Federal Hall: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:56, 21 June 2025

Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox NRHP

Federal Hall was the first capitol building of the United States under the Constitution. Serving as the meeting place of the First United States Congress and the site of George Washington's first presidential inauguration, the building was located at the intersection of Wall and Broad streets in Lower Manhattan, New York City, from 1703 to 1812. The current site, at 26 Wall Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, is occupied by Federal Hall National Memorial, a Greek Revival–style building completed in 1842 as the Custom House. The National Park Service operates the building as a national memorial commemorating the historic events that occurred at the previous structure.

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703. The building hosted the 1765 Stamp Act Congress before the American Revolution. After the United States became an independent nation, it served as the meeting place for the Congress of the Confederation, the nation's first central government under the Articles of Confederation, from 1785 to 1789, and the building was expanded and updated. With the establishment of the United States federal government in 1789, it hosted the 1st Congress and the inauguration of George Washington as the nation's first president. It was demolished in 1812.

The current structure, designed by Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, was built as New York's U.S. Custom House, before serving as a Subtreasury building from 1862 to 1925. The memorial is constructed of Tuckahoe marble. Its architectural features include a colonnade of Doric columns, in addition to a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee. Outside the building is a statue of George Washington by John Quincy Adams Ward. The facade and part of the interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the building is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

First structure

In the 17th century, the area north of Wall Street was occupied by John Damen's farm. Damen sold the land in 1685 to captain John Knight, an officer of Thomas Dongan's administration. Knight resold the land to Dongan, who resold it in 1689 to Abraham de Peyster and Nicholas Bayard. Both de Peyster and Bayard served as Mayors of New York.^[1]

City Hall

File:The magazine of American history with notes and queries (1877) (14779713662) (cropped).jpg

The old City Hall (1699–1703) with court and jail

The original structure on the site was built as New York's second City Hall from 1699 to 1703, on Wall Street, in what is today the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.^[2]^[3] This structure had been designed by James Evetts^[4]^[5] to replace Stadt Huys, the city's first administrative center.^[4]^[6] It was two stories high, with wings extending west and east from a recessed central section.^[5]^[7] The stones from Wall Street's old fortifications were used for City Hall.^[3] Also housed at City Hall was a public library (which had 1,642 volumes by the year 1730), as well as a firehouse with two fire engines imported from London.^[8] The upper stories were used as a debtors' prison.^[7]

In 1735, John Peter Zenger, a newspaper publisher, was arrested for committing libel against the British royal governor and was imprisoned and tried there.^[3]^[4]^[6] His acquittal, on the grounds that the material he had printed was true, served as the basis for freedom of the press as it was later defined in the Bill of Rights.^[3]^[9]

City Hall was first remodeled in 1765, with the addition of a third story.^[7] That October, delegates from nine of the Thirteen Colonies met as the Stamp Act Congress in response to the levying of the Stamp Act by the Parliament of Great Britain.^[3]^[4]^[6] Drawn together for the first time in organized opposition to British policy, the attendees drafted a message to King George III, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons, claiming entitlement to the same rights as the residents of Britain and protesting the colonies' "taxation without representation".^[3]^[4] The Sons of Liberty briefly took over the building from the British during the American Revolutionary War in 1775, seizing British soldiers' munitions.^[4]^[10] The United States Declaration of Independence was read at City Hall on July 18, 1776, shortly after the country declared independence from Britain.^[6] After the war, City Hall became a meeting place for the Continental Congress.^[4]

Federal Hall

File:Federal Hall, N.Y. 1789 ppmsca.15703.jpg

Federal Hall, Seat of Congress, 1790 hand-colored engraving by Amos Doolittle, depicting Washington's April 30, 1789, inauguration

After the American Revolution, City Hall was home to the Congress of the Confederation of the United States under the Articles of Confederation.^[8]^[11] The first meeting of the Confederation Congress took place at City Hall on April 13, 1784.^[8]

Design and construction

The Confederation Congress still needed a permanent structure, and the New York City Council and mayor James Duane wished for the city to be the United States capital. Private citizens and the government of New York City spent $65,000 (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) to convert the old City Hall into a congressional building.^[12] The Patriots felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure.^[4] Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.^[4]^[12] In December 1784, Congress voted to designate New York as the nation's capital.^[10] The Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance at City Hall in 1787.^[6]^[13]

L'Enfant's expansion, which took place between 1788 and 1789,^[12]^[14] was characteristic of Georgian-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs.^[15] An arched walkway was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy Tuscan columns supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a pediment that depicted an American eagle with thirteen arrows (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).^[12]^[15]^[16] L'Enfant also created a loggia with a recessed gallery behind the columns,^[5] and he placed decorative swags above the second-story windows.^[15]^[14] The ground-story room for the United States House of Representatives measured Template:Convert across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the United States Senate was on the second floor,^[12] and L'Enfant built a third story, topped by a cupola and hip roof.^[5]^[14]

Usage

File:Archibald Robertson - View up Wall Street.jpg

Archibald Robertson's View up Wall Street with City Hall (Federal Hall) and Trinity Church, New York City, from around 1798

The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the New York Society Library's 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being.^[12] In 1789, the building became Federal Hall, the nation's first seat of government under the Constitution.^[17] The 1st Congress met there beginning on March 4, 1789.^[6]^[18] The first inauguration of George Washington, the first-ever inauguration of a President of the United States, occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.^[19]^[20]^[21] Many important U.S. legislative actions occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the Stamp Act Congress.^[6]^[20]^[22] The Judiciary Act of 1789 was also enacted in the building, setting up the United States federal court system.^[20]^[23]

In 1790, the United States capital moved to Philadelphia.^[24]^[25] Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts.^[26] The Federal Hall building was one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year).^[8] Federal Hall was briefly converted back into a city hall in 1810.^[14] With the opening of the current New York City Hall in 1812, the New York City government no longer needed Federal Hall. The building was sold for $425 (equivalent to $Template:Inflation in Template:Inflation/year)^[6] and was demolished.^[25]^[27]^[28] Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on display in the memorial^[29] and was at one point held by the New-York Historical Society.^[30] Nassau Street had originally curved around the building to the west, while Broad Street had run to the east.^[8]^[31] Nassau Street was straightened after the building was demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.^[1]

Second structure

The current Greek Revival structure was the first building that was specifically constructed for the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.^[32] The Custom House had previously been located in Government House, a converted residence on Bowling Green.^[33]^[34] The old building was described as "ordinary and inconvenient", and it had become overcrowded, prompting the federal government to lease additional space in 1831.^[34] Samuel Swartwout, the Customs Collector for the Port of New York, advocated in 1832 for "spacious, safe, secure" accommodations.^[34] Land for the new building was purchased incrementally in 1816, 1824, and 1832.^[35]

Custom House

File:A picture of New York in 1850 - with a short account of places in its vicinity - designed as a guide to citizens and strangers; with numerous engravings, and a map of the city (1846) (14780910134) (cropped).jpg

Custom House in 1850

Town and Davis—composed of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis, then two of the city's most prolific architects^[36]—won an architectural design competition for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833.^[37]^[34] Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 ($Template:Inflation to Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) if it was of masonry, brick, and marble.^[34] The original design called for a colonnade of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square pilasters on Nassau Street, a massive coffered dome protruding above the roof, and a cruciform floor plan.^[38]^[39] The building would have also been decorated with details such as acroteria, metopes, and triangular pediments.^[39] Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at Sailors' Snug Harbor, be named the construction superintendent.^[40]^[41]^[42]

Ultimately, the building was constructed out of marble.^[43] Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a single colonnade.^[42] Thomson resigned in April 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor John Frazee was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead, and he worked to piece together Town and Davis's original plans.^[40]^[41]^[42] Frazee influenced the design of the interior and decorative details,^[36]^[42] and he modified plans for the attic to a full-height third story.^[42] Frazee got into a dispute with building commissioner Walter Bowne and was dismissed in 1840, but he was rehired in 1841.^[41]

The Custom House building opened in 1842^[41]^[42]^[44] at a cost of $928,312 (equivalent to $Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year).^[41] Importers would perform their business at a counter in the building's central rotunda.^[45] The building came to be associated with political patronage. "The Seven Stages of the Office Seeker", an 1852 print by Edward Williams Clay, satirized how Democratic Party patronage under New York governor Martin Van Buren was centered around the Custom House.^[45]^[46] By 1861, the structure was too small to accommodate all of the customs duties of the U.S. Custom House for the Port of New York.^[47] The U.S. government decided to move the customs offices one block to 55 Wall Street, then occupied by the Merchants' Exchange.^[48] The federal government of the United States signed a lease with the Merchants' Exchange in February 1862, intending to move into the building that May.^[49] The customs offices were moved to 55 Wall Street starting in August 1862.^[50]

Subtreasury

After the relocation of the Custom House, 26 Wall Street was transformed into a building for the United States Subtreasury,^[44]^[50]^[51] one of six in the country.^[52] The Subtreasury desks were arranged around the rotunda of the building.^[53] Gold and coin storage vaults were placed along a passage near the north side of the rotunda. Bars were stored to the west, or left, and gold certificates and coins were stored to the east, or right. A vault for small change was also provided. A coin division was on the east side of the building, on the floor of the rotunda, toward Pine Street. Silver was stored in the northwest corner of the building, in the basement. An armory was placed on the upper stories, and various fortifications were mounted at the top of the building to protect the money.^[54] Adjoining the Subtreasury to the east was the United States Assay Office, a branch of the United States Mint that performed all Mint functions except creating the coinage.^[55] When the Subtreasury moved into the building in 1862, the structure held 70% of the federal government's money.^[28]

The Subtreasury (Federal Hall Memorial) seen after the Wall Street bombing in 1920

In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, the Subtreasury (Federal Hall Memorial) received no damage.

