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[[File:Syracuse,_Tetradrachm_of_Gelon,_485_BC.jpg|thumb|A [[tetradrachm]] of [[Gelon]], [[tyrant]] of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], minted c. 485 BC. The obverse depicts Alpheus, referring to the foundation myth of Syracuse.<ref>Lewis, "Two sides of the same coin", pp. 179–201.</ref>]] | [[File:Syracuse,_Tetradrachm_of_Gelon,_485_BC.jpg|thumb|A [[tetradrachm]] of [[Gelon]], [[tyrant]] of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], minted c. 485 BC. The obverse depicts Alpheus, referring to the foundation myth of Syracuse.<ref>Lewis, "Two sides of the same coin", pp. 179–201.</ref>]] | ||
{{Ancient Greek religion}} | {{Ancient Greek religion}} | ||
'''Alpheus''' or '''Alpheios''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|f|iː|ə|s}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀλφειός}}, meaning "whitish"), was in [[Greek mythology]] a river<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Nemean Odes'' 1.1</ref> (the modern [[Alfeios River]]) and river god.<ref name="DGRBM">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard |author-link=Leonhard Schmitz |title=Alpheias |editor=William Smith |editor-link=William Smith (lexicographer) |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] |volume=1 |pages=133–134 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=Boston |year=1867 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0142.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613173928/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0142.html |archive-date=2008-06-13 }}</ref> | '''Alpheus''' or '''Alpheios''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|f|iː|ə|s}}; {{langx|grc|Ἀλφειός}}, meaning "whitish"), was in [[Greek mythology]] a river<ref>[[Pindar]], ''Nemean Odes'' 1.1</ref> (the modern [[Alfeios River]]) and river god.<ref name="DGRBM">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schmitz |first=Leonhard |author-link=Leonhard Schmitz |title=Alpheias |editor=William Smith |editor-link=William Smith (lexicographer) |encyclopedia=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] |volume=1 |pages=133–134 |publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] |location=Boston |year=1867 |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0142.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613173928/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0142.html |archive-date=2008-06-13 }}</ref> | ||
== Family == | == Family == | ||
[[Image:Picart alpheus arethusa.jpg|thumb|right|280px|An engraving by [[Bernard Picart]] depicting a scene from [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' in which Alpheus attempts to capture the nymph [[Arethusa ( | [[Image:Picart alpheus arethusa.jpg|thumb|right|280px|An engraving by [[Bernard Picart]] depicting a scene from [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' in which Alpheus attempts to capture the nymph [[Arethusa (nymph)|Arethusa]].]] | ||
Like most river gods, Alpheus was a son of the Titans [[Oceanus]] and his sister-wife [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=ALpheus 338] & [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 366–370]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' Preface</ref> [[Telegone (mythology)|Telegone]], daughter of [[Pharis (mythology)|Pharis]], bore his son, the king [[Orsilochus]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 4.30.2</ref> Through him, Alpheus was the grandfather of [[Diocles (mythology)|Diocles]], and great-grandfather of a pair of soldiers, [[Crethon]] and Orsilochus, who were slain by [[Aeneas]] during the [[Trojan War]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' 5.45</ref> The river god was also called the father of [[Melanthea|Melantheia]] who became the mother of [[Eirene (daughter of Poseidon)|Eirene]] by [[Poseidon]].<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 19</ref> In later accounts, Alpheus (Alphionis) was the father of [[Phoenissa (mythology)|Phoenissa]], possible mother of [[Endymion (mythology)|Endymion]] by [[Zeus]].<ref>[[Pseudo-Clement]], ''[[Clementine Recognitions|Recognitions]]'' 10.21-23</ref> | Like most river gods, Alpheus was a son of the Titans [[Oceanus]] and his sister-wife [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=ALpheus 338] & [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 366–370]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' Preface</ref> [[Telegone (mythology)|Telegone]], daughter of [[Pharis (mythology)|Pharis]], bore his son, the king [[Orsilochus]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 4.30.2</ref> Through him, Alpheus was the grandfather of [[Diocles (mythology)|Diocles]], and great-grandfather of a pair of soldiers, [[Crethon]] and Orsilochus, who were slain by [[Aeneas]] during the [[Trojan War]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' 5.45</ref> The river god was also called the father of [[Melanthea|Melantheia]] who became the mother of [[Eirene (daughter of Poseidon)|Eirene]] by [[Poseidon]].<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Quaestiones Graecae'' 19</ref> In later accounts, Alpheus (Alphionis) was the father of [[Phoenissa (mythology)|Phoenissa]], possible mother of [[Endymion (mythology)|Endymion]] by [[Zeus]].<ref>[[Pseudo-Clement]], ''[[Clementine Recognitions|Recognitions]]'' 10.21-23</ref> | ||
