Provinces and territories of Canada: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 01:56, 20 November 2025

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Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area.

The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly^[1] called the British North America Act, 1867). Territories are federal territories whose territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada. Powers are divided between the Government of Canada (the federal government) and the provincial governments by the Constitution Act, either exclusively or concurrently. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment. A similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the government or Parliament of Canada.

In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign, based on the division of responsibility between the provincial and federal governments within the Constitution Act, 1867; each province thus has its own representative, the lieutenant governor, of the Canadian Crown. The territories are not sovereign but have their authorities and responsibilities devolved from the federal level; as a result, each has a commissioner who represents the federal government.

Provinces

Template:Sronly
Name and postal abbreviation		Cities		Became a province in Canada^[2]	Official language(s)^[3]	Population		Area (km²)^[4]^[5]			Seats^[6]
Name and postal abbreviation		Capital^[7]	Largest^[8]	Became a province in Canada^[2]	Official language(s)^[3]	2021 census^[9]	Q1 2025 estimates^[10]	Land	Water	Total	Commons	Senate
Ontario	ON	Toronto		Template:Dts	English Template:Efn	14,223,942	16,182,641	917,741	158,654	1,076,395	122	24
Quebec	QC	Quebec City	Montreal		French Template:Efn	8,501,833	9,111,629	1,356,128	185,928	1,542,056	78	24
Nova Scotia	NS	Halifax Template:Efn			EnglishTemplate:Efn	969,383	1,079,627	53,338	1,946	55,284	11	10
New Brunswick	NB	Fredericton	Moncton		English, FrenchTemplate:Efn	775,610	858,963	71,450	1,458	72,908	10	10
Manitoba	MB	Winnipeg		Template:Dts	EnglishTemplate:Efn	1,342,153	1,504,023	553,556	94,241	647,797	14	6
British Columbia	BC	Victoria	Vancouver	Template:Dts	EnglishTemplate:Efn	5,000,879	5,722,318	925,186	19,549	944,735	43	6
Prince Edward Island	PE	Charlottetown		Template:Dts	EnglishTemplate:Efn	154,331	179,280	5,660	0	5,660	4	4
Saskatchewan	SK	Regina	Saskatoon	Template:Dts	EnglishTemplate:Efn	1,132,505	1,250,909	591,670	59,366	651,036	14	6
Alberta	AB	Edmonton	Calgary	Template:Dts	EnglishTemplate:Efn	4,262,635	4,960,097	642,317	19,531	661,848	37	6
Newfoundland and Labrador	NL	St. John's		Template:Dts	EnglishTemplate:Efn	510,550	545,579	373,872	31,340	405,212	7	6
Total provinces						Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts

Territories

There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.^[11]^[12]^[13] They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, and all islands north of the Canadian mainland, from those in James Bay to the Queen Elizabeth Islands. They cover 40% of Canada's land, but contain only 0.3% of the population.Template:Efn

Another territory, the District of Keewatin, existed from October 7, 1876, to September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became the Keewatin Region. It occupied the area that is now the Kenora District of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut.^[14] The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.

The Northwest Territories has varied in size substantially through the years. In 1880, it covered Template:Convert, and from 1925 to 1999, it covered Template:Convert.^[15]

Template:Sronly
Name and postal abbreviation		Cities^[7]		Became a territory in Canada^[2]	Official languages	Population^[10]		Area (km²)^[4]			Seats^[6]
Name and postal abbreviation		Capital	Largest	Became a territory in Canada^[2]	Official languages	2021 census^[9]	Q1 2025 estimates^[10]	Land	Water	Total	Commons	Senate
Northwest Territories	NT	Yellowknife		Template:Dts	Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwichʼin, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ^[16]	41,070	45,074	1,183,085	163,021	1,346,106	1	1
Yukon	YT	Whitehorse		Template:Dts	English, French^[17]	40,232	47,126	474,391	8,052	482,443	1	1
Nunavut	NU	Iqaluit		Template:Dts	Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French^[18]	36,858	41,414	1,936,113	157,077	2,093,190	1	1
Total territories						Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	3	3

Population

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File:2016 Canada Pop Pie.svg

Canada's population from the 2016 census by province/territory

The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the Canada–US border. Its four largest provinces by area (Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta) are (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous. Together they account for 86% of Canada's population. The territories (the Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national population density value.^[19]

Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the 2006 and 2011 censuses. Except for New Brunswick, all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was Nunavut with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by Alberta with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.^[20]

Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada. However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been the two biggest provinces in Canada, with together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of the West relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of Atlantic Canada has declined.^[19]

Territorial evolution

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When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.

The territorial evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's provinces and territories

File:Stained glass, Oh Canada Royal Military College of Canada Club Montreal 1965.jpg

"O Canada we stand on guard for thee". Stained glass, Yeo Hall, Royal Military College of Canada. Featuring arms of the Canadian provinces and territories as of 1965.

Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when three British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.^[21] (Ontario and Quebec had been united as the Province of Canada from 1841 to 1867.) Over the next six years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) joined as provinces.^[21]

The British Crown had claimed two large areas, known as Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory, northwest of the original Dominion and assigned them to the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$1.5 million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada.^[22] The area entered confederation as the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories.^[22]

The North-West Territories encompassed all of current northern and western Canada except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands, the Colony of British Columbia, and the original Province of Manitoba, a small area in the south of today's province (which expanded to its present size in 1912).^[23] It also included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec.

In 1880, the British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada, adding to the size of the North-West Territories. In 1898, the Yukon Territory, renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the Klondike gold fields. In September 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.^[23] In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the District of Ungava.^[24]

In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.^[25] In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.^[26] In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada, Newfoundland underwent a prolonged economic crisis, and the legislature turned over political control to the Newfoundland Commission of Government in 1933.^[27] Following Canada's participation in the Second World War, in a 1948 referendum, a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to enter into Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.^[28] The province was renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001.^[29]

Bermuda, the last British North American colony,^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33] which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two Imperial fortress colonies in British North AmericaTemplate:Snd the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax.^[34]^[35] Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's North America Station main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses (called variously the River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station, the North America and Newfoundland Station, the North America and West Indies Station, and the America and West Indies Station). The squadron of the station was based at Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax, during the summers and Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda, in the winters. In the 1820s, Bermuda, which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water, became the main base year round.^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39]

A large British Army garrison in Bermuda, which fell under the commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia, existed to defend the colony as a naval base, and to prevent it becoming as useful a base to the navy of an adversary, and to support amphibious operations throughout the region, such as the Chesapeake campaign during the American War of 1812.^[40]^[41] Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas.^[42]^[43]

Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and the reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which was withdrawn when the dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming a lieutenant-general termed a general officer commanding and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]

Bermuda was consequently left out of Canadian confederation. It retained naval links with Halifax. The state church (or established church), the Church of England, continued to place Bermuda under the bishop of Newfoundland until 1919. Bermuda also remained linked to the Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches.^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]

In 1903, resolution of the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary,^[52] the first of only two provincial reductions in Canada. In 1927, the second reduction occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador (part of the Dominion of Newfoundland) enlarged at Quebec's expense. (In 1949, this land returned to Canada as part of the province of Newfoundland.)^[53] In 1999, Nunavut was created from the northern and eastern portions of the Northwest Territories.^[54]^[55]

The three territories are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, combined covering Template:Convert in land area.^[4] They are often referred to as a single region, the North, for organizational and economic purposes.^[56] For much of the Northwest Territories' early history, it was divided into several districts for ease of administration.^[57] The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.^[58] In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.

Government

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.^[59] They receive "transfer payments" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.^[60] In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare, provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.^[60]

Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as legislative councils, with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.^[61] In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly. The exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the House of Assembly, and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly.^[62] Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.^[63]

The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the House of Commons of Canada. The head of government of each province, called the premier, is generally the head of the party with the most seats.^[64] This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.^[65] The King's representative in each province is the lieutenant governor.^[66] In each of the territories there is an analogous commissioner, but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.^[67]

Federal, provincial, and territorial terminology compared
Jurisdiction	Legislature	Lower house	Members of lower house	Superior court	Head of government	Viceroy
Canada	Parliament	House of Commons	Member of Parliament (MP)	Federal Court	Prime minister	Governor general

Ontario	Parliament	Legislative Assembly	Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP)Template:Efn	Superior Court of Justice	Premier	Lieutenant governor
QuebecTemplate:Efn	Legislature	National Assembly	Member of the National Assembly (MNA)	Superior Court
Nova Scotia	General Assembly	House of Assembly	Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA)	Supreme Court
New Brunswick	Legislature	Legislative Assembly		Court of King's Bench
Manitoba	Legislature			Court of King's Bench
British Columbia	Parliament			Supreme Court
Prince Edward IslandTemplate:Efn	General Assembly			Supreme Court
Saskatchewan	Legislature			Court of King's Bench
Alberta	Legislature			Court of King's Bench
Newfoundland and Labrador	General Assembly	House of Assembly	Member of the House of Assembly (MHA)	Supreme Court

Northwest Territories	Assembly	Legislative Assembly	Member of the Legislative Assembly	Supreme Court	PremierTemplate:Efn	Commissioner
Yukon	Legislature			Supreme Court
Nunavut	Assembly			Court of Justice

Provincial legislature buildings

Territorial legislature buildings

Map

Template:Canada image map

Provincial political parties

Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.^[68] For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada, and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada.

Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party—meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of the federal party.

The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with Atlantic Canada provincial Liberals in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Other provincial Liberal parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart.^[68]

Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as the Alberta Party and Saskatchewan Party.

The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between sovereignty, represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire, and federalism, represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party.^[69] The Script error: No such module "Lang"., meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.

Currently, the one minority provincial/territorial government is held by the Liberals in Yukon. They are in government with a formal confidence and supply agreement from the Yukon New Democratic Party.

