolution of male cones in Ephedraceae (Gnetidae) |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=125 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1243-9 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=6116489 |pmid=30157769 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..125Y }}</ref> [[Yixian Formation]], China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Prognetella]]'' Krassilov et Bugdaeva, 1999 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) (initially interpreted as an angiosperm)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Ferguson |first2=David K. |date=October 2015 |title=Macrofossil evidence unveiling evolution and ecology of early Ephedraceae |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1433831915000657 |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=331–346 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.006|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''[[Prognetella]]'' Krassilov et Bugdaeva, 1999 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) (initially interpreted as an angiosperm)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Ferguson |first2=David K. |date=October 2015 |title=Macrofossil evidence unveiling evolution and ecology of early Ephedraceae |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1433831915000657 |journal=Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=331–346 |doi=10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.006|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''[[Chengia]]'' Yang, Lin & Wang, 2013,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Lin |first2=Longbiao |last3=Wang |first3=Qi |date=2013-03-27 |title=Chengia laxispicatagen. et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, Northeast China: evolutionary, taxonomic, and biogeographic implications |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=72 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-72 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=3626868 |pmid=23530702 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...72Y }}</ref> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Chengia]]'' Yang, Lin & Wang, 2013,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yong |last2=Lin |first2=Longbiao |last3=Wang |first3=Qi |date=2013-03-27 |title=Chengia laxispicatagen. et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, Northeast China: evolutionary, taxonomic, and biogeographic implications |url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=72 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-72 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=3626868 |pmid=23530702 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013BMCEE..13...72Y }}</ref> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Chaoyangia (plant)|Chaoyangia]]'' Duan, 1998<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duan |first=Shuying |date=April 1998 |title=The oldest angiosperm—a tricarpous female reproductive fossil from western Liaoning Province, NE China |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02932415 |journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=14–20 |doi=10.1007/BF02932415 |s2cid=195305514 |issn=1006-9313|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Chaoyangia (plant)|Chaoyangia]]'' Duan, 1998<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duan |first=Shuying |date=April 1998 |title=The oldest angiosperm—a tricarpous female reproductive fossil from western Liaoning Province, NE China |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02932415 |journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=14–20 |doi=10.1007/BF02932415 |s2cid=195305514 |issn=1006-9313|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Eragrosites]]'' Cao & Wu, 1998 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
* ''[[Eragrosites]]'' Cao & Wu, 1998 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
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* ''[[Erenia]]'' Krassilov, 1982 China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Erenia]]'' Krassilov, 1982 China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Liaoxia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rydin |first1=C. |last2=Wu |first2=S. Q. |last3=Friis |first3=E. M. |date=December 2006 |title=Liaoxia Cao et S.Q. Wu (Gnetales): ephedroids from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Liaoning, northeastern China |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-006-0481-2 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=262 |issue=3–4 |pages=239–265 |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0481-2 |s2cid=43425154 |issn=0378-2697|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Cao et al. 1998 China, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Liaoxia]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rydin |first1=C. |last2=Wu |first2=S. Q. |last3=Friis |first3=E. M. |date=December 2006 |title=Liaoxia Cao et S.Q. Wu (Gnetales): ephedroids from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation in Liaoning, northeastern China |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-006-0481-2 |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=262 |issue=3–4 |pages=239–265 |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0481-2 |s2cid=43425154 |issn=0378-2697|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Cao et al. 1998 China, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Dichoephedra]]'' Ren et al. 2020<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Wen-Xiu |last2=Tang |first2=De-Liang |last3=Wang |first3=Zhuo-Er |last4=Sun |first4=Bai-Nian |last5=Wu |first5=Jing-Yu |last6=Ding |first6=Su-Ting |date=October 2022 |title=Dichoephedra beishanensis gen. et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant with unusual branching patterns from the Lower Cretaceous of northwestern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667122001483 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=138 |pages=105284 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105284|s2cid=249654802 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> China, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Dichoephedra]]'' Ren et al. 2020<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Wen-Xiu |last2=Tang |first2=De-Liang |last3=Wang |first3=Zhuo-Er |last4=Sun |first4=Bai-Nian |last5=Wu |first5=Jing-Yu |last6=Ding |first6=Su-Ting |date=October 2022 |title=Dichoephedra beishanensis gen. et sp. nov., a new ephedroid plant with unusual branching patterns from the Lower Cretaceous of northwestern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667122001483 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=138 |article-number=105284 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105284|s2cid=249654802 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> China, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Laiyangia]]'' P.H. Jin, 2024<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Peihong |last2=Zhang |first2=Mingzhen |last3=Du |first3=Baoxia |last4=Zhang |first4=Jing |last5=Sun |first5=Bainian |date=March 2024 |title=A new gnetalean macrofossil from the Lower Cretaceous of the Laiyang Basin, eastern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468265924000222 |journal=Plant Diversity |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2024.03.002|doi-access=free |pmc=11403114 }}</ref> China, Early Cretaceous
* ''[[Laiyangia]]'' P.H. Jin, 2024<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Peihong |last2=Zhang |first2=Mingzhen |last3=Du |first3=Baoxia |last4=Zhang |first4=Jing |last5=Sun |first5=Bainian |date=March 2024 |title=A new gnetalean macrofossil from the Lower Cretaceous of the Laiyang Basin, eastern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2468265924000222 |journal=Plant Diversity |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.pld.2024.03.002|doi-access=free |pmc=11403114 }}</ref> China, Early Cretaceous
* ?''Pseudoephedra'' Liu and Wang, 2015<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhong-Jian |last2=Wang |first2=Xin |date=January 2016 |title=An enigmatic Ephedra -like fossil lacking micropylar tube from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China |journal=Palaeoworld |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2015.07.005|doi-access=free }}</ref> China, Early Cretaceous
* ?''Pseudoephedra'' Liu and Wang, 2015<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhong-Jian |last2=Wang |first2=Xin |date=January 2016 |title=An enigmatic Ephedra -like fossil lacking micropylar tube from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China |journal=Palaeoworld |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2015.07.005|doi-access=free }}</ref> China, Early Cretaceous

