Train: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:01, 20 November 2025

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A train (from Old French Script error: No such module "Lang"., from Latin Script error: No such module "Lang"., "to pull, to draw")^[1] is a series of connected vehicles that run along a railway track and transport people or freight. Trains are typically pulled or pushed by locomotives (often known simply as "engines"), though some are self-propelled, such as multiple units or railcars. Passengers and cargo are carried in railroad cars, also known as wagons or carriages. Trains are designed to a certain gauge, or distance between rails. Most trains operate on steel tracks with steel wheels, the low friction of which makes them more efficient than other forms of transport. Many countries use rail transport.

Trains have their roots in wagonways, which used railway tracks and were powered by horses or pulled by cables. Following the invention of the steam locomotive in the United Kingdom in 1802, trains rapidly spread around the world, allowing freight and passengers to move over land faster and cheaper than ever possible before. Rapid transit and trams were first built in the late 1800s to transport large numbers of people in and around cities. Beginning in the 1920s, and accelerating following World War II, diesel and electric locomotives replaced steam as the means of motive power. Following the development of cars, trucks, and extensive networks of highways which offered greater mobility, as well as faster airplanes, trains declined in importance and market share, and many rail lines were abandoned. The spread of buses led to the closure of many rapid transit and tram systems during this time as well.

Since the 1970s, governments, environmentalists, and train advocates have promoted increased use of trains due to their greater fuel efficiency and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to other modes of land transport. High-speed rail, first built in the 1960s, has proven competitive with cars and planes over short to medium distances. Commuter rail has grown in importance since the 1970s as an alternative to congested highways and a means to promote development, as has light rail in the 21st century. Freight trains remain important for the transport of bulk commodities such as coal and grain, as well as being a means of reducing road traffic congestion by freight trucks.

While conventional trains operate on relatively flat tracks with two rails, a number of specialized trains exist which are significantly different in their mode of operation. Monorails operate on a single rail, while funiculars and rack railways are uniquely designed to traverse steep slopes. Experimental trains such as high speed maglevs, which use magnetic levitation to float above a guideway, are under development since the 1970s and offer higher speeds than even the fastest conventional trains. Trains which use alternative fuels such as natural gas and hydrogen are a 21st-century development.

Types and terminology

File:Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project.jpg

Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare, by Claude Monet, 1877, Art Institute of Chicago

Trains can be sorted into types based on whether they haul passengers or freight (though mixed trains which haul both exist), by their weight (heavy rail for regular trains, light rail for lighter transit systems), by their speed, by their distance (short haul, long distance, transcontinental), and by what form of track they use. Conventional trains operate on two rails, but several other types of track systems are also in use around the world, such as monorail.

Terminology

The railway terminology that is used to describe a train varies between countries. The International Union of Railways seeks to provide standardised terminology across languages.^[2] The Association of American Railroads provides terminology for North America.^[3] Terms include:

Train (Britain): a light locomotive, self-propelled rail vehicle or road-rail vehicle in rail mode.^[4]

Train (United States): a connected line of railroad cars with or without a locomotive.^[5]

Rolling stock (many jurisdictions): any kind of railway vehicle.^[6]

Rake (Britain): a collection of passenger or freight vehicles connected together (not necessarily with a locomotive).^[7]
Consist (North America and Australia): a train, locomotive(s), cut of cars, or any single car not coupled to another car or locomotive.^[8]

Trainset (many jurisdictions): a set of vehicles that are permanently coupled together (such as the TGV, ICE or Pioneer Zephyr).^[9]

History

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Early history

File:Stockton & Darlington Railway (Brown via Getty Images).jpg

Stockton and Darlington special inaugural train 1825: six wagons of coal, directors coach, then people in wagons.

Trains are an evolution of wheeled wagons running on stone wagonways, the earliest of which were built by Babylon circa 2,200 BCE.Template:Sfn Starting in the 1500s, wagonways were introduced to haul material from mines; from the 1790s, stronger iron rails were introduced.Template:Sfn Following early developments in the second half of the 1700s, in 1804 a steam locomotive built by British inventor Richard Trevithick powered the first ever steam train.Template:Sfn Outside of coal mines, where fuel was readily available, steam locomotives remained untried until the opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. British engineer George Stephenson ran a steam locomotive named Locomotion No. 1 on this Template:Convert long line, hauling over 400 passengers at up to Template:Convert. The success of this locomotive, and Stephenson's Rocket in 1829, convinced many of the value in steam locomotives, and within a decade the stock market bubble known as "Railway Mania" started across the United Kingdom.Template:Sfn

File:Union Pacific Big Boy 4014 Departing Las Vegas, NV, October 8th, 2019.jpg

The Union Pacific Big Boy locomotives represented the pinnacle of steam locomotive technology and power.

News of the success of steam locomotives quickly reached the United States, where the first steam railroad opened in 1829.Template:Sfn American railroad pioneers soon started manufacturing their own locomotives, designed to handle the sharper curves and rougher track typical of the country's railroads.Template:Sfn The other nations of Europe also took note of British railroad developments, and most countries on the continent constructed and opened their first railroads in the 1830s and 1840s, following the first run of a steam train in France in late 1829.Template:Sfn In the 1850s, trains continued to expand across Europe, with many influenced by or purchases of American locomotive designs.Template:Sfn Other European countries pursued their own distinct designs. Around the world, steam locomotives grew larger and more powerful throughout the rest of the century as technology advanced.Template:Sfn

Trains first entered service in South America, Africa, and Asia through construction by imperial powers, which starting in the 1840s built railroads to solidify control of their colonies and transport cargo for export.Template:Sfn In Japan, which was never colonized, railroads first arrived in the early 1870s. By 1900, railroads were operating on every continent besides uninhabited Antarctica.Template:Sfn

New technologies

File:Djursholmsbanan 1890-tal.jpg

Electric train on Djursholmsbanan in Stockholm in the 1890s.

Even as steam locomotive technology continued to improve, inventors in Germany started work on alternative methods for powering trains. Werner von Siemens built the first train powered by electricity in 1879, and went on to pioneer electric trams.Template:Sfn Another German inventor, Rudolf Diesel, constructed the first diesel engine in the 1890s, though the potential of his invention to power trains was not realized until decades later.Template:Sfn Between 1897 and 1903, tests of experimental electric locomotives on the Royal Prussian Military Railway in Germany demonstrated they were viable, setting speed records in excess of Template:Convert.Template:Sfn

File:Locomotora FSBC 2203.jpg

The EMD FT set the stage for diesel locomotives to take over from steam.