In 1883, John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze statue of George Washington was erected on the Subtreasury's ceremonial front steps.^[56]^[41] The statue was situated at the height of the original Federal Hall's balcony, where Washington had stood when taking oath of office, overlooking the crowds filling Broad Street up to Wall Street.^[57] By 1903, the building held over $275 million in gold, silver, and various other types of money; this amounted to nearly one-tenth of all of the United States' money at that point.^[58] A plaque memorializing the Northwest Ordinance was dedicated at the Subtreasury in 1905.^[59]^[60]

By 1917, the Subtreasury building held $519 million worth of gold and several million dollars more in coins.^[61] In the Wall Street bombing of 1920, a bomb was detonated across from the Subtreasury at 23 Wall Street, in what became known as The Corner.^[62] Though 38 people died in the surrounding area,^[63]^[64] though the Subtreasury was undamaged.^[62]

The Federal Reserve Bank replaced the Subtreasury system in 1920.^[65]^[66] The Subtreasury office closed on December 7 of that year,^[66] and the Assay Office leased the Subtreasury building to the Fed, which then was constructing the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building two blocks north.^[67] The Fed started moving its monetary holdings from the Subtreasury to the new Fed building in May 1924.^[68] This prompted concern among local financiers that the federal government was planning to sell the building to a private entity.^[35] That July, nationalist group American Defense Society started advocating against a possible sale of the building.^[69]^[70]

Use by other government offices

File:Federal Hall back jeh.jpg

View from north

Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies.^[71] The government also considered moving the Bureau of Internal Revenue to the Subtreasury.^[72] In October 1924, federal officials announced they would move Prohibition enforcement agents' offices to the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages.^[73]^[74] These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and historical societies.^[75]^[76] In early 1925, the City Club of New York appealed to Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon to preserve the Subtreasury building.^[77] U.S. representative Anning Smith Prall proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the building.^[78]^[79]

A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.^[80] The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House,^[81] as well as Constitution Day celebrations.^[82] The Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) built its Nassau Street Line under the building in the late 1920s,^[83] and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction.^[84]^[85] The original foundation was only Template:Convert deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending Template:Convert to the bedrock.^[84] Congress passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building.^[86] A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.^[87]^[88]

A writer for The New York Times in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the New York Stock Exchange Building, and Trinity Church.^[89] In the early 1930s, the United States Post Office Department proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office buildings.^[7]^[90] The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building.^[90] The Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.^[91]

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s

File:George Washington Statue at Federal Hall.JPG

George Washington, 1882, by John Quincy Adams Ward, in front of Federal Hall National Memorial

In 1939, after the government announced plans to demolish the Subtreasury building, a group called Federal Hall Memorial Associates raised money to prevent this.^[28] On April 29, 1939, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes announced that the Subtreasury would become a historic site.^[92] The building was designated as Federal Hall Memorial National Historic Site on May 26, 1939,^[93] and an information bureau opened on the rotunda floor, with exhibits related to finance and the 1939 New York World's Fair.^[94]^[95] The next month, the National Park Service (NPS) took over the Subtreasury building.^[96] The memorial commemorated the first building on the site, rather than the extant Subtreasury building.^[45] Due to the building's status as a "national shrine", it did not accommodate governmental offices.^[97] After several months of negotiations, Federal Hall Memorial Associates was allowed to operate the interior as a museum in January 1940.^[98]^[99] The memorial opened on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1940.^[100]^[101] The New York Herald Tribune said that, within the United States, Federal Hall Memorial was only matched by Mount Vernon and Independence Hall "in historical interest".^[102]

The building celebrated its 100th anniversary on Washington's Birthday, February 22, 1942.^[103] Among the other events at Federal Hall Memorial in the early 1940s were sales of World War II war bonds,^[104] Constitution Day celebrations,^[105] rallies in support of the United Service Organizations,^[106] and stamp sales.^[107] Events in the 1950s included a blood donation drive^[108] and a Salvation Army donation drive.^[109] In 1952, the United States House of Representatives' Subcommittee of the Interior voted to permit the rehabilitation of Federal Hall.^[110] The John Peter Zenger Room, a journalism exhibit, was dedicated at Federal Hall in April 1953.^[111]^[112] The next year, the U.S. government relocated the building's original wrought-iron fence into the basement because the Tennessee marble under it had started to buckle.^[113]

As the building is owned by the federal government and managed by the NPS, renovations and restoration proposals must be approved by Congress. In 1954, the New York City Council passed a resolution asking Congress to establish a committee to provide suggestions for restoring Federal Hall, the Castle Clinton National Monument, and the Statue of Liberty National Monument.^[114] Federal Hall was re-designated as a national memorial on August 11, 1955.^[115] The same year, the federal government created the New York City National Shrines Advisory Board.^[115]^[116] The board first convened in February 1956.^[117]^[118] The government tentatively allocated $1.621 million for the restoration of Federal Hall, whose interior had become dilapidated.^[119] In February 1957, the board recommended allocating $3 million for the restoration of the three sites.^[120] By 1960, Interior Secretary Fred A. Seaton announced plans to restore Federal Hall within the next two years. He proposed that local civic groups raise $2.9 million, half of the projected cost, and that the government raise matching funds.^[121] The next year, Interior Secretary Stewart Udall announced that the federal government would start redeveloping the three historic sites in advance of the 1964 New York World's Fair.^[122]^[123] Federal government officials also installed a plaque in front of the building, dedicating it as a "national shrine".^[122]^[124]

1960s to 1990s

File:Federal Hall National Monument, New York (89e95313-7d19-418b-b01f-f588707b1e9a).jpg

Federal Hall National Memorial

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965.^[125]^[126]^[127] The building was also added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) when the National Historic Preservation Act, which created the NRHP, was signed on October 15, 1966.^[128] The building's location on Wall Street, and near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as The New York Times described it. Its front steps were used for demonstrations, political rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives.^[129] Among these events were an anti-narcotics rally^[130] and a protest against the Vietnam War in 1970.^[131] After the building closed for restoration in 1968, the NPS said that loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem".^[129]

The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum.^[28] That year, ahead of the United States Bicentennial, the New York City Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall, as well as New York City during the American Revolution.^[132] The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the Morris–Jumel Mansion, and the Bartow–Pell Mansion should be designated as landmarks.^[133] The LPC designated all three as landmarks on May 26, 1975,^[134] and the New York City Board of Estimate ratified these designations that July.^[135] The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.^[136]

The Whitney Museum opened a temporary branch at Federal Hall in 1982.^[137]^[138] This was the third location of the Whitney's first satellite branch, which had previously been housed at 55 Water Street and the First Police Precinct Station House.^[137] The satellite branch occupied four galleries on the mezzanine of Federal Hall (around the central rotunda), while the NPS hosted history exhibits in other parts of the building.^[139] The Whitney closed the Federal Hall branch in 1984,^[140] eventually reopening at 33 Maiden Lane in 1988.^[140]^[141] During this decade, Richard Jenrette, the chairman of banking house Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, started soliciting $500,000 in private donations to renovate Federal Hall, in conjunction with Federal Hall Memorial Associates.^[142] Although the group planned to renovate the rotunda into a reception area with contemporary furnishings, by 1985, only $73.000 had been raised and no contemporary furnishings had been acquired.^[143]

Federal officials announced in 1986 that Federal Hall would be renovated; the spaces would be cleaned and painted, and mechanical systems would be replaced.^[144] The memorial's second floor would contain two galleries about the Constitution of the United States, and an exhibit about the original building would be installed.^[145] Federal Hall hosted a reenactment of Washington's inauguration on April 30, 1989, the event's 200th anniversary.^[146]^[147] The reenactment, attended by president George Bush, was intended to raise $700,000 for the museum,^[147] which opened to the public after this event.^[148]^[149] In addition to Constitution-related exhibits, the museum hosted temporary exhibits such as a display of Hudson Valley artwork,^[150] a showcase of New York City designated landmarks,^[151] and an exhibit about the abolition of slavery in the United States.^[152]

2000s to present

File:Federal Hall Sep 6 2002 Hastert Cheney.jpg

Congress convenes for a special session at Federal Hall National Memorial on September 6, 2002.

