Eth: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Latin letter Ð.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|alt=Lower case and upper case of Eth ({{angbr|Ð}}, {{angbr|ð}} expressed by a sans serif single-stroke-width font and a serif variable-stroke-width font|Eth in [[Arial]] and [[Times New Roman]]]] | [[File:Latin letter Ð.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|alt=Lower case and upper case of Eth ({{angbr|Ð}}, {{angbr|ð}} expressed by a sans serif single-stroke-width font and a serif variable-stroke-width font|Eth in [[Arial]] and [[Times New Roman]]]] | ||
'''Eth''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|ð|}} {{respell|edh}}, [[uppercase]]: ⟨'''Ð'''⟩, [[lowercase]]: ⟨'''ð'''⟩; also spelled '''edh''' or '''eð'''), known as '''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}''' in [[Old English]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Marsden |title=The Cambridge Old English Reader |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |page=xxix }}</ref> is a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] used in Old English, [[Middle English]], [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]], [[Faroese | '''Eth''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|ð|}} {{respell|edh}}, [[uppercase]]: ⟨'''Ð'''⟩, [[lowercase]]: ⟨'''ð'''⟩; also spelled '''edh''' or '''eð'''), known as '''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}''' (''that'') in [[Old English]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Marsden |title=The Cambridge Old English Reader |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |page=xxix }}</ref> is a [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] used in [[Old English orthography|Old English]], [[Middle English orthography|Middle English]], [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]], [[Faroese orthography|Faroese]] (in which it is called {{lang|fo|edd}}), and [[Elfdalian alphabet|Elfdalian]] alphabets. | ||
It was also used in [[Scandinavia]] during the [[Middle Ages]], but was subsequently replaced with {{angbr|[[dh (digraph)|dh]]}}, and later {{angbr|[[d]]}}. | It was also used in [[Scandinavia]] during the [[Middle Ages]], but was subsequently replaced with {{angbr|[[dh (digraph)|dh]]}}, and later {{angbr|[[d]]}}. | ||
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==Old English== | ==Old English== | ||
In Old English, {{angbr|ð}} (called ''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}'') was used interchangeably with {{angbr|[[thorn (letter)|þ]]}} to represent the Old English [[dental consonant|dental]] [[fricative]] [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|θ}} or its [[allophone]] {{IPAblink|ð}}, which exist in modern [[English phonology|English]] as the [[voiceless dental fricative|voiceless]] and [[voiced dental fricative|voiced]] dental fricatives both now spelled {{angbr|[[th (digraph)|th]]}}. | In Old English, {{angbr|ð}} (called ''{{lang|ang|ðæt}}'' (''that'')) was used interchangeably with {{angbr|[[thorn (letter)|þ]]}} to represent the Old English [[dental consonant|dental]] [[fricative]] [[phoneme]] {{IPAslink|θ}} or its [[allophone]] {{IPAblink|ð}}, which exist in modern [[English phonology|English]] as the [[voiceless dental fricative|voiceless]] and [[voiced dental fricative|voiced]] dental fricatives both now spelled {{angbr|[[th (digraph)|th]]}}. | ||
Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither {{angbr|ð}} nor {{angbr|þ}} was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that {{angbr|ð}} began to emerge in the early 8th century, with {{angbr|ð}} becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref> | Unlike the [[runic]] letter {{angbr|[[þ]]}}, {{angbr|ð}} is a modified [[Roman cursive|Roman]] letter. Neither {{angbr|ð}} nor {{angbr|þ}} was found in the earliest records of [[Old English]]. A study of [[Mercia]]n [[Anglo-Saxon charters|royal diplomas]] found that {{angbr|ð}} began to emerge in the early 8th century, with {{angbr|ð}} becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Philip |last=Shaw |title=Adapting the Roman alphabet for writing Old English: evidence from coin epigraphy and single-sheet charters |journal=[[Early Medieval Europe (journal)|Early Medieval Europe]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1111/emed.12012 |s2cid=163075636 }}</ref> Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from [[Insular script|Irish writing]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeborn |first=Dennis |title=From Old English to Standard English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CP16STG5NRUC |publisher=Macmillan |year=1992 |location=London |page=24 |isbn=9780776604695 }}</ref> | ||
Latest revision as of 15:44, 18 October 2025
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "Redirect hatnote". Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Technical reasons Template:Infobox grapheme Template:Orthography notation
Eth (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, uppercase: ⟨Ð⟩, lowercase: ⟨ð⟩; also spelled edh or eð), known as Script error: No such module "Lang". (that) in Old English,[1] is a letter used in Old English, Middle English, Icelandic, Faroese (in which it is called Script error: No such module "Lang".), and Elfdalian alphabets.
