Panthera: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:55, 19 November 2025

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PantheraTemplate:Notetag is a genus within the family Felidae, and one of two extant genera in the subfamily Pantherinae. It contains the largest living members of the cat family. There are five living species: the jaguar, leopard, lion, snow leopard and tiger. Numerous extinct species are also named, including the cave lion and American lion.

Etymology

The word Template:Wikt-lang derives from Classical Latin Template:Wikt-lang, itself from the Ancient Greek Template:Translit (Template:Wikt-lang).^[1]

Characteristics

In Panthera species, the dorsal profile of the skull is flattish or evenly convex. The frontal interorbital area is not noticeably elevated, and the area behind the elevation is less steeply sloped. The basic cranial axis is nearly horizontal. The inner chamber of the bullae is large, the outer small. The partition between them is close to the external auditory meatus. The convexly rounded chin is sloping.^[2] All Panthera species have an incompletely ossified hyoid bone and a specially adapted larynx with large vocal folds covered in a fibro-elastic pad; these characteristics enable them to roar. Only the snow leopard cannot roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of Template:Cvt that provide a lower resistance to airflow; it was therefore proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.^[3] Panthera species can prusten, which is a short, soft, snorting sound; it is used during contact between friendly individuals. The roar is an especially loud call with a distinctive pattern that depends on the species.^[4]

Evolution

Genetic studies indicate that the pantherine cats diverged from the subfamily Felinae between six and ten million years ago.^[5] The genus Neofelis is sister to Panthera.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

The geographic origin of the genus Panthera is uncertain, though the earliest known definitive species Panthera principialis is from Tanzania.^[9] P. blytheae from northern Central Asia, originally described as the oldest known Panthera species, is suggested to have similar skull features to the snow leopard,^[10] but subsequent studies have since agreed that it is not a member of or a related species of the snow leopard lineage and that it belongs to a different genus Palaeopanthera.^[11]^[12]^[13] The tiger, snow leopard, and clouded leopard genetic lineages likely dispersed in Southeast Asia during the Late Miocene.^[10] The clouded leopard appears to have diverged about Template:Ma. Panthera diverged from other cat species about Template:Ma and then evolved into the species tiger about Template:Ma, snow leopard about Template:Ma and leopard about Template:Ma. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the American lion (P. atrox) is a sister lineage to Panthera spelaea (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about Template:Ma, and that both P. atrox and P. spelaea are most closely related to lions among living Panthera species.^[14] The snow leopard is nested within Panthera and is the sister species of the tiger.^[15]

The extinct species Panthera gombaszogensis, was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were excavated in Olivola, in Italy, and date to Template:Ma.^[16] Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the Panthera lineage date to about Template:Ma.^[17]

Classification

Panthera was named and described by Lorenz Oken in 1816 who placed all the spotted cats in this group.^[18]^[19] During the 19th and 20th centuries, various explorers and staff of natural history museums suggested numerous subspecies, or at times called "races", for all Panthera species. The taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed skins and skulls in the zoological collection of the Natural History Museum, London, and grouped subspecies described, thus shortening the lists considerably.^[20]^[21]^[22] Reginald Innes Pocock revised the classification of this genus in 1916 as comprising the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), jaguar (P. onca), and leopard (P. pardus) on the basis of common features of their skulls.^[23] Since the mid-1980s, several Panthera species became subjects of genetic research, mostly using blood samples of captive individuals. Study results indicate that many of the lion and leopard subspecies are questionable because of insufficient genetic distinction between them.^[24]^[25] Subsequently, it was proposed to group all African leopard populations to P. p. pardus and retain eight subspecific names for Asian leopard populations.^[26] Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard (formerly Uncia uncia) also belongs to the genus Panthera (P. uncia), a classification that was accepted by IUCN Red List assessors in 2008.^[5]^[27]

Based on genetic research, it was suggested to group all living sub-Saharan lion populations into P. l. leo.^[28] Results of phylogeographic studies indicate that the Western and Central African lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different clade than lion populations in Southern and East Africa; southeastern Ethiopia is an admixture region between North African and East African lion populations.^[29]^[30]

Black panthers do not form a distinct species, but are melanistic specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.^[31]^[32]

Contemporary species

The following list of the genus Panthera is based on the taxonomic assessment in Mammal Species of the World and reflects the taxonomy revised in 2017 by the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group:^[33]^[34]

Species	Subspecies	IUCN Red List status and distribution
Lion P. leo (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[35] File:Ngorongoro Crater (26) (cropped).jpg	P. l. leo (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[35] including: †Barbary lion P. l. leo sensu stricto Asiatic lion syn. P. l. persica (Johann Nepomuk Meyer, 1826)^[36]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". P. l. melanochaita (Smith, 1842)^[37]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". including: †Cape lion P. l. melanochaita sensu stricto^[38]	[[Vulnerable species\|Template:IUCN status]]^[39] File:Lion distribution.png
Jaguar P. onca (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[35] File:Jagwar (cropped).jpg	Monotypic^[40]^[34]	[[Near-threatened species\|Template:IUCN status]]^[41] File:Panthera onca distribution.svg
Leopard P. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[35] File:Indian male leopard (cropped).jpg	African leopard P. p. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[35] Indian leopard P. p. fusca (Meyer, 1794)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[42] Javan leopard P. p. melas (G. Cuvier, 1809)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[43] Arabian leopard P. p. nimr (Hemprich and Ehrenberg), 1833Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[44] P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856),^[45] syn. P. p. ciscaucasica (Satunin, 1914),^[46] P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927^[47]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Amur leopard P. p. orientalis (Schlegel, 1857),^[48] syn. P. p. japonensis (Gray, 1862)^[49]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Indochinese leopard P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[50] Sri Lankan leopard P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1956Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[51]	Template:IUCN status^[52] File:Leopard distribution.jpg
Tiger P. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[35] File:Sher Khan (cropped).jpg	P. t. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". including: Bengal tiger P. t. tigris sensu stricto †Caspian tiger syn. P. t. virgata (Illiger, 1815)^[53]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Siberian tiger syn. P. t. altaica (Temminck, 1844)^[54]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". South China tiger syn. P. t. amoyensis (Hilzheimer, 1905)^[55]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Indochinese tiger syn. P. t. corbetti Mazák, 1968^[56]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Malayan tiger syn. P. t. jacksoni Luo et al., 2004^[57]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Sunda Island tiger P. t. sondaica Temminck, 1844)^[54]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". including †Javan tiger P. t. sondaica sensu stricto Sumatran tiger syn. P t. sumatrae (Temminck, 1844)^[54]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". †Bali tiger syn. P. t. balica Schwarz, 1912)^[58]Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".	[[Endangered species\|Template:IUCN status]]^[59] File:Tiger map.svg
Snow leopard P. uncia^[34] (Schreber, 1775)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".^[60] File:Snow Leopards - Ghost of the Mountains for Ministry of Tourism (MOT) India 9 (cropped).png	Monotypic^[34]	Template:IUCN status^[27] File:SnowLeopard distribution.jpg

