Raspberry

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Red-fruited raspberries

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European Rubus idaeus raspberry fruits on the plant

The raspberry is the edible fruit of several plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus. The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems.

World production of raspberries in 2022 was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total. Raspberries are cultivated across northern Europe and North America and are consumed in various ways, including as whole fruit and in preserves, cakes, ice cream, and liqueurs.

Description

A raspberry is an aggregate fruit, developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower. Each carpel then grows into individual drupelets, which, taken together, form the body of a single raspberry fruit. As with blackberries, each drupelet contains a seed. What distinguishes the raspberry from its blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit.

An individual raspberry weighs Template:Convert and is made up of around 100 drupelets. A raspberry bush can yield several hundred berries a year.

Raspberries thrive in well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7 with ample organic matter to assist in retaining water. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot, which is one of the most serious pest problems faced by the red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist, temperate regions, it is easy to grow and tends to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products such as raspberry pie.

Etymology

Raspberry is a compound word from rasp and berry first in print in 1602. Rasp in this sense derives from raspise, "a sweet rose-colored wine" (mid-15th century), from the Anglo-Latin vinum raspeys. The speculation that it is derived from a Germanic word like the English rasp, so a "rough berry", based upon its appearance is a possible folk etymology according to Etymonline. The word rasp is still used for the fruit in the north of England and in Scotland. It was first in print in 1555.

Species

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The fruit of four species of raspberry. Clockwise from top left: boulder raspberry, Korean raspberry, Australian native raspberry, and Mauritius raspberry.

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Purple-fruited raspberry hybrid

Examples of raspberry species in Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus include:

• Rubus crataegifolius (Asian raspberry)
• Rubus gunnianus (Tasmanian alpine raspberry)
• Rubus idaeus (red raspberry or European red raspberry)
• Rubus leucodermis (whitebark raspberry or western raspberry, blue raspberry, black raspberry)
• Rubus occidentalis (black raspberry)
• Rubus parvifolius (Australian native raspberry)
• Rubus phoenicolasius (wine raspberry or wineberry)
• Rubus rosifolius (Mauritius raspberry)
• Rubus strigosus (American red raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus)
• Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan raspberry)
• Rubus fraxinifolius (mountain raspberry, in southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean)

Several species of Rubus, also called raspberries, are classified in other subgenera, including:

• Rubus deliciosus (boulder raspberry, subgenus Anoplobatus)
• Rubus odoratus (flowering raspberry, subgenus Anoplobatus)
• Rubus nivalis (snow raspberry, subgenus Chamaebatus)
• Rubus arcticus (Arctic raspberry, subgenus Cyclactis)
• Rubus sieboldii (Molucca raspberry, subgenus Malachobatus)

Cultivation

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Flower

Various kinds of raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9. Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants produced by tissue culture has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for a year in a northern climate such as Scotland or Oregon or Washington, where the chilling requirement for proper bud break is attained, or attained earlier than the ultimate place of planting. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain, where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants are typically planted 2–6 per meter in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges, if there is any question about root rot problems.

All cultivars of raspberries have perennial roots, but many do not have perennial shoots. In fact, most raspberries have shoots that are biennial (meaning shoots grow in the first growing season and fruits grow on those shoots during the second growing season). The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees and other pollinators.

Raspberries are vigorous and can be locally invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers), extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked. Raspberries are often propagated using cuttings, and will root readily in moist soil conditions.

The fruit is harvested when it comes off the receptacle easily and has turned a deep color (red, black, purple, or golden yellow, depending on the species and cultivar). This is when the fruits are ripest and sweetest.

High tunnel bramble production offers the opportunity to bridge gaps in availability during late fall and late spring. Furthermore, high tunnels allow less hardy floricane-fruiting raspberries to overwinter in climates where they would not otherwise survive. In the tunnel, plants are established at close spacing usually prior to tunnel construction.

Cultivars

Major cultivars

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Yellow cultivar

Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial red raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus. Some botanists consider the Eurasian and American red raspberries to belong to a single, circumboreal species, Rubus idaeus, with the European plants then classified as either R. idaeus subsp. idaeus or R. idaeus var. idaeus, and the native North American red raspberries classified as either R. idaeus subsp. strigosus, or R. idaeus var. strigosus. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking.

The black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, is also cultivated, providing both fresh and frozen fruit, as well as jams, preserves, and other products, all with that species' distinctive flavor.

Purple raspberries have been produced by horticultural hybridization of red and black raspberries, and have also been found in the wild in a few places (for example, in Vermont) where the American red and the black raspberries both grow naturally. Commercial production of purple-fruited raspberries is rare.

Blue raspberry is a local name used in Prince Edward County, Ontario, Canada, for the cultivar 'Columbian', a hybrid (purple raspberry) of R. strigosus and R. occidentalis. Blue raspberry can also refer to the whitebark raspberry, R. leucodermis.

Both the red and the black raspberry species have albino-like pale-yellow natural or horticultural variants, resulting from presence of recessive genes that impede production of anthocyanin pigments. Fruits from such plants are called golden raspberries or yellow raspberries; despite their similar appearance, they retain the distinctive flavor of their respective species (red or black). Most pale-fruited raspberries commercially sold in the eastern United States are derivatives of red raspberries. Yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry are sometimes grown in home gardens.