Early gas powered "doodlebug" self-propelled railcars entered service on railroads in the first decade of the 1900s.^[10] Experimentation with diesel and gas power continued, culminating in the German "Flying Hamburger" in 1933, and the influential American EMD FT in 1939.Template:Sfn These successful diesel locomotives showed that diesel power was superior to steam, due to lower costs, ease of maintenance, and better reliability.Template:Sfn Meanwhile, Italy developed an extensive network of electric trains during the first decades of the 20th century, driven by that country's lack of significant coal reserves.Template:Sfn

Dieselization and increased competition

World War II brought great destruction to existing railroads across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Following the war's conclusion in 1945, nations which had suffered extensive damage to their railroad networks took the opportunity provided by Marshall Plan funds (or economic assistance from the USSR and Comecon, for nations behind the Iron Curtain) and advances in technology to convert their trains to diesel or electric power.Template:Sfn France, Russia, Switzerland, and Japan were leaders in adopting widespread electrified railroads, while other nations focused primarily on dieselization.Template:Sfn By 1980, the majority of the world's steam locomotives had been retired, though they continued to be used in parts of Africa and Asia, along with a few holdouts in Europe and South America.Template:Sfn China was the last country to fully dieselize, due to its abundant coal reserves; steam locomotives were used to haul mainline trains as late as 2005 in Inner Mongolia.^[11]

Trains began to face strong competition from automobiles and freight trucks in the 1930s, which greatly intensified following World War II.Template:Sfn After the war, air transport also became a significant competitor for passenger trains. Large amounts of traffic shifted to these new forms of transportation, resulting in a widespread decline in train service, both freight and passenger.Template:Sfn A new development in the 1960s was high-speed rail, which runs on dedicated rights of way and travels at speeds of Template:Convert or greater. The first high-speed rail service was the Japanese Shinkansen, which entered service in 1964.Template:Sfn In the following decades, high speed rail networks were developed across much of Europe and Eastern Asia, providing fast and reliable service competitive with automobiles and airplanes.Template:Sfn The first high-speed train in the Americas was Amtrak's Acela in the United States, which entered service in 2000.Template:Sfn

File:Fuxinghao CR400 high-speed train front.jpg

China operates an extensive high speed rail network.

To the present day

Towards the end of the 20th century, increased awareness of the benefits of trains for transport led to a revival in their use and importance. Freight trains are significantly more efficient than trucks, while also emitting far fewer greenhouse gas emissions per ton-mile; passenger trains are also far more energy efficient than other modes of transport. According to the International Energy Agency, "On average, rail requires 12 times less energy and emits 7–11 times less GHGs per passenger-km travelled than private vehicles and airplanes, making it the most efficient mode of motorised passenger transport. Aside from shipping, freight rail is the most energy-efficient and least carbon-intensive way to transport goods."^[12] As such, rail transport is considered an important part of achieving sustainable energy.^[13] Intermodal freight trains, carrying double-stack shipping containers, have since the 1970s generated significant business for railroads and gained market share from trucks.^[14] Increased use of commuter rail has also been promoted as a means of fighting traffic congestion on highways in urban areas.^[15]Template:Better source needed

Components

Bogies

File:Railroad truck, FM55-20.Fig8-8.png

US-style railroad truck (bogie) with journal bearings

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Bogies, also known in North America as trucks, support the wheels and axles of trains. Trucks range from just one axle to as many as four or more. Two-axle bogies are the most common worldwide, as they decrease the impact of track irregularities, improve curve negotiation, and distribute heavy loads more effectively than single-axle bogies.^[16]

Couplers

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Train vehicles are linked to one another by various systems of coupling. In much of Europe, India, and South America, trains primarily use buffers and chain couplers. In the rest of the world, knuckle couplers are the most popular, with a few local variations persisting (such as Wilson couplers in the former Soviet Union). On multiple units all over the world, Scharfenberg couplers are common.^[17]

Brakes

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Because steel wheels on steel rails have a low coefficient of rolling resistance, trains rely on friction brakes applied to many or all wheels to achieve sufficient stopping force. Early trains used manually applied hand brakes: brakemen rode in brakeman’s cabins or atop cars to turn brake wheels as required on downhill grades. Since 1869, George Westinghouse’s automatic air brake has been nearly universally adopted; his system uses compressed air in a continuous train pipe to apply brakes simultaneously across all cars.^[18]

Warning devices

File:GO Train Georgetown 5 (cropped).jpg

This cab car includes a horn (top), a bell (top right), headlights (above the door), classification lights (red lights on side), and ditch lights (white lights on side).

For safety and communication, trains are equipped with horns and bells as mandatory audible devices under international and regional regulations—for example, EU Directive 2004/49/EC Annex I specifies “audible devices: bells, horns, klaxons, etc.” as part of level-crossing warning equipment^[19]—and the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration defines and mandates locomotive audible warning devices (air horn, steam whistle or similar) under 49 CFR 229.129 (“locomotive horn”).^[20] Steam locomotives traditionally use steam whistles rather than air horns. Visual warning lights include headlights, classification lights, Mars Light, and ditch lights.^[21]

Cabs

Locomotives are in most casesScript error: No such module "Unsubst". equipped with cabs, also known as driving compartments, where a train driver controls the train's operation.^[22]Template:Globalize-inline Template:Better source needed They may also be installed on unpowered train cars known as cab or control cars, to allow for a train to operate with the locomotive at the rear.^[23]Template:Better source needed

Operations

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Scheduling and dispatching

File:Papan Jadwal Perjalanan Kereta Api di ruang tunggu penumpang Stasiun Sukomoro.jpg

Schedule of train departure times in Indonesia stations

To prevent collisions or other accidents, trains are often scheduled, and almost always are under the control of train dispatchers.^[24] Historically, trains operated based on timetables; most trains (including nearly all passenger trains), continue to operate based on fixed schedules, though freight trains may instead run on an as-needed basis, or when enough freight cars are available to justify running a train.^[25]

Maintenance

File:Metro-North Bronx track work continues (9515218549).jpg

A number of maintenance vehicles at work on Metro-North Railroad

Simple repairs may be done while a train is parked on the tracks, but more extensive repairs will be done at a motive power depot.^[26] Similar facilities exist for repairing damaged or defective train cars.^[27] Maintenance of way trains are used to build and repair railroad tracks and other equipment.^[28]

Crew

Train drivers, also known as engineers, are responsible for operating trains.^[29] Conductors are in charge of trains and their cargo, and help passengers on passenger trains.^[29] Brakeman, also known as trainmen, were historically responsible for manually applying brakes, though the term is used today to refer to crew members who perform tasks such as operating switches, coupling and uncoupling train cars, and setting handbrakes on equipment.^[29] Steam locomotives require a fireman who is responsible for fueling and regulating the locomotive's fire and boiler.^[29] On passenger trains, other crew members assist passengers, such as chefs to prepare food, and service attendants to provide food and drinks to passengers. Other passenger train specific duties include passenger car attendants, who assist passengers with boarding and alighting from trains, answer questions, and keep train cars clean, and sleeping car attendants, who perform similar duties in sleeping cars.^[29] Some trains can operate with automatic train operation without a driver directly present.^[30]

Gauge

File:Narrow gauge railroad - Geriatriezentrum Lainz 22.jpg

A narrow gauge train in Austria

Around the world, various track gauges are in use for trains. In most cases, trains can only operate on tracks that are of the same gauge; where different gauge trains meet, it is known as a break of gauge. Standard gauge, defined as Template:Convert between the rails, is the most common gauge worldwide, though both broad-gauge and narrow-gauge trains are also in use.^[31] Trains also need to fit within the loading gauge profile to avoid fouling bridges and lineside infrastructure with this being a potential limiting factor on loads such as intermodal container types that may be carried.^[32]

Safety

File:Derailment Repair (4213647132).jpg

Most derailments, such as this one in Switzerland, are minor and do not cause injuries or damage.

