Jury rigging: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
imported>Diablotin
→Similar terms: added "degaje in Haitian Creole"
 
imported>Cornellier
not specific to rigging
 
Line 7: Line 7:


Similarly, a '''jury mast''' is a replacement [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] after a [[dismasting]].<ref name=OEDjurymast>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford English Dictionary, Volume V, H-K|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=1933|page=637, corrected reprinting 1966}}</ref> If necessary, a [[Yard (sailing)|yard]] would also be fashioned and [[Stays (nautical)|stayed]] to allow a watercraft to resume making [[Way (vessel)|way]].
Similarly, a '''jury mast''' is a replacement [[Mast (sailing)|mast]] after a [[dismasting]].<ref name=OEDjurymast>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford English Dictionary, Volume V, H-K|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|date=1933|page=637, corrected reprinting 1966}}</ref> If necessary, a [[Yard (sailing)|yard]] would also be fashioned and [[Stays (nautical)|stayed]] to allow a watercraft to resume making [[Way (vessel)|way]].
==Etymology==
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' states that ''jury-mast'' is "Of unknown origin", adding "Apparently either a corruption of some earlier name, or a jocular appellation invented by sailors. For the suggestion that it may have been short for injury-mast, no supporting evidence has been found." It defines it as "''Nautical'': A temporary mast put up in place of one that has been broken or carried away." and the earliest citation given is from 1616, with the spelling ''lury mast''.<ref>{{Cite OED|jury-mast}}</ref>
The 1881 edition of ''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]'' defines ''Jury Mast'' as "A corruption of ''joury mast'', i.e. a mast for the day, a temporary mast, being a spar used for the nonce when the mast has been carried away. (French, ''jour'', a day)",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=Ebenezer Cobham |title=Dictionary of phrase and fable |date=1881 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |page=468 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AwxH-K4SVEC&q=jury+mast&pg=PA468 |language=en |chapter=Jury Mast}}</ref> but the 1970 Centenary Edition of the same work states that "the etymology of 'jury' here is a matter of surmise".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=Ebenezer Cobham |editor1-last=Evans |editor1-first=Ivor H. |title=Brewer's dictionary of phrase and fable |date=1977 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0304935700 |page=599 |edition=Centenary |chapter=Jury mast}}</ref> A further suggested derivation is from the old French ''ajurie'' (aid).<ref>{{cite web |first=Sven | last=Yargs | date=5 June 2017 |title=Did or didn't the "jury-" prefix (jury-rigged, jury-mast) derive from "injury?" |url=https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/391778/did-or-didnt-the-jury-prefix-jury-rigged-jury-mast-derive-from-injury |website=English Language & Usage Stack Exchange |access-date=19 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>