Provincial/territorial governments

Provincial/territorial governments of Canada
Province/territory	Premier^[70]	Party in government^[70]		Party main ideology	Party political position	Majority/Template:Wbrminority	Party in Opposition	Lieutenant governor / commissioner^[71]	Last election	Next election
Alberta	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	United Conservative	Conservatism (Canadian)	Centre-right to right-wing	Majority	New Democratic	Template:Sortname	2023	2027
British Columbia	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	New Democratic	Social democracy	Centre-left	Majority	Conservative	Template:Sortname	2024	2028
Manitoba	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	New Democratic	Social democracy	Centre-left	Majority	Progressive Conservative	Template:Sortname	2023	2027
New Brunswick	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Liberal	Liberalism (Canadian)	Centre to centre-left	Majority	Progressive Conservative	Template:Sortname	2024	2028
Newfoundland and Labrador	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Progressive Conservative	Progressive conservatism	Centre-right	Majority	Liberal	Template:Sortname	2025	2029
Nova Scotia	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Progressive Conservative	Red Toryism	Centre-right	Majority	New Democratic	Template:Sortname	2024	2029
Ontario	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Progressive Conservative	Conservatism (Canadian)	Centre to centre-right	Majority	New Democratic	Template:Sortname	2025	2029
Prince Edward Island	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Progressive Conservative	Progressive conservatism	Centre to centre-right	Majority	Liberal	Template:Sortname	2023	2027
Quebec	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Script error: No such module "Lang".	Quebec nationalism	Centre-right	Majority	Liberal	Template:Sortname	2022	2026
Saskatchewan	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Saskatchewan Party	Conservatism (Canadian)	Centre-right to right-wing	Majority	New Democratic	Template:Sortname	2024	2028
Northwest Territories	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	colspan="4" Template:Nonpartisan	N/A	Template:Sortname	2023	2027
Nunavut	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	colspan="4" Template:Nonpartisan	N/A	Template:Sortname	2025	2029
Yukon	Template:Sortname	Template:Canadian party colour \|	Liberal	Liberalism (Canadian)	Centre	Minority	Yukon Party	Template:Sortname	2025	2029

File:Provincial Parties 2025 Nov.jpg

Provincial party standings at the district level across Canada Template:As of

Ceremonial territory

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais, and the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, near Beaumont-Hamel, both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.^[72] In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".^[73]

In 1921, the site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland.^[72] These sites do not enjoy extraterritorial status and are subject to French law.

Proposed provinces and territories

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Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province.^[74] The creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament, a legislatively simpler process.^[75]

In late 2004, Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to Canada as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic, particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation, leading to more complex international waters disputes.^[76]

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

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Provincial and territorial government web sites – Service Canada (archived August 6, 2013)
Provincial and territorial legislature web sites – Parliament of Canada
Difference between provinces and territories – Intergovernmental Affairs (archived February 27, 2014)
Provincial and territorial statistics Template:Webarchive – Statistics Canada
Provincial and territorial immigration information – Citizenship and Immigration Canada (archived November 22, 2017)
Canadian governments compared – University of Public Administration

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[amendment-74] An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.

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Provinces and territories of Canada: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 01:56, 20 November 2025