Extinct species and subspecies

Species and subspecies	Fossil records	Notes	Images
Panthera atrox	North America, 0.13 to 0.013 MYA, with dubious remains in South America.^[61]	Commonly known as the American lion, P. atrox is thought to have descended from a basal P. spelaea cave lion population isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and then established a mitochondrial sister clade circa 200,000 BP.^[62] It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of P. leo^[62] or P. spelaea.^[63] One of the largest Panthera species.^[64] Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago.^[65]	File:American lion National Park Service illustration.png
Panthera balamoides^[66]	Mexico, ~0.13 MYA	Dubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear Arctotherium instead.^[67]
Panthera fossilis^[68]	Europe and Asia, 0.68 to 0.25 MYA	Extinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of Panthera. Considered to be the ancestor of P. spelaea.^[69]	File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea fossilis.png
Panthera gombaszogensis	Europe, possibly Asia and Africa, 2.0 to 0.35 MYA	Ranged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago.^[70] Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (Panthera onca), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". Panthera schreuderi and Panthera toscana are considered junior synonyms of P. gombaszogensis. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of P. onca.^[71]^[72]	File:De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Panthera onca gombaszoegensis.png
Panthera palaeosinensis	Northern China, ~3 MYA	Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus Panthera^[73] At least three recent studies considered Panthera zdanskyi likely to be a synonym of P. palaeosinensis.^[74]^[75]^[76]
Panthera principialis	Tanzania, ~3.7 MYA	Described in 2023.^[9]
Panthera shawi	Laetoli site in Tanzania, ~3 MYA	A leopard-like cat^[77]
Panthera spelaea	Much of Eurasia, 0.6 to 0.013 MYA^[78]	Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally spelaea was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion P. leo.^[79] Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely P. spelaea that is most closely related to the modern lion among living Panthera species.^[80]^[81] Other genetic results indicate that P. fossilis also warrants status as a species.^[82]^[83] It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago.^[84]	File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea.png
Panthera youngi^[85]	China, Japan, ~0.35 MYA
Panthera zdanskyi	Gansu province of northwestern China, 2.55 to 2.16 MYA	It was initially considered to be a close relative of the tiger.^[73] But it is possibly synonymous with P. palaeosinensis.^[9]^[86]	File:Longdan tiger.png
Panthera leo sinhaleyus	Sri Lanka	This lion subspecies was described on the basis of two teeth.^[87]
Panthera onca augusta^[88]	North America	May have lived in temperate forests across North America^[89]
Panthera onca mesembrina^[90]	South America	May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar
Panthera pardus spelaea	Europe	Closely related to Asiatic leopard subspecies,^[91]	File:Chauvet leopard rock art (white background).png
Panthera tigris acutidens	Much of Asia	Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies^[92]
Panthera tigris soloensis	Java, Indonesia	Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies^[92]
Panthera tigris trinilensis	Java, Indonesia	Not closely related to modern tiger subspecies^[92]

Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as Panthera crassidens from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.^[93] A "Panthera dhokpathanensis" was briefly referenced in 1986 in a report on apparent new carnivorans from the Dhok Patha region in the Siwaliks, but as no description was provided this name is a nomen nudum.^[94]

Phylogeny

Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental nuclear genomes suggest the following relationships of living Panthera species:^[95] Template:Cladogram

File:Two cladograms for Panthera.svg

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al. (2006),^[5] and by Werdelin et al. (2010).^[96] The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010)^[15] and by Mazák et al. (2011).^[73]

In 2018, results of a phylogenetic study on living and fossil cats were published. This study was based on the morphological diversity of the mandibles of saber-toothed cats, their speciation and extinction rates.^[97]