By the beginning of the 21st century, Federal Hall had numerous large cracks.^[65]^[153] During the September 11, 2001, attacks, which caused the nearby collapse of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers, 300 people sheltered at the memorial.^[154] Due to concerns over the building's structural integrity, Federal Hall was closed for one month following the attacks.^[155]^[156] When the building reopened, metal detectors were placed at the entrances.^[154] Meanwhile, the cracks in the building were exacerbated following the collapse of the World Trade Center,^[157] so the NPS received $16.5 million for repairs to the building in early 2002.^[155]^[157] On September 6, 2002, approximately 300 members of Congress traveled from Washington, D.C., to New York to convene in Federal Hall National Memorial as a symbolic show of support for the city; this was the first meeting of Congress in New York City since 1790.^[27]^[158] Four steel pilings were installed under one of the building's corners in 2003 after investigators found a 24-inch air gap beneath that corner.^[153]

The site closed on December 3, 2004, for a $16 million renovation, mostly to its foundation,^[159] and Einhorn Yaffee Prescott Architecture and Engineering was hired to repair and restore the building.^[65] Federal Hall National Memorial reopened in late 2006.^[160]^[161] The renovated memorial included a visitor center, showcasing other historical sites operated by the NPS in the New York City area.^[161] In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District,^[128] a NRHP district.^[162] The same year, the metal detectors were removed and replaced with magnetometers because the security screening process took too long, driving away visitors. This measure increased attendance fourfold.^[154] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and ABC News invited the 2008 United States presidential candidates, John McCain and Barack Obama, to a town hall forum at Federal Hall,^[163] though both candidates declined the offer.^[164] McCain did host his own town hall forum at Federal Hall in June 2008.^[165]

The American Express Foundation donated $75,000 in 2012 toward the restoration of the Washington statue.^[154] In 2015, the National Trust for Historic Preservation said Federal Hall's grand staircase would be renovated after the American Express Foundation had given a $300,000 grant.^[166]^[167] At the time, the steps had begun to fall into disrepair and showed signs of spalling and cracking.^[154] The work was to begin in late 2016.^[167] By 2018, local newspaper AM New York Metro wrote that "cracked walls, peeling paint and a rust-water-stained rotunda are among the deteriorating conditions that greet nearly 300,000 visitors who come there to learn about American history."^[168] Federal Hall National Memorial also had damaged floors and arches; the facade had begun to chip; and the columns had cracked and were showing signs of mold and discoloration.^[168] The cooling system was replaced in 2020.^[169] The NPS temporarily closed the memorial in July 2021 after finding cracked stone.^[170] As part of a permanent repair project, the building was to be covered in scaffolding for five to ten years.^[170]^[171]

Architecture

File:Custom House, now building in the City of New York, January, 1837 (NYPL Hades-1786125-1650784) (cropped).tiff

Custom House's architectural plan from 1837

Federal Hall National Memorial was designed by architects Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis of Town and Davis, with a domed rotunda designed by the sculptor John Frazee.^[45]^[172]^[173] The building is constructed of Tuckahoe marble,^[43] which was sourced from Westchester County, New York.^[172]^[173] Town and Davis, who were proponents of various revival styles of architecture, designed the building in the Greek Revival style.^[36] The design reflects two prominent American ideals of democracy: The Doric columns on the facade resemble those of the Parthenon and are a tribute to the democracy of the Greeks, while the domed rotunda echoes the Pantheon and honors of the republican ideals of the ancient Romans.^[45]^[174]

The building occupies a Template:Convert site, which measures Template:Convert across on Wall Street and Template:Convert on Nassau Street.^[175] The site slopes up from Wall to Pine Street.^[173] The structure has a gross floor area of Template:Convert.^[175] It has two basement levels, three full above-ground stories, and an attic.^[176] The Subtreasury had been constructed with 22^[8] or 25 rooms.^[35]

Facade

The facade of the building is made of marble blocks measuring Template:Convert thick.^[8] A set of 18 granite steps lead from ground level up to the rotunda.^[53] John Quincy Adams Ward's bronze statue of George Washington is placed on the building's ceremonial front steps.^[56]^[177] At the top of the stairs, a colonnade supports a plain triangular pediment. The lack of sculpture on the pediment may have been influenced by aesthetic considerations, as there were few "qualified sculptors" at the time of the building's construction, according to Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis.^[41]

Next to the building's western elevation, there was originally a wrought-iron fence about Template:Convert tall and Template:Convert long; it rested on a parapet of Tennessee marble measuring Template:Convert tall. The fence, which was placed about Template:Convert in front of the building, was removed in 1954.^[113] When the building was used by the Subtreasury, guards were stationed in three turrets on the roof. These turrets contained grilles through which the guards could fire at invaders.^[8] There are also flat pilasters on the western facade, along Nassau Street.^[127]

Rotunda

File:Federal Hall NYC.jpg

Main hall of the memorial, looking toward one of the four-column colonnades. Above is the saucer dome with a skylight at the center.

The main rotunda of Federal Hall is Template:Convert in diameter.^[41]^[53] The rotunda is designed as an amphiprostyle: it has balconies on four sides, but there are no columns between each balcony.^[44] The balconies have iron railings decorated with foliation (or carved-leaf shapes) and caryatids,^[65] and they also have barrel vaulted ceilings.^[178]

The wall of the rotunda contains four sections of colonnade, each containing four columns.^[40]^[41]^[53] Each of the columns was carved in one piece from a block of marble^[36] and measures Template:Convert high and Template:Convert across.^[44] The southern colonnade leads to the main entrance, while the northern colonnade leads to the primary hallway of the building. The outer walls of the eastern and western colonnades contain plainly designed windows. There are gilded-iron balconies behind each colonnade. Between the colonnades are short sections of flat wall, situated between flat pilasters.^[40] The pilasters measure Template:Convert high.^[41] The rotunda had contained four Carrara marble counters when it was used as the Custom House.^[94]

The rotunda is topped by a self-supporting masonry saucer dome with a skylight at its center;^[179]^[180] the skylight cannot be seen from ground level, even though it protrudes above the rest of the roof.^[36] The dome contains narrow panels with curved bottoms, as well as anthemion motifs at their top and bottom ends. The underside of the skylight is surrounded by raised rosettes.^[179]^[180]^[181] The decorations were originally in a gold, blue, and white color scheme.^[180] The floor of the rotunda contains gray and cream marble blocks in concentric circles, surrounding a central stone slab where George Washington once stood.^[65]^[178]

Activities and visitation

The National Park Service operates Federal Hall as a national memorial, which is open only on weekdays.^[173]^[182] The memorial is wheelchair-accessible via a ramp on Pine Street.^[182] There is tourist information about the New York Harbor area's federal monuments and parks, and a New York City tourism information center. The gift shop has colonial and early American items for sale. Normally its exhibit galleries are open free to the public daily, except national holidays, and guided tours of the site are offered throughout the day.^[183]

The memorial has several permanent exhibits.^[25] These include George Washington's Inauguration Gallery, including his copy of the Bible used to swear his oath of office; Freedom of the Press, the imprisonment and trial of John Peter Zenger; and New York: An American Capital, preview exhibit created by the National Archives and Records Administration.^[184] Among the items displayed are a piece of the balcony upon which Washington stood in his first inauguration.^[25]^[185] Various temporary exhibitions have also been shown at Federal Hall.^[186] For instance, in 2023 the building hosted a site-specific theatre performance, The Democracy Project.^[187]

The memorial had an estimated 200,000 annual visitors by 2015, representing about one percent of the 15 million people who visited the intersection of Wall, Nassau, and Broad Streets every year.^[154]^[188] Template:As of, the memorial had 63,314 visitors.^[189]

Impact

File:Alexander Hamilton-3c.jpg

Stamp issue of 1957

The design of the first Federal Hall influenced the development of what became the Federal style.^[190] More directly, the building's architecture had helped inspire the design of the first Connecticut State Capitol.^[191] Of the second building, Gerard Wolfe wrote in his 1994 book New York, a Guide to the Metropolis, that the structure was "considered the Parthenon of public buildings in the city and possibly its finest Greek Revival-style building".^[6] The writer Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis described the second building as "above all, New York's most eloquent reminder of the philhellenism of the 1830s and 1840s".^[192] Meanwhile, the AIA Guide to New York City called it one of the "institutional stars of New York's Greek Revival", along with Sailors' Snug Harbor in Staten Island.^[173]

Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the 150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration, where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.^[193]^[194] The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of Alexander Hamilton's birth. This issue depicts Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.^[195] The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York ratified the United States Constitution. The stamp depicted the original Federal Hall, Wall Street, and Trinity Church's steeple.^[196]

References

Template:Notelist

Notes Template:Reflist

Sources

Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Template:Cite New York 2000
The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.
Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Official, National Park Service
Federal Hall
Federal Hall Visitor Information, National Parks of NY Harbor Conservancy
Library of Congress – The New Capital City
U. S. Custom House, 28 Wall Street, New York, NY, Historic American Buildings Survey
- Engraving: Federal Hall, The Seat of Congress
Lithograph: A View of the Federal Hall, 1797

Template:Navbox with collapsible groups Template:Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation Template:Financial District, Manhattan Template:Museums in Manhattan Template:Navboxes Template:Subject bar Template:Authority control

↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Template:Cite magazine
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Template:Cite magazine
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Howe
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Template:Cite aia5
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nhlsum
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b ^c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ ^a ^b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt19100410-1] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Federal_Hall_National_Memorial_(U.S._National_Park_Service)_2015-2] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Kobbe_p._100-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Reynolds_p._48-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Architectural_Record_r6942-5] Template:Cite magazine

[Wolfe_1994_p._49-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[p1114744928-7] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1924-07-20-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[9] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Garvin_k904-10] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Magazine_2020_p._48-11] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[History_in_the_House_1985_p._19-12] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[13] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Kornwolf_t809-14] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Reynolds_p._51-15] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Kobbe_p._101-16] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[17] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Smith_1889_p._48-18] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[George_Washington_the_President:_1789-1797_1931_p._9-19] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[United_States._Congress_1964_p._21451-20] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[21] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Schwartz_1980_p.-22] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[23] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[ABA_Journal_p._469-24] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Reynolds_p._53-25] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[26] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[CNN-27] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Carmody_1972-28] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[29] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[30] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p129487975-31] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Federal_Hall_--_U.S._Custom_House-32] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[ML_p._39-33] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Lee_p._18-34] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[nyt-1924-07-11-35] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Gura_p._32-36] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[NYCL_p._1-37] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[NYCL_pp._1-2-38] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[ML_p._40-39] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[NYCL_p._2-40] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Lee_p._19-41] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[ML_p._41-42] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[American_Heritage_i921-43] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Reynolds_p._80-44] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[nyt20060924-45] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[46] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[47] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[48] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[49] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Stokes_p._1901-50] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[51] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Wolfe_1994_pp._49–50-52] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Kobbe_p._104-53] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[54] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Kobbe_p._107-55] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Kobbe_p._103-56] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[57] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1012445576-58] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1905-11-30-59] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[n124694041-60] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[61] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p165595897-62] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[63] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[barron-64] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Gura_p._35-65] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[tribune19201207-66] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p130280688-67] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1113087502-68] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1113018094-69] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p130257203-70] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p130276433-71] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1113123192-72] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1113041571-73] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p103259146-74] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1113064902-75] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[76] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1112788307-77] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1112950044-78] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[79] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[80] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[81] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[82] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[83] Template:Cite magazine

[p1113636502-84] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1931-05-10-85] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p130686496-86] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1114223422-87] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p558069416-88] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[89] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[The_New_York_Times_1931-90] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[91] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1244884660-92] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[93] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1243121758-94] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1939-05-25-95] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[96] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p132041620-97] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[98] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[99] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1242984157-100] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[101] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1324144677-102] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1266850591-103] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[104] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[105] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[106] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[107] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[108] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[109] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[110] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[111] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1319936304-112] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1954-06-16-113] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[114] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1955-08-13-115] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1328082846-116] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1327597493-117] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[118] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[119] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[120] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[121] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1961-10-11-122] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p898224798-123] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p1325444685-124] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[125] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[126] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[NYCL-0047-127] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Howe-128] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Howe

[Whitney1970-129] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[130] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[131] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[132] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[133] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[134] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[135] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[136] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Stern_(2006)_p._247-137] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[138] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[139] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Stern_(2006)_p._248-140] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[141] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[142] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[143] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[144] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1988-07-25-145] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p278070384-146] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1989-05-01-147] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[148] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[p278099476-149] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[150] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[151] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[152] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-2004-03-18-153] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-2015-12-02-154] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[UPI_2002-155] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[156] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-2002-03-26-157] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[158] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[amNewYork_2004-159] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[160] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-2006-11-25-161] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nris_2007-162] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[163] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Chung_2008-164] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[165] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Warerkar_2015-166] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Nast_2015-167] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Alvarez_2018-168] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Commercial_Construction_and_Renovation_2020-169] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[CNBC_2021-170] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Brand_2021-171] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Wolfe_1994_p._50-172] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[aia5-173] Template:Cite aia5

[nhlsum-174] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nhlsum

[ZoLa-175] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[NRHP-66000095-176] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[177] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[NYCL_p._3-178] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[NYCL_pp._2-3-179] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Reynolds_p._82-180] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[Gura_pp._32,_35-181] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[:0-182] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Federal_Hall_National_Memorial_2021-183] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[National_Park_Planner_2020-184] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Federal_Hall_National_Memorial_(U.S._National_Park_Service)_20152-185] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Federal_Hall_2022-186] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[187] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[POLITICO_1970-188] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Annual_Park_Ranking_Report-189] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Reynolds_p._52-190] Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

