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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae}}
{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image=Prolećno cveće 3.JPG
|image=Prolećno cveće 3.JPG
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*''Cankrienia'' <small>de Vriese</small>
*''Cankrienia'' <small>de Vriese</small>
*''Carolinella'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
*''Carolinella'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
*''× Cortoprimula'' <small>Zeman</small>
*× ''Cortoprimula'' <small>Zeman</small>
*''[[Cortusa]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''[[Cortusa]]'' <small>L.</small>
*''Dodecatheon'' <small>L.</small>
*''Dodecatheon'' <small>L.</small>
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}}
}}


'''''Primula''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|m|j|ʊ|l|ə}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–07}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]]<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite encyclopedia |title=RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants |year=2008 |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|Dorling Kindersley]] |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1405332965 |page=1136}}</ref> [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Primulaceae]]. They include the primrose (''[[Primula vulgaris|P. vulgaris]]''), a familiar [[wildflower]] of banks and verges. Other common species are ''[[Primula auricula|P. auricula]]'' (auricula), ''[[Primula veris|P. veris]]'' (cowslip), and ''[[Primula elatior|P. elatior]]'' (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental [[flower]]s. They have been extensively cultivated and [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybridised]] (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). ''Primula'' are [[native plant|native]] to the [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[Northern Hemisphere]], south into tropical mountains in [[Ethiopia]], [[Indonesia]], and [[New Guinea]], and in temperate southern [[South America]]. Almost half of the known species are from the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=RHSAZ/>
'''''Primula''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|m|j|ʊ|l|ə}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Sunset Western Garden Book |year=1995 |pages=606–07}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]]<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite encyclopedia |title=RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants |year=2008 |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|Dorling Kindersley]] |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1405332965 |page=1136}}</ref> [[flowering plant]]s in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Primulaceae]]. They include the primrose (''[[Primula vulgaris|P. vulgaris]]''), a familiar [[wildflower]] of banks and verges. Other common species are ''[[Primula auricula|P. auricula]]'' (auricula), ''[[Primula veris|P. veris]]'' (cowslip), and ''[[Primula elatior|P. elatior]]'' (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental [[flower]]s. They have been extensively cultivated and [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybridised]] (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). ''Primula'' are [[native plant|native]] to the [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[Northern Hemisphere]], south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia, and [[New Guinea]], and in temperate southern South America. Almost half of the known species are from the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=RHSAZ/>


''Primula'' has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]].<ref name=fna>{{Cite web|title=Primula in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126719|access-date=2023-02-19|website=www.efloras.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013152553/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126719|archive-date=October 13, 2013}}</ref>
''Primula'' has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]].<ref name=fna>{{Cite web |title=Primula in Flora of North America @ efloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126719 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=www.efloras.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013152553/http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
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==== Classification ====
==== Classification ====
The genus ''Dodecatheon'' originated from within ''Primula'', its species are now included in ''Primula''.<ref name="weakley">{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title=''Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas'' |author=Weakley, A. S. |date=2008 |access-date=2009-06-08 |archive-date=2018-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |url-status=live }} UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref>
The genus ''Dodecatheon'' originated from within ''Primula'', its species are now included in ''Primula''.<ref name="weakley">{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title=''Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas'' |author=Weakley, A. S. |date=2008 |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006082209/http://herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |url-status=live}} UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.</ref>