Template:Clade

Notes

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References

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External links

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | name = ''Panthera''
 | fossil_range = {{geological range|Pliocene|Present|refs=<ref name="Mazák2011"/>}}
-| image = 4panthera3.0.png
+| image = Panthera Diversity.jpg
-| image_caption = From top to bottom: [[tiger]], [[lion]], [[jaguar]], [[leopard]], [[snow leopard]]
+| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[tiger]], [[jaguar]], [[leopard]], [[lion]]
 | taxon = Panthera
 | authority = [[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1816<ref name="MSW3">{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000227 |pages=546–548 |heading=Genus ''Panthera''}}</ref>
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<ref name="MSW3"/>
 | subdivision_ranks = Species
-| subdivision = {{Linked species list
+| subdivision = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=text-align:center;| {{Linked species list
    |{{extinct}}Panthera atrox|(Leidy, 1853)
    |{{extinct}}Panthera balamoides|Stinnesbeck ''et al.'', 2019
-  |{{extinct}}Panthera dhokpathanensis|Bakr, 1986
    |{{extinct}}Panthera fossilis|(Reichenau, 1906)
-   |{{extinct}}Panthera gombaszoegensis|(Kretzoi, 1938)
+   |{{extinct}}Panthera gombaszogensis|(Kretzoi, 1938)
    |Panthera leo|(Linnaeus, 1758)
    |Panthera onca|(Linnaeus, 1758)
@@ Line 31: / Line 30: @@
    |{{extinct}}Panthera zdanskyi|Mazák, Christiansen & Kitchener, 2011
    }}
-| synonyms = {{collapsible list |title=About 10 |titlestyle=text-align:center; font-weight:normal; |bullets=y
+}}
+| synonyms = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=text-align:center;|bullets=y
   |''Jaguarius'' <small>[[Nikolai Severtzov|Severtzov]], 1858</small>
   |''Leo'' <small>Frisch, 1775</small>
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 ==Evolution==
-The geographic origin of the genus ''Panthera'' is uncertain, though the earliest known definitive species ''[[Panthera principialis]]'' is from [[Tanzania]].<ref name=principialis/> ''P. blytheae'' from northern [[Central Asia]], originally described as the oldest known ''Panthera'' species, is suggested to be similar in skull features to the snow leopard,<ref name=Tseng_al2014/> but subsequent studies have since agreed that it is not a member of or a related species of the snow leopard lineage and that it belongs to a different genus ''[[Palaeopanthera]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Geraads, D. |author2=Peigné, S |title=Re-appraisal of ''Felis pamiri'' Ozansoy 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the upper Miocene of Turkey: the earliest pantherine cat? |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=415–425 |year=2017 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01675275/document |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6|s2cid=207195894}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hemmer|first1=H. |date=2023 |title=The evolution of the palaeopantherine cats, ''Palaeopanthera'' gen. nov. ''blytheae'' (Tseng et al., 2014) and ''Palaeopanthera pamiri'' (Ozansoy, 1959) comb. nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=827–839 |doi=10.1007/s12549-023-00571-5 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..827H |s2cid=257842190}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=X. |last4=Estraviz-López |first4=D. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Testu |first6=A. |last7=Li |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=S. |last9=Deng |first9=T. |title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage |year=2025 |journal=Science Advances |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=eadp5243 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 |pmid=39813339 |pmc=11734717 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The tiger, snow leopard, and [[clouded leopard]] [[genetic lineage]]s likely dispersed in Southeast Asia during the [[Late Miocene]].<ref name=Tseng_al2014>{{cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Z.J. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Slater |first3=G.J. |last4=Takeuchi |first4=G.T. |last5=Li |first5=Q. |last6=Liu |first6=J. |last7=Xie |first7=G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |page=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 |pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846}}</ref>
+Genetic studies indicate that the [[Pantherinae|pantherine cats]] diverged from the subfamily [[Felinae]] between six and ten million years ago.<ref name="Johnson2006">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W.E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W.J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |pmid=16400146 |s2cid=41672825 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref> The genus ''[[Neofelis]]'' is [[sister group|sister]] to ''Panthera''.<ref name="Johnson2006" /><ref name="Janczewski">{{cite journal |last1=Janczewski |first1=D.N. |last2=Modi |first2=W.S. |last3=Stephens |first3=J.C. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome&nbsp;b sequences in the pantherine lineage of ''Felidae'' |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=690–707 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040232 |pmid=7544865 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Johnson1997">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Phylogenetic reconstruction of the ''Felidae'' using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=44 |issue=S1 |pages=S98–S116 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 |s2cid=40185850 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="Yu1">{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=L. |last2=Zhang |first2=Y.P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron&nbsp;7 to carnivores |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=483–495 |bibcode=2005MolPE..35..483Y |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017 |pmid=15804417}}</ref>
-Genetic studies indicate that the [[Pantherinae|pantherine cats]] diverged from the subfamily [[Felinae]] between six and ten million years ago.<ref name=Johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W.E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W.J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |title=The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment |journal=Science |volume=311 |pages=73–77 |pmid=16400146 |issue=5757 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live}}</ref>
-The genus ''[[Neofelis]]'' is [[sister group|sister]] to ''Panthera''.<ref name=Johnson2006/><ref name=Janczewski>{{cite journal |last1=Janczewski |first1=D.N. |last2=Modi |first2=W.S. |last3=Stephens |first3=J.C. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12S RNA and cytochrome&nbsp;b sequences in the pantherine lineage of ''Felidae'' |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=690–707 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040232 |pmid=7544865 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Johnson1997>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=O'Brien |first2=S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1997 |title=Phylogenetic reconstruction of the ''Felidae'' using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 mitochondrial genes |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |volume=44 |issue=S1 |pages=S98–S116 |doi=10.1007/PL00000060 |pmid=9071018 |bibcode=1997JMolE..44S..98J |s2cid=40185850 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075723/https://zenodo.org/record/1232587 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Yu1>{{cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=L. |last2=Zhang |first2=Y.P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron&nbsp;7 to carnivores |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=483–495 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017 |pmid=15804417|bibcode=2005MolPE..35..483Y }}</ref>
-The clouded leopard appears to have [[Genetic divergence|diverged]] about {{Ma|8.66}}. ''Panthera'' diverged from other cat species about {{Ma|11.3}} and then evolved into the species tiger about {{Ma|6.55}}, snow leopard about {{Ma|4.63}} and leopard about {{Ma|4.35}}. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the [[American lion]] (''P.&nbsp;atrox'') is a sister lineage to ''[[Panthera spelaea]]'' (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about {{Ma|0.34}}, and that both ''P. atrox'' and ''P. spelaea'' are most closely related to lions among living ''Panthera'' species.<ref name="Barnett, 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |author-link2=Beth Shapiro |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S.Y.W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |author-link5=Joachim Burger |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T.F.G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H.T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |last10=Sher |first10=A.V. |last11=Sotnikova |first11=M. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=T. |last13=Baryshnikov |first13=G.F. |last14=Martin |first14=L.D. |last15=Harington |first15=C.R. |last16=Burns |first16=J.A. |last17=Cooper |first17=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |year=2009 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–1677 |pmid=19302360 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=https://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808225555/https://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The snow leopard is nested within ''Panthera'' and is the [[sister species]] of the tiger.<ref name=Davis2010>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=B.W. |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (''Carnivora'': ''Felidae'') |author2=Li, G. |author3=Murphy, W.J. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |pmid=20138224 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D }}</ref>
-Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental [[nuclear genome]]s suggest the following relationships of living ''Panthera'' species:<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref>