Contents

Provinces

Territories

Population

Territorial evolution

Government

Provincial legislature buildings

Territorial legislature buildings

Map

Provincial political parties

Provincial/territorial governments

Ceremonial territory

Proposed provinces and territories

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{short description|Top-level subdivisions of Canada}}
+{{Short description|Top-level subdivisions of Canada}}
-{{Redirect|Canadian Province|the historic colony|Province of Canada|the biological term|Circumboreal Region}}
+{{Redirect|Canadian Province|the historic colony|Province of Canada|the floristic region|Canadian Province (phytochorion)}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
 {{Infobox subdivision type
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 [[Canada]] has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national [[administrative division]]s under the jurisdiction of the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian Constitution]]. In the 1867 [[Canadian Confederation]], three provinces of [[British North America]]—[[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], and the [[Province of Canada]] (which upon Confederation was divided into [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]])—united to form a [[federation]], becoming a fully [[Independence|independent country]] over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|world's second-largest country]] by area.
-The major difference between a Canadian [[province]] and a [[territory]] is that provinces receive their power and authority from the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'' (formerly<ref>Name changed only in Canada by the [[Canada Act 1982]] (UK), s. 1</ref> called the ''[[British North America Acts|British North America Act, 1867]]''), whereas territories are [[federal territories]] whose governments are [[creature of statute|creatures of statute]] with powers delegated to them by the [[Parliament of Canada]]. The powers flowing from the ''Constitution Act'' are divided between the [[Government of Canada]] (the federal government) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitutional amendment]], whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the [[Parliament of Canada]] or government.
+The major difference between a Canadian [[province]] and a [[territory]] is that provinces receive their power and authority from the ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'' (formerly<ref>Name changed only in Canada by the [[Canada Act 1982]] (UK), s. 1</ref> called the ''[[British North America Acts|British North America Act, 1867]]''). Territories are [[federal territories]] whose territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the [[Parliament of Canada]]. Powers are divided between the [[Government of Canada]] (the federal government) and the provincial governments by the ''Constitution Act'', either exclusively or concurrently. A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitutional amendment]]. A similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the government or [[Parliament of Canada]].
-In modern [[Canadian federalism|Canadian constitutional theory]], the provinces are considered to be [[sovereignty|co-sovereign]] within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the ''Constitution Act, 1867'', and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian [[monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Crown]], the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]]. The territories are not sovereign, but instead their authorities and responsibilities are [[Devolution#Canada|devolved]] directly from the federal level, and as a result, have a [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioner]] who represents the federal government.
+In modern [[Canadian federalism|Canadian constitutional theory]], the provinces are considered to be [[sovereignty|co-sovereign]], based on the division of responsibility between the provincial and federal governments within the ''Constitution Act, 1867''; each province thus has its own representative, the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]], of the Canadian [[monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Crown]]. The territories are not sovereign but have their authorities and responsibilities [[Devolution#Canada|devolved]] from the federal level; as a result, each has a [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioner]] who represents the federal government.
 ==Provinces==
+<!--Section linked from [[Province of Canada]] hatnote-->
 {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; text-align: center;"
 |+ {{sronly|Provinces of Canada}}
 |-
-! scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Name and [[Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories|postal {{abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}}]]
+! scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Name and [[Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories|postal abbreviation]]
 ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Cities
-! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Entered Confederation<ref name="(Canada)2004">{{cite book|author=Reader's Digest Association (Canada)|author2=Canadian Geographic Enterprises|title=The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP41|year=2004|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre|isbn=978-1-55365-082-9|page=41|access-date=November 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090030/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP41|archive-date=May 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Became a province in Canada<ref name="(Canada)2004">{{cite book |author=Reader's Digest Association (Canada) |author2=Canadian Geographic Enterprises |title=The Canadian Atlas: Our Nation, Environment and People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP41 |year=2004 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |isbn=978-1-55365-082-9 |page=41 |access-date=November 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503090030/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDR7hrnO1aYC&pg=PP41 |archive-date=May 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Official<br>language(s)<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces |publisher=Fraser Institute |year=2012 |first1=Olivier |last1=Coche |first2=François |last2=Vaillancourt |first3=Marc-Antoine |last3=Cadieux |first4=Jamie Lee |last4=Ronson |url=http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/official-language-policies-of-canadian-provinces.pdf |access-date=August 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428174237/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/official-language-policies-of-canadian-provinces.pdf |archive-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
 ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Population
-! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="3" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=StatsCan>{{cite web|url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm|title=Land and freshwater area, by province and territory|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2005|access-date=August 4, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524063547/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm|archive-date=May 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name="j158">{{cite web | title=Table 15.7 Land and freshwater area, by province and territory | website=Statistics Canada | date=2010-10-27 | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2010000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl07-eng.htm | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>
+! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="3" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=StatsCan>{{cite web |url=http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm |title=Land and freshwater area, by province and territory |publisher=Statistics Canada |year=2005 |access-date=August 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524063547/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2011}}</ref><ref name="j158">{{cite web |title=Table 15.7 Land and freshwater area, by province and territory |website=Statistics Canada |date=2010-10-27 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-402-x/2010000/chap/geo/tbl/tbl07-eng.htm | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>
-! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Seats<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/GuideToHoC/index-e.htm |title=Guide to the Canadian House of Commons |publisher=Parliament of Canada |year=2012 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627214354/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/GuideToHoC/index-e.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+! scope="col" class="unsortable" colspan="2" | Seats<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/GuideToHoC/index-e.htm |title=Guide to the Canadian House of Commons |publisher=Parliament of Canada |year=2012 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627214354/http://www.parl.gc.ca/About/Parliament/GuideToHoC/index-e.htm |archive-date=June 27, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 ! scope="col" | Capital<ref name="canada1"/>
@@ Line 46: / Line 47: @@
 | ON
 | colspan="2"| [[Toronto]]
-| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
+| rowspan=4| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
 | [[English language|English]]{{efn|name=english|De facto; French has limited constitutional status.}}
 | {{right|14,223,942}}
@@ Line 60: / Line 61: @@
 | [[Quebec City]]
 | [[Montreal]]
-| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
 | [[Quebec French|French]]{{efn|As established under the [[Charter of the French Language]]. English has limited constitutional status in Quebec.}}
 | {{right|8,501,833}}
@@ Line 73: / Line 73: @@
 | NS
 | colspan="2" | [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]]{{efn|Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of [[Administrative divisions of Nova Scotia|regional municipalities]]; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted.}}
-| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
 | English{{efn|name=english}}
 | {{right|969,383}}
@@ Line 87: / Line 86: @@
 | [[Fredericton]]
 | [[Moncton]]
-| {{dts|July 1, 1867}}
 | English, French{{efn|As established under [[Section 16 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].}}
 | {{right|775,610}}
@@ Line 141: / Line 139: @@
 | [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
 | [[Saskatoon]]
-| {{dts|September 1, 1905}}
+| rowspan=2| {{dts|September 1, 1905}}
 | English{{efn|name=abandsk}}
 | {{right|1,132,505}}
@@ Line 155: / Line 153: @@
 | [[Edmonton]]
 | [[Calgary]]
-| {{dts|September 1, 1905}}
 | English{{efn|name=abandsk|As established under Languages Acts passed by Alberta and Saskatchewan's respective legislatures in 1988. French has limited constitutional status.}}
 | {{right|4,262,635}}
@@ Line 189: / Line 186: @@
 ==Territories==
-There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent [[sovereignty]] and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-27/index.html | title=Northwest Territories Act | year=1986 | publisher=Department of Justice Canada | access-date=March 25, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515072706/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-27/index.html | archive-date=May 15, 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y-2.01/FullText.html | title=Yukon Act | year=2002 | publisher=Department of Justice Canada |access-date=March 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528193436/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/Y%2D2.01/FullText.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-28.6/index.html|title=Nunavut Act|year=1993|author=Department of Justice Canada |access-date=January 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105214204/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/N-28.6/index.html|archive-date=January 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> They include all of mainland Canada north of [[60th parallel north|latitude 60° north]] and west of [[Hudson Bay]] and all islands north of the Canadian mainland (from those in [[James Bay]] to the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]]). They cover 40% of Canada's land but represent only 0.3% of the population.{{efn|Source says 3% of population but [[WP:CALC|simple calculations]] indicate 0.3%<ref>{{cite web | last=Affairs | first=Intergovernmental | title=Provinces and territories | website=Canada.ca | date=2017-08-21 | url=https://www.canada.ca/en/intergovernmental-affairs/services/provinces-territories.html | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>}}
+There are three territories in Canada. Unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent [[sovereignty]] and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government.<ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Northwest Territories Act |abbr=S.C. |year=2014 |chapter=2 |section=2 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-2014-c-2-s-2/latest/sc-2014-c-2-s-2.html |linkloc=Canlii}}</ref><ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Yukon Act |abbr=S.C. |year=2002 |chapter=7 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-2002-c-7/latest/sc-2002-c-7.html |linkloc=Canlii}}</ref><ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Nunavut Act |abbr=S.C. |year=1993 |chapter=28 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-1993-c-28/latest/sc-1993-c-28.html |linkloc=Canlii}}</ref> They include all of mainland Canada north of [[60th parallel north|latitude 60° north]] and west of [[Hudson Bay]], and all islands north of the Canadian mainland, from those in [[James Bay]] to the [[Queen Elizabeth Islands]]. They cover 40% of Canada's land, but contain only 0.3% of the population.{{efn|Source says 3% of population but [[WP:CALC|simple calculations]] indicate 0.3%<ref>{{cite web |last=Affairs |first=Intergovernmental |title=Provinces and territories |website=Canada.ca |date=2017-08-21 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/intergovernmental-affairs/services/provinces-territories.html | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref>}}
-Another territory, the [[District of Keewatin]], existed from October 7, 1876, until September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became the [[Keewatin Region]]. It occupied the area that is now the [[Kenora District]] of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut.<ref name="f365">{{cite web | title=Historical Boundaries of Canada | website=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=2015-03-04 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/territorial-evolution | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref> The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.
+Another territory, the [[District of Keewatin]], existed from October 7, 1876, to September 1, 1905, when it rejoined the Northwest Territories and became the [[Keewatin Region]]. It occupied the area that is now the [[Kenora District]] of Ontario, northern Manitoba, and mainland Nunavut.<ref name="f365">{{cite web |title=Historical Boundaries of Canada |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=2015-03-04 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/territorial-evolution | access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref> The government of Keewatin was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The territory did not have any representation in federal parliament.
+The Northwest Territories has varied in size substantially through the years. In 1880, it covered {{Convert|7.1|e6km2|abbr=unit}}, and from 1925 to 1999, it covered {{Convert|3.4|e6km2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>Illustrated atlas of the Dominion of Canada containing authentic and complete maps of all the provinces (1880), p. xix https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=aeu.ark:/13960/t9z03t60q&seq=46&q1=%22square+miles%22</ref>
 {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"
 |+ {{sronly|Territories of Canada}}
-! scope="col" rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Name and [[Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories|postal {{Abbr|abbr.|abbreviation}}]]
+! scope="col" rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Name and [[Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories|postal abbreviation]]
 ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Cities<ref name="canada1"/>
-! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Entered Confederation<ref name="(Canada)2004"/>
+! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Became a territory in Canada<ref name="(Canada)2004"/>
 ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Official languages
 ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Population<ref name="pop"/>