File:Tank car with placard 1017 (chlorine).jpg

Trains carrying hazardous materials display information identifying their cargo and hazards. This tank car carrying chlorine displays, among other markings, a U.S. DOT placard showing a UN number that identifies the hazardous substance.^[33]

Train accidents sometimes occur, including derailments (when a train leaves the tracks) and train wrecks (collisions between trains). Accidents were more common in the early days of trains, when railway signal systems, centralized traffic control, and failsafe systems to prevent collisions were primitive or did not yet exist.^[34] To prevent accidents, systems such as automatic train stop are used; these are failsafe systems that apply the brakes on a train if it passes a red signal and enters an occupied block, or if any of the train's equipment malfunctions.^[35]Template:Obsolete source More advanced safety systems, such as positive train control, can also automatically regulate train speed, preventing derailments from entering curves or switches too fast.^[36]

Modern trains have a very good safety record overall, comparable with air travel.^[37] In the United States between 2000 and 2009, train travel averaged 0.43 deaths per billion passenger miles traveled. While this was higher than that of air travel at 0.07 deaths per billion passenger miles, it was also far below the 7.28 deaths per billion passenger miles of car travel.^[38] In the 21st century, several derailments of oil trains caused fatalities, most notably the Canadian Lac-Mégantic rail disaster in 2013 which killed 47 people and leveled much of the town of Lac-Mégantic.^[39]

The vast majority of train-related fatalities, over 90 percent, are due to trespassing on railroad tracks, or collisions with road vehicles at level crossings.^[40] Organizations such as Operation Lifesaver have been formed to improve safety awareness at railroad crossings, and governments have also launched ad campaigns. Trains cannot stop quickly when at speed; even an emergency brake application may still require more than a mile of stopping distance. As such, emphasis is on educating motorists to yield to trains at crossings and avoid trespassing.^[41]

Motive power

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File:0444 BulawayoZimbabwe 19920730.jpg

Garratt locomotives in Zimbabwe

Before steam

The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses.Template:Sfn

Steam

Steam locomotives work by burning coal, wood or oil fuel in a boiler to heat water into steam, which powers the locomotive's pistons which are in turn connected to the wheels.^[42] In the mid 20th century, most steam locomotives were replaced by diesel or electric locomotives, which were cheaper, cleaner, and more reliable.^[43] Steam locomotives are still used in heritage railways operated in many countries for the leisure and enthusiast market.^[44]Template:Globalize-inline

Diesel

Diesel locomotives are powered with a diesel engine, which generates electricity to drive traction motors. This is known as a diesel–electric transmission, and is used on most larger diesels.^[45] Diesel power replaced steam for a variety of reasons: diesel locomotives were less complex, far more reliable, cheaper, cleaner, easier to maintain, and more fuel efficient.^[43]

Electric

File:SwissMGB.jpg

Swiss Electric locomotive at Brig, Switzerland

Electric trains receive their current via overhead lines or through a third rail electric system, which is then used to power traction motors that drive the wheels.^[46] Electric traction offers a lower cost per mile of train operation but at a higher initial cost, which can only be justified on high traffic lines. Even though the cost per mile of construction is much higher, electric traction is cheaper to operate thanks to lower maintenance and purchase costs for locomotives and equipment.^[46] Compared to diesel locomotives, electric locomotives produce no direct emissions and accelerate much faster, making them better suited to passenger service, especially underground.^[46]^[47]

Other types

File:Union Pacific third generation GTEL locomotive.JPG

A gas turbine locomotive operated by the Union Pacific Railroad

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Various other types of train propulsion have been tried, some more successful than others.

In the mid 1900s, gas turbine locomotives were developed and successfully used, though most were retired due to high fuel costs and poor reliability.^[48]

In the 21st century, alternative fuels for locomotives are under development, due to increasing costs for diesel and a desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from trains. Examples include hydrail (trains powered by hydrogen fuel cells) and the use of compressed or liquefied natural gas.^[49]^[50]

Unpowered rail vehicles

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File:BNSF Railway Classification Yard, South of Galesburg, IL (3).jpg

Various types of railroad cars in a classification yard in the United States

Railroad cars, also known in CwthE as wagons, are unpowered rail vehicles which are typically pulled by locomotives. Many different types exist, specialized to handle various types of cargo. Some common types include boxcars (CwthE: covered goods wagons) that carry a wide variety of cargo, flatcars (CwthE: flat wagons) which have flat tops to hold cargo, hopper cars which carry bulk commodities, and tank cars which carry liquids and gases. Examples of more specialized types of train cars include bottle cars which hold molten steel,^[51] Schnabel cars which handle very heavy loads, and refrigerator cars which carry perishable goods.^[52]^[53]

Early train cars were small and light, much like early locomotives, but over time they have become larger as locomotives have become more powerful.^[51]

Passenger trains

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File:Shenzhen Guangzhou high speed train new rolling stock China (37116926035).jpg

Second-class compartment of a China Railways CRH1A-A train

A passenger train is used to transport people along a railroad line. These trains may consist of unpowered passenger railroad cars (also known as coaches or carriages) hauled by one or more locomotives, or may be self-propelled; self propelled passenger trains are known as multiple units or railcars. Passenger trains travel between stations or depots, where passengers may board and disembark. In most cases, passenger trains operate on a fixed schedule and have priority over freight trains.^[54] In Europe, passenger trains are assigned to different train categories.

Passenger trains can be divided into short and long distance services.

Long distance trains

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Long distance passenger trains travel over hundreds or even thousands of miles between cities. The longest passenger train service in the world is Russia's Trans-Siberian Railway between Moscow and Vladivostok, a distance of Template:Convert.^[55] In general, long distance trains may take days to complete their journeys, and stop at dozens of stations along their routes. For many rural communities, they are the only form of public transportation available.^[56]

Short distance trains

Short distance or regional passenger trains have travel times measured in hours or even minutes, as opposed to days. They run more frequently than long distance trains, and are often used by commuters. Short distance passenger trains specifically designed for commuters are known as commuter rail.^[57]

High speed trains

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File:Shinkansen 0series (4424654951).jpg

The Japanese 0 Series Shinkansen pioneered high speed rail service

The first high speed train was the Japanese Shinkansen, which entered service in 1964.Template:Sfn Since the 1990s, services such as the French TGV and German Intercity Express have become competitive with airlines in travel time over short to medium distances.^[58]

The lower threshold for the high-speed category is generally Template:Convert. These trains operate at cruising speeds up to Template:Convert.^[59] Such a speed is incompatible with that of conventional trains, so high speed trains usually run on their own separate tracks – although they may run more slowly when they are deployed on conventional-speed feeder lines on some systems.

"Higher speed trains" is the category between conventional and high speed trains, which travel at speeds between the two. Examples include the Northeast Regional (excluding the Acela) in the United States, the Gatimaan Express in India, and the KTM ETS in Malaysia.

Luxury trains

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Luxury trains provide permium rail services on their journey, either within a given country or across country borders. Some use refurbished classic rail cars.

Urban rail transit

A number of types of trains are used to provide transit to urban areas. These are distinct from traditional passenger trains in that they operate more frequently, typically do not share tracks with freight trains, and cover relatively short distances. Many different kinds of systems are in use globally.Template:Sfn

Rapid transit

Rapid transit use trains that operate in tunnels below ground, on elevated structures like viaducts or bridges above the ground, often on top of city streets or on surface level with an independent alignement from pedestrians or other types of traffic.^[60] In many systems, two or even all three of these types may exist on different portions of a network. Alternative terms for these systems are subway, underground, metro, or heavy rail, the latter indicating higher investment costs and passenger loads compared to light rail.

Trams

File:New Orleans Streetcar 461 on Carondelet Street, 24 August 2021 - 02.jpg

The New Orleans Streetcar System is the oldest in the world.

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Trams, also known in North America as streetcars, typically operate on or parallel to streets in cities, with frequent stops and a high frequency of service.^[61] Trams emerged in the USA in the 1830s and became popular from the 1860s in Europe and later in other regions as well. Originally tramcars were pulled by horses, alternative propulsion like steam power and cables gained success until the arrival of electric trams.^[62] Since the 1990s low-floor trams have become common.