===== Sections of genus ''Primula'' =====
===== Sections of genus ''Primula'' =====
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===Selected species===
===Selected species===
{{Main|List of Primula species|l1=List of ''Primula'' species}}
{{Main|List of Primula species|l1=List of ''Primula'' species}}
Species include:<ref name=china>{{Cite web|title=Primula|url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719|access-date=2023-02-19|website=www.efloras.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015020926/http://efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=October 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=fna-list>{{Cite web|title=Primula|url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719|access-date=2023-02-19|website=www.efloras.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013224727/http://efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=October 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name=grin>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9834 GRIN Species Records of ''Primula''.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124239/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9834 |date=2015-09-24 }} Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref>
Species include:<ref name=china>{{Cite web |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=www.efloras.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015020926/http://efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=fna-list>{{Cite web |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=www.efloras.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013224727/http://efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719 |archive-date=13 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=grin>[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9834 GRIN Species Records of ''Primula''.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124239/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?9834 |date=24 September 2015 }} Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).</ref>
[[File:Primula algida, Գնարբուկ սառը, Первоцвет холодный - panoramio.jpg|thumb|''Primula algida'']]
[[File:Primula algida, Գնարբուկ սառը, Первоцвет холодный - panoramio.jpg|thumb|''Primula algida'']]
[[File:Primula aurantiaca 2017-06-25 3083.jpg|thumb|''Primula auriantaca'']]
[[File:Primula aurantiaca 2017-06-25 3083.jpg|thumb|''Primula auriantaca'']]
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*''[[Primula bella]]''
*''[[Primula bella]]''
*''[[Primula bellidifolia]]''
*''[[Primula bellidifolia]]''
*''[[Primula bergenioides]]''<ref name=ming>Ming, H. C. and G. Y. Ying. (2003). [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf Two new species of ''Primula'' (Primulaceae) from China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051114/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} ''Novon'' 13 196-199.</ref>
*''[[Primula bergenioides]]''<ref name=ming>Ming, H. C. and G. Y. Ying. (2003). [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf Two new species of ''Primula'' (Primulaceae) from China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051114/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Novon'' 13 196-199.</ref>
*''[[Primula bhutanica]]''
*''[[Primula bhutanica]]''
*''[[Primula blattariformis]]''
*''[[Primula blattariformis]]''
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*''[[Primula calderiana]]''
*''[[Primula calderiana]]''
*''[[Primula calliantha]]''
*''[[Primula calliantha]]''
*''[[Primula calyptrata]]''<ref name=xun>Xun, G. and F. Rhui-cheng. (2003). [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/China/novon/novo-13-02-193.pdf ''Primula calyptrata'', a new species in section ''Carolinella'' (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110336/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/China/novon/novo-13-02-193.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} ''Novon'' 13 193-95.</ref>
*''[[Primula calyptrata]]''<ref name=xun>Xun, G. and F. Rhui-cheng. (2003). [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/China/novon/novo-13-02-193.pdf ''Primula calyptrata'', a new species in section ''Carolinella'' (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110336/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/China/novon/novo-13-02-193.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} ''Novon'' 13 193-95.</ref>
*''[[Primula capillaris]]'' (Ruby Mountain primrose)
*''[[Primula capillaris]]'' (Ruby Mountain primrose)
*''[[Primula capitata]]''
*''[[Primula capitata]]''
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**''Primula capitata'' ssp. ''crispata''
**''Primula capitata'' ssp. ''crispata''
*''[[Primula capitellata]]''
*''[[Primula capitellata]]''
*''[[Primula carniolica]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161964/5521086 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> (Carniolan primrose)
*''[[Primula carniolica]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161964/5521086 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> (Carniolan primrose)
*''[[Primula caveana]]''
*''[[Primula caveana]]''
*''[[Primula cawdoriana]]''
*''[[Primula cawdoriana]]''
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*''[[Primula farreriana]]''
*''[[Primula farreriana]]''
*''[[Primula fedschenkoi]]''
*''[[Primula fedschenkoi]]''
*''[[Primula fenghwaiana]]''<ref name=hu>{{Cite journal|last1=Hu|first1=C. M.|last2=Hao|first2=G.|title=New and Noteworthy Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China |date=June 2011|journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=68|issue=2|pages=297–300|doi=10.1017/S096042861100014X|issn=1474-0036|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Primula fenghwaiana]]''<ref name=hu>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=C. M. |last2=Hao |first2=G. |title=New and Noteworthy Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China |date=June 2011 |journal=Edinburgh Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=297–300 |doi=10.1017/S096042861100014X |issn=1474-0036 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''[[Primula filchnerae]]''
