Northern leopard frog: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>Elmidae
rv to last good
 
imported>Elmidae
WTF...
 
Line 5: Line 5:
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Lithobates pipiens'' |volume=2022 |page=e.T79079800A3072377  |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Lithobates pipiens'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T79079800A3072377  |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>
| status2 = G5
| status2 = G5
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_system = TNC
Line 16: Line 16:
}}
}}


'''''Lithobates pipiens'''''<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ |title= American Museum of Natural History: Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference |author=Frost, Darrel |author-link=Darrel R. Frost |year=2011 |work=Herpetology |publisher=The American Museum of Natural History |access-date=2013-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frost|first=D.-R.|display-authors=etal|date=2009|title=Response to the Point Of View of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSRA/HL/ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List|journal=Herpetologica|volume=65|issue=2|doi=10.1655/09-009R1.1|pages=136–153|s2cid=55147982}}</ref><ref name="ITIS">Integrated Taxonomic Information System [Internet] 2012. [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=775108 ''Lithobates pipiens''] [updated 2012 Sept; cited 2012 Dec 26] Available from: www.itis.gov/</ref> formerly '''''Rana pipiens''''',<ref>Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Hillis (2007), Stuart (2008), Pauly et al. (2009), AmphibiaWeb (2016)</ref><ref name="Yuan16">{{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Z.-Y.|display-authors=etal|date=2016|title=Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms.|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=65|issue=5|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syw055|pmid=27288482|pages=824–42|doi-access=free|hdl=2292/43460|hdl-access=free}}</ref> commonly known as the '''northern leopard frog''', is a [[species]] of [[leopard frog]] from the [[true frog]] [[Family (biology)|family]], native to parts of [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. It is the [[List of U.S. state amphibians|state amphibian]] of [[Minnesota]] and [[Vermont]].
'''''Lithobates pipiens'''''<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ |title= American Museum of Natural History: Amphibian Species of the World 5.5, an Online Reference |author=Frost, Darrel |author-link=Darrel R. Frost |year=2011 |work=Herpetology |publisher=The American Museum of Natural History |access-date=2013-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frost|first=D.-R.|display-authors=etal|date=2009|title=Response to the Point Of View of Gregory B. Pauly, David M. Hillis, and David C. Cannatella, by the Anuran Subcommittee of the SSRA/HL/ASIH Scientific and Standard English Names List|journal=Herpetologica|volume=65|issue=2|doi=10.1655/09-009R1.1|pages=136–153|s2cid=55147982}}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=775108 |taxon=''Lithobates pipiens''|access-date= 26 December 2012}}</ref> formerly '''''Rana pipiens''''',<ref>Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Hillis (2007), Stuart (2008), Pauly et al. (2009), AmphibiaWeb (2016)</ref><ref name="Yuan16">{{Cite journal|last=Yuan|first=Z.-Y.|display-authors=etal|date=2016|title=Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus Rana): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=65|issue=5|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syw055|pmid=27288482|pages=824–42|doi-access=free|hdl=2292/43460|hdl-access=free}}</ref> commonly known as the '''northern leopard frog''', is a [[species]] of [[leopard frog]] from the [[true frog]] [[Family (biology)|family]], native to parts of [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]. It is the [[List of U.S. state amphibians|state amphibian]] of [[Minnesota]] and [[Vermont]].