@@ Line 216: / Line 216: @@
 | colspan="2" | [[Yellowknife]]
 | {{dts|July 15, 1870}}
-| [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]], [[Cree language|Cree]], English, French, [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Inuinnaqtun]], [[Inuktitut]], [[Inuvialuktun]], [[Slavey language|North Slavey]], [[Slavey language|South Slavey]], [[Dogrib language|Tłįchǫ]]<ref name="lang">[http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/T1.01.01_Official%20Languages%20Act.pdf Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722182727/http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/T1.01.01_Official%20Languages%20Act.pdf |date=July 22, 2014}} (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)</ref>
+| [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]], [[Cree language|Cree]], English, French, [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], [[Inuinnaqtun]], [[Inuktitut]], [[Inuvialuktun]], [[Slavey language|North Slavey]], [[Slavey language|South Slavey]], [[Dogrib language|Tłįchǫ]]<ref name="lang">{{Cite canlaw |short title=Official Languages Act |abbr=R.S.N.W.T. |year=1988 |chapter=O-1 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/nt/laws/stat/rsnwt-1988-c-o-1/latest/rsnwt-1988-c-o-1.html |linkloc=Canlii |amended1=S.N.W.T., c. 23, s. 5}}</ref>
 | {{right|41,070}}
 | {{right|45,074}}
@@ Line 229: / Line 229: @@
 | colspan="2" | [[Whitehorse]]
 | {{dts|June 13, 1898}}
-| English, French<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/yukon_e.php |title=OCOL – Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon |publisher=Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages |year=2011 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725222019/http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/yukon_e.php |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+| English, French<ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Languages Act |abbr=R.S.Y. |year=2002 |chapter=133 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/sc-2002-c-7/latest/sc-2002-c-7.html |linkloc=Canlii |wikilink=Languages Act (Yukon)}}</ref>
 | {{right|40,232}}
 | {{right|47,126}}
@@ Line 242: / Line 242: @@
 | colspan="2" | [[Iqaluit]]
 | {{dts|April 1, 1999}}
-| Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French<ref>{{cite web|url=http://langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages/|title=Nunavut's Official Languages|publisher=Language Commissioner of Nunavut|year=2009|access-date=August 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814112846/http://langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages|archive-date=August 14, 2013}}</ref>
+| Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French<ref>{{Cite canlaw |short title=Official Languages Act |abbr=C.S.N.u. |chapter=O-20 |link=https://www.canlii.org/en/nu/laws/stat/csnu-c-o-20/latest/csnu-c-o-20.html |linkloc=Canlii}}</ref>
 | {{right|36,858}}
 | {{right|41,414}}
@@ Line 264: / Line 264: @@
 {{main|Population of Canada by province and territory}}
-[[File:2016 Canada Pop Pie.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Breakdown of Canada's population from the 2016 census by province/territory]]
+[[File:2016 Canada Pop Pie.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Canada's population from the 2016 census by province/territory]]
-The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]]. Its four largest provinces by area ([[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]]) are also (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous; together they account for 86% of the country's population. The territories (the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nunavut]] and [[Yukon]]) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national [[population density]] value.<ref name=":1">[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/pdf/5500092-eng.pdf Series A2-14. Population of Canada] by province, census dates, 1851 to 1976</ref>
+The vast majority of Canada's population is concentrated in areas close to the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–US border]]. Its four largest provinces by area ([[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]]) are (with Quebec and Ontario switched in order) its most populous. Together they account for 86% of Canada's population. The territories (the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Nunavut]] and [[Yukon]]) account for over a third of Canada's area but are only home to 0.3% of its population, which skews the national [[population density]] value.<ref name=":1">[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/pdf/5500092-eng.pdf Series A2-14. Population of Canada] by province, census dates, 1851 to 1976</ref>
-Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the [[Canada 2011 Census|2006]] and [[Canada 2016 Census|2011]] censuses. Except for [[New Brunswick]], all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was [[Nunavut]] with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by [[Alberta]] with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E|title=2016 Census profiles|date=2016|website=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
+Canada's population grew by 5.0% between the [[Canada 2011 Census|2006]] and [[Canada 2016 Census|2011]] censuses. Except for [[New Brunswick]], all territories and provinces increased in population during this time. In terms of percent change, the fastest-growing province or territory was [[Nunavut]] with an increase of 12.7% between 2011 and 2016, followed by [[Alberta]] with 11.6% growth, while New Brunswick's population decreased by 0.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |title=2016 Census profiles |date=2016 |website=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
 Generally, Canadian provinces have steadily grown in population along with Canada. However, some provinces such as Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador have experienced long periods of stagnation or population decline. Ontario and Quebec have always been the two biggest provinces in Canada, with together over 60% of the population at any given time. The population of [[Western Canada|the West]] relative to Canada as a whole has steadily grown over time, while that of [[Atlantic Canada]] has declined.<ref name=":1" />
@@ Line 275: / Line 275: @@
 {{See also|Former colonies and territories in Canada}}
-[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|right|alt=When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.|Territorial evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's provinces and territories]]
+[[File:Canada provinces evolution 2.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|alt=When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.|The territorial evolution of the borders and the names of Canada's provinces and territories]]
-[[File:Stained glass, Oh Canada Royal Military College of Canada Club Montreal 1965.jpg|upright=1.15|right|thumb|"[[O Canada]] we stand on guard for thee"; stained glass, Yeo Hall, [[Royal Military College of Canada]]; featuring arms of the Canadian provinces and territories as of 1965.]]
+[[File:Stained glass, Oh Canada Royal Military College of Canada Club Montreal 1965.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|"[[O Canada]] we stand on guard for thee". Stained glass, Yeo Hall, [[Royal Military College of Canada]]. Featuring arms of the Canadian provinces and territories as of 1965.]]
+Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when three British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.<ref name="Ajzenstat2003">{{cite book |first=Janet |last=Ajzenstat |title=Canada's Founding Debates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73gRch5cXZ4C&pg=PA3 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-8607-5 |page=3 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424073840/https://books.google.com/books?id=73gRch5cXZ4C&pg=PA3 |archive-date=April 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> (Ontario and Quebec had been united as the [[Province of Canada]] from 1841 to 1867.) Over the next six years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) joined as provinces.<ref name="Ajzenstat2003"/>
+The British Crown had claimed two large areas, known as [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]], northwest of the original Dominion and assigned them to the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$1.5&nbsp;million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada.<ref name="OlsonShadle1996">{{cite book |first1=James Stuart |last1=Olson |first2=Robert |last2=Shadle |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA538 |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-29366-5 |page=538 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506081515/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA538 |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The area entered confederation as the Province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories.<ref name="OlsonShadle1996"/>
+The North-West Territories encompassed all of current [[Northern Canada|northern]] and western Canada except for the British holdings in the [[Arctic Archipelago|Arctic islands]], the [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|Colony of British Columbia]], and the original Province of Manitoba, a small area in the south of today's province (which expanded to its present size in 1912).<ref name="Gough2010"/> It also included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec.
+In 1880, the British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada, adding to the size of the North-West Territories. In 1898, the Yukon Territory, renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike gold fields]]. In September 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.<ref name="Gough2010"/> In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the [[District of Ungava]].<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1912/1 |title=Territorial evolution |author=Atlas of Canada |access-date=January 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135304/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1912/1 |archive-date=February 2, 2007}}</ref>
-Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were the original provinces, formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1, 1867, into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom.<ref name="Ajzenstat2003">{{cite book|first=Janet|last=Ajzenstat|title=Canada's Founding Debates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73gRch5cXZ4C&pg=PA3|year=2003|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8607-5|page=3|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424073840/https://books.google.com/books?id=73gRch5cXZ4C&pg=PA3|archive-date=April 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to this, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada. Over the following years, Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), and Prince Edward Island (1873) were added as provinces.<ref name="Ajzenstat2003"/>
+In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a [[British Empire|British colony]] over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/debate.html |title=Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864–1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |year=2000 |access-date=July 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922063836/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/debate.html |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.<ref name="Clarke2010">{{cite book |first=Sandra |last=Clarke |title=Newfoundland and Labrador English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&pg=PA7 |year=2010 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-2617-5 |page=7 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512031858/https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&pg=PA7 |archive-date=May 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the middle of the [[Great Depression in Canada]], Newfoundland underwent a prolonged [[financial crisis|economic crisis]], and the legislature turned over political control to the [[Newfoundland Commission of Government]] in 1933.<ref name="FriesenHarrison2010">{{cite book |first1=John W. |last1=Friesen |first2=Trevor W. |last2=Harrison |title=Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA115 |year=2010 |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |isbn=978-1-55130-371-0 |page=115 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429195319/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA115 |archive-date=April 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Canada's participation in the Second World War]], in a [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|1948 referendum]], a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to enter into Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.<ref name="Blake1994">{{cite book |first=Raymond Benjamin |last=Blake |title=Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bv8AVgdK1UC&pg=PA4 |year=1994 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-6978-8 |page=4 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221933/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bv8AVgdK1UC&pg=PA4 |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The province was renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001.<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book |first=Fred M. |last=Shelley |title=Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA175 |year=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-106-2 |page=175 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA175 |archive-date=April 28, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-The British Crown had claimed two large areas north-west of the Canadian colony, known as [[Rupert's Land]] and the [[North-Western Territory]], and assigned them to the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. In 1870, the company relinquished its claims for £300,000 (CND$1.5&nbsp;million), assigning the vast territory to the government of Canada.<ref name="OlsonShadle1996">{{cite book|first1=James Stuart|last1=Olson|first2=Robert|last2=Shadle|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA538|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29366-5|page=538|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506081515/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA538|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the North-West Territories.<ref name="OlsonShadle1996"/> The North-West Territories encompassed all of current [[Northern Canada|northern]] and western Canada, except for the British holdings in the [[Arctic Archipelago|Arctic islands]] and the [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|Colony of British Columbia]]. NWT included the northern two-thirds of Ontario and Quebec. After the province of Manitoba was established in 1870, in a small area in the south of today's province, almost all of present-day Manitoba was still contained in the NWT. (Manitoba expanded to its present size in 1912.)<ref name="Gough2010"/>