== Mythology == | == Mythology == | ||
[[File:La Ninfa Aretusa.PNG|left|thumb|''La Ninfa Aretusa'' by Alexandre Crauk]] | [[File:La Ninfa Aretusa.PNG|left|thumb|''La Ninfa Aretusa'' by Alexandre Crauk]] | ||
According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], Alpheus was a passionate hunter and fell in love with the nymph [[Arethusa ( | |||
According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], Alpheus was a passionate hunter and fell in love with the nymph [[Arethusa (nymph)|Arethusa]], but she fled from him to the island of [[Ortygia]] near [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], and metamorphosed herself into a well, after which Alpheus became a river, which flowing from [[Peloponnesus|the Peloponnese]] under the sea to Ortygia, there united its waters with those of the well Arethusa.<ref>Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 5.7.2; [[Scholiast]] on [[Pindar]]'s ''Nemean Odes'' 1.3</ref> The well of Arethusa is a symbol of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]].<ref name="Roman, L. 2010">Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=56}}</ref> This story is related somewhat differently by the Roman writer [[Ovid]]: Arethusa, a beautiful [[nymph]], once while bathing in the river [[Alfeios|Alpheus]] in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]], was surprised and pursued by the river god; but the goddess [[Artemis]] took pity upon her and changed her into a well, which flowed under the earth to the island of Ortygia.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 5.572; [[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' 3.694; [[Servius Tullius|Servius]] ad Virgil, ''[[Eclogues]]'' 10.4; [[Statius]], ''Silvae'' 1.2, 203, ''[[Thebaid (Latin poem)|Thebaid]]'' 1.271, 4.239; [[Lucian]], ''Dialogi Marini'' 3</ref> Alpheus took on water form jumping into the stream, but the earth opened and the stream flew underground to appear in a bay near Syracuse, near the island [[Ortygia]], a location sacred to Artemis.<ref name="Roman, L. 2010"/> | |||
According to other traditions, [[Artemis]] herself was the object of the love of Alpheus. Once, it is said, when pursued by him she fled to Letrini in [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], and here she covered her face and those of her companions (nymphs) with mud, so that Alpheus could not discover or distinguish her, and was obliged to return.<ref>Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 6.22.5</ref> This occasioned the building of a temple of [[Artemis Alphaea]] at Letrini. According to another version, the goddess fled to [[Ortygia]], where she had likewise a temple under the name of Alphaea.<ref>Scholiast on Pindar's ''Pythian Odes'' 2.12</ref> An allusion to Alpheius' love of Artemis is also contained in the fact that at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] the two divinities had one altar in common.<ref>Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 5.14.5; Scholiast on Pindar's ''Olympian Odes'' 5.10</ref> | According to other traditions, [[Artemis]] herself was the object of the love of Alpheus. Once, it is said, when pursued by him she fled to Letrini in [[Ancient Elis|Elis]], and here she covered her face and those of her companions (nymphs) with mud, so that Alpheus could not discover or distinguish her, and was obliged to return.<ref>Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 6.22.5</ref> This occasioned the building of a temple of [[Artemis Alphaea]] at Letrini. According to another version, the goddess fled to [[Ortygia]], where she had likewise a temple under the name of Alphaea.<ref>Scholiast on Pindar's ''Pythian Odes'' 2.12</ref> An allusion to Alpheius' love of Artemis is also contained in the fact that at [[Olympia, Greece|Olympia]] the two divinities had one altar in common.<ref>Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio'' 5.14.5; Scholiast on Pindar's ''Olympian Odes'' 5.10</ref> | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
* [[Fabius Planciades Fulgentius]], ''Mythologies'' translated by Whitbread, Leslie George. Ohio State University Press.1971. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/FulgentiusMythologies1.html Online version at theio.com] | * [[Fabius Planciades Fulgentius]], ''Mythologies'' translated by Whitbread, Leslie George. Ohio State University Press.1971. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/FulgentiusMythologies1.html Online version at theio.com] | ||
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.] | * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.] | ||
* [[Hesiod]], ''Theogony'' from ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0129 Greek text available from the same website]. | * [[Hesiod]], ''Theogony'' from ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0129 Greek text available from the same website]. | ||