==Rigging==
==Rigging==
Line 26: Line 31:
<!-- EDITORS: This should be moved to Wiktionary -->
<!-- EDITORS: This should be moved to Wiktionary -->
*''Jerry-built'' things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word ''jerry'', attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by ''jury-rigged''.<ref name="alt.usage.english">{{Cite web|last=Israel|first=Mark|date=29 September 1997|url=http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml|title=jerry-built" / "jury-rigged|website=www.Yaelf.com|publisher=alt.usage.english Word Origins FAQ|access-date=28 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182352/http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Morris">{{Cite book|author1=William Morris |author2=Mary Morris |date=1988|title=Morris Dictionary of Words and Phrase Origins, 2nd Edition|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|pages=321–322}}</ref><ref name="Wilton">{{Cite web|last=Wilton|first=Dave|title=jerry-built / jury rig|url=http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919083623/http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/ |archive-date=2016-09-19 |website=www.WordOrigins.org|publisher=Word Origins.org|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> The blended terms ''jerry rigging'' and ''jerry-rigged'' are also common.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jury-rigged' vs. 'jerry-rigged' |date=2017 |work=[[Dictionary.com]] |url= https://www.dictionary.com/e/jury-rigged-vs-jerry-rigged/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jerry-rigged {{!}} adjective |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jerry-rigged |access-date=2024-12-07}}</ref>
*''Jerry-built'' things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word ''jerry'', attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by ''jury-rigged''.<ref name="alt.usage.english">{{Cite web|last=Israel|first=Mark|date=29 September 1997|url=http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml|title=jerry-built" / "jury-rigged|website=www.Yaelf.com|publisher=alt.usage.english Word Origins FAQ|access-date=28 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182352/http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml|archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Morris">{{Cite book|author1=William Morris |author2=Mary Morris |date=1988|title=Morris Dictionary of Words and Phrase Origins, 2nd Edition|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|pages=321–322}}</ref><ref name="Wilton">{{Cite web|last=Wilton|first=Dave|title=jerry-built / jury rig|url=http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919083623/http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/ |archive-date=2016-09-19 |website=www.WordOrigins.org|publisher=Word Origins.org|access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> The blended terms ''jerry rigging'' and ''jerry-rigged'' are also common.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jury-rigged' vs. 'jerry-rigged' |date=2017 |work=[[Dictionary.com]] |url= https://www.dictionary.com/e/jury-rigged-vs-jerry-rigged/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jerry-rigged {{!}} adjective |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jerry-rigged |access-date=2024-12-07}}</ref>
*{{Anchor|Afro engineering|Nigger-rigging}}''Afro engineering'' (short for ''African engineering'')<ref name="Cassell's1">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathan|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|edition=2|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|at=p. 10, African engineering|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> or ''[[nigger]]-rigging''<ref name="Cassell's2">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathan|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|edition=2|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|at=p. 1003, nigger rig n.; nigger rig v.; nigger rigged|via=Google Books}}</ref> is a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials.<ref name="NPD">{{Cite book|last=Partridge|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Partridge|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC|title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-25938-5|at=p. 1370, nigger-rig|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Nigger-rigging'' originated in the 1950s United States;<ref name="Cassell's1" /> the term was [[Euphemism|euphemized]] as ''afro engineering'' in the 1970s<ref name="Cassell's2" /><ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Shirley A.|date=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBEWBAAAQBAJ|title=Routledge International Handbook of Race, Class, and Gender|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-63271-3|via=Google Books|at=Intersections of discourse: Racetalk and class talk|quote="'I can't even nigger-rig it.' ... 'The proper terminology is Afro-engineering.'  Here, blackness is demarcated in a classed way. 'Nigger-rigging' is a quick, temporary fix to a problem, but it is a solution that is second rate to the 'right' way. ... declares that this type of knowledge is racialized and classed in a way that deems it inherently inferior. ... implies that black ingenuity and innovation as sub-par and second rate to white ingenuity and innovation. ...  By responding indirectly ... consents to this classed usage of the word 'nigger'.  Not only does this trivialize whether the slur's usage is inappropriate in the first place, but it equates 'nigger-rigging' with 'Afro-engineering'. ... denotes these terms as synonymous, thus imposing an even more classed meaning to this racial slur."}}</ref> and later again as ''ghetto rigging''. The terms have been used in the U.S. [[auto mechanic]] industry to describe quick makeshift repairs.<ref name="Auto Slang">{{Cite book|last1=Poteet|first1=Jim|last2=Poteet|first2=Lewis|date=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=973n3OipN-4C|title=Car & Motorcycle Slang|publisher=toExcel an imprint of iUniverse.com Inc.