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Northern Leopard Frog.JPG|thumb|left|Young northern leopard frog]]
[[File:Northern Leopard Frog.JPG|thumb|left|Young northern leopard frog]]
The northern leopard frog is a fairly large species of frog, reaching about {{Convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} in snout-to-vent length. It varies from green to brown in [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] color, with large, dark, circular spots on its back, sides, and legs.<ref name="NLF Details">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100203142339/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/northern-leopard-frog/ Northern Leopard Frog ''Rana pipiens''], National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-03-28</ref> Each spot is normally bordered by a lighter ring. A pair of dorsolateral folds starting from the back of the eye runs parallel to each other down the back. These dorsolateral folds are often lighter or occasionally pinkish in colour. Also, a pale stripe runs from the nostril, under the eye and [[tympanum (zoology)|tympanum]], terminating at the shoulder. The [[ventral]] surface is white or pale green. The iris is golden and toes are webbed.
The northern leopard frog is a fairly large species of frog, reaching about {{Convert|11|cm|in|abbr=on}} in snout-to-vent length. It varies from green to brown in [[Dorsum (biology)|dorsal]] color, with large, dark, circular spots on its back, sides, and legs.<ref name="NLF Details">{{cite web |url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/northern-leopard-frog/ |title=Northern Leopard Frog ''Rana pipiens''|date=10 March 2011 |publisher= National Geographic|access-date= 2015-03-28}}</ref> Each spot is normally bordered by a lighter ring. A pair of dorsolateral folds starting from the back of the eye runs parallel to each other down the back. These dorsolateral folds are often lighter or occasionally pinkish in colour. Also, a pale stripe runs from the nostril, under the eye and [[tympanum (zoology)|tympanum]], terminating at the shoulder. The [[ventral]] surface is white or pale green. The iris is golden and toes are webbed.


[[Tadpole]]s are dark brown or grey, with light blotches on the underside. The tail is pale tan.
[[Tadpole]]s are dark brown or grey, with light blotches on the underside. The tail is pale tan.
Line 33: Line 33:
==Ecology and behavior==
==Ecology and behavior==
[[File:Northern Leopard Frog Ontario 1.JPG|thumb|left|Near [[Welland Canal]], [[Ontario]]]]
[[File:Northern Leopard Frog Ontario 1.JPG|thumb|left|Near [[Welland Canal]], [[Ontario]]]]
Northern leopard frogs have a wide range of habitats. They are found in permanent ponds, swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams throughout forest, open, and urban areas.<ref name="NLF Info">[http://www.fws.gov/nevada/nv_species/nleopard_frog.html Northern Leopard Frog (''Lithobates pipiens'')], Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office. Retrieved 2015-03-28.</ref> They normally inhabit water bodies with abundant aquatic vegetation. In the summer, they often abandon ponds and move to grassy areas and lawns. They are well adapted to cold and can be found above {{convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level]]. Males make a short, snore-like call from water during spring and summer. The northern leopard frog breeds in the spring (March–June). Up to 6500 eggs are laid in water, and tadpoles complete development within the breeding pond. Tadpoles are light brown with black spots, and development takes 70–110 days, depending on conditions. Metamorph frogs are {{convert|2|-|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and resemble the adult.
Northern leopard frogs have a wide range of habitats. They are found in permanent ponds, swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams throughout forest, open, and urban areas.<ref name="NLF Info">{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/nevada/nv_species/nleopard_frog.html |title=Northern Leopard Frog (''Lithobates pipiens'')|publisher= Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office|access-date= 2015-03-28}}</ref> They normally inhabit water bodies with abundant aquatic vegetation. In the summer, they often abandon ponds and move to grassy areas and lawns. They are well adapted to cold and can be found above {{cvt|3000|m|ft|-1}} [[above mean sea level]]. Males make a short, snore-like call from water during spring and summer. The northern leopard frog breeds in the spring (March–June). Up to 6500 eggs are laid in water, and tadpoles complete development within the breeding pond. Tadpoles are light brown with black spots, and development takes 70–110 days, depending on conditions. Metamorph frogs are {{cvt|2|-|3|cm|in}} long and resemble the adult.


This species was once quite common through parts of western Canada and the United States until declines started occurring during the 1970s. Although the definitive cause of this decline is unknown, habitat loss and fragmentation, environmental contaminants, introduced fish, drought, and disease have been proposed as mechanisms of decline and are likely preventing species' recovery in many areas.<ref name="NLF Details"/> Many populations of northern leopard frogs have not yet recovered from these declines.
This species was once quite common through parts of western Canada and the United States until declines started occurring during the 1970s. Although the definitive cause of this decline is unknown, habitat loss and fragmentation, environmental contaminants, introduced fish, drought, and disease have been proposed as mechanisms of decline and are likely preventing species' recovery in many areas.<ref name="NLF Details"/> Many populations of northern leopard frogs have not yet recovered from these declines.