*''[[Primula filchnerae]]''
*''[[Primula filipes]]''
*''[[Primula filipes]]''
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*''[[Primula klattii]]''
*''[[Primula klattii]]''
*''[[Primula laurentiana]]'' (birdseye primrose)
*''[[Primula laurentiana]]'' (birdseye primrose)
*''[[Primula lihengiana]]''<ref name=li>Li, R. and C. M. Hu. (2009). [http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb46-free/anb46-130.pdf ''Primula lihengiana'' (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023014056/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb46-free/anb46-130.pdf |date=2014-10-23 }} ''Annales Botanici Fennici'' 46(2) 130-32</ref>
*''[[Primula lihengiana]]''<ref name=li>Li, R. and C. M. Hu. (2009). [http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb46-free/anb46-130.pdf ''Primula lihengiana'' (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023014056/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anb46-free/anb46-130.pdf |date=23 October 2014 }} ''Annales Botanici Fennici'' 46(2) 130-32</ref>
[[File:Primula marginata 07.jpg|thumb|''Primula marginata'']]
[[File:Primula marginata 07.jpg|thumb|''Primula marginata'']]
[[File:Primula megaseifolia 003 GotBot 2016.jpg|thumb|''Primula megaseifolia'']]
[[File:Primula megaseifolia 003 GotBot 2016.jpg|thumb|''Primula megaseifolia'']]
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[[File:Orchid primrose.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Primula vialii]]'']]
[[File:Orchid primrose.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Primula vialii]]'']]
[[Image:Auricula(1).jpg|right|thumb|''Primula'' × ''pubescens'']]
[[Image:Auricula(1).jpg|right|thumb|''Primula'' × ''pubescens'']]
*''[[Primula palinuri]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161810/5498316 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref>
*''[[Primula palinuri]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161810/5498316 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Primula parryi]]'' (Parry's primrose)
*''[[Primula parryi]]'' (Parry's primrose)
*''[[Primula pedemontana]]''
*''[[Primula pedemontana]]''
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*''[[Primula sapphirina]]''
*''[[Primula sapphirina]]''
*''[[Primula saxatilis]]'' (rock primrose)
*''[[Primula saxatilis]]'' (rock primrose)
*''[[Primula scandinavica]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162034/5537464 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref> (Scandinavian primrose)
*''[[Primula scandinavica]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/162034/5537464 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> (Scandinavian primrose)
*''[[Primula scapigera]]''
*''[[Primula scapigera]]''
*''[[Primula scotica]]'' (Scottish primrose)
*''[[Primula scotica]]'' (Scottish primrose)
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*''[[Primula sonchifolia]]''
*''[[Primula sonchifolia]]''
*''[[Primula souliei]]''
*''[[Primula souliei]]''
*''[[Primula spectabilis]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161891/5509776 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref>
*''[[Primula spectabilis]]''<ref>{{Cite iucn |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161891/5509776 |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=15 November 2018}}</ref>
*''[[Primula specuicola]]'' (alcove primrose, cave-dwelling primrose)
*''[[Primula specuicola]]'' (alcove primrose, cave-dwelling primrose)
*''[[Primula stricta]]'' (coastal primrose, strict primrose)
*''[[Primula stricta]]'' (coastal primrose, strict primrose)
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*''[[Primula takedana]]''
*''[[Primula takedana]]''
*''[[Primula tanneri]]''
*''[[Primula tanneri]]''
*''[[Primula tardiflora]]''<ref name=chi>{{Cite journal|title=New Taxa and Combinations in Chinese Primulaceae|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/20918|access-date=2023-02-19|first=H. |last=Chi-Ming |journal=Novon |date=1994 |pages=103–105 |volume=4 |issue=2|doi=10.2307/3391576 |jstor=3391576 |bibcode=1994Novon...4..103C }}</ref>
*''[[Primula tardiflora]]''<ref name=chi>{{Cite journal |title=New Taxa and Combinations in Chinese Primulaceae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/20918 |access-date=19 February 2023 |first=H. |last=Chi-Ming |journal=Novon |date=1994 |pages=103–105 |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/3391576 |jstor=3391576 |bibcode=1994Novon...4..103C}}</ref>
*''[[Primula tenella]]''
*''[[Primula tenella]]''
*''[[Primula tenuiloba]]''
*''[[Primula tenuiloba]]''
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*''[[Primula valentiniana]]''
*''[[Primula valentiniana]]''
*''[[Primula veris]]'' (cowslip)
*''[[Primula veris]]'' (cowslip)
*''[[Primula verticillata]]''<ref name=kewensis>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Primula-verticillata.htm ''Primula verticillata'' (yellow primrose).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905161039/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Primula-verticillata.htm |date=2012-09-05 }} Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> (yellow primrose)
*''[[Primula verticillata]]''<ref name=kewensis>[http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Primula-verticillata.htm ''Primula verticillata'' (yellow primrose).] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905161039/http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Primula-verticillata.htm |date=5 September 2012 }} Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> (yellow primrose)
*''[[Primula vialii]]'' (wayside primrose, pagoda primrose, orchid primrose, poker primrose)
*''[[Primula vialii]]'' (wayside primrose, pagoda primrose, orchid primrose, poker primrose)
*''[[Primula villosa]]''
*''[[Primula villosa]]''
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==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==