Light rail

File:Zoetermeer Station Centrum West (cropped).JPG

RegioCitadis light rail train in Zoetermeer (the Netherlands).

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Light rail is a umbrella term for a variety of systems, which use tram technology, but with more separate right-of-ways and often a longer distance between stops.^[63] The term was coined in the USA in 1972 to refer to modernised tram systems. Since 2021, the number of light rail systems (including trams) have grown to over 400 worldwide.^[64] Despite the name, diesel light rail transit (DLRT) uses mainline railway technology.

Specialized trains

There are a number of specialized trains which differ from the traditional definition of a train as a set of vehicles which travels on two rails.

Monorail

File:Tokyo-Monorail-Type1000-1082F-EV.jpg

A Tokyo Monorail train

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Monorails consist of a train running either mounted on a single rail or suspended under a girder, typically elevated.^[65] Most lines meet medium-demand traffic in urban transit (mostly in Japan), others are used in theme parks and zoos.^[66] Monorails represent a small proportion of the train systems in use worldwide. First examples appeared in the 19th century and an early line that's still in use since 1901, is the suspended Schwebebahn in Wuppertal.

Maglev

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Maglev technology uses magnets to levitate the train above the track, reducing friction and allowing higher speeds.^[67] The first commercial maglev train was an airport shuttle introduced in 1984 at Birmingham Airport in England.^[68]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The Shanghai maglev train, opened in 2002, is the fastest commercial train service of any kind, operating at speeds of up to Template:Convert.^[69] Japan's L0 Series maglev holds the record for the world's fastest train ever, with a top speed of Template:Convert.^[70] Maglev has not yet been used for inter-city mass transit routes, with only a few examples in use worldwide Template:As of.^[69]

Mine trains

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Mine trains are operated in large mines and carry both workers and goods. They are usually powered by electricity, to prevent emissions which would pose a health risk to workers underground.^[71]Template:Globalize-inline

Militarized trains

File:Scale 2401.jpg

A preserved armored train

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While they have long been important in transporting troops and military equipment, trains have occasionally been used for direct combat. Armored trains have been used in a number of conflicts, as have railroad based artillery systems.^[72]^[73] Railcar-launched ICBM systems have also been used by nuclear weapon states.^[74]

Rack railway

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For climbing steep slopes, specialized rack railroads are used. In order to avoid slipping, a rack and pinion system is used, with a toothed rail placed between the two regular rails, which meshes with a drive gear under the locomotive.^[75]

Funicular

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Funiculars are also used to climb steep slopes, but instead of a rack use a rope, which is attached to two cars and a pulley.^[76] The two funicular cars travel up and down the slope on parallel sets of rails when the pulley is rotated. This design makes funiculars an efficient means of moving people and cargo up and down slopes.^[77] The earliest funicular railroad, the Reisszug, opened around 1500.^[77]

Rubber-tired train

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Rubber tire trains, or rubber-tired metro systems, employ rubber tires for traction and guidance, offering advantages like better acceleration and reduced noise. However, they come with disadvantages, including higher costs for installation and maintenance, faster tire wear, and complex tire inflation mechanisms that require regular upkeep. Nonetheless, these systems are utilized in many urban rapid transit networks worldwide, enhancing passenger comfort and urban transportation efficiency.

Freight trains

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File:Union Pacific train (26862149220).jpg

A Union Pacific freight train; high clearances enable double-stacked containers to be carried in well cars.

Freight trains are dedicated to the transport of cargo (also known as goods), rather than people, and are made up of freight cars or wagons. Longer freight trains typically operate between classification yards, while local trains provide freight service between yards and individual loading and unloading points along railroad lines.^[78] Major origin or destination points for freight may instead be served by unit trains, which exclusively carry one type of cargo and move directly from the origin to the destination and back without any intermediate stops.^[79]

Under the right circumstances, transporting freight by train is less expensive than other modes of transport, and also more energy efficient than transporting freight by road. In the United States, railroads on average moved a ton of freight Template:Convert per gallon of fuel, as of 2008, an efficiency four times greater than that of trucks.^[80]^[81] The Environmental and Energy Study Institute estimates that train transportation of freight is between 1.9 and 5.5 times more efficient than by truck, and also generates significantly less pollution.^[46] Rail freight is most economic when goods are being carried in bulk and over large distances, but it is less suited to short distances and small loads.^[81] With the advent of containerization, freight rail has become part of an intermodal freight network linked with trucking and container ships.^[82]

The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility and for this reason, rail has lost much of the freight business to road competition. Many governments are trying to encourage more freight back on to trains because of the community benefits that it would bring.^[83]

Cultural impact

Blue toy trains on wooden interlocking tracks on a red rug

A wooden toy train set from Swedish manufacturer Brio

From the dawn of railroading, trains have had a significant cultural impact worldwide. Fast train travel made possible in days or hours journeys which previously took months. Transport of both freight and passengers became far cheaper, allowing for networked economies over large areas.^[84] Towns and cities along railroad lines grew in importance, while those bypassed declined or even became ghost towns.^[84]^[85] Major cities such as Chicago became prominent because they were places where multiple train lines met.^[86] In the United States, the completion of the first transcontinental railroad played a major role in the settling of the western part of the nation by non-indigenous migrants and its incorporation into the rest of the country.^[87] The Russian Trans-Siberian Railway had a similar impact by connecting the vast country from east to west, and making travel across frozen Siberia possible.^[88]

Trains have long had a major influence on music, art, and literature.^[89] Many films heavily involve or are set on trains.^[90] Toy train sets are commonly used by children, traditionally boys.^[91]^[92] Railfans are found around the world, along with hobbyists who create model train layouts.^[93] Train enthusiasts generally have a positive relationship with the railroad industry, though sometimes cause issues by trespassing.^[93]