+[[Bermuda]], the last British North American colony,<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Civil List of the Province of Lower-Canada 1828: Governor |url= |magazine=The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828 |location=Quebec |publisher=Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street |date=1812 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=STAFF of the ARMY in the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda |url= |magazine=The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828 |location=Quebec |publisher=Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street |date=1812 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1890 |title=Meteorological Observations at the Foreign and Colonial Stations of the Royal Engineers and the Army Medical Department 1852—1886. |location=London |publisher=Meteorological Council. HMSO |page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=Douglas MacMurray |author-link= |date=1961 |title=The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century |url= |location=London |publisher=Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans |page=55 |isbn=}}</ref> which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two [[Imperial fortress]] colonies in British North America{{snd}} the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |author-link= |date=1909 |title=Responsible Government in The Dominions |location=London |publisher=Stevens and Sons Ltd |page=5 |isbn= |quote=<!--Bermuda is still an Imperial fortress-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair |last=May |author-link=|date=1903 |title=Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence |url= |location=London |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |page=145 |isbn= |quote=<!-- In the North American and West Indian station the naval base is at the Imperial fortress of Bermuda, with a garrison numbering 3068 men, of whom 1011 are Colonials; while at Halifax, Nova Scotia, we have another naval base of the first importance which is to be classed amongst our Imperial fortresses, and has a garrison of 1783 men.-->}}</ref> Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's [[North America Station]] main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses (called variously the ''River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station'', the ''North America and Newfoundland Station'', the ''North America and West Indies Station'', and the ''America and West Indies Station''). The squadron of the station was based at [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax]], during the summers and [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda]], in the winters. In the 1820s, Bermuda, which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water, became the main base year round.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stranack, Royal Navy |first=Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D |date=1977 |title=The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975 |url= |location=Bermuda |publisher=Island Press Ltd <!--., Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition)--> |page= |isbn=9780921560036}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/983/multiple=1&unique_number=1147 |title=World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ingham-Hind |first=Jennifer M. |title=Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps |year=1992 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Island Press |isbn=0969651716}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Edward C. |author-link=Edward C. Harris |title=Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 |year=1997 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560111}}</ref>
-The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880, adding to the size of the North-West Territories. In 1898 the Yukon Territory, later renamed "Yukon" in 2003, was carved from the area surrounding the [[Klondike Gold Rush|Klondike gold fields]]. On September 1, 1905, a portion of the North-West Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.<ref name="Gough2010"/> In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba were expanded northward: Manitoba's to the 60° parallel, Ontario's to Hudson Bay and Quebec's to encompass the [[District of Ungava]].<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1912/1 |title=Territorial evolution| author= Atlas of Canada |access-date=January 27, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070202135304/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1912/1 |archive-date=February 2, 2007}}</ref>
+A large [[Bermuda Garrison|British Army garrison in Bermuda]], which fell under the [[Commander-in-Chief, North America#Commanders-in-Chief, Maritime provinces 1783–1875|commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia]], existed to defend the colony as a naval base, and to prevent it becoming as useful a base to the navy of an adversary, and to support amphibious operations throughout the region, such as the [[Chesapeake campaign]] during the [[American War of 1812]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Edward Cecil |date=January 21, 2012 |title=Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/archive/lifestyle/article/20120121/bermudas-role-in-the-sack-of-washington/ |work=The Royal Gazette |location=City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda |access-date=August 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grove |first=Tim |date=January 22, 2021 |title=Fighting The Power |url=https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/fighting-the-power/ |magazine=Chesapeake Bay Magazine |location=Annapolis |publisher=Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC |access-date=August 8, 2021}}</ref> Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willock [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Roger |title=Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920 |year=1988 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Donald Craigie |date=1965 |title=The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870-1914 |location=Baltimore, Maryland, US |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |page=14 |isbn= |quote=<!-- There were more than 44,000 troops stationed overseas in colonial garrisons, and slightly more than half of these were in imperial fortresses: in the Mediterranean, Bermuda, Halifax, St. Helena, and Mauritius. The rest of the forces were in colonies proper, with a heavy concentration in New Zealand and South Africa. The imperial government paid approximately £1,715,000 per annum toward the maintenance of these forces, and the various colonial governments contributed £370,000, the largest amounts coming from Ceylon and Victoria in Australia.-->}}</ref>
-In 1869, the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a [[British Empire|British colony]] over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation, and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/debate.html |title=Confederation Rejected: Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation, 1864–1869: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |year=2000 |access-date=July 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922063836/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/debate.html |archive-date=September 22, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status.<ref name="Clarke2010">{{cite book|first=Sandra|last=Clarke|title=Newfoundland and Labrador English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&pg=PA7|year=2010|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2617-5|page=7|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512031858/https://books.google.com/books?id=moDVp5TTpgcC&pg=PA7|archive-date=May 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In the middle of the [[Great Depression in Canada]], Newfoundland underwent a prolonged [[financial crisis|economic crisis]], and the legislature turned over political control to the [[Newfoundland Commission of Government]] in 1933.<ref name="FriesenHarrison2010">{{cite book|first1=John W.|last1=Friesen|first2=Trevor W.|last2=Harrison|title=Canadian Society in the Twenty-first Century: An Historical Sociological Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA115|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-371-0|page=115|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429195319/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVGDUAP3LjAC&pg=PA115|archive-date=April 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following [[Military history of Canada during World War II|Canada's participation in the Second World War]], in a [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|1948 referendum]], a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation, and on March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province.<ref name="Blake1994">{{cite book|first=Raymond Benjamin|last=Blake|title=Canadians at Last: Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bv8AVgdK1UC&pg=PA4|year=1994|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-6978-8|page=4|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221933/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bv8AVgdK1UC&pg=PA4|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The province was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001.<ref name="Shelley2013">{{cite book|first=Fred M.|last=Shelley|title=Nation Shapes: The Story behind the World's Borders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA175|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-106-2|page=175|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=5qlXatHRJtMC&pg=PA175|archive-date=April 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and the reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which was withdrawn when the dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming a lieutenant-general termed a ''[[general officer commanding]]'' and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Thomas |author-link= |date=1891 |title=Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation |location=Ottawa |publisher=James Hope & Co. |page=29 |isbn= |quote=<!-- Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa Lucia).-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy, R.N. |first=Captain W. R. |date=July 1, 1885 |title=An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies |url= |magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons |access-date= |page=111 |quote=<!--As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=VERAX |first=(anonymous) |date=May 1, 1889 |title=The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine) |url= |magazine=The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs |location= |publisher=LR Hamersly & Co. |access-date= |page=552 |quote=<!--The objectives for America are clearly marked,—Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval attack on the American coasts and commerce.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Alexander |date=1898 |title=MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co. |page=184 |isbn= |quote=<!--There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.-->}}</ref>
-[[Bermuda]], the last British North American colony,<ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Civil List of the Province of Lower-Canada 1828: Governor |url= |magazine=The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828 |location=Quebec |publisher=Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street |date=1812 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=STAFF of the ARMY in the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Island of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda |url= |magazine=The Quebec Almanack and British American Royal Kalendar For The Year 1828 |location=Quebec |publisher=Neilson and Cowan, No. 3 Mountain Street |date=1812 |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1890 |title=Meteorological Observations at the Foreign and Colonial Stations of the Royal Engineers and the Army Medical Department 1852—1886. |location=London |publisher=Meteorological Council. HMSO |page= |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Young |first=Douglas MacMurray |author-link= |date=1961 |title=The Colonial Office in The Early Nineteenth Century |url= |location=London |publisher=Published for the Royal Commonwealth Society by Longmans |page=55 |isbn=}}</ref> which had been somewhat subordinated to Nova Scotia, was one of two [[Imperial fortress]] colonies in British North America{{snd}} the other being Nova Scotia, and more particularly the city of Halifax.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keith |first=Arthur Berriedale |author-link= |date=1909 |title=Responsible Government in The Dominions  |location=London |publisher=Stevens and Sons Ltd |page=5 |isbn= |quote=<!--Bermuda is still an Imperial fortress-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Edward Sinclair |last=May|author-link= |date=1903 |title=Principles and Problems of Imperial Defence |url= |location=London |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |page=145 |isbn= |quote=<!-- In the North American and West Indian station the naval base is at the Imperial fortress of Bermuda, with a garrison numbering 3068 men, of whom 1011 are Colonials; while at Halifax, Nova Scotia, we have another naval base of the first importance which is to be classed amongst our Imperial fortresses, and has a garrison of 1783 men.-->}}</ref> Halifax and Bermuda were the sites of the Royal Navy's [[North America Station]] (or, depending on the time period and the extent of the Western Hemisphere it included, the ''River St. Lawrence and Coast of America and North America and West Indies Station'', the ''North America and Newfoundland Station'', the ''North America and West Indies Station'', and finally the ''America and West Indies Station'') main bases, dockyards, and Admiralty Houses. The squadron of the station was based at [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax]], during the summers and [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda]], in the winters until the 1820s, when Bermuda (which was better located to control the Atlantic Seaboard of the United States, impossible to attack over land, and almost impregnable against attack over water) became the main base year round.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stranack, Royal Navy |first=Lieutenant-Commander B. Ian D |date=1977 |title=The Andrew and The Onions: The Story of The Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795–1975 |url= |location=Bermuda |publisher=Island Press Ltd <!--., Bermuda, 1977 (1st Edition); Bermuda Maritime Museum Press, Royal Naval Dockyard Bermuda, Ireland Island, Sandys, Bermuda, 1990 (2nd Edition)--> |page= |isbn=9780921560036}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/983/multiple=1&unique_number=1147 |title=World Heritage List: Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated-->  |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=July 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ingham-Hind |first=Jennifer M. |title=Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps |year=1992 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Island Press |isbn=0969651716}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Edward C. |author-link=Edward C. Harris |title=Bermuda Forts 1612–1957 |year=1997 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560111}}</ref> A large [[Bermuda Garrison|British Army garrison in Bermuda]], which fell under the [[Commander-in-Chief, North America#Commanders-in-Chief, Maritime provinces 1783–1875|commander-in-chief in Nova Scotia]], existed to defend the colony as a naval base (and to prevent it becoming as useful a base to the navy of an adversary), as well as to support amphibious operations throughout the region (such as the [[Chesapeake campaign]] during the [[American War of 1812]]).<ref>{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Edward Cecil |date=January 21, 2012 |title=Bermuda's role in the Sack of Washington |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/archive/lifestyle/article/20120121/bermudas-role-in-the-sack-of-washington/ |work=The Royal Gazette |location=City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda |access-date=August 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grove |first=Tim |date=January 22, 2021 |title=Fighting The Power |url=https://chesapeakebaymagazine.com/fighting-the-power/ |magazine=Chesapeake Bay Magazine |location=Annapolis |publisher=Chesapeake Bay Media, LLC |access-date=August 8, 2021}}</ref> Bermuda was consequently the most important British naval and military base in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Willock [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] |first=Lieutenant-Colonel Roger |title=Bulwark Of Empire: Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base 1860–1920 |year=1988 |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=9780921560005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Donald Craigie  |date=1965 |title=The Dominion Partnership in Imperial Defense, 1870-1914  |location=Baltimore, Maryland, US |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |page=14 |isbn= |quote=<!-- There were more than 44,000 troops stationed overseas in colonial garrisons, and slightly more than half of these were in imperial fortresses: in the Mediterranean, Bermuda, Halifax, St. Helena, and Mauritius. The rest of the forces were in colonies proper, with a heavy concentration in New Zealand and South Africa. The imperial government paid approximately £1,715,000 per annum toward the maintenance of these forces, and the various colonial governments contributed £370,000, the largest amounts coming from Ceylon and Victoria in Australia.-->}}</ref> Canadian confederation resulted in the Canadian Militia becoming responsible for the defence of the Maritimes, the abolition of the British Army's commander-in-chief there, and the reduction of British military forces in the Maritimes to a small garrison for the protection of the Halifax dockyard, which would be withdrawn when that dockyard was handed over to the Dominion government in 1905 for use by the new Canadian naval service. Britain retained control of Bermuda as an imperial fortress, with the governor and commander-in-chief of Bermuda (a military officer previously ranking between lieutenant-colonel and major-general) becoming a lieutenant-general termed a ''[[general officer commanding]]'' and the Bermuda garrison becoming a command in its own right.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacFarlane |first=Thomas |author-link= |date=1891 |title=Within the Empire; An Essay on Imperial Federation  |location=Ottawa |publisher=James Hope & Co. |page=29 |isbn= |quote=<!