+The geographic origin of the genus ''Panthera'' is uncertain, though the earliest known definitive species ''[[Panthera principialis]]'' is from [[Tanzania]].<ref name="principialis" /> ''P. blytheae'' from northern [[Central Asia]], originally described as the oldest known ''Panthera'' species, is suggested to have similar skull features to the snow leopard,<ref name="Tseng_al2014" /> but subsequent studies have since agreed that it is not a member of or a related species of the snow leopard lineage and that it belongs to a different genus ''[[Palaeopanthera]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Geraads, D. |author2=Peigné, S |title=Re-appraisal of ''Felis pamiri'' Ozansoy 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the upper Miocene of Turkey: the earliest pantherine cat? |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=415–425 |year=2017 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01675275/document |doi=10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6|s2cid=207195894}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hemmer|first1=H. |date=2023 |title=The evolution of the palaeopantherine cats, ''Palaeopanthera'' gen. nov. ''blytheae'' (Tseng et al., 2014) and ''Palaeopanthera pamiri'' (Ozansoy, 1959) comb. nov. (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=827–839 |doi=10.1007/s12549-023-00571-5 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..827H |s2cid=257842190}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=X. |last4=Estraviz-López |first4=D. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Testu |first6=A. |last7=Li |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=S. |last9=Deng |first9=T. |title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage |year=2025 |journal=Science Advances |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=eadp5243 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 |pmid=39813339 |pmc=11734717 |bibcode=2025SciA...11P5243J |doi-access=free }}</ref> The tiger, snow leopard, and [[clouded leopard]] [[genetic lineage]]s likely dispersed in Southeast Asia during the [[Late Miocene]].<ref name="Tseng_al2014">{{cite journal |last1=Tseng |first1=Z.J. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Slater |first3=G.J. |last4=Takeuchi |first4=G.T. |last5=Li |first5=Q. |last6=Liu |first6=J. |last7=Xie |first7=G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |article-number=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 |pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846}}</ref>
+The clouded leopard appears to have [[Genetic divergence|diverged]] about {{Ma|8.66}}. ''Panthera'' diverged from other cat species about {{Ma|11.3}} and then evolved into the species tiger about {{Ma|6.55}}, snow leopard about {{Ma|4.63}} and leopard about {{Ma|4.35}}. Mitochondrial sequence data from fossils suggest that the [[American lion]] (''P. atrox'') is a sister lineage to ''[[Panthera spelaea]]'' (the Eurasian cave or steppe lion) that diverged about {{Ma|0.34}}, and that both ''P. atrox'' and ''P. spelaea'' are most closely related to lions among living ''Panthera'' species.<ref name="Barnett, 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |author-link2=Beth Shapiro |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S.Y.W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |author-link5=Joachim Burger |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T.F.G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H.T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |last10=Sher |first10=A.V. |last11=Sotnikova |first11=M. |last12=Kuznetsova |first12=T. |last13=Baryshnikov |first13=G.F. |last14=Martin |first14=L.D. |last15=Harington |first15=C.R. |last16=Burns |first16=J.A. |last17=Cooper |first17=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |year=2009 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–1677 |pmid=19302360 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=https://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808225555/https://www.zin.ru/Labs/theriology/eng/staff/baryshnikov/references/barnett_et_al_2009.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The snow leopard is nested within ''Panthera'' and is the [[sister species]] of the tiger.<ref name="Davis2010">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=B.W. |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (''Carnivora'': ''Felidae'') |author2=Li, G. |author3=Murphy, W.J. |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |date=2010 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |pmid=20138224 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D }}</ref>
-The extinct species ''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]]'', was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] in [[Olivola]], in Italy, and date to {{Ma|1.6}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=H. |last2=Kahlke |first2=R.D. |last3=Vekua |first3=A.K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=The Jaguar – ''Panthera onca gombaszoegensis'' (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (south Georgia; Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance | journal=Geobios |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(01)80011-5 |bibcode=2001Geobi..34..475H}}</ref>
+The extinct species ''[[Panthera gombaszogensis]]'', was probably closely related to the modern jaguar. The first fossil remains were [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] in [[Olivola]], in Italy, and date to {{Ma|1.6}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=H. |last2=Kahlke |first2=R.D. |last3=Vekua |first3=A.K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=The Jaguar – ''Panthera onca gombaszoegensis'' (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late lower Pleistocene of Akhalkalaki (south Georgia; Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance | journal=Geobios |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(01)80011-5 |bibcode=2001Geobi..34..475H}}</ref>
 Fossil remains found in South Africa that appear to belong within the ''Panthera'' lineage date to about {{Ma|2.0|3.8}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=A. |year=1987 |title=New fossil carnivore remains from the Sterkfontein hominid site (''Mammalia'': ''Carnivora'') |journal=Annals of the Transvaal Museum |volume=34 |issue=15 |pages=319–347 |url=https://journals.co.za/content/nfi_annalstm/34/15/AJA00411752_121?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf}}</ref>
@@ Line 71: / Line 69: @@
 Based on [[genetic research]], it was suggested to group all living [[sub-Sahara]]n lion populations into ''P. l. leo''.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dubach | first1 = J. | last2 = Patterson | first2 = B. D. | last3 = Briggs | first3 = M. B. | last4 = Venzke | first4 = K. | last5 = Flamand | first5 = J. | last6 = Stander | first6 = P. | last7 = Scheepers | first7 = L. | last8 = Kays | first8 = R. W. | year = 2005 | title = Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, ''Panthera leo'' | journal = Conservation Genetics | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–24 | doi = 10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6 | bibcode = 2005ConG....6...15D | s2cid = 30414547 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226066591 | access-date = 5 March 2019 | archive-date = 5 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201616/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226066591_Molecular_genetic_variation_across_the_southern_and_eastern_geographic_ranges_of_the_African_lion_Panthera_leo | url-status = live }}</ref>
-Results of [[phylogeographic]] studies indicate that the [[West Africa|West]]ern and [[Central Africa]]n lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different [[clade]] than lion populations in [[Southern Africa|Southern]] and [[East Africa]]; southeastern Ethiopia is an [[Admixture (genetics)|admixture]] region between North African and East African lion populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertola |first1=L. D. |last2=Van Hooft |first2=W. F. |last3=Vrieling |first3=K. |last4=Uit De Weerd |first4=D. R. |last5=York |first5=D. S. |last6=Bauer |first6=H. |last7=Prins |first7=H. H. T. |last8=Funston |first8=P. J. |last9=Udo De Haes |first9=H. A. |last10=Leirs |first10=H. |last11=Van Haeringen |first11=W. A. |last12=Sogbohossou |first12=E. |last13=Tumenta |first13=P. N. |last14=De Iongh |first14=H. H. |title=Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (''Panthera leo'') in West and Central Africa |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1356–1367 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011JBiog..38.1356B |s2cid=82728679 |url=http://dspace.learningnetworks.org/bitstream/1820/4311/1/2011_Bertola,Hooft,Vrieling,Weerd,York,Bauer,Prins,Haes,Iongh_GeneticDiversityEvolutionaryHistoryAndImplicationsForConservationOfTheLionInWestAndCentralAfrica.pdf |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070014/http://dspace.learningnetworks.org/bitstream/1820/4311/1/2011_Bertola,Hooft,Vrieling,Weerd,York,Bauer,Prins,Haes,Iongh_GeneticDiversityEvolutionaryHistoryAndImplicationsForConservationOfTheLionInWestAndCentralAfrica.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bertola, L. D. |author2=Jongbloed, H. |author3=Van Der Gaag, K. J. |author4=De Knijff, P. |author5=Yamaguchi, N. |author6=Hooghiemstra, H. |author7=Bauer, H. |author8=Henschel, P. |author9=White, P. A. |author10=Driscoll, C. A. |author11=Tende, T. |year=2016 |title=Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |page=30807 |doi=10.1038/srep30807|pmid=27488946 |pmc=4973251 |bibcode=2016NatSR...630807B}}</ref>
+Results of [[phylogeographic]] studies indicate that the [[West Africa|West]]ern and [[Central Africa]]n lion populations are more closely related to those in India and form a different [[clade]] than lion populations in [[Southern Africa|Southern]] and [[East Africa]]; southeastern Ethiopia is an [[Admixture (genetics)|admixture]] region between North African and East African lion populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertola |first1=L. D. |last2=Van Hooft |first2=W. F. |last3=Vrieling |first3=K. |last4=Uit De Weerd |first4=D. R. |last5=York |first5=D. S. |last6=Bauer |first6=H. |last7=Prins |first7=H. H. T. |last8=Funston |first8=P. J. |last9=Udo De Haes |first9=H. A. |last10=Leirs |first10=H. |last11=Van Haeringen |first11=W. A. |last12=Sogbohossou |first12=E. |last13=Tumenta |first13=P. N. |last14=De Iongh |first14=H. H. |title=Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications for conservation of the lion (''Panthera leo'') in West and Central Africa |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=1356–1367 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011JBiog..38.1356B |s2cid=82728679 |url=http://dspace.learningnetworks.org/bitstream/1820/4311/1/2011_Bertola,Hooft,Vrieling,Weerd,York,Bauer,Prins,Haes,Iongh_GeneticDiversityEvolutionaryHistoryAndImplicationsForConservationOfTheLionInWestAndCentralAfrica.pdf |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608070014/http://dspace.learningnetworks.org/bitstream/1820/4311/1/2011_Bertola,Hooft,Vrieling,Weerd,York,Bauer,Prins,Haes,Iongh_GeneticDiversityEvolutionaryHistoryAndImplicationsForConservationOfTheLionInWestAndCentralAfrica.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bertola, L. D. |author2=Jongbloed, H. |author3=Van Der Gaag, K. J. |author4=De Knijff, P. |author5=Yamaguchi, N. |author6=Hooghiemstra, H. |author7=Bauer, H. |author8=Henschel, P. |author9=White, P. A. |author10=Driscoll, C. A. |author11=Tende, T. |year=2016 |title=Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (''Panthera leo'') |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |article-number=30807 |doi=10.1038/srep30807|pmid=27488946 |pmc=4973251 |bibcode=2016NatSR...630807B}}</ref>