Red raspberries have also been crossed with various species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, the first of which was the loganberry. Later notable hybrids include the olallieberry, boysenberry, marionberry, and tayberry; all are multi-generational hybrids. Hybridization between the familiar cultivated red raspberries and a few Asiatic species of Rubus has also been achieved.

Selected cultivars

Numerous raspberry cultivars have been selected.

Two types of raspberry are available for commercial and domestic cultivation; the summer-bearing type produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double or "everbearing" plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Those marked (AGM) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Red, early summer fruiting

• Boyne
• Cascade Dawn
• Fertödi Venus
• Glen Clova
• Glen Moy (AGM)
• Killarney
• Latham
• Malahat
• Malling Exploit
• Malling Jewel (AGM)
• Prelude
• Rubin Bulgarski
• Titan
• Willamette

Red, mid-summer fruiting

• Cuthbert
• Glen Ample (AGM)
• Lloyd George
• Meeker
• Newburgh
• Ripley
• Skeena
• Cowichan
• Chemainus
• Saanich

Red, late summer fruiting

• Cascade Delight
• Coho
• Fertödi Rubina
• Glen Magna (AGM)
• Leo (AGM)
• Malling Admiral (AGM)
• Octavia
• Schoenemann
• Tulameen (AGM)

Red primocane, autumn fruiting

• Amity
• Augusta
• Autumn Bliss (AGM)
• Joan J. (Thornless)
• Caroline
• Fertödi Kétszertermö
• Heritage
• Imara
• Joan J
• Josephine
• Kwanza
• Kweli
• Mapema
• Polka (AGM)
• Rafiki
• Ripley
• Summit
• Zeva Herbsternte

Yellow primocane, autumn fruiting

• Anne
• Fallgold
• Fertödi Aranyfürt
• Goldenwest
• Golden Queen
• Honey Queen
• Jambo
• Kiwi Gold

Purple (hybrids between black and red raspberries)

• Brandywine
• Glencoe
• Royalty

Black

• Black Hawk
• Bristol
• Cumberland
• Jewel
• Logan
• Morrison
• Munger
• Ohio Everbearer
• Scepter

Dwarf cultivars

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Diseases and pests

Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). More serious are the raspberry beetle (in Europe) and the raspberry fruitworm (in North America), whose larvae can damage raspberries.

Botrytis cinerea, or gray mold, is a common fungal infection of raspberries and other soft fruit under wet conditions. It is seen as a gray mold growing on the raspberries, and particularly affects fruit which are bruised, as the bruises provide an easy entrance point for the spores.

Raspberry plants should not be planted where potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, or bulbs have previously been grown, without prior fumigation of the soil. These crops are hosts for the disease Verticillium wilt, a fungus that can stay in the soil for many years and can infest the raspberry crop.

Animals

Raspberries, among other plants with high sugar content like peaches, are prime targets for the Japanese beetle, which relies heavily on these sources as its main food resource. The voracious feeding habits of Japanese beetles not only pose a direct threat to raspberry plants but also increase the risk of transmitting various plant diseases. This dual impact can significantly undermine agricultural productivity, making it crucial for raspberry growers to implement effective pest management strategies to mitigate the damage caused by Japanese beetle infestations.

Production

Raspberry production
2022, in thousands of tonnes

	212
	174
	116
	105
	76
World	948

In 2022, world production of raspberries was 947,852 tonnes, led by Russia with 22% of the total (table). Other major producers were Mexico, Serbia, Poland, and the United States.

Nutrition

Raw raspberries are 86% water, 12% carbohydrates, and have about 1% each of protein and fat (table). In a reference amount of Template:Cvt, raspberries supply 53 kilocalories and 6.5 grams of dietary fiber. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C (29% of the Daily Value, DV), manganese (29% DV), and dietary fiber (26% DV), but otherwise have low content of micronutrients (table). Raspberries are a low-glycemic index food, with total sugar content of only 4% and no starch.

The aggregate fruit structure contributes to raspberry's nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, which is among the highest known in whole foods Template:Ndash up to 6% fiber per total weight.

Phytochemicals

Raspberries contain phytochemicals, such as anthocyanin pigments, ellagic acid, ellagitannins, quercetin, gallic acid, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid. Yellow raspberries and others with pale-colored fruits are lower in anthocyanin content. Both yellow and red raspberries contain carotenoids, mostly lutein esters, but these are masked by anthocyanins in red raspberries.

Raspberry compounds are under preliminary research for their potential to affect human health.

Leaves

Raspberry leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal teas, providing an astringent flavor. In herbal and traditional medicine, raspberry leaves are used for some remedies, although there is no scientifically valid evidence to support their medicinal use.

See also

• Template:Portal inline
• Blue raspberry flavor
• Chambord (liqueur)
• Framboise
• List of culinary fruits
• Raspberry ketone
• Raspberry juice
• Red raspberry leaf (herb)
• Thimbleberry

Further reading

• Funt, R.C.; Hall, H.K. (2012). Raspberries (Crop Production Science in Horticulture). CABI. Template:ISBN.

External links

• Template:Cite EB1911
• Raspberries & More (University of Illinois Extension)