References

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Bibliography

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External links

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 {{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
 {{Multiple image
-| image1 = Поезд на фоне горы Шатрище. Воронежская область.jpg
+| image1            = Поезд на фоне горы Шатрище. Воронежская область.jpg
-| caption1 = An [[electric locomotive]] pulling a passenger train in [[Rail transport in Russia|Russia]]
+| caption1          = An [[electric locomotive]] pulling a passenger train in [[Rail transport in Russia|Russia]]
-| image2 = Pilatus railway train.jpg
+| image2            = Pilatus railway train.jpg
-| caption2 = A [[rack railway]] in [[Rail transport in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
+| caption2          = A [[rack railway]] in [[Rail transport in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
-| image3 = New Zealand DX class locomotive. (24769239234).jpg
+| image3            = New Zealand DX class locomotive. (24769239234).jpg
-| caption3 = [[Diesel locomotive]]s pulling a freight train in [[Rail transport in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
+| caption3          = [[Diesel locomotive]]s pulling a freight train in [[Rail transport in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
-| image4 = Wuppertaler Schwebebahn Westende 2019-10-06 06 (cropped).jpg
+| image4            = Wuppertaler Schwebebahn Westende 2019-10-06 06 (cropped).jpg
-| caption4 = A suspended [[monorail]] in [[Rail transport in Germany|Germany]]
+| caption4          = A suspended [[monorail]] in [[Rail transport in Germany|Germany]]
-| image5 = Union Pacific 844, Painted Rocks, NV, 2009 (crop).jpg
+| image5            = Union Pacific 844, Painted Rocks, NV, 2009 (crop).jpg
-| caption5 = A restored [[steam locomotive]] in the [[Rail transportation in the United States|United States]]
+| caption5          = A restored [[steam locomotive]] in the [[Rail transportation in the United States|United States]]
-| image6 = Bangalore Metro Station, India (cropped).jpg
+| image6            = Metro train at kochi metro mg road station Ernakulam, Kerala, India.jpg
-| caption6 = A [[rapid transit|metro]] train in [[Rail transport in India|India]]
+| caption6          = A [[rapid transit|metro]] train in [[Kerala]], [[Rail transport in India|India]]
-| image7 = Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg
+| image7            = Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg
-| caption7 = A [[tram]] in Switzerland
+| caption7          = A [[tram]] in Switzerland
-| image8 = Avg-858-02.jpg
+| image8            = Avg-858-02.jpg
-| caption8 = A [[light rail]] train in Germany
+| caption8          = A [[light rail]] trainset in Germany
-| perrow = 2
+| perrow            = 2
-| caption_align = center
+| caption_align     = center
-| width = 200
+| width             = 200
-}}{{train topics}}
+}}
+{{train topics}}
 A '''train''' (from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|trahiner}}, from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|trahere}}, "to pull, to draw")<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of ''train (noun)'' in Compact OED |website=AskOxford.com |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/train?view=uk |access-date=18 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526072449/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/train?view=uk |archive-date=26 May 2005}}</ref> is a series of connected [[vehicle]]s that run along a [[railway track]] and [[Passenger train|transport people]] or [[Rail freight transport|freight]]. Trains are typically pulled or pushed by [[locomotive]]s (often known simply as "engines"), though some are self-propelled, such as [[multiple unit]]s or [[Railcar|railcars]]. Passengers and cargo are carried in [[railroad car]]s, also known as wagons or carriages. Trains are designed to a certain [[Track gauge|gauge]], or distance between rails. Most trains operate on [[steel]] tracks with steel wheels, the low friction of which makes them more efficient than other forms of transport. Many [[Rail transport by country|countries use rail transport]].
@@ Line 40: / Line 41: @@
 === Terminology ===
-The [[railway terminology]] that is used to describe a train varies between countries. The [[International Union of Railways]] seeks to provide standardised terminology across languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Terminology |url=https://uic.org/support-activities/terminology/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=[[International Union of Railways]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Association of American Railroads]] provides terminology for North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MANUAL OF STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES SECTION A-I |url=https://www.aar.com/standards/MSRPs/MSRP-A1.pdf |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Association of American Railroads]]}}</ref>
+The [[railway terminology]] that is used to describe a train varies between countries. The [[International Union of Railways]] seeks to provide standardised terminology across languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Terminology |url=https://uic.org/support-activities/terminology/ |access-date=18 July 2024|website=[[International Union of Railways]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Association of American Railroads]] provides terminology for North America.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manual of standards and recommended practices section A-I |url=https://www.aar.com/standards/MSRPs/MSRP-A1.pdf |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Association of American Railroads]]}}</ref> Terms include:
-The British [[Rail Safety and Standards Board]] defines a train as a "light locomotive, self-propelled rail vehicle or [[Road–rail vehicle|road-rail vehicle]] in rail mode."<ref name="Gloss">{{cite web |title=Rulebook Master: Glossary of Railway Terminology, Train Working "Coupled in multiple - Traction units coupled to allow through controls by one driver" |url=https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810143338/https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 July 2024 |publisher=[[Rail Safety and Standards Board]] |page=14}}</ref> A collection of passenger or freight carriages connected together (not necessarily with a locomotive) is referred to as a [[rake (train)|rake]].<ref>For the use of the term "rake" in the UK, see for instance: {{unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite web| url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rake#rake--4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003033539/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rake--4| url-status=dead| archive-date=3 October 2012| title=rake| work=Oxford Dictionaries| publisher=Oxford University Press| access-date=19 October 2014}}|{{cite web| url=http://www.safety.networkrail.co.uk/Services/Jargon-Buster/R/RA-RE/Rake| title=Rake| publisher=Network Rail| work=Safety Central: Jargon Buster| access-date=19 October 2014| archive-url=https://archive.today/20141019164728/http://www.safety.networkrail.co.uk/Services/Jargon-Buster/R/RA-RE/Rake| archive-date=19 October 2014| df=dmy-all}}}}</ref> A collection of rail vehicles may also be called a consist.<ref>See, for example: {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcVYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA107 |title=Accident/incident Bulletin |publisher=U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety. |year=1978 |page=107 |language=en |access-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref> A set of vehicles that are coupled together (such as the ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]]'') is called a trainset.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=train set |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/train-set_n?tl=true&tab=meaning_and_use |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> The term ''[[rolling stock]]'' is used to describe any kind of railway vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of "rolling stock" from the Concise Oxford Dictionary |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/rollingstock?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306033115/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/rollingstock?view=uk |archive-date=March 6, 2007}}</ref>
+* ''Train'' (Britain): a light locomotive, self-propelled rail vehicle or [[Road–rail vehicle|road-rail vehicle]] in rail mode.<ref name="Gloss">{{cite web |title=Rulebook Master: Glossary of Railway Terminology, Train Working "Coupled in multiple - Traction units coupled to allow through controls by one driver" |url=https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810143338/https://www.rssb.co.uk/rgs/rulebooks/GERM8000-master-module%20Iss%201.pdf |archive-date=10 August 2018 |access-date=17 July 2024 |publisher=[[Rail Safety and Standards Board]] |page=14}}</ref>
+* ''Train'' (United States): a connected line of railroad cars with or without a locomotive.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Train |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/train |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=2 August 2025 |language=en }}</ref>
+* ''[[Rolling stock]]'' (many jurisdictions): any kind of railway vehicle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rolling stock |url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/rollingstock?view=uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306033115/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/rollingstock?view=uk |work=Oxford Dictionaries |archive-date=6 March 2007}}</ref>
+* ''[[Rake (train)|Rake]]'' (Britain): a collection of passenger or freight vehicles connected together (not necessarily with a locomotive).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rake#rake--4| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003033539/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rake--4| url-status=dead| archive-date=3 October 2012| title=Rake| work=Oxford Dictionaries| publisher=Oxford University Press| access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>