Although there are over 400 species of ''Primula'', about 75% are found in the eastern [[Himalayan mountain range|Himalayan mountain chain]] and western China ([[Yunnan Province]]), constituting a [[centre of diversity]]. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre ([[Caucasus]], European mountain ranges from the [[Pyrenees]], through the [[Alps]] to the [[Carpathian Mountains]]), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. ''Primula'' is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra).{{sfn|Mast et al|2001}}{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}} About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections).{{sfn|Kelso|1991}}
Although there are over 400 species of ''Primula'', about 75% are found in the eastern [[Himalayan mountain range|Himalayan mountain chain]] and western China ([[Yunnan]]), constituting a [[centre of diversity]]. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre ([[Caucasus]], European mountain ranges from the [[Pyrenees]], through the [[Alps]] to the [[Carpathian Mountains]]), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. ''Primula'' is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra).{{sfn|Mast et al|2001}}{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}} About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections).{{sfn|Kelso|1991}}


''Primula'' is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and [[Nival zone|nival]] and meadow [[tundras]].{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}}
''Primula'' is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and [[Nival zone|nival]] and meadow [[tundras]].{{sfn|Kovtonyuk|Goncharov|2009}}
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== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==


Primulas are used as a food plant by the [[Hamearis lucina|Duke of Burgundy butterfly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Butterflies - Larval Foodplants |url=http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/foodplants.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501005458/http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/foodplants.php |archive-date=2017-05-01 |access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref>
Primulas are used as a food plant by the [[Hamearis lucina|Duke of Burgundy butterfly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Butterflies - Larval Foodplants |url=http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/foodplants.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501005458/http://www.ukbutterflies.co.uk/foodplants.php |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=24 April 2017}}</ref>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
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''Primula'' species have been extensively cultivated and [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybridised]], mainly derived from ''P. elatior'', ''P. juliae'', ''P. veris'' and ''P. vulgaris''. Polyanthus (''[[Primula × polyantha]]'') is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as [[annual plant|annuals]] or [[biennial plant|biennials]] and available as seeds or young plants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reader's Digest Encyclopedia of Garden Plants & Flowers, 2nd edition |year=1978 |publisher=Reader's Digest Association |location=United Kingdom}}</ref>
''Primula'' species have been extensively cultivated and [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybridised]], mainly derived from ''P. elatior'', ''P. juliae'', ''P. veris'' and ''P. vulgaris''. Polyanthus (''[[Primula × polyantha]]'') is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as [[annual plant|annuals]] or [[biennial plant|biennials]] and available as seeds or young plants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Reader's Digest Encyclopedia of Garden Plants & Flowers, 2nd edition |year=1978 |publisher=Reader's Digest Association |location=United Kingdom}}</ref>


Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between ''P. auricula'' and ''P. hirsuta'' (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auriculaandprimula.org.uk/ |title=Welcome to The National Auricula & Primula Society: Midland & West Section |publisher=National Auricula Society |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126144932/http://www.auriculaandprimula.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> support the growing and showing of these choice strains.
Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between ''P. auricula'' and ''P. hirsuta'' (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auriculaandprimula.org.uk/ |title=Welcome to The National Auricula & Primula Society: Midland & West Section |publisher=National Auricula Society |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126144932/http://www.auriculaandprimula.org.uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> support the growing and showing of these choice strains.