* [[Homer]], [[Iliad|''The Iliad'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. {{ISBN|978-0674995796|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] | * [[Homer]], [[Iliad|''The Iliad'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. {{ISBN|978-0674995796|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] | ||
* Homer, ''Homeri Opera'' in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. {{ISBN|978-0198145318|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0133 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. | * Homer, ''Homeri Opera'' in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. {{ISBN|978-0198145318|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0133 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library]. | ||
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== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* Virginia M. Lewis, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/16179/7212 Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Ideology of Gelon's Innovative Syracusan Tetradrachm]", in ''[[Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies]]'', 59 (2019), pp. 179–201. | * Virginia M. Lewis, "[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/16179/7212 Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Ideology of Gelon's Innovative Syracusan Tetradrachm]", in ''[[Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies]]'', 59 (2019), pp. 179–201. | ||
* {{SmithDGRBM|title= Alpheias}} | * {{SmithDGRBM|title= Alpheias}} | ||
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{{Greek religion}} | {{Greek religion}} | ||
{{Greek mythology (deities)}} | {{Greek mythology (deities)}} | ||
{{Metamorphoses in | {{Metamorphoses in Greek mythology}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
Latest revision as of 16:32, 7 November 2025
Template:Ancient Greek religion
Alpheus or Alpheios (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx, meaning "whitish"), was in Greek mythology a river[2] (the modern Alfeios River) and river god.[3]
Family
Like most river gods, Alpheus was a son of the Titans Oceanus and his sister-wife Tethys.[4] Telegone, daughter of Pharis, bore his son, the king Orsilochus.[5] Through him, Alpheus was the grandfather of Diocles, and great-grandfather of a pair of soldiers, Crethon and Orsilochus, who were slain by Aeneas during the Trojan War.[6] The river god was also called the father of Melantheia who became the mother of Eirene by Poseidon.[7] In later accounts, Alpheus (Alphionis) was the father of Phoenissa, possible mother of Endymion by Zeus.[8]
Mythology
According to Pausanias, Alpheus was a passionate hunter and fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, but she fled from him to the island of Ortygia near Syracuse, and metamorphosed herself into a well, after which Alpheus became a river, which flowing from the Peloponnese under the sea to Ortygia, there united its waters with those of the well Arethusa.[9] The well of Arethusa is a symbol of Syracuse.[10] This story is related somewhat differently by the Roman writer Ovid: Arethusa, a beautiful nymph, once while bathing in the river Alpheus in Arcadia, was surprised and pursued by the river god; but the goddess Artemis took pity upon her and changed her into a well, which flowed under the earth to the island of Ortygia.[11] Alpheus took on water form jumping into the stream, but the earth opened and the stream flew underground to appear in a bay near Syracuse, near the island Ortygia, a location sacred to Artemis.[10]
According to other traditions, Artemis herself was the object of the love of Alpheus. Once, it is said, when pursued by him she fled to Letrini in Elis, and here she covered her face and those of her companions (nymphs) with mud, so that Alpheus could not discover or distinguish her, and was obliged to return.[12] This occasioned the building of a temple of Artemis Alphaea at Letrini. According to another version, the goddess fled to Ortygia, where she had likewise a temple under the name of Alphaea.[13] An allusion to Alpheius' love of Artemis is also contained in the fact that at Olympia the two divinities had one altar in common.[14]
In these accounts two or more distinct stories seem to be mixed up together, but they probably originated in the popular belief that there was a natural subterranean communication between the river Alpheios and the well Arethusa. It was believed that a cup thrown into the Alpheius would make its reappearance in the well Arethusa in Ortygia.[15] Plutarch gives an account which is altogether unconnected with those mentioned above.[16] According to him, Alpheius was a son of Helios, and killed his brother Cercaphus in a contest. Haunted by despair and the Erinyes he leapt into the river Nyctimus which afterwards received the name Alpheius.[3]
Alpheus was also the river which Heracles, in the fifth of his labours, rerouted in order to clean the filth from the Augean Stables in a single day, a task which had been presumed to be impossible.