 [[Black panther]]s do not form a distinct species, but are [[Melanism|melanistic]] specimens of the genus, most often encountered in the leopard and jaguar.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Robinson, R. |year=1970 |title=Inheritance of black form of the leopard ''Panthera pardus'' |journal=Genetica |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=190–197 |pmid=5480762 |doi=10.1007/bf00958904|s2cid=5446868 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Eizirik, E. |author2=Yuhki, N. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=Menotti-Raymond, M. |author5=Hannah, S. S. |author6=O'Brien, S. J. |title=Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Melanism in the Cat Family |journal=Current Biology |year=2003 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197|s2cid=19021807 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003CBio...13..448E }}</ref>
@@ Line 88: / Line 86: @@
 [[Panthera leo melanochaita|''P. l. melanochaita'']] {{small|([[Charles Hamilton Smith|Smith]], 1842)<ref name=Smith1842>{{cite book |author=Smith, C. H. |year=1842 |chapter=Black maned lion ''Leo melanochaitus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalistslibra15jardrich#page/176/mode/2up |page=Plate X, 177 |title=The Naturalist's Library. Vol. 15 Mammalia |editor1-last=Jardine |editor1-first=W. |location=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus}}</ref>}} including:
 * †[[Cape lion]] ''P. l. melanochaita'' ''sensu stricto''<ref name="Mazak1975">{{cite journal |author=Mazak, V. |year=1975 |title=Notes on the Black-maned Lion of the Cape, ''Panthera leo melanochaita'' (Ch. H. Smith, 1842) and a Revised List of the Preserved Specimens |journal=Verhandelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen |issue=64 |pages=1–44}}</ref>
-||[[Vulnerable species|{{IUCN status|VU|15951}}]]<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera leo'' |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T15951A115130419 |year=2016}}</ref>
+||[[Vulnerable species|{{IUCN status|VU|15951}}]]<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera leo'' |author=Bauer, H. |author2=Packer, C. |author3=Funston, P. F. |author4=Henschel, P. |author5=Nowell, K. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T15951A115130419 |year=2016}}</ref>
 [[File:Lion distribution.png|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
@@ Line 94: / Line 92: @@
 [[File:Jagwar (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
 |Monotypic<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=S. E.|date=1997 |title=Taxonomic re-evaluation of the jaguar |journal=Zoo Biology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=107–120 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:2<107::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-E}}</ref><ref name="CatSG2017" />
-|[[Near-threatened species|{{IUCN status|NT|15953}}]]<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Panthera onca'' |author1=Quigley, H.|author2=Foster, R.|author3=Petracca, L.|author4=Payan, E.|author5=Salom, R. |author6=Harmsen, B. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T15953A123791436 |year=2017}}</ref>
+|[[Near-threatened species|{{IUCN status|NT|15953}}]]<ref>{{cite iucn|title=''Panthera onca'' |author1=Quigley, H.|author2=Foster, R.|author3=Petracca, L.|author4=Payan, E.|author5=Salom, R. |author6=Harmsen, B. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T15953A123791436 |year=2017}}</ref>
 [[File:Panthera onca distribution.svg|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
@@ Line 101: / Line 99: @@
 |[[African leopard]] ''P. p. pardus'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref name="Linn1758" /><br />
 [[Indian leopard]] ''P. p. fusca'' {{small|([[Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer|Meyer]], 1794)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Meyer, F. A. A. |year=1794 |title=Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band |location=Weimar |publisher=Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs |pages=394–396 |chapter=Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4s-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394}}</ref><br />[[Javan leopard]] ''P. p. melas'' {{small|([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1809)}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cuvier, G. |year=1809 |title=Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils |journal=Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle |volume=Tome XIV |pages=136–164}}</ref><br />[[Arabian leopard]] ''P. p. nimr'' {{small|([[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] and [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]]), 1833}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hemprich |first1=W. |last2=Ehrenberg |first2=C. G. |year=1830 |chapter=''Felis, pardus?, nimr'' |pages=Plate 17 |title=Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II |location=Berolini |publisher=Officina Academica |editor=Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SymbolaephysicaMammEhreA/page/n60}}</ref><br />[[Panthera pardus tulliana|''P. p. tulliana'']] {{small|([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1856),<ref name=Valenciennes>{{cite journal |last=Valenciennes, A. |date=1856 |title=Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne |journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences |volume=42 |pages=1035–1039}}</ref> syn. ''P. p. ciscaucasica'' ([[Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin|Satunin]], 1914),<ref>{{cite book |last=Satunin, K. A. |year=1914 |title=Opredelitel' mlekopitayushchikh Rossiiskoi Imperii |trans-title=Guide to the mammals of the Russian Empire |location=Tiflis |publisher=Tipographia Kantzelyarii Namestnichestva }}</ref> ''P. p. saxicolor'' Pocock, 1927<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pocock |first=R. I. |year=1927 |title=Description of two subspecies of leopards |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |volume=20 |series=Series 9 |issue=116 |pages=213–214|doi=10.1080/00222932708655586 }}</ref>}}<br />[[Amur leopard]] ''P. p. orientalis'' {{small|([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1857),<ref>{{cite book |author=Schlegel, H. |year=1857 |chapter=''Felis orientalis'' |page=23 |title=Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, I<sup>e</sup> Deel |publisher=Boekdrukkerij van Nys |location=Breda}}</ref> syn. ''P. p. japonensis'' ([[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1862)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1862 |title=Description of some new species of Mammalia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London |volume=30 |pages=261−263, plate XXXIII |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen62zool/page/262|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x }}</ref>}}<br />[[Indochinese leopard]] ''P. p. delacouri'' {{small|Pocock, 1930}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1930 |title=The Panthers and Ounces of Asia |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=307–336}}</ref><br />[[Sri Lankan leopard]] ''P. p. kotiya'' {{small|Deraniyagala, 1956}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Deraniyagala |first=P. E. P. |year=1956 |title=The Ceylon leopard, a distinct subspecies |journal=Spolia Zeylanica |volume=28 |pages=115–116}}</ref>
-|{{IUCN status|VU|15954}}<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus'' |author=Stein, A. B. |author2=Athreya, V. |author3=Gerngross, P. |author4=Balme, G. |author5=Henschel, P. |author6=Karanth, U. |author7=Miquelle, D. |author8=Rostro, S. |author9=Kamler, J. F. |author10=Laguardia, A. |name-list-style=amp |page=e.T15954A102421779|date=2016}}</ref>
+|{{IUCN status|VU|15954}}<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus'' |author=Stein, A. B. |author2=Athreya, V. |author3=Gerngross, P. |author4=Balme, G. |author5=Henschel, P. |author6=Karanth, U. |author7=Miquelle, D. |author8=Rostro, S. |author9=Kamler, J. F. |author10=Laguardia, A. |name-list-style=amp |article-number=e.T15954A102421779|date=2016}}</ref>
 [[File:Leopard distribution.jpg|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
@@ Line 112: / Line 110: @@
 * [[South China tiger]] {{small|syn. ''P. t. amoyensis'' ([[Max Hilzheimer|Hilzheimer]], 1905)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hilzheimer |first1=M. |year=1905 |title=Über einige Tigerschädel aus der Straßburger zoologischen Sammlung |journal=Zoologischer Anzeiger |volume=28 |pages=594–599 |url=https://archive.org/stream/zoologischeranze28deut#page/594/mode/2up}}</ref>}}
 * [[Indochinese tiger]] {{small|syn. ''P. t. corbetti'' [[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák]], 1968<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref>}}
-* [[Malayan tiger]] {{small|syn. ''P. t. jacksoni'' Luo et al., 2004<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo, S. J. |last2=Kim, J. H. |last3=Johnson, W. E. |last4=Walt, J. v. d. |last5=Martenson, J. |last6=Yuhki, N. |last7=Miquelle, D. G. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
+* [[Malayan tiger]] {{small|syn. ''P. t. jacksoni'' Luo et al., 2004<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Luo, S. J. |last2=Kim, J. H. |last3=Johnson, W. E. |last4=Walt, J. v. d. |last5=Martenson, J. |last6=Yuhki, N. |last7=Miquelle, D. G. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and Genetic Ancestry of Tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |article-number=e442 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
 [[Sunda Island tiger]] ''P. t. sondaica'' {{small|Temminck, 1844)<ref name=Temminck/>}} including
 * †[[Javan tiger]] ''P. t. sondaica'' ''sensu stricto''
 * [[Sumatran tiger]] {{small|syn. ''P t. sumatrae'' (Temminck, 1844)<ref name=Temminck/>}}
 * †[[Bali tiger]] {{small|syn. ''P. t. balica'' [[Ernst Schwarz (zoologist)|Schwarz]], 1912)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schwarz |first=E. |year=1912 |title=Notes on Malay tigers, with description of a new form from Bali |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |pages=324–326 |volume=Series 8 Volume 10 |issue=57 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8101912lond#page/324/mode/2up |doi=10.1080/00222931208693243}}</ref>}}
-||[[Endangered species|{{IUCN status|EN|15955}}]]<ref>{{Cite iucn |title=''Panthera tigris'' |author1=Goodrich, J. |author2=Lynam, A. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Wibisono, H. |author5=Kawanishi, K. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Htun, S. |author8=Tempa, T. |author9=Karki, J. |author10=[[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Jhala]], Y. |author11=Karanth, U. |name-list-style=amp | page=e.T15955A50659951 |date=2015}}</ref>