===AGM cultivars===
===AGM cultivars===


The following hybrid varieties and [[cultivars]] have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:-<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=81 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>  
The following hybrid varieties and [[cultivars]] have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:-<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants - Ornamental |date=July 2017 |page=81 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>  
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/131936/Primula-Broadwell-Milkmaid-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Broadwell Milkmaid' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141518/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/131936/primula-broadwell-milkmaid-(au)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/131936/Primula-Broadwell-Milkmaid-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Broadwell Milkmaid' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141518/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/131936/primula-broadwell-milkmaid-(au)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*Charisma series (prim)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176795/Primula-Charisma-Series-(Pr-Prim)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Charisma Series' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141451/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/176795/primula-charisma-series-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*Charisma series (prim)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176795/Primula-Charisma-Series-(Pr-Prim)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Charisma Series' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141451/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/176795/primula-charisma-series-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*'Clarence Elliott' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58003/Primula-Clarence-Elliott-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Clarence Elliott' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141523/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/58003/primula-clarence-elliott-(au)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*'Clarence Elliott' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/58003/Primula-Clarence-Elliott-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Clarence Elliott' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141523/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/58003/primula-clarence-elliott-(au)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*Crescendo Series (poly)
*Crescendo Series (poly)
**'Crescendo Blue Shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Blue Shades' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124251/Primula-Crescendo-Blue-Shades-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141504/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124251/primula-crescendo-blue-shades-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
**'Crescendo Blue Shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Blue Shades' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124251/Primula-Crescendo-Blue-Shades-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141504/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124251/primula-crescendo-blue-shades-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
**'Crescendo Bright Red'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Bright Red' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124252/Primula-Crescendo-Bright-Red-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141534/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124252/primula-crescendo-bright-red-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
**'Crescendo Bright Red'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Bright Red' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124252/Primula-Crescendo-Bright-Red-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141534/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124252/primula-crescendo-bright-red-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
<!-- AGM withdrawn**'Crescendo Golden'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Golden' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3879 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515011732/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3879 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>-->
<!-- AGM withdrawn**'Crescendo Golden'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Golden' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3879 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515011732/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3879 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>-->
**'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124254/Primula-Crescendo-Pink-and-Rose-Shades-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141505/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124254/primula-crescendo-pink-and-rose-shades-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
**'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/124254/Primula-Crescendo-Pink-and-Rose-Shades-(Crescendo-Series)-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141505/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/124254/primula-crescendo-pink-and-rose-shades-(crescendo-series)-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*Danova Series (prim)<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' Danova Series |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176796/Primula-Danova-Series-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141511/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/176796/primula-danova-series-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*Danova Series (prim)<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' Danova Series |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/176796/Primula-Danova-Series-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141511/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/176796/primula-danova-series-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
<!-- AGM withdrawn**'Danova Purple, White Edge'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Danova Purple, White Edge' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3881 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004920/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3881 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>-->
<!-- AGM withdrawn**'Danova Purple, White Edge'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Danova Purple, White Edge' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3881 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004920/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3881 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>-->
**'Danova Rose'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Danova Rose' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/104927/Primula-Danova-Rose-(Danova-Series)-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141536/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/104927/primula-danova-rose-(danova-series)-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
**'Danova Rose'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Danova Rose' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/104927/Primula-Danova-Rose-(Danova-Series)-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141536/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/104927/primula-danova-rose-(danova-series)-(pr-prim)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*'Francisca' (poly)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166302/Primula-Francisca-(Pr-Poly)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Francisca' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141518/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/166302/primula-francisca-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*'Francisca' (poly)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/166302/Primula-Francisca-(Pr-Poly)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Francisca' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141518/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/166302/primula-francisca-(pr-poly)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*'Guinevere' (poly)<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Guinevere' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97804/Primula-Guinevere-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707052658/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97804/Primula-Guinevere-(Pr-Poly)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*'Guinevere' (poly)<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Guinevere' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97804/Primula-Guinevere-(Pr-Poly)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707052658/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/97804/Primula-Guinevere-(Pr-Poly)/Details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
*''Primula'' × ''loiseleurii'' 'Aire Mist' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/214773/Primula-x-loiseleurii-Aire-Mist-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' × ''loiseleurii'' 'Aire Mist' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>  