-- Besides the Imperial fortress of Malta, Gibraltar, Halifax and Bermuda it has to maintain and arm coaling stations and forts at Siena Leone, St. Helena, Simons Bay (at the Cape of Good Hope), Trincomalee, Jamaica and Port Castries (in the island of Santa Lucia).-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kennedy, R.N. |first=Captain W. R. |date=July 1, 1885 |title=An Unknown Colony: Sport, Travel and Adventure in Newfoundland and the West Indies |url= |magazine=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine  |publisher=William Blackwood & Sons |access-date= |page=111 |quote=<!--As a fortress, Bermuda is of the first importance. It is situated almost exactly half-way between the northern and the southern naval stations; while nature has made it practically impregnable. The only approach lies through that labyrinth of reefs and narrow channels which Captain Kennedy has described. The local pilots are sworn to secrecy; and, what is more reassuring, by lifting buoys and laying down torpedoes, hostile vessels trying to thread the passage must come to inevitable grief, So far Bermuda may be considered safe, whatever may be the condition of the fortifications and the cannon in the batteries. Yet the universal neglect of our colonial defences is apparent in the fact that no telegraphic communication has hitherto been established with the West Indies on the one side, or with the Dominion of Canada on the other.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=VERAX |first=(anonymous) |date=May 1, 1889 |title=The Defense of Canada. (From Colburn's United Service Magazine) |url= |magazine=The United Service: A Quarterly Review of Military and Naval Affairs |location= |publisher=LR Hamersly & Co. |access-date= |page=552 |quote=<!--The objectives for America are clearly marked,—Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, Prescott, Kingston, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver. Halifax and Vancouver are certain to be most energetically attacked, for they will be the naval bases, besides Bermuda, from which England would carry on her naval attack on the American coasts and commerce.-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1=George M. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Alexander  |date=1898 |title=MacMillan's Geographical Series: Elementary Geography of the British Colonies |location=London |publisher=MacMillan and Co.|page=184 |isbn= |quote=<!--There is a strongly fortified dockyard, and the defensive works, together with the intricate character of the approaches to the harbour, render the islands an almost impregnable fortress. Bermuda is governed as a Crown colony by a Governor who is also Commander-in-Chief, assisted by an appointed Executive Council and a representative House of Assembly.-->}}</ref> Bermuda was consequently left out of the confederation of Canada, though it retained naval links with Halifax and the [[state church]] (or ''established church''), the [[Church of England]], continued to place Bermuda under the [[Diocese of Newfoundland|bishop of Newfoundland]] until 1919 (Bermuda also remained linked to the Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglican.bm/index.php/worship/our-churches.html |title=Our Churches: Pembroke Parish |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Anglican Church of Bermuda |access-date=August 28, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://anglicanenl.net/home/our-history |title=Our History |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Anglican East NL |publisher=Anglican Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador |access-date=August 17, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/anglicanism.php |title=The Church of England |last=Piper |first=Liza |date=2000 |website=Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site |access-date=August 17, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romancatholicbermuda.bm/about-us |title=A History Of Our Church |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda |publisher=The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda |access-date=August 28, 2021 |quote=The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda was established in 12th June 1967. Bermuda was served by the Diocesan clergy of Halifax until 1953, after which pastoral responsibility transferred to the Congregation of the Resurrection.}}</ref>
+Bermuda was consequently left out of Canadian confederation. It retained naval links with Halifax. The [[state church]] (or ''established church''), the [[Church of England]], continued to place Bermuda under the [[Diocese of Newfoundland|bishop of Newfoundland]] until 1919. Bermuda also remained linked to the Maritimes under the Methodist and Roman Catholic churches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglican.bm/index.php/worship/our-churches.html |title=Our Churches: Pembroke Parish |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Anglican Church of Bermuda |access-date=August 28, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://anglicanenl.net/home/our-history |title=Our History |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=Anglican East NL |publisher=Anglican Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador |access-date=August 17, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/society/anglicanism.php |title=The Church of England |last=Piper |first=Liza |date=2000 |website=Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador |publisher=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site |access-date=August 17, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romancatholicbermuda.bm/about-us |title=A History Of Our Church |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda |publisher=The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda |access-date=August 28, 2021 |quote=The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda was established in 12th June 1967. Bermuda was served by the Diocesan clergy of Halifax until 1953, after which pastoral responsibility transferred to the Congregation of the Resurrection.}}</ref>
-In 1903, resolution of the [[Alaska boundary dispute|Alaska Panhandle Dispute]] fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary.<ref name="Laxer2010">{{cite book|first=James|last=Laxer|title=The Border: Canada, the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjVlI8V0i9AC&pg=PT215|year=2010|publisher=Doubleday Canada|isbn=978-0-385-67290-0|page=215|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430173323/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjVlI8V0i9AC&pg=PT215|archive-date=April 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. The second reduction, in 1927, occurred when a [[Labrador#Boundary dispute|boundary dispute]] between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador enlarged at Quebec's expense; this land returned to Canada, as part of the province of Newfoundland, in 1949.<ref name="Cukwurah1967">{{cite book|first=A. Oye|last=Cukwurah|title=The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHm7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186|year=1967|publisher=Manchester University Press|page=186|id=GGKEY:EXSJZ7S92QE|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125410/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHm7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186|archive-date=May 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories.<ref name="School2013"/> Yukon lies in the western portion of Northern Canada, while Nunavut is in the east.<ref name="Nuttall2012">{{cite book|first=Mark|last=Nuttall|title=Encyclopedia of the Arctic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&pg=PA301|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-57958-436-8|page=301|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506200637/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&pg=PA301|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+In 1903, resolution of the [[Alaska boundary dispute|Alaska Panhandle Dispute]] fixed British Columbia's northwestern boundary,<ref name="Laxer2010">{{cite book |first=James |last=Laxer |title=The Border: Canada, the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjVlI8V0i9AC&pg=PT215 |year=2010 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=978-0-385-67290-0 |page=215 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430173323/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjVlI8V0i9AC&pg=PT215 |archive-date=April 30, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the first of only two provincial reductions in Canada. In 1927, the second reduction occurred when a [[Labrador#Boundary dispute|boundary dispute]] between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador (part of the Dominion of Newfoundland) enlarged at Quebec's expense. (In 1949, this land returned to Canada as part of the province of Newfoundland.)<ref name="Cukwurah1967">{{cite book |first=A. Oye |last=Cukwurah |title=The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHm7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186 |year=1967 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=186 |id=GGKEY:EXSJZ7S92QE |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519125410/https://books.google.com/books?id=xHm7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA186 |archive-date=May 19, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, Nunavut was created from the northern and eastern portions of the Northwest Territories.<ref name="School2013"/><ref name="Nuttall2012">{{cite book |first=Mark |last=Nuttall |title=Encyclopedia of the Arctic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&pg=PA301 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-436-8 |page=301 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506200637/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcucDSk4w3YC&pg=PA301 |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering {{convert|{{#expr:1346106+482443+2093190}}|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in land area.<ref name=StatsCan/> They are often referred to as a single region, the North, for organizational and economic purposes.<ref name="Development2002">{{cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Oecd Territorial Reviews: Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/oecdterritorialr0000orga|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=978-92-64-19832-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/oecdterritorialr0000orga/page/16 16]|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> For much of the Northwest Territories' early history it was divided into [[Districts of the Northwest Territories|several districts]] for ease of administration.<ref name="WaldmanBraun2009">{{cite book|first1=Carl|last1=Waldman|first2=Molly|last2=Braun|title=Atlas of the North American Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA234|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2671-5|page=234|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202620/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA234|archive-date=May 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.<ref name="ForsythMuller2001">{{cite book|last1=McIlwraith|first1=Thomas Forsyth|first2=Edward K.|last2=Muller|title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA359|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8|page=359|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506120037/https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA359|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.
+The three territories are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, combined covering {{convert|{{#expr:1346106+482443+2093190}}|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in land area.<ref name=StatsCan/> They are often referred to as a single region, the North, for organizational and economic purposes.<ref name="Development2002">{{cite book |author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=Oecd Territorial Reviews: Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/oecdterritorialr0000orga |url-access=registration |year=2002 |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-19832-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oecdterritorialr0000orga/page/16 16] |access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> For much of the Northwest Territories' early history, it was divided into [[Districts of the Northwest Territories|several districts]] for ease of administration.<ref name="WaldmanBraun2009">{{cite book |first1=Carl |last1=Waldman |first2=Molly |last2=Braun |title=Atlas of the North American Indian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA234 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2671-5 |page=234 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202620/https://books.google.com/books?id=P2HKD9PgC6wC&pg=PA234 |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905, after which, as the Keewatin Region, it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories.<ref name="ForsythMuller2001">{{cite book |last1=McIlwraith |first1=Thomas Forsyth |first2=Edward K. |last2=Muller |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA359 |year=2001 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8 |page=359 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506120037/https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA359 |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut.
 ==Government==
 {{Main|Canadian federalism}}
 {{See also|Monarchy in the Canadian provinces|Office-holders of Canada|Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories}}
-Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many [[Public good (economics)|public good]]s such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.<ref name="Mahler1987">{{cite book|first=Gregory S.|last=Mahler|title=New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/newdimensionsofc0000mahl|url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3289-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdimensionsofc0000mahl/page/86 86]|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> They receive "[[transfer payment]]s" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.<ref name="Peach2007">{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Peach|title=Constructing Tomorrows Federalism: New Perspectives on Canadian Governance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8VkyxvK1VAC&pg=PA52|year=2007|publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press|isbn=978-0-88755-315-8|page=52|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510100747/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8VkyxvK1VAC&pg=PA52|archive-date=May 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.<ref name="Peach2007"/>
+Theoretically, provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government, with jurisdiction over many [[Public good (economics)|public good]]s such as health care, education, welfare, and intra-provincial transportation.<ref name="Mahler1987">{{cite book |first=Gregory S. |last=Mahler |title=New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism: Canada in a Comparative Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/newdimensionsofc0000mahl |url-access=registration |year=1987 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-3289-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newdimensionsofc0000mahl/page/86 86] |access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> They receive "[[transfer payment]]s" from the federal government to pay for these, as well as exacting their own taxes.<ref name="Peach2007">{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Peach |title=Constructing Tomorrows Federalism: New Perspectives on Canadian Governance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8VkyxvK1VAC&pg=PA52 |year=2007 |publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-315-8 |page=52 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510100747/https://books.google.com/books?id=K8VkyxvK1VAC&pg=PA52 |archive-date=May 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In practice, however, the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas. For instance, in order to receive healthcare funding under [[Medicare (Canada)|Medicare]], provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates, such as universal access to required medical treatment.<ref name="Peach2007"/>
-Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]]. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as [[Legislative Council#Part of a bicameral legislature|legislative councils]], with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.<ref name="Maclure2003wt">{{cite book|first=Jocelyn|last=Maclure|title=Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDq-VVN4XtcC&pg=PA162|year=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7111-2|page=162|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501132404/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDq-VVN4XtcC&pg=PA162|archive-date=May 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the [[House of Assembly]], and Quebec where it is called the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]].<ref name="Tidridge2011nm">{{cite book|first=Nathan|last=Tidridge|title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA281|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0|page=281|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004708/https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA281|archive-date=May 14, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.<ref name="Pinto2012">{{cite book|first=Laura Elizabeth|last=Pinto|title=Curriculum Reform in Ontario: 'Common-Sense' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DYswZZ5gPIC&pg=PT325|year=2012|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-6158-5|page=325|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132945/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DYswZZ5gPIC&pg=PT325|archive-date=May 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the [[House of Commons of Canada]]. The head of government of each province, called the [[Premier (Canada)|premier]], is generally the head of the party with the most seats.<ref name="Barnhart2004">{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Barnhart|title=Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOX4Cal-54EC&pg=PR7|year=2004|publisher=University of Regina Press|isbn=978-0-88977-164-2|page=7|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102212/https://books.google.com/books?id=lOX4Cal-54EC&pg=PR7|archive-date=May 27, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.<ref name="Zellen2009iu">{{cite book|first=Barry Scott|last=Zellen|title=On Thin Ice: The Inuit, the State, and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syskcmi-5XMC&pg=PA54|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3280-7|page=54|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430214327/https://books.google.com/books?id=Syskcmi-5XMC&pg=PA54|archive-date=April 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The King's representative in each province is the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]].<ref name="Tidridge2011po">{{cite book|first=Nathan|last=Tidridge|title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvtMxqSDncC&pg=PA94|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-55488-980-8|page=94|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617041001/https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvtMxqSDncC&pg=PA94|archive-date=June 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In each of the territories there is an analogous [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioner]], but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.<ref name="PikeMcCreery2011fr">{{cite book|first1=Corinna|last1=Pike|first2=Christopher|last2=McCreery|title=Canadian Symbols of Authority: Maces, Chains, and Rods of Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x_k6AR1_IUC&pg=PT183|year=2011|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0016-1|page=183|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529022104/https://books.google.com/books?id=8x_k6AR1_IUC&pg=PT183|archive-date=May 29, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the [[Senate of Canada|Canadian Senate]]. Originally, most provinces had such bodies, known as [[Legislative Council#Part of a bicameral legislature|legislative councils]], with members titled councillors. These upper houses were abolished one by one, Quebec's being the last in 1968.<ref name="Maclure2003wt">{{cite book |first=Jocelyn |last=Maclure |title=Quebec Identity: The Challenge of Pluralism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDq-VVN4XtcC&pg=PA162 |year=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-7111-2 |page=162 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501132404/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDq-VVN4XtcC&pg=PA162 |archive-date=May 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In most provinces, the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly. The exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador, where the chamber is called the [[House of Assembly]], and Quebec where it is called the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]].<ref name="Tidridge2011nm">{{cite book |first=Nathan |last=Tidridge |title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA281 |year=2011 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0 |page=281 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004708/https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC&pg=PA281 |archive-date=May 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ontario has a legislative assembly but its members are called members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs.<ref name="Pinto2012">{{cite book |first=Laura Elizabeth |last=Pinto |title=Curriculum Reform in Ontario: 'Common-Sense' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DYswZZ5gPIC&pg=PT325 |year=2012 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-6158-5 |page=325 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132945/https://books.google.com/books?id=4DYswZZ5gPIC&pg=PT325 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the [[House of Commons of Canada]]. The head of government of each province, called the [[Premier (Canada)|premier]], is generally the head of the party with the most seats.<ref name="Barnhart2004">{{cite book |first=Gordon |last=Barnhart |title=Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOX4Cal-54EC&pg=PR7 |year=2004 |publisher=University of Regina Press |isbn=978-0-88977-164-2 |page=7 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527102212/https://books.google.com/books?id=lOX4Cal-54EC&pg=PR7 |archive-date=May 27, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This is also the case in Yukon, but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level.<ref name="Zellen2009iu">{{cite book |first=Barry Scott |last=Zellen |title=On Thin Ice: The Inuit, the State, and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syskcmi-5XMC&pg=PA54 |year=2009 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-3280-7 |page=54 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430214327/https://books.google.com/books?id=Syskcmi-5XMC&pg=PA54 |archive-date=April 30, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The King's representative in each province is the [[Lieutenant Governor (Canada)|lieutenant governor]].<ref name="Tidridge2011po">{{cite book |first=Nathan |last=Tidridge |title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvtMxqSDncC&pg=PA94 |year=2011 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-55488-980-8 |page=94 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617041001/https://books.google.com/books?id=KAvtMxqSDncC&pg=PA94 |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In each of the territories there is an analogous [[Commissioner#Canadian territories|commissioner]], but they represent the federal government rather than the monarch.<ref name="PikeMcCreery2011fr">{{cite book |first1=Corinna |last1=Pike |first2=Christopher |last2=McCreery |author-link2=Christopher McCreery |title=Canadian Symbols of Authority: Maces, Chains, and Rods of Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x_k6AR1_IUC&pg=PT183 |year=2011 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-4597-0016-1 |page=183 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529022104/https://books.google.com/books?id=8x_k6AR1_IUC&pg=PT183 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto;"
@@ Line 385: / Line 395: @@
 ===Provincial legislature buildings===
 <gallery class="center" width="165" height="120" perrow="5">
-File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg|[[Alberta Legislature Building]]
+Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg|[[Alberta Legislature Building]]
-File:British Columbia Parliament Buildings - panoramio.jpg|[[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]]
+British Columbia Parliament Buildings - panoramio.jpg|[[British Columbia Parliament Buildings]]
-File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg|[[Manitoba Legislative Building]]
+Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg|[[Manitoba Legislative Building]]
-File:New Brunswick Legislature.png|[[New Brunswick Legislative Building]]
+New Brunswick Legislature.png|[[New Brunswick Legislative Building]]
-File:Confederation Building (front), St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.jpg|[[Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Newfoundland and Labrador Confederation Building]]
+Confederation Building (front), St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.jpg|[[Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Newfoundland and Labrador Confederation Building]]
-File:Province House (Nova Scotia).jpg|[[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Nova Scotia Province House]]
+Province House (Nova Scotia).jpg|[[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Nova Scotia Province House]]
-File:Ontario Legislative Building, Toronto, South view 20170417 1.jpg|[[Ontario Legislative Building]]
+Ontario Legislative Building, Toronto, South view 20170417 1.jpg|[[Ontario Legislative Building]]
-File:282 - Birthplace of Canada Charlottetown PEI.JPG|[[Province House (Prince Edward Island)|Prince Edward Island Province House]]
+- Birthplace of Canada Charlottetown PEI.JPG|[[Province House (Prince Edward Island)|Prince Edward Island Province House]]
-File:Quebec City (14765614666).jpg|[[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Quebec Parliament Building]]
+Quebec City (14765614666).jpg|[[Parliament Building (Quebec)|Quebec Parliament Building]]
-File:Saskatchewan legislative building.jpg|[[Saskatchewan Legislative Building]]
+Saskatchewan legislative building.jpg|[[Saskatchewan Legislative Building]]
 </gallery>
 ===Territorial legislature buildings===
 <gallery class="center" width="165px" height="120px" perrow="3">
-File:Northwest Territories Legislative Building.jpg|[[Northwest Territories Legislative Building]]
+Northwest Territories Legislative Building.jpg|[[Northwest Territories Legislative Building]]
-File:Leg Building Iqaluit 2000-08-27.jpg|[[Legislative Building of Nunavut|Nunavut Legislative Building]]
+Leg Building Iqaluit 2000-08-27.jpg|[[Legislative Building of Nunavut|Nunavut Legislative Building]]
-File:Yukon Legislature main entrance.jpg|[[Yukon Legislative Building]]
+Yukon Legislature main entrance.jpg|[[Yukon Legislative Building]]
 </gallery>
@@ Line 408: / Line 418: @@
 ==Provincial political parties==
-Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.<ref name="Cross2011">{{cite book|first=William |last=Cross|title=Political Parties|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-4111-5|pages=17–20}}</ref> For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]], and neither do provincial Green Parties to the [[Green Party of Canada]].
+Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties. However, these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name.<ref name="Cross2011">{{cite book |first=William |last=Cross |title=Political Parties |year=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-4111-5 |pages=17–20}}</ref> For example, no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]], and neither do provincial Green Parties to the [[Green Party of Canada]].
 Provincial New Democratic Parties, on the other hand, are fully integrated with the federal [[New Democratic Party]]—meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections, with common membership, of the federal party.
@@ Line 416: / Line 426: @@
 Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent, such as the [[Alberta Party]] and [[Saskatchewan Party]].
-The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignty]], represented by the [[Parti Québécois]] and [[Québec solidaire]], and [[Quebec federalist ideology|federalism]], represented primarily by the [[Quebec Liberal Party]].<ref name="Gagnon2000pm">{{cite book|first=Alain-Gustave|last=Gagnon|title=The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec: 8 Critical Analyses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97a8-s131u0C&pg=PA209|year=2000|publisher=IRPP|isbn=978-0-88645-184-4|pages=209–210|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505184122/https://books.google.com/books?id=97a8-s131u0C&pg=PA209|archive-date=May 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The {{lang|fr|[[Coalition Avenir Québec]]|italic=no}}, meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.
+The provincial political climate of Quebec is different: the main split is between [[Quebec sovereignty movement|sovereignty]], represented by the [[Parti Québécois]] and [[Québec solidaire]], and [[Quebec federalist ideology|federalism]], represented primarily by the [[Quebec Liberal Party]].<ref name="Gagnon2000pm">{{cite book |first=Alain-Gustave |last=Gagnon |title=The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec: 8 Critical Analyses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97a8-s131u0C&pg=PA209 |year=2000 |publisher=IRPP |isbn=978-0-88645-184-4 |pages=209–210 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505184122/https://books.google.com/books?id=97a8-s131u0C&pg=PA209 |archive-date=May 5, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The {{lang|fr|[[Coalition Avenir Québec]]|italic=no}}, meanwhile, takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty.
 Currently, the one minority provincial/territorial government is held by the [[Yukon Liberal Party|Liberals]] in [[2021 Yukon general election|Yukon]]. They are in government with a formal [[confidence and supply]] agreement from the [[Yukon New Democratic Party]].
+===Provincial/territorial governments===
 {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
 |-
-|+ Provincial/territorial governments
+|+ Provincial/territorial governments of Canada
 ! scope="col" | Province/territory
-! scope="col" | [[Premier (Canada)|Premier]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/PremiersTerritorialLeaders.aspx |title=Premiers |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
+! scope="col" | [[Premier (Canada)|Premier]]<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/PremiersTerritorialLeaders.aspx |title=Premiers |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
 ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Party in government<ref name="autogenerated1" />
 ! scope="col" | Party main ideology
@@ Line 430: / Line 441: @@
 ! scope="col" | Majority/{{wbr}}minority
 !Party in Opposition
-! scope="col" | Lieutenant governor / commissioner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/LieutenantGovernors.aspx |title=Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
+! scope="col" | Lieutenant governor / commissioner<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/LieutenantGovernors.aspx |title=Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners |publisher=Parliament of Canada |access-date=August 6, 2013}}</ref>
 ! scope="col" | Last election
 !Next election
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Alberta
-| [[Danielle Smith]]
+| {{sortname|Danielle|Smith}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|AB|UCP|background}} |
 | [[United Conservative Party|United Conservative]]
@@ Line 442: / Line 453: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Alberta New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
-| [[Salma Lakhani]]
+| {{sortname|Salma|Lakhani}}
 | data-sort-value="2023-05-29"|[[2023 Alberta general election|2023]]
 | data-sort-value="2027-05-31"|[[32nd Alberta general election|2027]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | British Columbia
-| [[David Eby]]
+| {{sortname|David|Eby}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|BC|NDP|background}} |
 | [[British Columbia New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
@@ Line 454: / Line 465: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Conservative Party of British Columbia|Conservative]]
-| [[Wendy Lisogar-Cocchia]]
+| {{sortname|Wendy|Lisogar-Cocchia}}
 | data-sort-value="2024-10-19"|[[2024 British Columbia general election|2024]]
-| data-sort-value="2028-10-19"|[[2028 British Columbia general election|2028]]
+| data-sort-value="2028-10-19"|[[44th British Columbia general election|2028]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Manitoba
-| [[Wab Kinew]]
+| {{sortname|Wab|Kinew}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|MB|NDP|background}} |
 | [[New Democratic Party of Manitoba|New Democratic]]
@@ Line 466: / Line 477: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba|Progressive Conservative]]
-| [[Anita Neville]]
+| {{sortname|Anita|Neville}}
 | data-sort-value="2023-10-03"|[[2023 Manitoba general election|2023]]
 | data-sort-value="2027-10-05"|[[44th Manitoba general election|2027]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | New Brunswick