+||[[Endangered species|{{IUCN status|EN|15955}}]]<ref>{{Cite iucn |title=''Panthera tigris'' |author1=Goodrich, J. |author2=Lynam, A. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Wibisono, H. |author5=Kawanishi, K. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Htun, S. |author8=Tempa, T. |author9=Karki, J. |author10=[[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Jhala]], Y. |author11=Karanth, U. |name-list-style=amp | article-number=e.T15955A50659951 |date=2015}}</ref>
 [[File:Tiger map.svg|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
@@ Line 123: / Line 121: @@
 [[File:Snow Leopards - Ghost of the Mountains for Ministry of Tourism (MOT) India 9 (cropped).png|frameless]]
 |[[Monotypic taxon|Monotypic]]<ref name=CatSG2017/>
-||{{IUCN status|VU|22732}}<ref name=iucn1>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera uncia'' |author1=McCarthy, T. |author2=Mallon, D. |author3=Jackson, R. |author4=Zahler, P. |author5=McCarthy, K. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2017 |page= e.T22732A50664030 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
+||{{IUCN status|VU|22732}}<ref name=iucn1>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera uncia'' |author1=McCarthy, T. |author2=Mallon, D. |author3=Jackson, R. |author4=Zahler, P. |author5=McCarthy, K. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2017 |article-number= e.T22732A50664030 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
 [[File:SnowLeopard distribution.jpg|frameless]]
 |-
@@ Line 136: / Line 134: @@
 |''[[American lion|Panthera atrox]]''
 |North America, 0.13 to 0.013 MYA, with dubious remains in South America.<ref name = "Chimento2017">{{Cite journal|last1= Chimento |first1= N. R.|last2= Agnolin|first2=F. L.|year= 2017 |title=The fossil American lion (''Panthera atrox'') in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications |journal= Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume= 16|issue= 8|pages= 850–864 |doi= 10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009|bibcode= 2017CRPal..16..850C|doi-access= |hdl= 11336/65990|hdl-access= free}}</ref>
-|Commonly known as the American lion'', P. atrox'' is thought to have descended from a basal ''P. spelaea'' cave lion population isolated south of the [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]], and then established a [[Mitochondrial DNA#Female inheritance|mitochondrial]] [[Sister group|sister clade]] circa [[Illinoian (stage)|200,000 BP.]]<ref name=Barnett2009>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H. T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |date=2009 |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |pmid=19302360 |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011400/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of ''P. leo''<ref name=Barnett2009 /> or ''P. spelaea''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M. |author2=Nikolskiy, P. |date=2006 |title=Systematic position of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=142–143 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019 |bibcode=2006QuInt.142..218S |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205061457/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the largest ''Panthera'' species.<ref name="Christiansen2009">{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |last2=Harris |first2=J. M. |year=2009 |title=Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of ''Panthera atrox'': implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=934–945 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..934C |doi=10.1671/039.029.0314 |s2cid=85975640}}</ref> Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O’Keefe |first1=F. Robin |last2=Dunn |first2=Regan E. |last3=Weitzel |first3=Elic M. |last4=Waters |first4=Michael R. |last5=Martinez |first5=Lisa N. |last6=Binder |first6=Wendy J. |last7=Southon |first7=John R. |last8=Cohen |first8=Joshua E. |last9=Meachen |first9=Julie A. |last10=DeSantis |first10=Larisa R. G. |last11=Kirby |first11=Matthew E. |last12=Ghezzo |first12=Elena |last13=Coltrain |first13=Joan B. |last14=Fuller |first14=Benjamin T. |last15=Farrell |first15=Aisling B. |date=18 August 2023 |title=Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=381 |issue=6659 |pages=eabo3594 |doi=10.1126/science.abo3594 |pmid=37590347 |s2cid=260956289 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127153230/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+|Commonly known as the American lion'', P. atrox'' is thought to have descended from a basal ''P. spelaea'' cave lion population isolated south of the [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]], and then established a [[Mitochondrial DNA#Female inheritance|mitochondrial]] [[Sister group|sister clade]] circa [[Illinoian (stage)|200,000 BP.]]<ref name=Barnett2009>{{Cite journal |last1=Barnett |first1=R. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Barnes |first3=I. |last4=Ho |first4=S. Y. W. |last5=Burger |first5=J. |last6=Yamaguchi |first6=N. |last7=Higham |first7=T. F. G. |last8=Wheeler |first8=H. T. |last9=Rosendahl |first9=W. |date=2009 |title=Phylogeography of lions (''Panthera leo'' ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1668–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x |pmid=19302360 |bibcode=2009MolEc..18.1668B |s2cid=46716748 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011400/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was sometimes considered a subspecies either under the nomenclature of ''P. leo''<ref name=Barnett2009 /> or ''P. spelaea''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M. |author2=Nikolskiy, P. |date=2006 |title=Systematic position of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss) based on cranial and dental characters |journal=Quaternary International |language=en |volume=142–143 |pages=218–228 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2005.03.019 |bibcode=2006QuInt.142..218S |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205061457/https://doc.rero.ch/record/13484/files/PAL_E260.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the largest ''Panthera'' species.<ref name="Christiansen2009">{{cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |last2=Harris |first2=J. M. |year=2009 |title=Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of ''Panthera atrox'': implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=934–945 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..934C |doi=10.1671/039.029.0314 |s2cid=85975640}}</ref> Became extinct around 13,000-12,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Keefe |first1=F. Robin |last2=Dunn |first2=Regan E. |last3=Weitzel |first3=Elic M. |last4=Waters |first4=Michael R. |last5=Martinez |first5=Lisa N. |last6=Binder |first6=Wendy J. |last7=Southon |first7=John R. |last8=Cohen |first8=Joshua E. |last9=Meachen |first9=Julie A. |last10=DeSantis |first10=Larisa R. G. |last11=Kirby |first11=Matthew E. |last12=Ghezzo |first12=Elena |last13=Coltrain |first13=Joan B. |last14=Fuller |first14=Benjamin T. |last15=Farrell |first15=Aisling B. |date=18 August 2023 |title=Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=381 |issue=6659 |article-number=eabo3594 |doi=10.1126/science.abo3594 |pmid=37590347 |s2cid=260956289 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127153230/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo3594 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 |[[File:American lion National Park Service illustration.png|center|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
 |''[[Panthera balamoides]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stinnesbeck, S. R. |last2=Stinnesbeck, W. |last3=Frey, E. |last4=Olguín, J. A. |last5=Sandoval, C. R. |last6=Morlet, A. V. |author7=González, A. H. |year=2018 |title=''Panthera balamoides'' and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=32 |issue= 7|pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649|s2cid=92328512 }}</ref>
 |Mexico, ~0.13 MYA
-|Dubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear ''[[Arctotherium]]'' instead.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |author1=Blaine W. Schubert |author2=James C. Chatters |author3=Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales |author4=Joshua X. Samuels |author5=Leopoldo H. Soibelzon |author6=Francisco J. Prevosti |author7=Christopher Widga |author8=Alberto Nava |author9=Dominique Rissolo |author10=Pilar Luna Erreguerena |year=2019 |title=Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange |journal=Biology Letters |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=Article ID 20190148 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148 |pmc=6548739 |pmid=31039726}}</ref>
+|Dubious, other authors suggest that the remains are actually of the extinct bear ''[[Arctotherium]]'' instead.<ref name="Erreguerena-2019">{{Cite journal |author1=Blaine W. Schubert |author2=James C. Chatters |author3=Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales |author4=Joshua X. Samuels |author5=Leopoldo H. Soibelzon |author6=Francisco J. Prevosti |author7=Christopher Widga |author8=Alberto Nava |author9=Dominique Rissolo |author10=Pilar Luna Erreguerena |year=2019 |title=Yucatán carnivorans shed light on the Great American Biotic Interchange |journal=Biology Letters |volume=15 |issue=5 |article-number=20190148 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2019.0148 |pmc=6548739 |pmid=31039726}}</ref>
-|
-|-
-|''[[Panthera dhokpathanensis]]''
-|[[Siwaliks]], ~2.7 MYA
-|Described in 1986.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bakr |first=A. |year=1986 |title=On a collection of Siwalik Carnivora |journal=Biological Society of Pakistan|volume=11|pages=1–64 }}</ref>
 |
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
 |''[[Panthera fossilis]]''<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Harington |first1=C. R. |year=1996 |title=Pleistocene mammals of the Yukon Territory |type=PhD |publisher=University of Alberta |location=Edmonton}}</ref>
 |Europe and Asia, 0.68 to 0.25 MYA
-|Extinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of ''Panthera''. Considered to be the ancestor of ''P.'' ''spelaea.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Sabo |first1=Martin |last2=Tomašových |first2=Adam |last3=Gullár |first3=Juraj |date=August 2022 |title=Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.26879/1175 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=251855356 |doi-access=free |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015510/https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability |url-status=live }}</ref>
+|Extinct species of lion known from the Middle Pleistocene of Europe and Asia. One of the largest known species of ''Panthera''. Considered to be the ancestor of ''P.'' ''spelaea.''<ref name="Sabo-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Sabo |first1=Martin |last2=Tomašových |first2=Adam |last3=Gullár |first3=Juraj |date=August 2022 |title=Geographic and temporal variability in Pleistocene lion-like felids: Implications for their evolution and taxonomy |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.26879/1175 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=251855356 |doi-access=free |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015510/https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2022/3681-lion-cranial-variability |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |[[File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea fossilis.png|center|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