[King_o684-191] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[MM_2018_n750-192] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[National_Postal_Museum_2020-193] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[194] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[195] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[nyt-1988-07-28-196] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|Memorial in Manhattan, New York}}
+{{good article}}
 {{Use American English|date=October 2024}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
@@ Line 64: / Line 65: @@
 The Confederation Congress still needed a permanent structure, and the New York City Council and mayor [[James Duane]] wished for the city to be the United States capital. Private citizens and the government of New York City spent $65,000 (equivalent to ${{inflation|index=US|value=0.065|start_year=1784|r=2|fmt=c}} million in {{inflation/year|US}}) to convert the old City Hall into a congressional building.<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EI9NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP19 |title=History in the House |publisher=Office for the Bicentennial |year=1985 |pages=19–20 |issue=v. 1 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503191244/https://books.google.com/books?id=EI9NAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] felt that the building should be remodeled in a distinctively American style while also preserving the pre-colonial structure.<ref name="Reynolds p. 48" /> [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]], a French architect who had helped the Americans during the Revolutionary War, was selected to remodel the structure.<ref name="Reynolds p. 48" /><ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /> In December 1784, Congress voted to designate New York as the nation's capital.<ref name="Garvin k904">{{cite book | last=Garvin | first=James Louis | last2=Hooper | first2=Franklin Henry | last3=Cox | first3=Warren E. | title=The Encyclopedia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopedia britannica Company, Limited | date=1929 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Encyclopedia_Britannica/Jb3Bdf3vJrEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%2522federal+hall%2522+%2522Sons+of+Liberty%2522+nyc&pg=PA389&printsec=frontcover | access-date=June 18, 2025 | page=389}}</ref> The Confederation Congress passed the [[Northwest Ordinance]] at City Hall in 1787.<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Alexander |first=Robert |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Northwest_Ordinance/IMq4DgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA9&printsec=frontcover |title=The Northwest Ordinance: Constitutional Politics and the Theft of Native Land |date=April 21, 2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2761-8 |page=9 |access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref>
-L'Enfant's expansion, which took place between 1788 and 1789,<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /><ref name="Kornwolf t809">{{cite book | last=Kornwolf | first=James D. | last2=Kornwolf | first2=Georgiana Wallis | title=Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America | publisher=JHU Press | date=2002 | isbn=978-0-8018-5986-1 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architecture_and_Town_Planning_in_Coloni/4bHwImC-UOUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%2522city+hall%2522+%2522federal+hall%2522+%2522l%2527enfant%2522+nyc&pg=PA1414&printsec=frontcover | access-date=June 18, 2025 | pages=1414-1415}}</ref> was characteristic of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs.<ref name="Reynolds p. 51">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=51}}</ref> An arched walkway was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy [[Tuscan column]]s supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a [[pediment]] that depicted [[Great Seal of the United States|an American eagle with thirteen arrows]] (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /><ref name="Reynolds p. 51" /><ref name="Kobbe p. 101">{{harvnb|Kobbe|1891|ps=.|p=101}}</ref> L'Enfant also created a [[loggia]] with a recessed [[Long gallery|gallery]] behind the columns,<ref name="Architectural Record r6942" /> and he placed decorative [[Festoon|swags]] above the second-story windows.<ref name="Reynolds p. 51" /><ref name="Kornwolf t809"/> The ground-story room for the [[United States House of Representatives]] measured {{convert|60|by|60|ft}} across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the [[United States Senate]] was on the second floor,<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /> and L'Enfant built a third story, topped by a [[cupola]] and [[hip roof]].<ref name="Architectural Record r6942" /><ref name="Kornwolf t809"/> L'Enfant's design influenced the development of what became the [[Federal architecture|Federal style]].<ref name="Reynolds p. 52">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=52}}</ref>
+L'Enfant's expansion, which took place between 1788 and 1789,<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /><ref name="Kornwolf t809">{{cite book | last=Kornwolf | first=James D. | last2=Kornwolf | first2=Georgiana Wallis | title=Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America | publisher=JHU Press | date=2002 | isbn=978-0-8018-5986-1 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Architecture_and_Town_Planning_in_Coloni/4bHwImC-UOUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%2522city+hall%2522+%2522federal+hall%2522+%2522l%2527enfant%2522+nyc&pg=PA1414&printsec=frontcover | access-date=June 18, 2025 | pages=1414-1415}}</ref> was characteristic of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-style designs, although he used larger proportions, and added American motifs.<ref name="Reynolds p. 51">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=51}}</ref> An arched walkway was built through the street-level basement, with four heavy [[Tuscan column]]s supporting a balcony. On balcony level, four high Doric columns were installed, supporting a [[pediment]] that depicted [[Great Seal of the United States|an American eagle with thirteen arrows]] (one for each of the original Thirteen Colonies).<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /><ref name="Reynolds p. 51" /><ref name="Kobbe p. 101">{{harvnb|Kobbe|1891|ps=.|p=101}}</ref> L'Enfant also created a [[loggia]] with a recessed [[Long gallery|gallery]] behind the columns,<ref name="Architectural Record r6942" /> and he placed decorative [[Festoon|swags]] above the second-story windows.<ref name="Reynolds p. 51" /><ref name="Kornwolf t809"/> The ground-story room for the [[United States House of Representatives]] measured {{convert|60|by|60|ft}} across and about two stories high. A smaller room for the [[United States Senate]] was on the second floor,<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /> and L'Enfant built a third story, topped by a [[cupola]] and [[hip roof]].<ref name="Architectural Record r6942" /><ref name="Kornwolf t809"/>
 ==== Usage ====
 [[File:Archibald Robertson - View up Wall Street.jpg|thumb|Archibald Robertson's ''View up Wall Street'' with City Hall (Federal Hall) and [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], New York City, from around 1798|alt=|right]]
-The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the [[New York Society Library]]'s 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being.<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /> The building was renamed Federal Hall in 1789 when New York was chosen as the nation's first [[seat of government]] under the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]]. The [[1st United States Congress|1st Congress]] met there beginning on March 4, 1789.<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /><ref name="Smith 1889 p. 48">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=T.E.V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qn0aC9ZiI4C&pg=PA48|title=The City of New York in the Year of Washington's Inauguration, 1789|publisher=A. D. F. Randolph|year=1889|page=48|access-date=May 2, 2022|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qn0aC9ZiI4C&pg=PA48%C2%A0|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[first inauguration of George Washington]], the first-ever [[United States presidential inauguration|inauguration]] of a [[President of the United States]], occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.<ref name="George Washington the President: 1789-1797 1931 p. 9">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTHfqh2jRQYC&pg=PA9|title=George Washington the President: 1789–1797|publisher=United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission|year=1931|page=9|issue=т. 627, № 14|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTHfqh2jRQYC&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="United States. Congress 1964 p. 21451">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPgRPTKrOlwC&pg=PA21451|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1964|page=21451|issue=т. 110, ч. 16|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPgRPTKrOlwC&pg=PA21451|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kobbe|1891|ps=.|pp=101, 103}}</ref> Many important U.S. legislative actions occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the [[United States Bill of Rights]] was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the Stamp Act Congress.<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /><ref name="United States. Congress 1964 p. 21451" /><ref name="Schwartz 1980 p.">{{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT4oAQAAMAAJ|title=Roots of the Bill of Rights|publisher=Chelsea House|year=1980|isbn=978-0-87754-207-0|page=894|issue=т. 4|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT4oAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] was also enacted in the building, setting up the [[United States federal court system]].<ref name="United States. Congress 1964 p. 21451" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Hoffer | first=Peter Charles | last2=Hoffer | first2=Williamjames | last3=Hull | first3=N. E. H. | title=The Federal Courts: An Essential History | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-938790-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yx2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | access-date=2025-06-18 | page=}}</ref>
+The city moved all of its municipal offices out of the building in late 1788, but the [[New York Society Library]]'s 3,500-volume library remained in the building for the time being.<ref name="History in the House 1985 p. 19" /> In 1789, the building became Federal Hall, the nation's first [[seat of government]] under the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Moser | first=Edward P. | title=The Lost History of the Capitol: The Hidden and Tumultuous Saga of Congress and the Capitol Building | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | date=October 1, 2021 | isbn=978-1-4930-5591-3 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lost_History_of_the_Capitol/MsM3EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&pg=PA2&printsec=frontcover | access-date=June 21, 2025 | page=}}</ref> The [[1st United States Congress|1st Congress]] met there beginning on March 4, 1789.<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /><ref name="Smith 1889 p. 48">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=T.E.V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qn0aC9ZiI4C&pg=PA48|title=The City of New York in the Year of Washington's Inauguration, 1789|publisher=A. D. F. Randolph|year=1889|page=48|access-date=May 2, 2022|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Qn0aC9ZiI4C&pg=PA48%C2%A0|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[first inauguration of George Washington]], the first-ever [[United States presidential inauguration|inauguration]] of a [[President of the United States]], occurred on the balcony of the building on April 30, 1789.<ref name="George Washington the President: 1789-1797 1931 p. 9">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTHfqh2jRQYC&pg=PA9|title=George Washington the President: 1789–1797|publisher=United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission|year=1931|page=9|issue=т. 627, № 14|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114124/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTHfqh2jRQYC&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="United States. Congress 1964 p. 21451">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPgRPTKrOlwC&pg=PA21451|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1964|page=21451|issue=т. 110, ч. 16|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=VPgRPTKrOlwC&pg=PA21451|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kobbe|1891|ps=.|pp=101, 103}}</ref> Many important U.S. legislative actions occurred with the 1st Congress at Federal Hall. For example, on September 25, 1789, the [[United States Bill of Rights]] was proposed in Federal Hall, establishing the freedoms claimed by the Stamp Act Congress.<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /><ref name="United States. Congress 1964 p. 21451" /><ref name="Schwartz 1980 p.">{{cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT4oAQAAMAAJ|title=Roots of the Bill of Rights|publisher=Chelsea House|year=1980|isbn=978-0-87754-207-0|page=894|issue=т. 4|access-date=February 10, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022609/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT4oAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] was also enacted in the building, setting up the [[United States federal court system]].<ref name="United States. Congress 1964 p. 21451" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Hoffer | first=Peter Charles | last2=Hoffer | first2=Williamjames | last3=Hull | first3=N. E. H. | title=The Federal Courts: An Essential History | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-938790-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yx2CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | access-date=2025-06-18 | page=}}</ref>