Northern leopard frogs are preyed upon by many different animals, such as [[snake]]s, [[raccoon]]s, other [[frog]]s, and even [[human]]s. They do not produce distasteful skin secretions and rely on speed to evade predation.
Northern leopard frogs are preyed upon by many different animals, such as [[Micropterus|bass]], [[Esox|pike]], [[heron]]s, [[garter snake]]s, [[Nerodia|water snake]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[Lithobates clamitans|green frog]]s, [[American bullfrog]]s, [[hawk]]s, [[gull]]s, [[red fox]]es, [[American mink]], [[North American river otter]]s, [[Hirudinea|leech]]es, [[newt]]s, [[turtle]]s, [[diving beetle]]s, [[Belostomatidae|giant water bug]]s, and [[Odonta|dragonfly]] larvae.<ref>Lithobates pipiens (Northern Leopard Frog). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_pipiens/</ref> They do not produce distasteful skin secretions and rely on speed to evade predation.


They eat a wide variety of animals, including crickets, flies, worms, and smaller frogs. Using their large mouths, they can even swallow birds and garter snakes. In one case, a [[bat]] was recorded as prey of this frog.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mikula | first1 = P | year = 2015 | title = Fish and amphibians as bat predators | journal = European Journal of Ecology | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 71–80 | doi = 10.1515/eje-2015-0010 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This species is similar to the [[pickerel frog]] (''Lithobates palustris'') and the [[southern leopard frog]] (''Lithobates sphenocephalus'').
They eat a wide variety of animals, including crickets, flies, worms, and smaller frogs. Using their large mouths, they can even swallow birds and garter snakes. In one case, a [[bat]] was recorded as prey of this frog.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mikula | first1 = P | year = 2015 | title = Fish and amphibians as bat predators | journal = European Journal of Ecology | volume = 1 | issue = 1| pages = 71–80 | doi = 10.1515/eje-2015-0010 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This species is similar to the [[pickerel frog]] (''Lithobates palustris'') and the [[southern leopard frog]] (''Lithobates sphenocephalus'').
Line 44: Line 44:


===Medical===
===Medical===
The northern leopard frog produces specific [[ribonuclease]]s to its [[oocyte]]s. Those enzymes are potential drugs for [[cancer]]. One such molecule, called [[ranpirnase]] (onconase), is in clinical trials as a treatment for [[pleural]] mesothelioma and [[lung]] tumors. Another, [[amphinase]], has been described as a potential treatment for [[brain]] tumors.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/uob-fmc062607.php Frog molecule could provide drug treatment for brain tumors]</ref>
The northern leopard frog produces specific [[ribonuclease]]s to its [[oocyte]]s. Those enzymes are potential drugs for [[cancer]]. One such molecule, called [[ranpirnase]] (onconase), is in clinical trials as a treatment for [[pleural]] mesothelioma and [[lung]] tumors. Another, [[amphinase]], has been described as a potential treatment for [[brain]] tumors.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-06/uob-fmc062607.php|title=Frog molecule could provide drug treatment for brain tumors|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017075753/https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/648593|archive-date=17 October 2023|work=EurekAlert}}</ref>