-|''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]]''
+|''[[Panthera gombaszogensis]]''
 |Europe, possibly Asia and Africa, 2.0 to 0.35 MYA
-|Ranged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago.<ref name="Marciszak2014">{{cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |year=2014 |title=Presence of ''Panthera gombaszoegensis'' (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability |journal=Quaternary International |volume=326-327 |pages=105–113 |bibcode=2014QuInt.326..105M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029}}</ref> Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (''Panthera onca''), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". ''Panthera schreuderi'' and ''Panthera toscana'' are considered junior synonyms of ''P. gombaszoegensis''. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of ''P. onca''.<ref name="hemmeretal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer, H. |last2=Kahlke, R. D. |last3=Vekua, A. K. |year=2010 |title=''Panthera onca georgica'' ssp. nov. from the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) and the phylogeography of jaguars (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=257|issue=1|pages=115–127 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0067 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mol, D. |author2=van Logchem, W. |author3=de Vos, J. |year=2011 |title=New record of the European jaguar, ''Panthera onca gombaszoegensis'' (Kretzoi, 1938), from the Plio-Pleistocene of Langenboom (The Netherlands) |journal=Cainozoic Research |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=35–40 |url=http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404200141/http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+|Ranged across Europe, as well as possibly Asia and Africa from around 2 million to 350,000 years ago.<ref name="Marciszak2014">{{cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |year=2014 |title=Presence of ''Panthera gombaszoegensis'' (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability |journal=Quaternary International |volume=326-327 |pages=105–113 |bibcode=2014QuInt.326..105M |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029}}</ref> Often suggested to be the ancestor of the living jaguar (''Panthera onca''), and sometimes referred to as the "European jaguar". ''Panthera schreuderi'' and ''Panthera toscana'' are considered junior synonyms of ''P. gombaszogensis''. It is occasionally classified as a subspecies of ''P. onca''.<ref name="hemmeretal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer, H. |last2=Kahlke, R. D. |last3=Vekua, A. K. |year=2010 |title=''Panthera onca georgica'' ssp. nov. from the Early Pleistocene of Dmanisi (Republic of Georgia) and the phylogeography of jaguars (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=257|issue=1|pages=115–127 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0067 |bibcode=2010NJGPA.257..115H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mol, D. |author2=van Logchem, W. |author3=de Vos, J. |year=2011 |title=New record of the European jaguar, ''Panthera onca gombaszoegensis'' (Kretzoi, 1938), from the Plio-Pleistocene of Langenboom (The Netherlands) |journal=Cainozoic Research |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=35–40 |url=http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404200141/http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document;docid=541752 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 |[[File:De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Panthera onca gombaszoegensis.png|center|frameless]]
 |-
 |''[[Panthera palaeosinensis]]''
 |Northern China, ~3 MYA
-|Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus ''Panthera''<ref name="Mazák2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e25483 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3189913 |pmid=22016768 |doi-access=free}}</ref> At least three recent studies considered ''Panthera zdanskyi'' likely to be a synonym of ''P. palaeosinensis''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=Helmut |title= The identity of the "lion", ''Panthera principialis'' sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae)|url= |journal= Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|year=2023 |volume= 103|issue= 2|pages= 465–487|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 |title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event |date=2023 |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Qigao |last2=Wang |first2=Yuan |last3=Ge |first3=Junyi |last4=Liu |first4=Sizhao |last5=Song |first5=Yayun |last6=Jin |first6=Changzhu |last7=Jiang |first7=Hao |last8=Liu |first8=Jinyi |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J |s2cid=246693903 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=X. |last4=Estraviz-López |first4=D. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Testu |first6=A. |last7=Li |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=S. |last9=Deng |first9=T. |title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage |year=2025 |journal=Science Advances |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=eadp5243 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 |pmid=39813339 |pmc=11734717 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+|Initially thought to be an ancestral tiger species, but several scientists place it close to the base of the genus ''Panthera''<ref name="Mazák2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener |first3=A. C. |year=2011 |title=Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |article-number=e25483 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3189913 |pmid=22016768 |doi-access=free}}</ref> At least three recent studies considered ''Panthera zdanskyi'' likely to be a synonym of ''P. palaeosinensis''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hemmer |first1=Helmut |title= The identity of the "lion", ''Panthera principialis'' sp. nov., from the Pliocene Tanzanian site of Laetoli and its significance for molecular dating the pantherine phylogeny, with remarks on Panthera shawi (Broom, 1948), and a revision of Puma incurva (Ewer, 1956), the Early Pleistocene Swartkrans "leopard" (Carnivora, Felidae)|url= |journal= Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments|year=2023 |volume= 103|issue= 2|pages= 465–487|doi=10.1007/s12549-022-00542-2 |bibcode=2023PdPe..103..465H }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/08912963.2022.2034808 |title=Discovery of jaguar from northeastern China middle Pleistocene reveals an intercontinental dispersal event |date=2023 |last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Qigao |last2=Wang |first2=Yuan |last3=Ge |first3=Junyi |last4=Liu |first4=Sizhao |last5=Song |first5=Yayun |last6=Jin |first6=Changzhu |last7=Jiang |first7=Hao |last8=Liu |first8=Jinyi |journal=Historical Biology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |bibcode=2023HBio...35..293J |s2cid=246693903 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jiangzuo |first1=Q. |last2=Madurell-Malapeira |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=X. |last4=Estraviz-López |first4=D. |last5=Mateus |first5=O. |last6=Testu |first6=A. |last7=Li |first7=S. |last8=Wang |first8=S. |last9=Deng |first9=T. |title=Insights on the evolution and adaptation toward high-altitude and cold environments in the snow leopard lineage |year=2025 |journal=Science Advances |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=eadp5243 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adp5243 |pmid=39813339 |pmc=11734717 |bibcode=2025SciA...11P5243J |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 |
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 |''[[Panthera spelaea]]''
 |Much of Eurasia, 0.6 to 0.013 MYA<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stuart, A. J., Lister, A .M. |year=2011|title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea''|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=30 |issue=17 |pages=2329–2340 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023|bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S}}</ref>
-|Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally ''spelaea'' was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion ''P. leo''.<ref name=Sala>{{cite journal |last=Sala, B. |year=1990 |title=''Panthera leo fossilis'' (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie) |journal=Géobios |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3}}</ref> Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely ''P. spelaea'' that is most closely related to the modern lion among living ''Panthera'' species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |date=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Schouwenburg |first2=C. |last3=Darga |first3=R. |date=2014 |title=Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review |journal=Quaternary International |series=Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments |volume=339–340 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008 |bibcode=2014QuInt.339..245M}}</ref> Other genetic results indicate that ''P. fossilis'' also warrants status as a species.<ref name=SotnikovaForonvoa2014>{{cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M. V. |author2=Foronova, I. V. |title=First Asian record of ''Panthera (Leo) fossilis'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia. |year=2014|journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259545849|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12082 |pmid=24382145}}</ref><ref name=Barnett2016>{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author3= Soares, A. E. R. |author4=Ho, S. Y. W. |author5=Zazula, G. |author6=Yamaguchi, N. |author7=Shapiro, B. |author8=Kirillova, I. V. |author9=Larson, G. |author10=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats |year=2016 |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |page=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24|doi-access=free |hdl=10576/22920 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Lister |first2=Adrian M. |date=August 2011 |title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=30 |issue=17–18 |pages=2329–2340 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 |bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424144240/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+|Commonly known as the cave lion or steppe lion. Originally ''spelaea'' was classified as a subspecies of the extant lion ''P. leo''.<ref name=Sala>{{cite journal |last=Sala, B. |year=1990 |title=''Panthera leo fossilis'' (v. Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae) de Iserna la Pineta (Pléistocene moyen inférieur d'Italie) |journal=Géobios |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80051-3}}</ref> Results of recent genetic studies indicate that it belongs to a distinct species, namely ''P. spelaea'' that is most closely related to the modern lion among living ''Panthera'' species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |date=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |bibcode=2010NJGPA.258..339M |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |access-date=7 March 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Schouwenburg |first2=C. |last3=Darga |first3=R. |date=2014 |title=Decreasing size process in the cave (Pleistocene) lion ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810) evolution – A review |journal=Quaternary International |series=Fossil remains in karst and their role in reconstructing Quaternary paleoclimate and paleoenvironments |volume=339–340 |pages=245–257 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.008 |bibcode=2014QuInt.339..245M}}</ref> Other genetic results indicate that ''P. fossilis'' also warrants status as a species.<ref name=SotnikovaForonvoa2014>{{cite journal |author1=Sotnikova, M. V. |author2=Foronova, I. V. |title=First Asian record of ''Panthera (Leo) fossilis'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia. |year=2014|journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=517–530 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259545849|doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12082 |pmid=24382145}}</ref><ref name=Barnett2016>{{cite journal |author1=Barnett, R. |author2=Mendoza, M. L. Z. |author3= Soares, A. E. R. |author4=Ho, S. Y. W. |author5=Zazula, G. |author6=Yamaguchi, N. |author7=Shapiro, B. |author8=Kirillova, I. V. |author9=Larson, G. |author10=Gilbert, M. T. P. |title=Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, ''Panthera spelaea'' (Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the Panthera cats |year=2016 |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=2 |article-number=4 |doi=10.5334/oq.24|doi-access=free |hdl=10576/22920 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> It became extinct around 14,500-14,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stuart |first1=Anthony J. |last2=Lister |first2=Adrian M. |date=August 2011 |title=Extinction chronology of the cave lion ''Panthera spelaea'' |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=30 |issue=17–18 |pages=2329–2340 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 |bibcode=2011QSRv...30.2329S |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424144240/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379110001320 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
 |[[File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea.png|center|frameless]]
 |-
@@ Line 182: / Line 175: @@
 |China, Japan, ~0.35 MYA
 |
-|[[File:Panthera youngi.webp|center|frameless]]
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
 |''[[Panthera zdanskyi]]''
@@ Line 196: / Line 188: @@
 |''[[Panthera onca augusta]]''<ref name=Columbia>{{cite journal |author1=Ruiz-Garcia, M. |author2=Payan, E. |author3=Murillo, A. |author4=Alvarez, D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=DNA microsatellite characterization of the jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in Colombia |journal=Genes & Genetic Systems |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=115–127 |doi=10.1266/ggs.81.115 |pmid=16755135 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |access-date=8 September 2015 |doi-access=free |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606112430/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/81/2/81_2_115/_pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |North America
-|May have lived in temperate forests across North America<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno, A. |last2=Lima-Ribeiro, M. |date=2015 |title=Ecological niche models, fossil record and the multi-temporal calibration for ''Panthera onca'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Felidae) |url=http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=309–319 |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195921/http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
+|May have lived in temperate forests across North America<ref name="Lima-Ribeiro-2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Moreno, A. |last2=Lima-Ribeiro, M. |date=2015 |title=Ecological niche models, fossil record and the multi-temporal calibration for ''Panthera onca'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Felidae) |url=http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf |journal=Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=309–319 |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195921/http://revista.rebibio.net/v2n4/v02n04a14.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |
 |-
@@ Line 202: / Line 194: @@
 |South America
 |May have lived in grasslands in South America, unlike the modern jaguar
-|[[File:Panthera onca mesembrina JF.png|center|frameless]]
+|
 |- style="vertical-align: top;"
 |''[[Panthera pardus spelaea]]''
@@ Line 225: / Line 217: @@
 |-
 |}
-Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as ''Panthera crassidens'' from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Turner, A.|year=1984|title=''Panthera crassidens'' Broom, 1948. The cat that never was?|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=80|issue=5|pages=227–233 |url=https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/sajsci/80/5/7798.pdf?expires=1544536360&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=1BB15474E5A55CD94EC66579004AE19D}}</ref>
+Other, now invalid, species have also been described, such as ''Panthera crassidens'' from South Africa, which was later found to be based on a mixture of leopard and cheetah fossils.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Turner, A.|year=1984|title=''Panthera crassidens'' Broom, 1948. The cat that never was?|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=80|issue=5|pages=227–233 |url=https://journals.co.za/docserver/fulltext/sajsci/80/5/7798.pdf?expires=1544536360&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=1BB15474E5A55CD94EC66579004AE19D}}</ref> A "''Panthera dhokpathanensis''" was briefly referenced in 1986 in a report on apparent new carnivorans from the Dhok Patha region in the [[Siwaliks]], but as no description was provided this name is a ''[[nomen nudum]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakr |first=Abu |year=1986 |title=Proceedings of Fourth Pakistan Congress of Zoology held under the auspices of the Zoological Society of Pakistan, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, December 20-22, 1983 |chapter=105: On a collection of Siwalik Carnivora |oclc=62447645 |publisher=[[Biological Society of Pakistan]] |page=51}}</ref>
 ===Phylogeny===
+Results of a 2016 study based on analysis of biparental [[nuclear genome]]s suggest the following relationships of living ''Panthera'' species:<ref name=Li_al2016>{{cite journal |author=Li, G. |author2=Davis, B. W. |author3=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |author4=Murphy, W. J. |year=2016 |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref>
+{{cladogram |cladogram={{clade |label1=&nbsp;[[Felidae]]&nbsp;
+  |1={{clade
+   |1=&nbsp;[[Felinae]]
+   |2={{clade |label1=&nbsp;Pantherinae&nbsp;
+    |1={{clade |label1=&nbsp;''Panthera''&nbsp;
+     |1={{clade
+      |1={{clade
+       |1={{clade
+        |1=Lion
+        |2=Leopard
+       }}
+      |2=Jaguar
+        }}
+      |2={{clade
+       |1=Snow leopard
+       |2=Tiger
+      }}
+     }}
+    |2=''Neofelis''
+    }}
+   }}
+  }}
+ }}
+|align=center}}
+{{clear}}
 [[File:Two cladograms for Panthera.svg|thumbnail|Two cladograms proposed for ''Panthera''. The upper one is based on phylogenetic studies by Johnson et al. (2006),<ref name=Johnson2006/> and by Werdelin et al. (2010).<ref name=Werdelin2010>{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |editor-first1=D. W. |editor-last1=Macdonald |editor-first2=A. J. |editor-last2=Loveridge |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |access-date=3 February 2019 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lower cladogram is based on a study by Davis et al. (2010)<ref name=Davis2010/> and by Mazák et al. (2011).<ref name="Mazák2011"/>]]In 2018, results of a [[phylogenetic]] study on living and [[fossil]] cats were published. This study was based on the [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] diversity of the [[mandible]]s of [[saber-toothed cat]]s, their [[speciation]] and [[extinction rate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Piras, P. |author2=Silvestro, D. |author3=Carotenuto, F. |author4=Castiglione, S.|author5=Kotsakis, A. |author6=Maiorino, L. |author7=Melchionna, M. |author8=Mondanaro, A. |author9=Sansalone, G. |author10=Serio, C. |author11=Vero, V.A. |author12=Raia, P. |year=2018 |title=Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=496 |pages=166−174 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034|bibcode=2018PPP...496..166P |hdl=2158/1268434 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
 {{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
@@ Line 248: / Line 268: @@
        |label1=
        |1={{Clade
-          |1=†''[[Panthera gombaszoegensis]]'' (sometimes called the European jaguar) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Panthera onca gombaszoegensis.png|70 px]]</span>
+          |1=†''[[Panthera gombaszogensis]]'' (sometimes called the European jaguar) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:De vroeg-pleistocene sabeltandkat, Homotherium crenatidens (2008) Panthera onca gombaszoegensis.png|70 px]]</span>
           |2=Jaguar [[File:Felis onca - 1818-1842 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).jpg|70 px]]}} }}
        |2={{Clade
@@ Line 259: / Line 279: @@
                 |1=†''[[Panthera spelaea]]'' (cave lion or steppe lion) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea.png|70 px]]</span>
                 |2=†''[[American lion|Panthera atrox]]'' (American lion) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:W. Gornig - P. spelaea spelaea 02.png|70 px]]</span>}} }} }} }} }} }} }}
 ==See also==

Panthera: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:55, 19 November 2025

Contents

Etymology

Characteristics

Evolution

Classification

Contemporary species

Extinct species and subspecies

Phylogeny

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

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Panthera: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:55, 19 November 2025

Etymology

Characteristics

Evolution

Classification

Contemporary species

Extinct species and subspecies

Phylogeny

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Navigation menu

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