 In 1790, the United States capital moved to [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="ABA Journal p. 469">{{cite book |last=Seymour | first=Whitney North Jr. |title=ABA Journal |date=May 1964 |publisher=American Bar Association |isbn= |location= |page=469 |chapter=Dedication of the Bill of Rights Memorial |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvh0Yfu3fh0C&pg=PA469 |access-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502022610/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvh0Yfu3fh0C&pg=PA469%C2%A0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Reynolds p. 53">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=53}}</ref> Federal Hall was turned into quarters for the state assembly and courts.<ref>{{harvnb|Kobbe|1891|ps=.|pp=103–104}}</ref> The Federal Hall building was one of the few structures in the area to survive an 1804 fire that caused $2 million in damage (equivalent to ${{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2|start_year=1804|fmt=c}} million in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}).<ref name="nyt-1924-07-20" /> Federal Hall was briefly converted back into a city hall in 1810.<ref name="Kornwolf t809" /> With the opening of the current [[New York City Hall]] in 1812, the New York City government no longer needed Federal Hall. The building was sold for $425 (equivalent to ${{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=425|start_year=1804|r=0|fmt=c}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}})<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /> and was demolished.<ref name="Reynolds p. 53" /><ref name="CNN">{{cite web|date=September 5, 2002|title=Inside Politics: Symbolic Site for Congress to Meet|url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/05/federal.hall/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120042511/http://www.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/05/federal.hall/index.html|archive-date=November 20, 2017|access-date=August 27, 2019|website=cnn.com}}</ref><ref name="Carmody 1972">{{Cite news|last=Carmody|first=Deirdre|date=October 21, 1972|title=Federal Hall Memorial Is Reopened as Museum|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/21/archives/federal-hall-memorial-is-reopened-as-museum.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 6, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114120/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/21/archives/federal-hall-memorial-is-reopened-as-museum.html}}</ref> Part of the original railing and balcony floor, where Washington had been inaugurated, is on display in the memorial<ref>{{cite web|title=Inaugural Balcony|url=https://www.nps.gov/feha/learn/historyculture/inaugural-balcony.htm|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=June 7, 2012|archive-date=July 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714224009/http://www.nps.gov/feha/historyculture/inaugural-balcony.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and was at one point held by the [[New-York Historical Society]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 20, 1938 |title=Relic of 1789 Used in Honoring Skill; Federal Hall Railing From the First Inaugural Is Background for Building Awards |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/20/archives/relic-of-1789-used-in-honoring-skill-federal-hall-railing-from-the.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195536/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/04/20/archives/relic-of-1789-used-in-honoring-skill-federal-hall-railing-from-the.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nassau Street (Manhattan)|Nassau Street]] had originally curved around the building to the west, while [[Broad Street (Manhattan)|Broad Street]] had run to the east.<ref name="nyt-1924-07-20" /><ref name="p129487975">{{cite news |date=September 28, 1914 |title=New York Real Estate in the Financial District: History of the "Streete That Runs by the Pye-woman's" and of the Jog Around Federal Hall |page=8 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|129487975}}}}</ref> Nassau Street was straightened after the building was demolished, and it runs to the west of the modern Federal Hall National Memorial.<ref name="nyt19100410" />
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 [[File:A picture of New York in 1850 - with a short account of places in its vicinity - designed as a guide to citizens and strangers; with numerous engravings, and a map of the city (1846) (14780910134) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Custom House in 1850]]
-[[Town and Davis]]—composed of [[Ithiel Town]] and [[Alexander Jackson Davis]], then two of the city's most prolific architects<ref name="Gura p. 32">{{harvnb|Gura|2015|ps=.|p=32}}</ref>—won an [[architectural design competition]] for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833.<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|p=1}}</ref><ref name="Lee p. 18"/> Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 (equivalent to ${{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=0.25|r=2|start_year=1833|fmt=c}} million in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}) if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 (${{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=0.32|r=1|start_year=1833|fmt=c}} to {{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=0.35|r=1|start_year=1833|fmt=c}} million in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}) if it was of masonry, brick, and marble.<ref name="Lee p. 18"/> The original design called for a [[colonnade]] of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square [[pilasters]] on Nassau Street, a massive [[coffer]]ed dome protruding above the roof, and a [[cruciform]] floor plan.<ref name="NYCL pp. 1-2">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="ML p. 40">{{harvnb|Macaulay-Lewis|2021|ps=.|p=40}}</ref> The building would have also been decorated with details such as [[Acroterion|acroteria]], [[metope]]s, and triangular [[pediment]]s.<ref name="ML p. 40" /> Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at [[Sailors' Snug Harbor]], be named the construction superintendent.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="Lee p. 19" /><ref name="ML p. 41">{{harvnb|Macaulay-Lewis|2021|ps=.|p=41}}</ref>
+[[Town and Davis]]—composed of [[Ithiel Town]] and [[Alexander Jackson Davis]], then two of the city's most prolific architects<ref name="Gura p. 32">{{harvnb|Gura|2015|ps=.|p=32}}</ref>—won an [[architectural design competition]] for the new Custom House building and was awarded the contract for the building's design in August 1833.<ref name="NYCL p. 1">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|p=1}}</ref><ref name="Lee p. 18"/> Town estimated that the plans would cost $250,000 (equivalent to ${{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=0.25|r=2|start_year=1833|fmt=c}} million in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}) if the Custom House building was made of granite, or $320,000 to $350,000 (${{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=0.32|r=1|start_year=1833|fmt=c}} to {{inflation|index=US-GDP|value=0.35|r=1|start_year=1833|fmt=c}} million in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}) if it was of masonry, brick, and marble.<ref name="Lee p. 18"/> The original design called for a [[colonnade]] of eight columns facing Wall and Pine Streets, square [[pilasters]] on Nassau Street, a massive [[coffer]]ed dome protruding above the roof, and a [[cruciform]] floor plan.<ref name="NYCL pp. 1-2">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|pp=1–2}}</ref><ref name="ML p. 40">{{harvnb|Macaulay-Lewis|2021|ps=.|p=40}}</ref> The building would have also been decorated with details such as [[Acroterion|acroteria]], [[metope]]s, and triangular [[pediment]]s.<ref name="ML p. 40" /> Town suggested that Samuel Thomson, architect of the Administration Building at [[Sailors' Snug Harbor]], be named the con&shy;struct&shy;ion super&shy;in&shy;tend&shy;ent.<ref name="NYCL p. 2" /><ref name="Lee p. 19" /><ref name="ML p. 41">{{harvnb|Macaulay-Lewis|2021|ps=.|p=41}}</ref>
 Ultimately, the building was constructed out of marble.<ref name="American Heritage i921"/> Work on the Custom House began in January 1834, but the Customs Service then requested that the plans for the new building be downsized due to increasing costs. As a result, the dome was reduced in size and the original double colonnade on the facade was changed to a single colonnade.<ref name="ML p. 41" /> Thomson resigned in April 1835, taking the plans with him. Sculptor [[John Frazee (sculptor, born 1790)|John Frazee]] was named the superintendent in Thomson's stead, and he worked to piece together Town and Davis's original plans.<ref name="NYCL p. 2">{{harvnb|ps=.|Landmarks Preservation Commission|1975|p=2}}</ref><ref name="Lee p. 19">{{harvnb|ps=.|Lee|2000|p=19}}</ref><ref name="ML p. 41" /> Frazee influenced the design of the interior and decorative details,<ref name="Gura p. 32" /><ref name="ML p. 41" /> and he modified plans for the attic to a full-height third story.<ref name="ML p. 41" /> Frazee got into a dispute with building commissioner [[Walter Bowne]] and was dismissed in 1840, but he was rehired in 1841.<ref name="Lee p. 19" />
@@ Line 99: / Line 100: @@
 Ultimately, the government decided to retain ownership of the Subtreasury, using it as storage space for the Assay Office and as office space for other agencies.<ref name="p130276433">{{cite news |date=July 22, 1924 |title=Sub-treasury Building Will Be Retained: Will Be Used by the Government for Assay Office Storage and for Other Agencies Now Scattered |page=11 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|130276433}}}}</ref> The government also considered moving the [[Internal Revenue Service|Bureau of Internal Revenue]] to the Subtreasury.<ref name="p1113123192">{{cite news |date=July 11, 1924 |title=Sub-Treasury May Be Used By Tax Bureau: Question of Its Future Is Brought to Fore by Impending Withdrawal of Reserve Bank as Tenant |page=17 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113123192}}}}</ref> In October 1924, federal officials announced they would move [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] enforcement agents' offices to the Subtreasury building, using the basement vaults to store confiscated alcoholic beverages.<ref name="p1113041571">{{cite news |date=October 9, 1924 |title=Deranged Man Attacks Policeman on Duty |page=10 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113041571}}}}</ref><ref name="p103259146">{{cite news |date=October 9, 1924 |title=Subtreasury to Be Prohibition Office: Government Makes Clear Its Intention Not to Sell Historic Building. |page=40 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|103259146}}}}</ref> These plans were canceled the next month because of opposition from patriotic and historical societies.<ref name="p1113064902">{{cite news |date=November 19, 1924 |title="Bulletin" Arranges For $500,000 Loan |page=17 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113064902}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 1924 |title=Subtreasury Saved as Historic Shrine; Will Not Be Used as Offices for Prohibition and Narcotic Forces. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1924/11/19/archives/subtreasury-saved-as-historic-shrine-will-not-be-used-as-offices.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504162450/https://www.nytimes.com/1924/11/19/archives/subtreasury-saved-as-historic-shrine-will-not-be-used-as-offices.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 1925, the [[City Club of New York]] appealed to Treasury Secretary [[Andrew Mellon]] to preserve the Subtreasury building.<ref name="p1112788307">{{cite news |date=March 20, 1925 |title=Mellon's Aid Asked In Preservation of Old Sub-Treasury: City Club Seeks to Save the Historic Building in Wall Street for Museum of National Activities |page=6 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1112788307}}}}</ref> U.S. representative [[Anning Smith Prall]] proposed a bill that December to allocate $5 million for an expansion of the building.<ref name="p1112950044">{{cite news |date=December 13, 1925 |title=Prall Draws Bill To Reconstruct Sub-Treasury: Would Enlarge and Repair 85-Year-Okl Building to Provide Extra Space for U. S. Offices Here Keeps Washington Statue Fish Offers Measure for Four More Federal Judges in New York District |page=10 |work=The New York Herald, New York Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1112950044}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=December 14, 1925 |title=Would Spend $5,000,000 on the Subtreasury; Representative Prall's Bill Contemplates Extension to Old Wall Street Building. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/14/archives/would-spend-5000000-on-the-subtreasury-representative-pralls-bill.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175647/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/14/archives/would-spend-5000000-on-the-subtreasury-representative-pralls-bill.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