Roman references
Alpheus is often associated with Antinous, the lover of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. Antinous was a Greek youth who had drowned in the Nile River. After he was deified, coins of the period depict him as Alpheios or Hadrian with Alpheios.[17]
Gallery
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Alpheus chasing Arethusa by Antoine Coypel (18th-century)
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Alpheus and Arethusa by René-Antoine Houasse
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The Story of Arethusa by Francesco Primaticcio
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Alpheus and Arethusa by Abraham Bloteling (between 1655 and 1690)
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Alpheus and Arethusa (Roman School, circa 1640)
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Alpheus and Arethusa by Carlo Maratta (7th-century)
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Alpheus and Arethusa by John Martin (1832)
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Arethusa Chased by Alpheus by Wilhelm Janson and Antonio Tempesta (1606)
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Alpheus and Arethusa by Johann König (probably 1610s)
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Alpheus and Arethusa by Luigi Garzi
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Alpheus and Arethusa by Paolo de Matteis (1710)
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Aréthuse et Alphée by Léopold Burthe (1847)
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Arethusa
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Scultore fiorentino, alfeo e aretusa, 1561–62
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Alpheus and Arethusa by Battista di Domenico Lorenzi (1568–70)
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Arethusa by Benjamin West, 1802
See also
- Template:Annotated link, the invisible or subterranean mystical river of Hinduism
Notes
References
- Fabius Planciades Fulgentius, Mythologies translated by Whitbread, Leslie George. Ohio State University Press.1971. Online version at theio.com
- Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Template:ISBN. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus, Morals translated from the Greek by several hands. Corrected and revised by. William W. Goodwin, PH. D. Boston. Little, Brown, and Company. Cambridge. Press Of John Wilson and son. 1874. 5. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Template:ISBN. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions from Ante-Nicene Library Volume 8, translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. Online version at theio.com
- Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Bibliography
- Virginia M. Lewis, "Two Sides of the Same Coin: The Ideology of Gelon's Innovative Syracusan Tetradrachm", in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 59 (2019), pp. 179–201.
- REDIRECT template:DGRBM
Template:Greek religion Template:Greek mythology (deities) Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology Template:Authority control
- ↑ Lewis, "Two sides of the same coin", pp. 179–201.
- ↑ Pindar, Nemean Odes 1.1
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Hesiod, Theogony 338 & 366–370; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface
- ↑ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 4.30.2
- ↑ Homer, Iliad 5.45
- ↑ Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 19
- ↑ Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions 10.21-23
- ↑ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.7.2; Scholiast on Pindar's Nemean Odes 1.3
- ↑ a b Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). Template:Google books
- ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.572; Virgil, Aeneid 3.694; Servius ad Virgil, Eclogues 10.4; Statius, Silvae 1.2, 203, Thebaid 1.271, 4.239; Lucian, Dialogi Marini 3
- ↑ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 6.22.5
- ↑ Scholiast on Pindar's Pythian Odes 2.12
- ↑ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.14.5; Scholiast on Pindar's Olympian Odes 5.10
- ↑ Strabo, Geographica 6, p. 270, 8.343; Seneca the Younger, Naturales quaestiones 3.26; Fulgentius, Mythologiarum libri 3.12
- ↑ Pseudo-Plutarch, De fluviis 19
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".