|isbn=978-0-595-01080-6|at=p. 14, Afro engineering|via=Google Books}}</ref> These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their colloquial nature, but are occasionally used within the African-American community.<ref name="CoE">{{Cite book|last=Eisiminger|first=Sterling K.|date=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dPlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Consequence of Error and Other Language Essays|publisher=P. Lang|pages=327|isbn=978-0-82041-472-0|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Maledicta">{{Cite journal |last=Eisiminger |first=Sterling |title=A Glossary of Ethnic Slurs in American English |editor-last=Aman |editor-first=Reinhold |date=1979 |journal=Maledicta |volume=3 |issue=2 |publisher=Maledicta Press |page=167 |quote=Afro engineering}}</ref><ref name="LoP">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathon|date=1996|url=https://Archive.org/details/wordsapartlangua0000gree|title=Words Apart: The Language of Prejudice|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Kyle Cathie]]|pages=[https://Archive.org/details/wordsapartlangua0000gree/page/59 59]|isbn=978-1-85626-216-3}}</ref><ref name="CultAnth">{{Cite journal|last=Droney|first=Damien|date=2014|title=Ironies of Laboratory Work during Ghana's Second Age of Optimism|journal=Cultural Anthropology|volume=29|number=2|doi=10.14506/ca29.2.10 |at=p. 363–384, Ironic Africa.|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*{{Anchor|Afro engineering|Nigger-rigging}}''Afro engineering'' (short for ''African engineering'')<ref name="Cassell's1">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathan|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|edition=2|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|at=p. 10, African engineering|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> or ''[[nigger]]-rigging''<ref name="Cassell's2">{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathan|date=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|edition=2|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|at=p. 1003, nigger rig n.; nigger rig v.; nigger rigged|via=Google Books}}</ref> is a highly offensive term<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Jacquelyn |date=2012 |title=The N Word: Its History and Use in the African American Community |journal=Journal of English Linguistics |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=137–171 |doi=10.1177/0075424211414807 |s2cid=144164210 |issn=0075-4242}}</ref> for a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials.<ref name="NPD">{{Cite book|last=Partridge|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Partridge|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC|title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-25938-5|at=p. 1370, nigger-rig|via=Google Books}}</ref> ''Nigger-rigging'' originated in the 1950s United States;<ref name="Cassell's1" /> the term was [[Euphemism|euphemized]] as ''afro engineering'' in the 1970s<ref name="Cassell's2" /><ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Shirley A.|date=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JBEWBAAAQBAJ|title=Routledge International Handbook of Race, Class, and Gender|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-63271-3|via=Google Books|at=Intersections of discourse: Racetalk and class talk|quote="'I can't even nigger-rig it.' ... 'The proper terminology is Afro-engineering.'  Here, blackness is demarcated in a classed way. 'Nigger-rigging' is a quick, temporary fix to a problem, but it is a solution that is second rate to the 'right' way. ... declares that this type of knowledge is racialized and classed in a way that deems it inherently inferior. ... implies that black ingenuity and innovation as sub-par and second rate to white ingenuity and innovation. ...  By responding indirectly ... consents to this classed usage of the word 'nigger'.  Not only does this trivialize whether the slur's usage is inappropriate in the first place, but it equates 'nigger-rigging' with 'Afro-engineering'. ... denotes these terms as synonymous, thus imposing an even more classed meaning to this racial slur."}}</ref> and later again as ''ghetto rigging''. The terms have been used in the U.S. [[auto mechanic]] industry to describe quick makeshift repairs.<ref name="Auto Slang">{{Cite book|last1=Poteet|first1=Jim|last2=Poteet|first2=Lewis|date=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=973n3OipN-4C|title=Car & Motorcycle Slang|publisher=toExcel an imprint of iUniverse.com Inc.|isbn=978-0-595-01080-6|at=p. 14, Afro engineering|via=Google Books}}</ref> These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their highly offensive nature.
* The American expression ''[[redneck]] technology'' similarly refers to crude forms of technology, often hastily or poorly finished, but broadly functional.<ref>See, e.g.: {{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Kelly (editor) |title=Street Use: Redneck Technology |date=August 2, 2006 |work=KK.org |url= https://kk.org/streetuse/redneck-technology/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref>
* The American expression ''[[redneck]] technology'' similarly refers to crude forms of technology, often hastily or poorly finished, but broadly functional.<ref>See, e.g.: {{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Kelly (editor) |title=Street Use: Redneck Technology |date=August 2, 2006 |work=KK.org |url= https://kk.org/streetuse/redneck-technology/ |access-date=December 20, 2023}}</ref>
*To ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)#"MacGyver" and "MacGyverism"|MacGyver]]'' (or ''MacGyverize'') something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rich|first=John|date=2006|title=Warm Up the Snake: a Hollywood Memoir|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=9780472115785|pages=167|oclc=67240539}}</ref>
*To ''[[MacGyver (1985 TV series)#"MacGyver" and "MacGyverism"|MacGyver]]'' (or ''MacGyverize'') something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rich|first=John|date=2006|title=Warm Up the Snake: a Hollywood Memoir|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|isbn=9780472115785|pages=167|oclc=67240539}}</ref>
Line 35: Line 40:


==See also==
==See also==
* {{anl|Kludge}}
* {{annotated link|Chindōgu}}
* {{anl|Repurposing}}
* {{annotated link|Do it yourself}}
* {{annotated link|Improvisation}}
* {{annotated link|Jugaad}}
* {{annotated link|Kludge}}
* {{annotated link|Life hack}}
* {{annotated link|Repurposing}}


==References==
==References==
Line 50: Line 60:


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sailing rigs and rigging]]
[[Category:Nautical terminology]]
[[Category:Nautical terminology]]

Latest revision as of 19:37, 20 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:Use dmy datesTemplate:Use British English Template:Sister project

File:Jurry rigged rudder.jpg
Model showing a method for jury-rigging a rudder

In maritime transport and sailing, jury rigging or jury-rigging[1] is making temporary makeshift running repairs with only the tools and materials on board. It originates from sail-powered boats and ships. Jury-rigging can be applied to any part of a ship; be it its super-structure (hull, decks), propulsion systems (mast, sails, rigging, engine, transmission, propeller), or controls (helm, rudder, centreboard, daggerboards, rigging).

Similarly, a jury mast is a replacement mast after a dismasting.[2] If necessary, a yard would also be fashioned and stayed to allow a watercraft to resume making way.

Etymology

The Oxford English Dictionary states that jury-mast is "Of unknown origin", adding "Apparently either a corruption of some earlier name, or a jocular appellation invented by sailors. For the suggestion that it may have been short for injury-mast, no supporting evidence has been found." It defines it as "Nautical: A temporary mast put up in place of one that has been broken or carried away." and the earliest citation given is from 1616, with the spelling lury mast.[3]

The 1881 edition of Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable defines Jury Mast as "A corruption of joury mast, i.e. a mast for the day, a temporary mast, being a spar used for the nonce when the mast has been carried away. (French, jour, a day)",[4] but the 1970 Centenary Edition of the same work states that "the etymology of 'jury' here is a matter of surmise".[5] A further suggested derivation is from the old French ajurie (aid).[6]

Rigging

File:Jury-mast-knot-variations.jpg
Three variations of the jury mast knot.

A sail-powered boat may carry a limited amount of repair materials, from which some form of jury-rig can be fashioned. Additionally, anything salvageable, such as a spar or spinnaker pole, could be adapted to carry a makeshift sail.

Ships typically carried a selection of spare parts such as topmasts. However, due to their much larger size, at up to Script error: No such module "convert". in diameter, the lower masts were too large to carry as spares. Example jury-rig configurations include:

  • A spare topmast
  • The main boom of a brig
  • Replacing the foremast with the mizzenmast (mentioned in William N. Brady's The Kedge Anchor, or Young Sailors' Assistant, 1852)
  • The bowsprit set upright and tied to the stump of the original mast.

The jury mast knot may provide anchor points for securing makeshift stays and shrouds to support a jury mast, although there is differing evidence of the knot's actual historical use.[7][8][9]

Jury-rigs are not limited to sail-powered boats. Any unpowered watercraft can carry jury sail. A rudder, tiller, or any other component can be jury-rigged by improvising a repair out of materials at hand.[1]

Similar terms

  • Jerry-built things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word jerry, attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by jury-rigged.[10][11][12] The blended terms jerry rigging and jerry-rigged are also common.[13][14]
  • Script error: No such module "anchor".Afro engineering (short for African engineering)[15] or nigger-rigging[16] is a highly offensive term[17] for a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials.[18] Nigger-rigging originated in the 1950s United States;[15] the term was euphemized as afro engineering in the 1970s[16][19] and later again as ghetto rigging. The terms have been used in the U.S. auto mechanic industry to describe quick makeshift repairs.[20] These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their highly offensive nature.
  • The American expression redneck technology similarly refers to crude forms of technology, often hastily or poorly finished, but broadly functional.[21]
  • To MacGyver (or MacGyverize) something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.[22]
  • In New Zealand, having a Number 8 wire mentality means to have the ability to make or repair something using any materials at hand, such as standard farm fencing wire.[23]
  • In British slang, bodge and bodging refer to doing a job serviceably but inelegantly using whatever tools and materials are at hand; the term derives from bodging, for expedient woodturning using unseasoned, green wood (especially branches recently removed from a nearby tree).
  • The chiefly English term do-it-yourself (DIY) relatedly refers to creating, repairing, or modifying things without professional or expert assistance.
  • Similar concepts in other languages include: Script error: No such module "Lang". in Hindi and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Urdu, Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Japanese, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Genoese dialect, Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in Chinese, Script error: No such module "Lang". in German, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Portuguese and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Brazilian Portuguese, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Haitian Creole, Script error: No such module "Lang". in French, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Swahili. Several equivalent terms in South Africa are Script error: No such module "Lang". in Afrikaans, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Zulu, Script error: No such module "Lang". in Sotho, and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Tswana.[24]

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". Template:OEDsub
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ See, e.g.: Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Script error: No such module "Navbox".

Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Jury_rigging&oldid=4958782"