===Neuroscience===
===Neuroscience===
The northern leopard frog has been a preferred species for making discoveries about basic properties of [[neurons]] since the 1950s. The [[neuromuscular junction]] of the [[sciatic nerve]] fibers of the [[sartorius muscle]] of this frog has been the source of initial data about the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14946732 |year=1952 |last1=Fatt |first1=P |last2=Katz |first2=B |title=Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=109–28 |pmc=1392564 |journal=The Journal of Physiology|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=13175199 |year=1954 |last1=Del Castillo |first1=J |last2=Katz |first2=B |title=Quantal components of the end-plate potential |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=560–73 |pmc=1366292 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005129}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1959|last1=Lettvin |first1=J.Y. |last2=Maturana |first2=H.R. |last3=McCulloch |first3=W.S. |last4=Pitts |first4=W.H. |title=What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=1940–51 |journal=Proceedings of the IRE|doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287207 |s2cid=8739509 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14278409 |year=1965 |last1=Katz |first1=B |last2=Miledi |first2=R |title=The Measurement of Synaptic Delay, and the Time Course of Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction |volume=161 |pages=483–95 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B |doi=10.1098/rspb.1965.0016 |issue=985|bibcode=1965RSPSB.161..483K |s2cid=8663912 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=171380 |year=1975 |last1=Kuffler |first1=SW |last2=Yoshikami |first2=D |title=The number of transmitter molecules in a quantum: An estimate from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse |volume=251 |issue=2 |pages=465–82 |pmc=1348438 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6033586 |year=1967 |last1=Hille |first1=B |title=The selective inhibition of delayed potassium currents in nerve by tetraethylammonium ion |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1287–302 |pmc=2225709 |journal=The Journal of General Physiology |doi=10.1085/jgp.50.5.1287}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=4543940 |year=1973 |last1=Anderson |first1=CR |last2=Stevens |first2=CF |title=Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine produced end-plate current fluctuations at frog neuromuscular junction |volume=235 |issue=3 |pages=655–91 |pmc=1350786 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010410}}</ref>
The northern leopard frog has been a preferred species for making discoveries about basic properties of [[neurons]] since the 1950s. The [[neuromuscular junction]] of the [[sciatic nerve]] fibers of the [[sartorius muscle]] of this frog has been the source of initial data about the [[nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14946732 |year=1952 |last1=Fatt |first1=P |last2=Katz |first2=B |title=Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings |volume=117 |issue=1 |pages=109–28 |pmc=1392564 |journal=The Journal of Physiology|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=13175199 |year=1954 |last1=Del Castillo |first1=J |last2=Katz |first2=B |title=Quantal components of the end-plate potential |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=560–73 |pmc=1366292 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1954.sp005129}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1959|last1=Lettvin |first1=J.Y. |last2=Maturana |first2=H.R. |last3=McCulloch |first3=W.S. |last4=Pitts |first4=W.H. |title=What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=1940–51 |journal=Proceedings of the IRE|doi=10.1109/JRPROC.1959.287207 |bibcode=1959PIRE...47.1940L |s2cid=8739509 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=14278409 |year=1965 |last1=Katz |first1=B |last2=Miledi |first2=R |title=The Measurement of Synaptic Delay, and the Time Course of Acetylcholine Release at the Neuromuscular Junction |volume=161 |pages=483–95 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B |doi=10.1098/rspb.1965.0016 |issue=985|bibcode=1965RSPSB.161..483K |s2cid=8663912 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=171380 |year=1975 |last1=Kuffler |first1=SW |last2=Yoshikami |first2=D |title=The number of transmitter molecules in a quantum: An estimate from iontophoretic application of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse |volume=251 |issue=2 |pages=465–82 |pmc=1348438 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1975.sp011103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6033586 |year=1967 |last1=Hille |first1=B |title=The selective inhibition of delayed potassium currents in nerve by tetraethylammonium ion |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=1287–302 |pmc=2225709 |journal=The Journal of General Physiology |doi=10.1085/jgp.50.5.1287}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=4543940 |year=1973 |last1=Anderson |first1=CR |last2=Stevens |first2=CF |title=Voltage clamp analysis of acetylcholine produced end-plate current fluctuations at frog neuromuscular junction |volume=235 |issue=3 |pages=655–91 |pmc=1350786 |journal=The Journal of Physiology |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010410}}</ref>