*''Primula'' × ''loiseleurii'' 'Aire Mist' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/214773/Primula-x-loiseleurii-Aire-Mist-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' × ''loiseleurii'' 'Aire Mist' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>  
*''Primula'' × ''pubescens'' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93544/Primula-x-pubescens-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' × ''pubescens'' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141524/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/93544/primula-x-pubescens-(au)/details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*''Primula'' × ''pubescens'' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93544/Primula-x-pubescens-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' × ''pubescens'' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413141524/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/93544/primula-x-pubescens-(au)/details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
<!-- AGM withdrawn*Rainbow Series
<!-- AGM withdrawn*Rainbow Series
**'Rainbow Blue shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Rainbow Blue shades' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3885 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515023847/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3885 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
**'Rainbow Blue shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Rainbow Blue shades' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3885 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515023847/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3885 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Line 381: Line 382:
**'Rainbow Scarlet Shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Rainbow Scarlet Shades' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3887 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010402/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3887 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>-->
**'Rainbow Scarlet Shades'<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Rainbow Scarlet Shades' |url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3887 |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010402/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=3887 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>-->
*'Tony' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112098/Primula-Tony-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Tony' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>  
*'Tony' (auri)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/112098/Primula-Tony-(Au)/Details |title=''Primula'' 'Tony' |publisher=RHS |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>  
*'Wanda' (prim)<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Wanda' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90583/Primula-Wanda-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127181028/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/90583/Primula-Wanda-(Pr-Prim)/Details |url-status=live }}</ref>  
*'Wanda' (prim)<ref>{{cite web |title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Primula'' 'Wanda' |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/90583/Primula-Wanda-(Pr-Prim)/Details |access-date=17 February 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127181028/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/90583/Primula-Wanda-(Pr-Prim)/Details |url-status=live}}</ref>  
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |authorlink=Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |year=1753 |volume=1 |chapter=Primula |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/154/mode/2up |pages=142–144 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm |access-date=2021-06-04 |archive-date=2020-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506044412/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |url-status=live }}, ''see also'' [[Species Plantarum]]  
*{{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Linnaeus |title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |year=1753 |volume=1 |chapter=Primula |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/154/mode/2up |pages=142–144 |publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |location=Stockholm |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506044412/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary |url-status=live}}, ''see also'' [[Species Plantarum]]  
*{{cite journal |last1=Gilmartin |first1=Philip M. |title=On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |date=2015 |volume=208 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.1111/nph.13558 |pmid=26255981|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015NewPh.208...39G |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/57015/1/Gilmartin_2015_final_files_for_New_Phytologist_NPH_TR_2015_19531.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Gilmartin |first1=Philip M. |title=On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |date=2015 |volume=208 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.1111/nph.13558 |pmid=26255981 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015NewPh.208...39G |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/57015/1/Gilmartin_2015_final_files_for_New_Phytologist_NPH_TR_2015_19531.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kelso |first1=Sylvia |title=Taxonomy of Primula Sects. Aleuritia and Armerina in North America |journal=[[Rhodora (journal)|Rhodora]] |date=1991 |volume=93 |issue=873 |pages=67–99 |jstor=23312756}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kelso |first1=Sylvia |title=Taxonomy of Primula Sects. Aleuritia and Armerina in North America |journal=[[Rhodora (journal)|Rhodora]] |date=1991 |volume=93 |issue=873 |pages=67–99 |jstor=23312756}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kovtonyuk |first1=N. K. |last2=Goncharov |first2=A. A. |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Primula L. (Primulaceae) inferred from the ITS region sequences of nuclear rDNA |journal=[[Russian Journal of Genetics]] |date=June 2009 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=663–670 |doi=10.1134/S1022795409060052 |s2cid=30118798}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kovtonyuk |first1=N. K. |last2=Goncharov |first2=A. A. |title=Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Primula L. (Primulaceae) inferred from the ITS region sequences of nuclear rDNA |journal=[[Russian Journal of Genetics]] |date=June 2009 |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=663–670 |doi=10.1134/S1022795409060052 |s2cid=30118798}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=L. |last2=Oberprieler |first2=C. |last3=Hellwig |first3=F. H. |title=A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |date=2003 |volume=237 |issue=1–2 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.1007/s00606-002-0258-1 |bibcode=2003PSyEv.237...75M |s2cid=43988431 |ref={{harvid|Martins et al|2003}}}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=L. |last2=Oberprieler |first2=C. |last3=Hellwig |first3=F. H. |title=A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data |journal=[[Plant Systematics and Evolution]] |date=2003 |volume=237 |issue=1–2 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.1007/s00606-002-0258-1 |bibcode=2003PSyEv.237...75M |s2cid=43988431 |ref={{harvid|Martins et al|2003}}}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mast |first1=Austin R. |last2=Kelso |first2=Sylvia |last3=Richards |first3=A. John |last4=Lang |first4=Daniela J. |last5=Feller |first5=Danielle M. S. |last6=Conti |first6=Elena |title=Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L. and Related Genera (Primulaceae) Based on Noncoding Chloroplast DNA |journal=[[International Journal of Plant Sciences]] |date=2001 |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=1381–1400 |doi=10.1086/323444 |jstor=323444 |bibcode=2001IJPlS.162.1381M |s2cid=59929813 |ref={{harvid|Mast et al|2001}}}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Mast |first1=Austin R. |last2=Kelso |first2=Sylvia |last3=Richards |first3=A. John |last4=Lang |first4=Daniela J. |last5=Feller |first5=Danielle M. S. |last6=Conti |first6=Elena |title=Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L. and Related Genera (Primulaceae) Based on Noncoding Chloroplast DNA |journal=[[International Journal of Plant Sciences]] |date=2001 |volume=162 |issue=6 |pages=1381–1400 |doi=10.1086/323444 |jstor=323444 |bibcode=2001IJPlS.162.1381M |s2cid=59929813 |ref={{harvid|Mast et al|2001}}}}
*{{cite web |title=The American Primrose Society |url=https://americanprimrosesociety.org |access-date=6 June 2021 |ref={{harvid|APS|2021}} |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606023036/https://americanprimrosesociety.org/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=The American Primrose Society |url=https://americanprimrosesociety.org |access-date=6 June 2021 |ref={{harvid|APS|2021}} |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606023036/https://americanprimrosesociety.org/ |url-status=live}}