-| [[Susan Holt]]
+| {{sortname|Susan|Holt}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|NL|Liberal|background}} |
 | [[Liberal Party of New Brunswick|Liberal]]
@@ Line 478: / Line 489: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick|Progressive Conservative]]
-| [[Louise Imbeault]]
+| {{sortname|Louise|Imbeault}}
 | data-sort-value="2024-10-22"|[[2024 New Brunswick general election|2024]]
-| data-sort-value="2028-10-21"|[[2028 New Brunswick general election|2028]]
+| data-sort-value="2028-10-21"|[[42nd New Brunswick general election|2028]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Newfoundland and Labrador
-| [[John Hogan (Newfoundland and Labrador politician)|John Hogan]]
+| {{sortname|Tony|Wakeham}}
-| {{Canadian party colour|NL|Liberal|background}} |
+| {{Canadian party colour|NL|PC|background}} |
+|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador|Progressive Conservative]]
+| [[Progressive conservatism]]
+| [[Centre-right]]
+| Majority
 | [[Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador|Liberal]]
-| [[Liberalism]] {{nowrap|([[Liberalism in Canada|Canadian]])}}
+| {{sortname|Joan Marie|Aylward}}
-| [[Centrism|Centre]]
+| data-sort-value="2025-10-14"|[[2025 Newfoundland and Labrador general election|2025]]
-| Majority
+| data-sort-value="2029-10-14"|[[53rd Newfoundland and Labrador general election|2029]]
-|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador|Progressive Conservative]]
-| [[Joan Marie Aylward]]
-| data-sort-value="2021-03-25"|[[2021 Newfoundland and Labrador general election|2021]]
-| data-sort-value="2025-10-14"|[[52nd Newfoundland and Labrador general election|2025]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Nova Scotia
-| [[Tim Houston]]
+| {{sortname|Tim|Houston}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|NS|PC|background}} |
 | [[Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia|Progressive Conservative]]
@@ Line 502: / Line 513: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Nova Scotia New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
-| [[Michael Savage (politician)|Michael Savage]]
+| {{sortname|Mike|Savage|dab=politician}}
-| data-sort-value="2021-08-17"|[[2024 Nova Scotia general election|2024]]
+| data-sort-value="2024-11-26"|[[2024 Nova Scotia general election|2024]]
-| data-sort-value="2025-07-15"|[[Next Nova Scotia general election|2028]]
+| data-sort-value="2029-11-26"|[[Next Nova Scotia general election|2029]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Ontario
-| [[Doug Ford]]
+| {{sortname|Doug|Ford}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|ON|PC|background}} |
 | [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]]
@@ Line 514: / Line 525: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Ontario New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
-| [[Edith Dumont]]
+| {{sortname|Edith|Dumont}}
 | data-sort-value="2025-02-27"|[[2025 Ontario general election|2025]]
 | data-sort-value="2029-06-07"|[[45th Ontario general election|2029]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Prince Edward Island
-| [[Rob Lantz]]
+| {{sortname|Rob|Lantz}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|PE|PC|background}} |
 | [[Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island|Progressive Conservative]]
@@ Line 526: / Line 537: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Prince Edward Island Liberal Party|Liberal]]
-| [[Wassim Salamoun]]
+| {{sortname|Wassim|Salamoun}}
 | data-sort-value="2023-10-02"|[[2023 Prince Edward Island general election|2023]]
 | data-sort-value="2027-10-04"|[[68th Prince Edward Island general election|2027]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Quebec
-| [[François Legault]]
+| {{sortname|François|Legault}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|QC|CAQ|background}} |
 | {{lang|fr|[[Coalition Avenir Québec]]|italic=no}}
@@ Line 538: / Line 549: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]]
-| [[Manon Jeannotte]]
+| {{sortname|Manon|Jeannotte}}
 | data-sort-value="2022-10-03"|[[2022 Quebec general election|2022]]
 | data-sort-value="2026-10-05"|[[44th Quebec general election|2026]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Saskatchewan
-| [[Scott Moe]]
+| {{sortname|Scott|Moe}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|SK|Saskatchewan|background}} |
 | [[Saskatchewan Party]]
@@ Line 550: / Line 561: @@
 | Majority
 |[[Saskatchewan New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
-| [[Bernadette McIntyre]]
+| {{sortname|Bernadette|McIntyre}}
-| data-sort-value="2020-10-26"|[[2024 Saskatchewan general election|2024]]
+| data-sort-value="2024-10-28"|[[2024 Saskatchewan general election|2024]]
-| data-sort-value="2024-10-28"|[[2028 Saskatchewan election|2028]]
+| data-sort-value="2028-10-30"|[[31st Saskatchewan general election|2028]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Northwest Territories
-| [[R.J. Simpson]]
+| {{sortname|R.J.|Simpson}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|NT|Non-partisan|background}} |
 | colspan="4" {{nonpartisan|''[[Consensus government in Canada|Nonpartisan consensus government]]''}}
 |N/A
-| [[Gerald Kisoun]]
+| {{sortname|Gerald|Kisoun}}
 | data-sort-value="2023-11-14"|[[2023 Northwest Territories general election|2023]]
-| data-sort-value="2027-10-05"|[[2027 Northwest Territories general election|2027]]
+| data-sort-value="2027-10-05"|[[Next Northwest Territories general election|2027]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Nunavut
-| [[P.J. Akeeagok]]
+| {{sortname|P.J.|Akeeagok}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|NU|Non-partisan|background}} |
 | colspan="4" {{nonpartisan|''[[Consensus government in Canada|Nonpartisan consensus government]]''}}
 |N/A
-| [[Eva Aariak]]
+| {{sortname|Eva|Aariak}}
-| data-sort-value="2021-10-25"|[[2021 Nunavut general election|2021]]
+| data-sort-value="2025-10-27"|[[2025 Nunavut general election|2025]]
-| data-sort-value="2025-10-27"|2025
+| data-sort-value="2029-10-29"|[[Next Nunavut general election|2029]]
 |-
 ! scope="row" | Yukon
-| [[Ranj Pillai]]
+| {{sortname|Mike|Pemberton}}
 | {{Canadian party colour|YT|Liberal|background}} |
 | [[Yukon Liberal Party|Liberal]]
@@ Line 580: / Line 591: @@
 | Minority
 |[[Yukon Party]]
-| [[Adeline Webber]]
+| {{sortname|Adeline|Webber}}
-| data-sort-value="2021-04-12"|[[2021 Yukon general election|2021]]
+| data-sort-value="2025-11-03"|[[2025 Yukon general election|2025]]
-| data-sort-value="2025-11-03"|[[40th Yukon general election|2025]]
+| data-sort-value="2029-11-05"|[[Next Yukon general election|2029]]
 |}
+[[File:Provincial Parties 2025 Nov.jpg|center|thumb|Provincial party standings at the district level across Canada {{as of|2025|11|lc=y}}]]
 ==Ceremonial territory==
-The [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]], near [[Vimy]], Pas-de-Calais, and the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]], near [[Beaumont-Hamel]], both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.<ref name="Wilson2012">{{cite book|first=John|last=Wilson|title=Failed Hope: The Story of the Lost Peace|url=https://archive.org/details/failedhopestoryo0000wils|url-access=registration|year=2012|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-4597-0345-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/failedhopestoryo0000wils/page/38 38]|access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".<ref>{{cite web
+The [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]], near [[Vimy]], Pas-de-Calais, and the [[Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial]], near [[Beaumont-Hamel]], both in France, are ceremonially considered Canadian territory.<ref name="Wilson2012">{{cite book |first=John |last=Wilson |title=Failed Hope: The Story of the Lost Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/failedhopestoryo0000wils |url-access=registration |year=2012 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=978-1-4597-0345-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/failedhopestoryo0000wils/page/38 38] |access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> In 1922, the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes".<ref>{{cite web |title=Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial |publisher=Veteran Affairs Canada |date=August 8, 1998 |url=http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=Memorials/ww1mem/Vimy/vmemory#one |access-date=July 20, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409062438/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=Memorials%2Fww1mem%2FVimy%2Fvmemory#one |archive-date=April 9, 2009}}</ref>
-| title = Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial
-| publisher = Veteran Affairs Canada
+In 1921, the site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased by the people of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].<ref name="Wilson2012"/> These sites do not enjoy [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial status]] and are subject to French law.
-| date = August 8, 1998
-| url = http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=Memorials/ww1mem/Vimy/vmemory#one
-| access-date = July 20, 2007
-| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409062438/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=Memorials%2Fww1mem%2FVimy%2Fvmemory#one
-| archive-date = April 9, 2009
-| url-status = dead
-}}</ref> The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont-Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]].<ref name="Wilson2012"/> These sites do not, however, enjoy [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial status]] and are thus subject to French law.
 ==Proposed provinces and territories==
 {{main|List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada}}
-Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|amendment]] for the creation of a new province<ref name="amendment">An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.</ref> but the creation of a new territory requires only an [[Acts of Parliament#Canada|act of Parliament]], a [[Parliamentary procedure|legislatively]] simpler process.<ref name="Nicholson1979">{{cite book|first=Norman L.|last=Nicholson|title=The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174|year=1979|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7705-1742-7|pages=174–175|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624010940/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174|archive-date=June 24, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In late 2004, Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]] surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert [[Territorial claims in the Arctic|sovereignty in the Arctic]], particularly as [[global warming]] could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex [[Northwest Passage#International waters dispute|international waters disputes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 2004 |title=Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status |publisher=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/northern-territories-eventually-to-be-given-provincial-status-1.484399 |url-status=live |access-date=January 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225050248/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/11/22/provinces041122.html |archive-date=February 25, 2007}}</ref>
+Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|Constitution of Canada requires an amendment]] for the creation of a new province.<ref name="amendment">An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.</ref> The creation of a new territory requires only an [[Acts of Parliament#Canada|act of Parliament]], a [[Parliamentary procedure|legislatively]] simpler process.<ref name="Nicholson1979">{{cite book |first=Norman L. |last=Nicholson |title=The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174 |year=1979 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |isbn=978-0-7705-1742-7 |pages=174–175 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624010940/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek7cloNk3E8C&pg=PA174 |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
+In late 2004, Prime Minister [[Paul Martin]] surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status "eventually". He cited their importance to Canada as a whole and the ongoing need to assert [[Territorial claims in the Arctic|sovereignty in the Arctic]], particularly as [[global warming]] could make that region more open to exploitation, leading to more complex [[Northwest Passage#International waters dispute|international waters disputes]].<ref>{{cite news |date=November 23, 2004 |title=Northern territories 'eventually' to be given provincial status |publisher=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/northern-territories-eventually-to-be-given-provincial-status-1.484399 |url-status=live |access-date=January 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070225050248/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2004/11/22/provinces041122.html |archive-date=February 25, 2007}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 628: / Line 634: @@
 |refs =
 <ref name="canada1">
-{{cite web |url = http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov-autregouv/prov-eng.html |title=Provinces and Territories |publisher=Government of Canada |year=2013 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209021646/http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov-autregouv/prov-eng.html |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}
+{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov-autregouv/prov-eng.html |title=Provinces and Territories |publisher=Government of Canada |year=2013 |access-date=August 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100209021646/http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov-autregouv/prov-eng.html |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}
 </ref>
 <ref name="Gough2010">{{cite book |first=Barry M. |last=Gough |title=Historical Dictionary of Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA141 |year=2010 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University |isbn=978-0-8108-7504-3 |pages=141–142 |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529074918/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4xK6CasigkC&pg=PA141 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 636: / Line 642: @@
 ==Further reading==
 {{main|Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories}}
 {{refbegin}}
-*{{cite book|first1=Keith |last1=Brownsey |first2=Michael |last2=Howlett|title=The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3Ky0-JAAbYC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-368-5}}
+*{{cite book |first1=Keith |last1=Brownsey |first2=Michael |last2=Howlett |title=The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3Ky0-JAAbYC&pg=PP1 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-55111-368-5}}
-* {{cite book|first1=Christopher |last1=Moore |author1-link=Christopher Moore (Canadian historian) |first2=Bill |last2=Slavin |first3=Janet |last3=Lunn|title=The Big Book of Canada: Exploring the Provinces and Territories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Dmi_sb_ufgC&pg=PA1|year=2002|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc|isbn=978-0-88776-457-8}}
+* {{cite book |first1=Christopher |last1=Moore |author1-link=Christopher Moore (Canadian historian) |first2=Bill |last2=Slavin |first3=Janet |last3=Lunn |title=The Big Book of Canada: Exploring the Provinces and Territories |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Dmi_sb_ufgC&pg=PA1 |year=2002 |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc |isbn=978-0-88776-457-8}}
 * {{cite book |first1=A. Paul |last1=Pross |first2=Catherine A. |last2=Pross |title=Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces: a Prescriptive Study |location=Toronto, Ont. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-8020-1827-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentpublis0000pros}}
-*{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Tomblin|title=Ottawa and the Outer Provinces: The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUnFSlFnGZUC&pg=PR1|year=1995|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-1-55028-476-8}}
+*{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Tomblin |title=Ottawa and the Outer Provinces: The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUnFSlFnGZUC&pg=PR1 |year=1995 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |isbn=978-1-55028-476-8}}
 {{refend}}

Provinces and territories of Canada: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 01:56, 20 November 2025

Provinces

Territories

Population

Territorial evolution

Government

Provincial legislature buildings

Territorial legislature buildings

Map

Provincial political parties

Provincial/territorial governments

Ceremonial territory

Proposed provinces and territories

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

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