-A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 29, 1925 |title=To Open New Branch of Passport Bureau |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101012765/to-open-new-branch-of-passport-bureau/ |access-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504174531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101012765/to-open-new-branch-of-passport-bureau/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House,<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 6, 1926 |title=Dedicate a New Community House; Mayor Walker Is Chief Speaker as New Home of Bowling Green Association Opens |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/05/06/archives/dedicate-a-new-community-house-mayor-walker-is-chief-speaker-as-new.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175645/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/05/06/archives/dedicate-a-new-community-house-mayor-walker-is-chief-speaker-as-new.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as [[Constitution Day and Citizenship Day|Constitution Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 18, 1928 |title=Observe Constitution Day; Sons of Revolution Hold Exercises on Steps of Sub-Treasury. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/09/18/archives/observe-constitution-day-sons-of-revolution-hold-exercises-on-steps.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175642/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/09/18/archives/observe-constitution-day-sons-of-revolution-hold-exercises-on-steps.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation]] (BMT) built its [[BMT Nassau Street Line|Nassau Street Line]] under the building in the late 1920s,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Linder |first=Bernard |date=February 2016 |title=Contract 4 Subway Controversy |url=https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2016-02-bulletin/1 |publisher=Electric Railroaders' Association |volume=59 |issue=2 |access-date=July 28, 2016 |journal=The Bulletin |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816151223/https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2016-02-bulletin/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction.<ref name="p1113636502">{{cite news |date=October 7, 1928 |title=Stored Millions Guarded as Subway Builders Dig Close to Sunken Vaults: Police and Private Inspectors and Watchmen Keen Constant Vigil on Broad and Nassau Streets as Excavations Expose Walls Hiding Treasure; Sensitive Electric Alarms Strengthen Precautions Digging Subway Under Center of Financial District |page=B3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113636502}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1931-05-10">{{Cite news |date=May 10, 1931 |title=Nassau St. Subway To Open On May 30; Its Construction an Engineering Feat Because Many Buildings Had to Be Underpinned |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/10/archives/nassau-st-subway-to-open-on-may-30-its-construction-an-engineering.html |access-date=July 28, 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170430/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/10/archives/nassau-st-subway-to-open-on-may-30-its-construction-an-engineering.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The original foundation was only {{convert|8|ft}} deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending {{convert|30|ft}} to the bedrock.<ref name="p1113636502" /> Both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building.<ref name="p130686496">{{cite news |date=January 23, 1929 |title=House Passes N.Y. Subway Bill |page=21 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|130686496}}}}</ref> A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.<ref name="p1114223422">{{cite news |date=October 5, 1931 |title=Nassau St. Main Bursts, Flooding Tube and Cellars: Ton of Silt Washed Into Subway Passage as the Wall Breaks; Pavements Bulge Excavations Are Inundated Old Records Damaged in Basement of Treasury Building |page=3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1114223422}}}}</ref><ref name="p558069416">{{cite news |date=October 5, 1931 |title=Wall Street Water Main Bursts Doing $100,000 Damage |page=1 |work=The Hartford Courant |id={{ProQuest|558069416}}}}</ref>
+A passport office opened on the Pine Street side of the building in March 1925.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 29, 1925 |title=To Open New Branch of Passport Bureau |pages=5 |work=The Brooklyn Citizen |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101012765/to-open-new-branch-of-passport-bureau/ |access-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504174531/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101012765/to-open-new-branch-of-passport-bureau/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Subtreasury was also used for events such as a 1926 party to celebrate the dedication of the Bowling Green Community House,<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 6, 1926 |title=Dedicate a New Community House; Mayor Walker Is Chief Speaker as New Home of Bowling Green Association Opens |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1926/05/06/archives/dedicate-a-new-community-house-mayor-walker-is-chief-speaker-as-new.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175645/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/05/06/archives/dedicate-a-new-community-house-mayor-walker-is-chief-speaker-as-new.html |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as [[Constitution Day and Citizenship Day|Constitution Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 18, 1928 |title=Observe Constitution Day; Sons of Revolution Hold Exercises on Steps of Sub-Treasury. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/09/18/archives/observe-constitution-day-sons-of-revolution-hold-exercises-on-steps.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175642/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/09/18/archives/observe-constitution-day-sons-of-revolution-hold-exercises-on-steps.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation]] (BMT) built its [[BMT Nassau Street Line|Nassau Street Line]] under the building in the late 1920s,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Linder |first=Bernard |date=February 2016 |title=Contract 4 Subway Controversy |url=https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2016-02-bulletin/1 |publisher=Electric Railroaders' Association |volume=59 |issue=2 |access-date=July 28, 2016 |journal=The Bulletin |archive-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816151223/https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2016-02-bulletin/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Subtreasury was underpinned during the line's construction.<ref name="p1113636502">{{cite news |date=October 7, 1928 |title=Stored Millions Guarded as Subway Builders Dig Close to Sunken Vaults: Police and Private Inspectors and Watchmen Keen Constant Vigil on Broad and Nassau Streets as Excavations Expose Walls Hiding Treasure; Sensitive Electric Alarms Strengthen Precautions Digging Subway Under Center of Financial District |page=B3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1113636502}}}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1931-05-10">{{Cite news |date=May 10, 1931 |title=Nassau St. Subway To Open On May 30; Its Construction an Engineering Feat Because Many Buildings Had to Be Underpinned |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/10/archives/nassau-st-subway-to-open-on-may-30-its-construction-an-engineering.html |access-date=July 28, 2016 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170430/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/10/archives/nassau-st-subway-to-open-on-may-30-its-construction-an-engineering.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The original foundation was only {{convert|8|ft}} deep, so additional supports were installed underneath, descending {{convert|30|ft}} to the bedrock.<ref name="p1113636502" /> [[United States Congress|Congress]] passed legislation allowing the BMT line to be built slightly underneath the building.<ref name="p130686496">{{cite news |date=January 23, 1929 |title=House Passes N.Y. Subway Bill |page=21 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|130686496}}}}</ref> A water main under Nassau Street ruptured in October 1931, severely damaging some of the records that were stored in the basement.<ref name="p1114223422">{{cite news |date=October 5, 1931 |title=Nassau St. Main Bursts, Flooding Tube and Cellars: Ton of Silt Washed Into Subway Passage as the Wall Breaks; Pavements Bulge Excavations Are Inundated Old Records Damaged in Basement of Treasury Building |page=3 |work=New York Herald Tribune |id={{ProQuest|1114223422}}}}</ref><ref name="p558069416">{{cite news |date=October 5, 1931 |title=Wall Street Water Main Bursts Doing $100,000 Damage |page=1 |work=The Hartford Courant |id={{ProQuest|558069416}}}}</ref>
 A writer for ''The New York Times'' in 1930 characterized the Subtreasury as one of "the big little buildings of Wall Street", along with 23 Wall Street, the [[New York Stock Exchange Building]], and [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Puckette |first=Charles Mcd |date=August 24, 1930 |title=Wall Street's "Big Little Buildings"; Overtopped on All Sides by Towers of Steel and Stone, They Retain an Impressiveness Beyond Their Height |language=en-US |page=SM3 |work=The New York Times |url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/08/24/118186824.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404224857/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/08/24/118186824.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the early 1930s, the [[United States Post Office Department]] proposed replacing the Subtreasury building with a post office, which would be a replica of Federal Hall as it appeared in 1789. At the time, the three post-office substations in Lower Manhattan could not adequately accommodate high demand from the surrounding office buildings.<ref name="p1114744928" /><ref name="The New York Times 1931">{{Cite news |date=May 28, 1931 |title=Plans to Replace Subtreasury Here; Postoffice Department May Erect Copy of Federal Hall on Historic Site |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/28/archives/plans-to-replace-subtreasury-here-postoffice-department-may-erect.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175646/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/05/28/archives/plans-to-replace-subtreasury-here-postoffice-department-may-erect.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The department said much of the Subtreasury's space was unused because historical and patriotic societies had objected to most plans for the building.<ref name="The New York Times 1931" /> The Subtreasury continued to be used as a passport office through the mid-1930s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 31, 1936 |title=Passports Issued Up 10% During Year; Report for 1935–36 Shows a Continued Rise in New Permits and Renewals |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/31/archives/passports-issued-up-10-during-year-report-for-193536-shows-a.html |access-date=May 4, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504175643/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/31/archives/passports-issued-up-10-during-year-report-for-193536-shows-a.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 114: / Line 115: @@
 ==== 1960s to 1990s ====
 [[File:Federal Hall National Monument, New York (89e95313-7d19-418b-b01f-f588707b1e9a).jpg|thumb|Federal Hall National Memorial]]
-The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 28, 1965 |title=7 More Buildings Made Landmarks |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/28/archives/7-more-buildings-made-landmarks.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505002115/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/28/archives/7-more-buildings-made-landmarks.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=December 28, 1965 |title=Pick 7 More Landmarks |page=299 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095306/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/ |archive-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-0047">{{cite web |date=December 21, 1965 |title=Federal Hall National Memorial |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921134809/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |access-date=June 25, 2016 |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission}}</ref> The building was also added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) when the [[National Historic Preservation Act of 1966|National Historic Preservation Act]], which created the NRHP, was signed on October 15, 1966.<ref name="Howe" /> The building's location on Wall Street, and near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as ''The New York Times'' described it. Its front steps were used for demonstrations, political rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives. After the building closed for restoration in 1968, the NPS said that loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=May 12, 1970 |title=Federal Hall, a Natural Podium, Attracts Protesters on Wall St. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/12/archives/federal-hall-a-natural-podium-attracts-protesters-on-wall-st.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033654/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/12/archives/federal-hall-a-natural-podium-attracts-protesters-on-wall-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Among these events were an anti-narcotics rally<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 23, 1970 |title=1,000 In Financial District At Antinarcotics Rally |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/23/archives/1000-in-financial-district-at-antinarcotics-rally.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033654/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/23/archives/1000-in-financial-district-at-antinarcotics-rally.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a protest against the [[Vietnam War]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bigart |first=Homer |date=May 9, 1970 |title=War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/09/archives/war-foes-here-attacked-by-construction-workers-city-hall-is-stormed.