+* <span class="anchor" id="consist"></span><!--Please leave. Text in several articles links here.-->''Consist'' ([[North America]] and [[Australia]]): a train, locomotive(s), cut of cars, or any single car not coupled to another car or locomotive.<ref>{{cite book |title=Classification of on-track equipment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcVYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA107 |publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Safety. |year=1978 |page=107 |language=en |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>
+* ''Trainset'' (many jurisdictions): a set of vehicles that are permanently coupled together (such as the  [[TGV]], [[Intercity Express|ICE]] or ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Train set |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/train-set_n?tl=true&tab=meaning_and_use |access-date=17 July 2024 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
 == History ==
@@ Line 57: / Line 67: @@
 === New technologies ===
 [[File:Djursholmsbanan 1890-tal.jpg|thumb|right|Electric train on [[Djursholmsbanan]] in Stockholm in the 1890s.]]
-Even as steam locomotive technology continued to improve, inventors in [[Germany]] started work on alternative methods for powering trains. [[Werner von Siemens]] built the first train powered by electricity in 1879, and went on to pioneer electric [[tram]]s.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=15}} Another German inventor, [[Rudolf Diesel]], constructed the first [[diesel engine]] in the 1890s, though the potential of his invention to power trains was not realized until decades later.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=15}} Between 1897 and 1903, tests of experimental electric locomotives on the [[Royal Prussian Military Railway]] in Germany demonstrated they were viable, setting speed records in excess of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|sp=us|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-21}}[[File:Locomotora_FSBC_2203.jpg|thumb|The [[EMD FT]] set the stage for diesel locomotives to take over from steam.]]Early gas powered "[[Doodlebug (railcar)|doodlebug]]" self-propelled railcars entered service on railroads in the first decade of the 1900s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schafer|first=Mike|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38738930|title=Vintage diesel locomotives|date=1998|publisher=Motorbooks International|isbn=0-7603-0507-2|location=Osceola, WI|pages=10–12|oclc=38738930}}</ref> Experimentation with diesel and gas power continued, culminating in the German "[[DRG Class SVT 877|Flying Hamburger]]" in 1933, and the influential American [[EMD FT]] in 1939.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-22}} These successful diesel locomotives showed that diesel power was superior to steam, due to lower costs, ease of maintenance, and better reliability.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-23}} Meanwhile, Italy developed an extensive network of electric trains during the first decades of the 20th century, driven by that country's lack of significant coal reserves.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-21}}
+Even as steam locomotive technology continued to improve, inventors in [[Germany]] started work on alternative methods for powering trains. [[Werner von Siemens]] built the first train powered by electricity in 1879, and went on to pioneer electric [[tram]]s.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=15}} Another German inventor, [[Rudolf Diesel]], constructed the first [[diesel engine]] in the 1890s, though the potential of his invention to power trains was not realized until decades later.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=15}} Between 1897 and 1903, tests of experimental electric locomotives on the [[Royal Prussian Military Railway]] in Germany demonstrated they were viable, setting speed records in excess of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|sp=us|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-21}}[[File:Locomotora_FSBC_2203.jpg|thumb|The [[EMD FT]] set the stage for diesel locomotives to take over from steam.]]Early gas powered "[[Doodlebug (railcar)|doodlebug]]" self-propelled railcars entered service on railroads in the first decade of the 1900s.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schafer|first=Mike|title=Vintage diesel locomotives|date=1998|publisher=Motorbooks International|isbn=0-7603-0507-2|location=Osceola, WI|pages=10–12|oclc=38738930}}</ref> Experimentation with diesel and gas power continued, culminating in the German "[[DRG Class SVT 877|Flying Hamburger]]" in 1933, and the influential American [[EMD FT]] in 1939.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-22}} These successful diesel locomotives showed that diesel power was superior to steam, due to lower costs, ease of maintenance, and better reliability.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-23}} Meanwhile, Italy developed an extensive network of electric trains during the first decades of the 20th century, driven by that country's lack of significant coal reserves.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=20-21}}
 === Dieselization and increased competition ===
@@ Line 73: / Line 83: @@
 [[File:Railroad truck, FM55-20.Fig8-8.png|thumb|US-style railroad truck (bogie) with [[journal bearing]]s]]
 {{Main|Bogie}}
-Bogies, also known in North America as trucks,{{cn|date=October 2023}} support the wheels and axles of trains. Trucks range from just one axle to as many as four or more. Two-axle trucks are in the widest use worldwide, as they are better able to handle curves and support heavy loads than single axle trucks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Okamoto|first=Isao|date=December 1998|title=How Bogies Work|url=https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr18/pdf/f52_technology.pdf|access-date=November 4, 2021|website=Japan Railway & Transport Review}}</ref>{{failed verification|No mention of two-axle trucks being "better able to handle curves" in source given|date=October 2023}}
+Bogies, also known in North America as trucks, support the wheels and axles of trains. Trucks range from just one axle to as many as four or more. Two-axle bogies are the most common worldwide, as they decrease the impact of track irregularities, improve curve negotiation, and distribute heavy loads more effectively than single-axle bogies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Okamoto|first=Isao|date=December 1998|title=How Bogies Work|url=https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr18/pdf/f52_technology.pdf|website=Japan Railway & Transport Review|access-date=2021-11-04}}</ref>
 === Couplers ===
 {{Main|Railway coupling}}
 Train vehicles are linked to one another by various systems of coupling. In much of Europe, India, and South America, trains primarily use [[buffers and chain coupler]]s. In the rest of the world, [[Janney coupler|knuckle coupler]]s are the most popular, with a few local variations persisting (such as [[Wilson coupler]]s in the former Soviet Union). On multiple units all over the world, [[Scharfenberg coupler]]s are common.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wagner|first1=Simon|last2=Cole|first2=Colin|last3=Spiryagin|first3=Maksym|date=2021-06-01|title=A review on design and testing methodologies of modern freight train draft gear system|journal=Railway Engineering Science|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=127–151|doi=10.1007/s40534-021-00237-y|s2cid=236335052|issn=2662-4753|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021RailE..29..127W }}</ref>
 === Brakes ===
 {{Main|Railway air brake}}
-Because trains are heavy, powerful brakes are needed to slow or stop trains, and because steel wheels on steel rails have relatively low friction, brakes must be distributed among as many wheels as possible.{{failed verification|Nothing about wheels or friction in the source|date=October 2023}} Early trains could only be stopped by manually applied hand brakes, requiring workers to ride on top of the cars and apply the brakes when the train went downhill.{{failed verification|"just like the old days" doesn't cover the info in this sentence|date=October 2023}} Hand brakes are still used to park cars and locomotives, but the predominant braking system for trains globally is air brakes, invented in 1869 by [[George Westinghouse]].{{failed verification|Nothing about braking systems globally or Westinghouse in the source|date=October 2023}} Air brakes are applied at once to the entire train using air hoses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Herkewitz|first=William|date=2013-07-10|title=Understanding a Runaway Train: How Do Air Brakes Work?|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/understanding-a-runaway-train-how-do-air-brakes-work-15678938|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Because steel wheels on steel rails have a low coefficient of rolling resistance, trains rely on friction brakes applied to many or all wheels to achieve sufficient stopping force. Early trains used manually applied hand brakes: brakemen rode in brakeman’s cabins or atop cars to turn brake wheels as required on downhill grades.  Since 1869, George Westinghouse’s automatic air brake has been nearly universally adopted; his system uses compressed air in a continuous train pipe to apply brakes simultaneously across all cars.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wired Staff|title=March 5, 1872: Westinghouse Gives Railroads a Brake|date=2012-03-05|url=https://www.wired.com/2009/04/dayintech-0429|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>
 === Warning devices ===
 [[File:GO Train Georgetown 5 (cropped).jpg|thumb|This cab car includes a horn (top), a bell (top right), headlights (above the door), classification lights (red lights on side), and ditch lights (white lights on side).]]