===Species===
===Species===


*{{cite journal |last1=Basak |first1=Sandip Kumar |last2=Maiti |first2=G. G. |title=Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica |date=2000 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00001077444}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Basak |first1=Sandip Kumar |last2=Maiti |first2=G. G. |title=Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica |date=2000 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=11–15 |doi=10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00001077444}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Hu Chi |last2=Ying |first2=Geng Yu |title=Two New Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China |url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |journal=[[Novon]] |date=2003 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=196–199 |doi=10.2307/3393518 |jstor=3393518 |bibcode=2003Novon..13..196M |access-date=2013-07-10 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051114/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ming |first1=Hu Chi |last2=Ying |first2=Geng Yu |title=Two New Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China |url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |journal=[[Novon]] |date=2003 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=196–199 |doi=10.2307/3393518 |jstor=3393518 |bibcode=2003Novon..13..196M |access-date=10 July 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051114/http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/novo-13-02-196.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last1=Fu |first1=Kunjun |last2=Ohba |first2=Hideaki |last3=Gilbert |first3=Michael G. |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |page= |accessdate=4 June 2021 |year=2004 |ref={{harvid|Fu et al|2004}} |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515100650/http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |url-status=live }}, in [[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China online]] vol. 15
*{{cite web |last1=Fu |first1=Kunjun |last2=Ohba |first2=Hideaki |last3=Gilbert |first3=Michael G. |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |page= |access-date=4 June 2021 |year=2004 |ref={{harvid|Fu et al|2004}} |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515100650/http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2&start_taxon_id=126719 |url-status=live}}, in [[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China online]] vol. 15
*{{cite web |last1=Little |first1=R. John |last2=McKinney |first2=Landon E. |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719= |work=[[Flora of North America]] |year=2003 |volume=8 |accessdate=5 June 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606024427/http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719= |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last1=Little |first1=R. John |last2=McKinney |first2=Landon E. |title=Primula |url=http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719= |work=[[Flora of North America]] |year=2003 |volume=8 |access-date=5 June 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606024427/http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=1&start_taxon_id=126719= |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |last=GRIN |title=Species of Primula |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist?category=species&type=genus&value=Primula&id=9834 |website=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (GRIN)]] |publisher=Agricultural Research Service, USDA |access-date=6 June 2021 |date=2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606025956/https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist?category=species&type=genus&value=Primula&id=9834 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |last=GRIN |title=Species of Primula |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist?category=species&type=genus&value=Primula&id=9834 |website=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (GRIN)]] |publisher=Agricultural Research Service, USDA |access-date=6 June 2021 |date=2021 |archive-date=6 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606025956/https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomylist?category=species&type=genus&value=Primula&id=9834 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Latest revision as of 13:09, 18 December 2025

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Automatic taxobox

Primula (Template:IPAc-en)[1] is a genus of herbaceous[2] flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (P. vulgaris), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are P. auricula (auricula), P. veris (cowslip), and P. elatior (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers. They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). Primula are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia, and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America. Almost half of the known species are from the Himalayas.[2]

Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription.[3]

Description

Primula is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant.[2] Many species are adapted to alpine climates.

Taxonomy

Primula was known at least as early as the mediaeval herbalists, although first formally described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753,Template:Sfn and later in 1754 in his Flora Anglica. Linnaeus described seven species of Primula. One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of Charles Darwin study of heterostyly in 1877 (The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species). Since then, heterostyly (and homostyly) have remained important considerations in the taxonomic classification of Primula.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Primula is a member of the Primulaceae family. The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000 species arranged into 22 genera, was by Pax and Knuth in 1905.Template:Sfn

Phylogeny

Primula is the largest genus in the family Primulaceae, within which it is placed in the subfamily Primuloideae, being the nominative genus.Template:Sfn

The position of Primula within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this cladogram: Script error: No such module "Clade".

Classification

The genus Dodecatheon originated from within Primula, its species are now included in Primula.[4]

Sections of genus Primula

The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections.[5][6] Some of these sections (e.g. Vernales, Auricula) contain many species; others contain only one.