===Muscle physiology and biomechanics===
===Muscle physiology and biomechanics===
Line 70: Line 70:
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/
* AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/
* Ankley GT, Tietge JE, DeFoe DL, Jensen KM, Holcombe GW, Durhan EJ, Diamond SA. (1998). "Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of ''Rana pipiens'' ". ''Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry'' '''17''' (12): 2530-2542. ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620171222/abstract;jsessionid=85E50CE5CEE0EEF4E3D884D57C9EF68A.f03t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false abstract])*{{cite journal |pages=39–63 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000351 |jstor=2097147 |title=Systematics of the ''Rana pipiens'' Complex: Puzzle and Paradigm |year=1988 |author=Hillis DM |author-link=David Hillis |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=19}}
* Ankley GT, Tietge JE, DeFoe DL, Jensen KM, Holcombe GW, Durhan EJ, Diamond SA. (1998). "Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of ''Rana pipiens'' ". ''Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry'' '''17''' (12): 2530-2542. ([http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620171222/abstract;jsessionid=85E50CE5CEE0EEF4E3D884D57C9EF68A.f03t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false abstract])*{{cite journal |pages=39–63 |doi=10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000351 |jstor=2097147 |title=Systematics of the ''Rana pipiens'' Complex: Puzzle and Paradigm |year=1988 |author=Hillis DM |author-link=David Hillis |journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics |volume=19 |issue=1 |bibcode=1988AnRES..19...39H }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hillis | first1 = D. M. | year = 2007 | title = Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/679.pdf | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 331–338 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001 | pmid = 16997582 | bibcode = 2007MolPE..42..331H | access-date = 2016-07-09 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114556/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/679.pdf | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hillis | first1 = D. M. | year = 2007 | title = Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/679.pdf | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 331–338 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001 | pmid = 16997582 | bibcode = 2007MolPE..42..331H | access-date = 2016-07-09 | archive-date = 2011-09-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114556/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/679.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |jstor=2413277 |last1=Hillis |first1=David M. |last2=Frost |first2=John S. |last3=Wright |first3=David A. |title=Phylogeny and Biogeography of the ''Rana pipiens'' Complex: A Biochemical Evaluation |volume=32 |issue=2 |journal=Systematic Zoology |year=1983 |pages=132–43 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/32.2.132 }}
*{{cite journal |jstor=2413277 |last1=Hillis |first1=David M. |last2=Frost |first2=John S. |last3=Wright |first3=David A. |title=Phylogeny and Biogeography of the ''Rana pipiens'' Complex: A Biochemical Evaluation |volume=32 |issue=2 |journal=Systematic Zoology |year=1983 |pages=132–43 |doi=10.1093/sysbio/32.2.132 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hillis | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Wilcox | first2 = T. P. | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (''Rana'') | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 299–314 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 | pmid=15619443| bibcode = 2005MolPE..34..299H }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Hillis | first1 = D. M. | last2 = Wilcox | first2 = T. P. | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (''Rana'') | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 34 | issue = 2| pages = 299–314 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 | pmid=15619443| bibcode = 2005MolPE..34..299H }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pauly | first1 = Greg B. | last2 = Hillis | first2 = David M. | last3 = Cannatella | first3 = David C. | year = 2009 | title = Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf | journal = Herpetologica | volume = 65 | issue = 2| pages = 115–128 | doi = 10.1655/08-031r1.1 | s2cid = 283839 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155045/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-26 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pauly | first1 = Greg B. | last2 = Hillis | first2 = David M. | last3 = Cannatella | first3 = David C. | year = 2009 | title = Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf | journal = Herpetologica | volume = 65 | issue = 2| pages = 115–128 | doi = 10.1655/08-031r1.1 | s2cid = 283839 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726155045/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/1225.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-26 }}
*[[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber JCD von]]. (1782). "''Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Frösche'' ". ''[[Der Naturforscher]], Halle'' '''18''': 182-193. (''Rana pipiens'', new species). (in [[German language|German]]).
*[[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber JCD von]]. (1782). "''Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Frösche'' ". ''[[Der Naturforscher]], Halle'' '''18''': 182–193. (''Rana pipiens'', new species). (in [[German language|German]]).
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stuart | first1 = Bryan L | year = 2008 | title = The phylogenetic problem of ''Huia'' (Amphibia: Ranidae) | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 49–60 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016 | pmid = 18042407 | bibcode = 2008MolPE..46...49S }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stuart | first1 = Bryan L | year = 2008 | title = The phylogenetic problem of ''Huia'' (Amphibia: Ranidae) | journal = [[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]] | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 49–60 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.016 | pmid = 18042407 | bibcode = 2008MolPE..46...49S }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Yuan | first1 = Z.-Y. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = W.-W. | last3 = Chen | first3 = X. | last4 = Poyarkov | first4 = N. A. | last5 = Chen | first5 = H.-M. | last6 = Jang-Liaw | first6 = N.-H. | last7 = Chou | first7 = W.-H. | last8 = Iizuka | first8 = K. | last9 = Min | first9 = M.-S. | last10 = Kuzmin | first10 = S. L. | last11 = Zhang | first11 = Y.-P. | last12 = Cannatella | first12 = D. C. | last13 = Hillis | first13 = D. M. | last14 = Che | first14 = J. | year = 2016 | title = Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus ''Rana''): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 65| issue = 5| pages = 824–42| doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syw055 | pmid=27288482| doi-access = free | hdl = 2292/43460 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Yuan | first1 = Z.-Y. | last2 = Zhou | first2 = W.-W. | last3 = Chen | first3 = X. | last4 = Poyarkov | first4 = N. A. | last5 = Chen | first5 = H.-M. | last6 = Jang-Liaw | first6 = N.-H. | last7 = Chou | first7 = W.-H. | last8 = Iizuka | first8 = K. | last9 = Min | first9 = M.-S. | last10 = Kuzmin | first10 = S. L. | last11 = Zhang | first11 = Y.-P. | last12 = Cannatella | first12 = D. C. | last13 = Hillis | first13 = D. M. | last14 = Che | first14 = J. | year = 2016 | title = Spatiotemporal diversification of the true frogs (genus ''Rana''): A historical framework for a widely studied group of model organisms | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 65| issue = 5| pages = 824–42| doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syw055 | pmid=27288482| doi-access = free | hdl = 2292/43460 | hdl-access = free }}
Line 92: Line 92:
[[Category:Amphibians of the United States]]
[[Category:Amphibians of the United States]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Canada]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Canada]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Great Lakes region]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)]]