-For safety and communication, trains are equipped with [[bell]]s, [[Train horn|horns]], {{failed verification span|text=and [[Train lights|lights]]|date=October 2023}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Train Horn|url=https://www.bnsf.com/in-the-community/safety-and-security/train-horn.page|access-date=2021-11-04|website=BNSF Railway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Weart|first=Ray|date=October 10, 2019|title=Ask Trains: What are the rules on when locomotive bells should ring?|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/ask-trains/ask-trains-what-are-the-rules-on-when-locomotive-bells-should-ring/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Trains|language=en-US}}</ref>{{globalize-inline|date=October 2023}} Steam locomotives typically use [[steam whistle]]s rather than horns.{{Failed verification|date=October 2023}} Other types of lights may be installed on locomotives and cars, such as [[classification lights]], [[Mars Light]]s, and [[ditch lights]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schauer|first=David C.|date=May 1, 2006|title=Locomotive classification lights|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/locomotive-classification-lights/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325115547/https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/locomotive-classification-lights/|archive-date=2021-03-25|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Trains|language=en-US}}</ref>{{globalize-inline|date=October 2023}}{{Failed verification|date=October 2023}}
+For safety and communication, trains are equipped with horns and bells as mandatory audible devices under international and regional regulations—for example, EU Directive 2004/49/EC Annex I specifies “audible devices: bells, horns, klaxons, etc.” as part of level-crossing warning equipment<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directive 2004/49/EC Annex I|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02004L0049-20091218|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref>—and the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration defines and mandates locomotive audible warning devices (air horn, steam whistle or similar) under 49 CFR 229.129 (“locomotive horn”).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Use of Locomotive Horns NPRM|url=https://nonoise.org/resource/trans/rail/HTML_NPRM.htm|access-date=2025-07-11}}</ref> Steam locomotives traditionally use steam whistles rather than air horns. Visual warning lights include headlights, [[classification lights]], [[Mars Light]], and ditch lights.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schauer|first=David C.|date=May 1, 2006|title=Locomotive classification lights|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/locomotive-classification-lights/|access-date=2021-11-04}}</ref>
 === Cabs ===
-Locomotives are in most cases{{failed verification|date=October 2023}} equipped with cabs, also known as driving compartments, where a [[train driver]] controls the train's operation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiedrich|first=Bob|date=May 27, 1990|title=All the Comforts of a Locomotive Cab|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-05-27-9002130133-story.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|language=en-US}}</ref>{{globalize-inline|date=October 2023}}{{better source needed|need a better source than a US newspaper article from 33 years ago|date=October 2023}} They may also be installed on unpowered train cars known as [[Control car|cab or control cars]], to allow for a train to operate with the locomotive at the rear.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comet I Commuter Coaches|url=http://www.whippanyrailwaymuseum.net/exhibits/equipment/passenger-cars/comet-i-commuter-coaches|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Whippany Railway Museum}}</ref>{{better source needed|need a better source than a local museum's history page about one specific type of control cab|date=October 2023}}
+Locomotives are in most cases{{failed verification|date=October 2023}} equipped with cabs, also known as driving compartments, where a [[train driver]] controls the train's operation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiedrich|first=Bob|date=May 27, 1990|title=All the Comforts of a Locomotive Cab|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-05-27-9002130133-story.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=[[Chicago Tribune]]|language=en-US}}</ref>{{globalize-inline|date=October 2023}}{{better source needed|need a better source than a US newspaper article from 33 years ago|date=October 2023}} They may also be installed on unpowered train cars known as [[Control car|cab or control cars]], to allow for a train to operate with the locomotive at the rear.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Comet I Commuter Coaches|url=http://www.whippanyrailwaymuseum.net/exhibits/equipment/passenger-cars/comet-i-commuter-coaches|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Whippany Railway Museum|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324052810/http://whippanyrailwaymuseum.net/exhibits/equipment/passenger-cars/comet-i-commuter-coaches|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|need a better source than a local museum's history page about one specific type of control cab|date=October 2023}}
 == Operations ==
@@ Line 99: / Line 112: @@
 === Maintenance ===
 [[File:Metro-North_Bronx_track_work_continues_(9515218549).jpg|thumb|A number of maintenance vehicles at work on [[Metro-North Railroad]]]]
-Simple repairs may be done while a train is parked on the tracks, but more extensive repairs will be done at a [[motive power depot]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guss|first=Chris|date=March 1, 2018|title=Where diesels go to the doctor|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/where-diesels-go-to-the-doctor/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Trains|language=en-US}}</ref> Similar facilities exist for repairing damaged or defective train cars.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Luther|first=Darrel|date=2014-09-22|title=Maintaining Railcars|url=https://wasteadvantagemag.com/maintaining-railcars/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Waste Advantage Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maintenance of way]] trains are used to build and repair railroad tracks and other equipment.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Solomon|first=Brian|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46976669|title=Railway maintenance equipment|date=2001|publisher=MBI Pub. Co|isbn=0-7603-0975-2|location=Osceola, Wis.|pages=57–59|oclc=46976669}}</ref>
+Simple repairs may be done while a train is parked on the tracks, but more extensive repairs will be done at a [[motive power depot]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guss|first=Chris|date=March 1, 2018|title=Where diesels go to the doctor|url=https://www.trains.com/trn/train-basics/abcs-of-railroading/where-diesels-go-to-the-doctor/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Trains|language=en-US}}</ref> Similar facilities exist for repairing damaged or defective train cars.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Luther|first=Darrel|date=2014-09-22|title=Maintaining Railcars|url=https://wasteadvantagemag.com/maintaining-railcars/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Waste Advantage Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Maintenance of way]] trains are used to build and repair railroad tracks and other equipment.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Solomon|first=Brian|title=Railway maintenance equipment|date=2001|publisher=MBI Pub. Co|isbn=0-7603-0975-2|location=Osceola, Wis.|pages=57–59|oclc=46976669}}</ref>
 === Crew ===
@@ Line 111: / Line 124: @@
 [[File:Derailment_Repair_(4213647132).jpg|thumb|Most derailments, such as this one in [[Switzerland]], are minor and do not cause injuries or damage.]]
 [[File:Tank_car_with_placard_1017_(chlorine).jpg|thumb|Trains carrying [[hazardous materials]] display information identifying their cargo and hazards.  This [[tank car]] carrying [[chlorine]] displays, among other markings, a [[Placard#United States Department of Transportation|U.S. DOT placard]] showing a [[UN number]] that identifies the hazardous substance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beaucham |first=Catherine C. |date=August 2023 |title=Evaluation of Potential Exposures to Railway Hazardous Material Inspectors |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/2022-0049-3387.pdf |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |type=[[Health Hazard Evaluation Program|Health Hazard Evaluation Report]]}}</ref>]]
-Train accidents sometimes occur, including [[derailment]]s (when a train leaves the tracks) and [[train wreck]]s (collisions between trains). Accidents were more common in the early days of trains, when [[railway signal]] systems, [[centralized traffic control]], and failsafe systems to prevent collisions were primitive or did not yet exist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McDonald|first=Charles W.|date=August 1993|title=The Federal Railroad Safety Program|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/sites/fra.dot.gov/files/fra_net/16422/1993_THE%20FEDERAL%20RAILROAD%20SAFETY%20PROGRAM%20-%20100%20YEARS%20OF.PDF|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=Federal Railroad Administration}}</ref> To prevent accidents, systems such as [[automatic train stop]] are used; these are failsafe systems that apply the brakes on a train if it passes a red signal and enters an occupied [[Block signal|block]], or if any of the train's equipment malfunctions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 1, 1925|title=Meriden In Safety Zone - New Train Stop System Installed|page=4|work=[[The Meriden Daily Journal]]|location=Meriden, Connecticut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7hIAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>{{obsolete source|1925 article in a local US newspaper?|date=October 2023}} More advanced safety systems, such as [[positive train control]], can also automatically regulate train speed, preventing derailments from entering curves or switches too fast.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 9, 2021|title=Positive Train Control (PTC)|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/train-control/ptc/positive-train-control-ptc|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=[[Federal Railroad Administration]]}}</ref>