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  • Amethystina
  • Auricula
  • Bullatae
  • Candelabra
  • Capitatae
  • Carolinella
  • Cortusoides
  • Cuneifolia
  • Denticulata
  • Dryadifolia
  • Farinosae
  • Floribundae
  • Grandis
  • Malacoidea
  • Malvacea
  • Minutissimae
  • Muscaroides
  • Nivales
  • Obconica
  • Parryi
  • Petiolares
  • Pinnatae
  • Pycnoloba
  • Reinii
  • Rotundifolia
  • Sikkimensis
  • Sinenses
  • Soldanelloideae
  • Souliei
  • Vernales

Selected species

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File:Primula algida, Գնարբուկ սառը, Первоцвет холодный - panoramio.jpg
Primula algida
File:Primula aurantiaca 2017-06-25 3083.jpg
Primula auriantaca
File:Primula beesiana in Dunedin Botanic Garden 02.jpg
Primula beesiana
File:Primula capitata ssp mooreana 5.JPG
Primula capitata ssp. mooreana
File:Primula clarkei 01.jpg
Primula clarkei
File:Primula denticulata (Sakhalin) 3.JPG
Primula denticulata
File:Essex Oxlip - geograph.org.uk - 403865.jpg
Primula elatior (oxlip)
File:Primula florindae inflorescence.jpg
Primula florindae
File:Primula glutinosa.jpg
Primula glutinosa
File:Primula helodoxa - Savill Garden - Windsor Great Park, England - DSC06424.jpg
Primula helodoxa
File:Primula japonica 2.jpg
Primula japonica
File:Primula marginata 07.jpg
Primula marginata
File:Primula megaseifolia 003 GotBot 2016.jpg
Primula megaseifolia
File:Primula prolifera 1.jpg
Primula prolifera
File:Primula rosea I IMG 7210.jpg
Primula rosea
File:Primula sieboldii RB.jpg
Primula sieboldii
File:Primula veris01.jpg
Primula veris
File:Orchid primrose.jpg
Primula vialii
File:Auricula(1).jpg
Primula × pubescens

Etymology

The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.[23]

Distribution and habitat

Although there are over 400 species of Primula, about 75% are found in the eastern Himalayan mountain chain and western China (Yunnan), constituting a centre of diversity. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre (Caucasus, European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees, through the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections).Template:Sfn

Primula is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and nival and meadow tundras.Template:Sfn

Ecology

Primulas are used as a food plant by the Duke of Burgundy butterfly.[24]

Cultivation

Primula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from P. elatior, P. juliae, P. veris and P. vulgaris. Polyanthus (Primula × polyantha) is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annuals or biennials and available as seeds or young plants.[25]

Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between P. auricula and P. hirsuta (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies[26] support the growing and showing of these choice strains.

AGM cultivars

The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[27]

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  • 'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri)[28]
  • Charisma series (prim)[29]
  • 'Clarence Elliott' (auri)[30]
  • Crescendo Series (poly)
    • 'Crescendo Blue Shades'[31]
    • 'Crescendo Bright Red'[32]
    • 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'[33]
  • Danova Series (prim)[34]
  • 'Francisca' (poly)[36]
  • 'Guinevere' (poly)[37]
  • Primula × loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' (auri)[38]
  • Primula × pubescens (auri)[39]
  • 'Tony' (auri)[40]
  • 'Wanda' (prim)[41]

Hybrids

References

[43]

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ GRIN Species Records of Primula. Template:Webarchive Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  10. ↑ Basak, S. K. and G. G. Maiti. 2000. Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 51(1) 11-15.
  11. ↑ a b Ming, H. C. and G. Y. Ying. (2003). Two new species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China. Template:Webarchive Novon 13 196-199.
  12. ↑ Xun, G. and F. Rhui-cheng. (2003). Primula calyptrata, a new species in section Carolinella (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China. Template:Webarchive Novon 13 193-95.
  13. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Li, R. and C. M. Hu. (2009). Primula lihengiana (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China. Template:Webarchive Annales Botanici Fennici 46(2) 130-32
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  19. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  20. ↑ Template:Cite iucn
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b Primula verticillata (yellow primrose). Template:Webarchive Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Template:GRIN
  43. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt, Moustafa, Abdelraouf & Mauricio, R & Mansour, Hassan (2016).

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Bibliography

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., see also Species Plantarum
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Species

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1"., in Flora of China online vol. 15
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister projectTemplate:Sister project

[1] [2] [3] Template:Taxonbar Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ https://www.mutagens.co.in/jgb/vol.09/12/091204.pdf, CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSE EXTINCTION FOR Primula boveana FROM ITS NATURAL HABITATS IN SOUTH SINAI, EGYPT.Moustafa, A., & Mansour, S. (2020)
  2. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt. Moustafa, A. A., Zaghloul, M.S., Mauricio, R., and Mansour, H. M. H. (2016).
  3. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281438454_Characteristics_of_two_endemic_and_endangered_species_Primula_boveana_and_Kickxia_macilenta_growing_in_south_Sinai. Moustafa, A. A., Ramadan, A. A., Zaghloulol, M.S., & Helmy, M. A., (2001).
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