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033653/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/09/archives/war-foes-here-attacked-by-construction-workers-city-hall-is-stormed.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] (LPC) designated the building's exterior as a landmark on December 21, 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 28, 1965 |title=7 More Buildings Made Landmarks |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/28/archives/7-more-buildings-made-landmarks.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505002115/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/28/archives/7-more-buildings-made-landmarks.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=December 28, 1965 |title=Pick 7 More Landmarks |page=299 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095306/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69475177/pick-7-more-landmarks/ |archive-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NYCL-0047">{{cite web |date=December 21, 1965 |title=Federal Hall National Memorial |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921134809/https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0047.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |access-date=June 25, 2016 |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission}}</ref> The building was also added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) when the [[National Historic Preservation Act of 1966|National Historic Preservation Act]], which created the NRHP, was signed on October 15, 1966.<ref name="Howe" /> The building's location on Wall Street, and near the New York Stock Exchange Building, made it a "natural rallying place" as ''The New York Times'' described it. Its front steps were used for demonstrations, political rallies, President's Day celebrations, and union drives.<ref name=Whitney1970>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=May 12, 1970 |title=Federal Hall, a Natural Podium, Attracts Protesters on Wall St. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/12/archives/federal-hall-a-natural-podium-attracts-protesters-on-wall-st.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033654/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/12/archives/federal-hall-a-natural-podium-attracts-protesters-on-wall-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Among these events were an anti-narcotics rally<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 23, 1970 |title=1,000 In Financial District At Antinarcotics Rally |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/23/archives/1000-in-financial-district-at-antinarcotics-rally.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033654/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/23/archives/1000-in-financial-district-at-antinarcotics-rally.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a protest against the [[Vietnam War]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bigart |first=Homer |date=May 9, 1970 |title=War Foes Here Attacked By Construction Workers |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/09/archives/war-foes-here-attacked-by-construction-workers-city-hall-is-stormed.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033653/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/09/archives/war-foes-here-attacked-by-construction-workers-city-hall-is-stormed.html |url-status=live }}</ref>  After the building closed for restoration in 1968, the NPS said that loitering on the front steps developed into "more of a problem".<ref name=Whitney1970/>
 The building reopened to the public in 1972 as a museum.<ref name="Carmody 1972" /> That year, ahead of the [[United States Bicentennial]], the New York City Bicentennial Corporation issued a commemorative medal honoring the original Federal Hall, as well as New York City during the American Revolution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 1972 |title=Medal Hails City and Federal Hall |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/26/archives/medal-hails-city-and-federal-hall-the-first-capital-of-us.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505033652/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/26/archives/medal-hails-city-and-federal-hall-the-first-capital-of-us.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The LPC held hearings in 1975 to determine whether the interiors of Federal Hall's rotunda, the [[Morris–Jumel Mansion]], and the [[Bartow–Pell Mansion]] should be designated as landmarks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 26, 1975 |title=3 New Landmarks Backed at Hearings |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/26/archives/3-new-landmarks-backed-at-hearings.html |access-date=May 3, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504040915/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/26/archives/3-new-landmarks-backed-at-hearings.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The LPC designated all three as landmarks on May 26, 1975,<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 27, 1975|title=Landmark Buildings Also Win Citations For Their Inferiors|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/27/archives/landmark-buildings-also-win-citations-for-their-inferiors.html|access-date=May 2, 2022|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and the [[New York City Board of Estimate]] ratified these designations that July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 18, 1975 |title=Metropolitan Briefs |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/18/archives/metropolitan-briefs-3-interiors-win-landmark-status-appeal-due-on.html |access-date=August 12, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813182716/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/07/18/archives/metropolitan-briefs-3-interiors-win-landmark-status-appeal-due-on.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The NPS hired Phoebe Dent Weil to restore the George Washington statue on the front steps in 1978.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alston |first=Blanche Cordelia |date=November 24, 1979 |title=Bronze Statues Gleam Again |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/24/archives/bronze-statues-gleam-again-new-refinishing-method-roosevelt-gates.html |access-date=May 24, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524134108/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/24/archives/bronze-statues-gleam-again-new-refinishing-method-roosevelt-gates.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 160: / Line 161: @@
 == Impact ==
 [[File:Alexander Hamilton-3c.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Stamp issue of 1957]]
-The design of the first Federal Hall had helped inspire the design of the first [[Connecticut State Capitol]].<ref name="King o684">{{cite book |last=King |first=Julia |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/George_Hadfield_Architect_of_the_Federal/hicxDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT300&printsec=frontcover |title=George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City |date=July 5, 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-56574-5 |page=300 |access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref> Of the second building, Gerard Wolfe wrote in his 1994 book ''New York, a Guide to the Metropolis'', that the structure was "considered the Parthenon of public buildings in the city and possibly its finest Greek Revival-style building".<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /> The writer Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis described the second building as "above all, New York's most eloquent reminder of the [[philhellenism]] of the 1830s and 1840s".<ref name="MM 2018 n750">{{cite book |last=Macaulay-Lewis |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Classical_New_York/fouUDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%2522Federal+Hall%2522+architectural+commentary&pg=PT56&printsec=frontcover |title=Classical New York: Discovering Greece and Rome in Gotham |last2=McGowan |first2=Matthew |date=September 4, 2018 |publisher=Fordham Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8232-8103-9 |page=56 |access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref> Meanwhile, the ''[[AIA Guide to New York City]]'' called it one of the "institutional stars of New York's Greek Revival", along with [[Sailors' Snug Harbor]] in [[Staten Island]].<ref name="aia5" />
+The design of the first Federal Hall influenced the development of what became the [[Federal architecture|Federal style]].<ref name="Reynolds p. 52">{{harvnb|Reynolds|1994|ps=.|p=52}}</ref> More directly, the building's architecture had helped inspire the design of the first [[Connecticut State Capitol]].<ref name="King o684">{{cite book |last=King |first=Julia |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/George_Hadfield_Architect_of_the_Federal/hicxDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT300&printsec=frontcover |title=George Hadfield: Architect of the Federal City |date=July 5, 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-56574-5 |page=300 |access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref> Of the second building, Gerard Wolfe wrote in his 1994 book ''New York, a Guide to the Metropolis'', that the structure was "considered the Parthenon of public buildings in the city and possibly its finest Greek Revival-style building".<ref name="Wolfe 1994 p. 49" /> The writer Elizabeth Macaulay-Lewis described the second building as "above all, New York's most eloquent reminder of the [[philhellenism]] of the 1830s and 1840s".<ref name="MM 2018 n750">{{cite book |last=Macaulay-Lewis |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Classical_New_York/fouUDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%2522Federal+Hall%2522+architectural+commentary&pg=PT56&printsec=frontcover |title=Classical New York: Discovering Greece and Rome in Gotham |last2=McGowan |first2=Matthew |date=September 4, 2018 |publisher=Fordham Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8232-8103-9 |page=56 |access-date=June 19, 2025}}</ref> Meanwhile, the ''[[AIA Guide to New York City]]'' called it one of the "institutional stars of New York's Greek Revival", along with [[Sailors' Snug Harbor]] in [[Staten Island]].<ref name="aia5" />
 Engraved renditions of Federal Hall appear on multiple U.S. postage stamps. The first stamp showing Federal Hall was issued on April 30, 1939, the [[Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps|150th anniversary of President Washington's inauguration]], where he is depicted on the balcony of Federal Hall taking the oath of office.<ref name="National Postal Museum 2020">{{cite web |date=January 10, 2020 |title=Washington Inauguration Issue |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-commemorative-issues-1938-1939/washington |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=National Postal Museum |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423093506/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-commemorative-issues-1938-1939/washington |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 1939 |title=1789 Inaugural Stamps Go on Sale Here Today |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/04/30/archives/1789-inaugural-stamps-go-on-sale-here-today.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503195528/https://www.nytimes.com/1939/04/30/archives/1789-inaugural-stamps-go-on-sale-here-today.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The second issue was released in 1957, the 200th anniversary of [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s birth.  This issue depicts Hamilton and a full view of Federal Hall.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RPCssvpWlQC&pg=PA157|title=Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1966|series=P.O.D. publication|page=157|access-date=February 6, 2021|archive-date=April 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407191236/https://books.google.com/books?id=4RPCssvpWlQC&pg=PA157|url-status=live}}</ref> The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative 25-cent stamp in 1988, the 200th anniversary of when New York [[Ratification of the United States Constitution|ratified the United States Constitution]]. The stamp depicted the original Federal Hall, Wall Street, and Trinity Church's steeple.<ref name="nyt-1988-07-28">{{Cite news |last=James |first=George |date=July 28, 1988 |title=Stamp Recalls Ratification Of Constitution – Again |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/28/nyregion/stamp-recalls-ratification-of-constitution-again.html |access-date=August 12, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812231159/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/28/nyregion/stamp-recalls-ratification-of-constitution-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Federal Hall: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:56, 21 June 2025

Contents

First structure

City Hall

Federal Hall

Design and construction

Usage

Second structure

Custom House

Subtreasury

Use by other government offices

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s

1960s to 1990s

2000s to present

Architecture

Facade

Rotunda

Activities and visitation

Impact

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Federal Hall: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 22:56, 21 June 2025

First structure

City Hall

Federal Hall

Design and construction

Usage

Second structure

Custom House

Subtreasury

Use by other government offices

Federal Hall National Memorial

1930s to 1950s

1960s to 1990s

2000s to present

Architecture

Facade

Rotunda

Activities and visitation

Impact

See also

References

External links

Navigation menu

Search