It was also used in Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, but was subsequently replaced with Template:Angbr, and later Template:Angbr.
It is often transliterated as Template:Angbr.
The lowercase version has been adopted to represent a voiced dental fricative (IPA: Template:IPAblink) in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Faroese
In Faroese, Template:Angbr is not assigned to any particular phoneme and appears mostly for etymological reasons, but it indicates most glides. When Template:Angbr appears before Template:Angbr, it is in a few words pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA".. In the Faroese alphabet, Template:Angbr follows Template:Angbr.
Khmer
Template:Angbr is sometimes used in Khmer romanization to represent Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration.
Icelandic
In Icelandic, Template:Angbr, called "eð", represents an alveolar non-sibilant fricative, voiced Template:IPAblink intervocalically and word-finally, and voiceless Template:IPAblink otherwise, which form one phoneme, Script error: No such module "IPA".. Generally, Script error: No such module "IPA". is represented by thorn Template:Angbr at the beginning of words and by Template:Angbr elsewhere. The Template:Angbr in the name of the letter is devoiced in the nominative and accusative cases: Script error: No such module "IPA".. In the Icelandic alphabet, Template:Angbr follows Template:Angbr.
Norwegian
In Olav Jakobsen Høyem's version of Script error: No such module "Lang". based on Script error: No such module "Lang"., Template:Angbr was always silent, and was introduced for etymological reasons.
Old English
In Old English, Template:Angbr (called Script error: No such module "Lang". (that)) was used interchangeably with Template:Angbr to represent the Old English dental fricative phoneme Template:IPAslink or its allophone Template:IPAblink, which exist in modern English as the voiceless and voiced dental fricatives both now spelled Template:Angbr.
Unlike the runic letter Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr is a modified Roman letter. Neither Template:Angbr nor Template:Angbr was found in the earliest records of Old English. A study of Mercian royal diplomas found that Template:Angbr began to emerge in the early 8th century, with Template:Angbr becoming strongly preferred by the 780s.[2] Another source indicates that the letter is "derived from Irish writing".[3]
Under the reign of King Alfred the Great, Template:Angbr grew greatly in popularity and started to overtake Template:Angbr, and did so completely by the Middle English period. Template:Angbr in turn went obsolete by the Early Modern English period, mostly due to the rise of the printing press,[4] and was replaced by the digraph Template:Angbr.
Welsh
Template:Angbr has also been used by some in written Welsh to represent Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is normally represented as Template:Angbr.[5]
Phonetic transcription
- Script error: No such module "IPA". (U+00F0) represents a voiced dental fricative in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
- Script error: No such module "IPA". (U+1D9E) is used in phonetic transcription.[6]
- ᴆ (U+1D06) is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[7]
Computer encoding
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Upper and lower case forms of eth have Unicode encodings:
These Unicode codepoints were inherited from ISO/IEC 8859-1 ("ISO Latin-1") encoding.
Modern uses
- A capital eth is used as the currency symbol for Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency.
See also
References
Further reading
- Template:SOWL
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
Template:Sister project Template:Sister project
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
Template:Latin alphabet Template:History of English
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"..
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".