Latest revision as of 22:54, 1 October 2025

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Ephedraceae is a family of gymnosperms belonging to Gnetophyta, it contains only a single extant genus, Ephedra, as well as a number of extinct genera from the Early Cretaceous.

Taxonomy

Ephedraceae is agreed to be the most basal group amongst extant gnetophytes. Members of the family typically grow as shrubs and have small, linear leaves that possess parallel veins. The fossil Ephedraceae genera show a range of morphologies transitional between the ancestral lax male and female reproductive structures and the highly compact reproductive structures typical of modern Ephedra.[1][2] Modern members of Ephedra have either dry winged membranous bracts (modified leaves which surround the seed), which are dispersed by wind, leathery covered seeds, which are dispersed by seed-eating rodents, or fleshy bracts which are consumed and then dispersed by birds. Some extinct members of Ephedra from the Early Cretaceous, such as Ephedra carnosa, as well as Arlenea from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil have fleshy bracts surrounding the seeds, suggesting that these seeds were dispersed by animals.[3]

Genera

  • Ephedra L. Early Cretaceous-Recent
  • Arlenea Ribeiro, Yang, Saraiva, Bantim, Calixto Junior et Lima, 2023[3] Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Leongathia V.A. Krassilov, D.L. Dilcher & J.G. Douglas 1998[4] Koonwarra fossil bed, Australia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Jianchangia Yang, Wang and Ferguson, 2020[5] Jiufotang Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Eamesia Yang, Lin and Ferguson, 2018[1] Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Prognetella Krassilov et Bugdaeva, 1999 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) (initially interpreted as an angiosperm)[6]
  • Chengia Yang, Lin & Wang, 2013,[7] Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Chaoyangia Duan, 1998[8] Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Eragrosites Cao & Wu, 1998 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
  • Gurvanella Krassilov, 1982 China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous
  • Alloephedra Tao and Yang, 2003 China, Early Cretaceous (considered a synonym of Ephedra by some authors)
  • Amphiephedra Miki, 1964 China, Early Cretaceous
  • Beipiaoa Dilcher & al, 2001 China, Early Cretaceous
  • Ephedrispermum Rydin, K.R.Pedersen, P.R.Crane et E.M.Friis, 2006 Portugal, Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)
  • Ephedrites Guo and Wu, 2000 China, Early Cretaceous
  • Erenia Krassilov, 1982 China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous
  • Liaoxia[9] Cao et al. 1998 China, Early Cretaceous
  • Dichoephedra Ren et al. 2020[10] China, Early Cretaceous
  • Laiyangia P.H. Jin, 2024[11] China, Early Cretaceous
  • ?Pseudoephedra Liu and Wang, 2015[12] China, Early Cretaceous

References

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