Latest revision as of 08:42, 26 November 2025

Template:Short description Template:Speciesbox

Lithobates pipiens[1][2][3][4] formerly Rana pipiens,[5][6] commonly known as the northern leopard frog, is a species of leopard frog from the true frog family, native to parts of Canada and the United States. It is the state amphibian of Minnesota and Vermont.

Description

File:Northern Leopard Frog.JPG
Young northern leopard frog

The northern leopard frog is a fairly large species of frog, reaching about Script error: No such module "convert". in snout-to-vent length. It varies from green to brown in dorsal color, with large, dark, circular spots on its back, sides, and legs.[7] Each spot is normally bordered by a lighter ring. A pair of dorsolateral folds starting from the back of the eye runs parallel to each other down the back. These dorsolateral folds are often lighter or occasionally pinkish in colour. Also, a pale stripe runs from the nostril, under the eye and tympanum, terminating at the shoulder. The ventral surface is white or pale green. The iris is golden and toes are webbed.

Tadpoles are dark brown or grey, with light blotches on the underside. The tail is pale tan.

Color variations

File:Color Variations of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens).JPG
Two burnsi morphs, a green morph, and a brown morph of the northern leopard frog
File:Northern Leopard Forg.jpg
Brown morph northern leopard frog in a wood chip pile in Iowa

The northern leopard frog has several different color variations, with the most common two being the green and the brown morphs, with another morph known as the burnsi morph. Individuals with the burnsi morph coloration lack spots on their backs, but may or may not retain them on their legs. They can be bright green or brown and have yellow dorsal folds.[8] Albinism also appears in this species, but is very rare. They can also be blue, and this is quite rare also.[9]

Ecology and behavior

File:Northern Leopard Frog Ontario 1.JPG
Near Welland Canal, Ontario

Northern leopard frogs have a wide range of habitats. They are found in permanent ponds, swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams throughout forest, open, and urban areas.[10] They normally inhabit water bodies with abundant aquatic vegetation. In the summer, they often abandon ponds and move to grassy areas and lawns. They are well adapted to cold and can be found above Template:Cvt above mean sea level. Males make a short, snore-like call from water during spring and summer. The northern leopard frog breeds in the spring (March–June). Up to 6500 eggs are laid in water, and tadpoles complete development within the breeding pond. Tadpoles are light brown with black spots, and development takes 70–110 days, depending on conditions. Metamorph frogs are Template:Cvt long and resemble the adult.

This species was once quite common through parts of western Canada and the United States until declines started occurring during the 1970s. Although the definitive cause of this decline is unknown, habitat loss and fragmentation, environmental contaminants, introduced fish, drought, and disease have been proposed as mechanisms of decline and are likely preventing species' recovery in many areas.[7] Many populations of northern leopard frogs have not yet recovered from these declines.

Northern leopard frogs are preyed upon by many different animals, such as bass, pike, herons, garter snakes, water snakes, raccoons, green frogs, American bullfrogs, hawks, gulls, red foxes, American mink, North American river otters, leeches, newts, turtles, diving beetles, giant water bugs, and dragonfly larvae.[11] They do not produce distasteful skin secretions and rely on speed to evade predation.

They eat a wide variety of animals, including crickets, flies, worms, and smaller frogs. Using their large mouths, they can even swallow birds and garter snakes. In one case, a bat was recorded as prey of this frog.[12] This species is similar to the pickerel frog (Lithobates palustris) and the southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephalus).

Research

Medical

The northern leopard frog produces specific ribonucleases to its oocytes. Those enzymes are potential drugs for cancer. One such molecule, called ranpirnase (onconase), is in clinical trials as a treatment for pleural mesothelioma and lung tumors. Another, amphinase, has been described as a potential treatment for brain tumors.[13]

Neuroscience

The northern leopard frog has been a preferred species for making discoveries about basic properties of neurons since the 1950s. The neuromuscular junction of the sciatic nerve fibers of the sartorius muscle of this frog has been the source of initial data about the nervous system.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Muscle physiology and biomechanics

The northern leopard frog is a popular species for in vitro experiments in muscle physiology and biomechanics due to the ease of accessibility for investigators in its native range and the ability of the sartorius muscle to stay alive in vitro for several hours. Furthermore, the reliance of the frog on two major modes of locomotion (jumping and swimming) allows for understanding how muscle properties contribute to organismal performance in each of these modes.

Range

Northern leopard frogs occur from Great Slave Lake and Hudson Bay, Canada, south to Kentucky and New Mexico, USA.[21][22] It is also found in Panama, where it is endemic to the central cordillera and western Pacific lowlands, although this is most likely an undescribed species.[1] They occupy grasslands, lakeshores, and marshes.

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  5. ↑ Hillis & Wilcox (2005), Hillis (2007), Stuart (2008), Pauly et al. (2009), AmphibiaWeb (2016)
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Lithobates pipiens (Northern Leopard Frog). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_pipiens/
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Stebbins, R.C. (1985). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.
  22. ↑ Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America. Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

  • AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/
  • Ankley GT, Tietge JE, DeFoe DL, Jensen KM, Holcombe GW, Durhan EJ, Diamond SA. (1998). "Effects of ultraviolet light and methoprene on survival and development of Rana pipiens ". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17 (12): 2530-2542. (abstract)*Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Schreber JCD von. (1782). "Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Frösche ". Der Naturforscher, Halle 18: 182–193. (Rana pipiens, new species). (in German).
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Northern_leopard_frog&oldid=5079451"