+Train accidents sometimes occur, including [[derailment]]s (when a train leaves the tracks) and [[train wreck]]s (collisions between trains). Accidents were more common in the early days of trains, when [[railway signal]] systems, [[centralized traffic control]], and failsafe systems to prevent collisions were primitive or did not yet exist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McDonald|first=Charles W.|date=August 1993|title=The Federal Railroad Safety Program|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/sites/fra.dot.gov/files/fra_net/16422/1993_THE%20FEDERAL%20RAILROAD%20SAFETY%20PROGRAM%20-%20100%20YEARS%20OF.PDF|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=Federal Railroad Administration}}</ref> To prevent accidents, systems such as [[automatic train stop]] are used; these are failsafe systems that apply the brakes on a train if it passes a red signal and enters an occupied [[Block signal|block]], or if any of the train's equipment malfunctions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 1, 1925|title=Meriden In Safety Zone - New Train Stop System Installed|page=4|work=[[The Meriden Daily Journal]]|location=Meriden, Connecticut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7hIAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3|access-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>{{obsolete source|1925 article in a local US newspaper?|date=October 2023}} More advanced safety systems, such as [[positive train control]], can also automatically regulate train speed, preventing derailments from entering curves or switches too fast.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 9, 2021|title=Positive Train Control (PTC)|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/research-development/program-areas/train-control/ptc/positive-train-control-ptc|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=[[Federal Railroad Administration]]}}</ref>
 Modern trains have a very good safety record overall, comparable with air travel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Elliott|first=Christopher|date=May 24, 2015|title=Amtrak 188 crash: How safe are America's trains?|url=https://fortune.com/2015/05/14/amtrak-trains-safe/|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref> In the United States between 2000 and 2009, train travel averaged 0.43 deaths per billion passenger miles traveled. While this was higher than that of air travel at 0.07 deaths per billion passenger miles, it was also far below the 7.28 deaths per billion passenger miles of car travel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ingraham|first=Christopher|date=May 14, 2015|title=The safest — and deadliest — ways to travel|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/14/the-safest-and-deadliest-ways-to-travel/|access-date=November 5, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In the 21st century, several derailments of oil trains caused fatalities, most notably the Canadian [[Lac-Mégantic rail disaster]] in 2013 which killed 47 people and leveled much of the town of [[Lac-Mégantic, Quebec|Lac-Mégantic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Jessica|date=2018-01-19|title=Lac-Megantic: The runaway train that destroyed a town|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42548824|access-date=2021-11-06}}</ref>
-The vast majority of train-related fatalities, over 90 percent, are due to trespassing on railroad tracks, or collisions with road vehicles at [[level crossing]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Safety and Trespass Prevention {{!}} FRA|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/highway-rail-crossing-and-trespasser-programs/railroad-crossing-safety-trespass|access-date=2021-11-06|website=railroads.dot.gov}}</ref> Organizations such as [[Operation Lifesaver]] have been formed to improve safety awareness at railroad crossings, and governments have also launched ad campaigns. Trains cannot stop quickly when at speed; even an emergency brake application may still require more than a mile of stopping distance. As such, emphasis is on educating motorists to yield to trains at crossings and avoid trespassing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop. Trains Can't. Railroad Crossing|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/campaign/railroad-crossing|access-date=2021-11-06|website=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|language=en}}</ref>
+The vast majority of train-related fatalities, over 90 percent, are due to trespassing on railroad tracks, or collisions with road vehicles at [[level crossing]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Safety and Trespass Prevention {{!}} FRA|url=https://railroads.dot.gov/crossing-safety-trespass-prevention/crossing-safety-trespass-prevention|access-date=2021-11-06|website=railroads.dot.gov}}</ref> Organizations such as [[Operation Lifesaver]] have been formed to improve safety awareness at railroad crossings, and governments have also launched ad campaigns. Trains cannot stop quickly when at speed; even an emergency brake application may still require more than a mile of stopping distance. As such, emphasis is on educating motorists to yield to trains at crossings and avoid trespassing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop. Trains Can't. Railroad Crossing|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/campaign/railroad-crossing|access-date=2021-11-06|website=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416083744/https://www.nhtsa.gov/campaign/railroad-crossing|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 == Motive power ==
-{{Main|Locomotive}}[[File:0444_BulawayoZimbabwe_19920730.jpg|thumb|[[Garratt locomotive]]s in [[Zimbabwe]]]]
+{{Main|Locomotive}}
+[[File:0444_BulawayoZimbabwe_19920730.jpg|thumb|[[Garratt locomotive]]s in [[Zimbabwe]]]]
 === Before steam ===
@@ Line 143: / Line 157: @@
 == Unpowered rail vehicles ==
 {{Main|Railroad car}}
 [[File:BNSF_Railway_Classification_Yard,_South_of_Galesburg,_IL_(3).jpg|thumb|Various types of railroad cars in a [[classification yard]] in the United States]]
-Railroad cars, also known in {{abbr|CwthE|Commonwealth English}}  as wagons, are unpowered rail vehicles which are typically pulled by locomotives. Many different types exist, specialized to handle various types of cargo. Some common types include [[boxcar]]s (CwthE: [[covered goods wagon]]s) that carry a wide variety of cargo, [[flatcar]]s (CwthE:  [[flat wagon]]s) which have flat tops to hold cargo, [[hopper car]]s which carry bulk commodities, and [[tank car]]s which carry liquids and gases. Examples of more specialized types of train cars include [[Ladle transfer car|bottle cars]] which hold molten steel,<ref name="Schafer1999">{{Cite book|last=Schafer|first=Mike|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41002704|title=Freight train cars|date=1999|publisher=MBI Pub|others=Mike McBride|isbn=0-7603-0612-5|location=Osceola, Wis.|pages=11–13, 93, 95|oclc=41002704}}</ref> [[Schnabel car]]s which handle very heavy loads, and [[refrigerator car]]s which carry perishable goods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rail Car Types Defined|url=http://www.up.com/up/customers/track-record/tr181121_rail_car_types.htm|access-date=2021-11-05|website=www.up.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vantuono|first=William C.|date=2012-06-14|title=Kasgro builds "World's Largest Railroad Car"|url=https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/freight-cars/kasgro-builds-worlds-largest-railroad-car/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Railway Age|language=en-US}}</ref>
+Railroad cars, also known in {{abbr|CwthE|Commonwealth English}}  as wagons, are unpowered rail vehicles which are typically pulled by locomotives. Many different types exist, specialized to handle various types of cargo. Some common types include [[boxcar]]s (CwthE: [[covered goods wagon]]s) that carry a wide variety of cargo, [[flatcar]]s (CwthE:  [[flat wagon]]s) which have flat tops to hold cargo, [[hopper car]]s which carry bulk commodities, and [[tank car]]s which carry liquids and gases. Examples of more specialized types of train cars include [[Ladle transfer car|bottle cars]] which hold molten steel,<ref name="Schafer1999">{{Cite book|last=Schafer|first=Mike|title=Freight train cars|date=1999|publisher=MBI Pub|others=Mike McBride|isbn=0-7603-0612-5|location=Osceola, Wis.|pages=11–13, 93, 95|oclc=41002704}}</ref> [[Schnabel car]]s which handle very heavy loads, and [[refrigerator car]]s which carry perishable goods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rail Car Types Defined|url=http://www.up.com/up/customers/track-record/tr181121_rail_car_types.htm|access-date=2021-11-05|website=www.up.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vantuono|first=William C.|date=2012-06-14|title=Kasgro builds "World's Largest Railroad Car"|url=https://www.railwayage.com/mechanical/freight-cars/kasgro-builds-worlds-largest-railroad-car/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Railway Age|language=en-US}}</ref>
 Early train cars were small and light, much like early locomotives, but over time they have become larger as locomotives have become more powerful.<ref name="Schafer1999" />
@@ Line 150: / Line 165: @@
 == Passenger trains ==
 {{Main|Passenger train}}
 [[File:Shenzhen_Guangzhou_high_speed_train_new_rolling_stock_China_(37116926035).jpg|thumb|Second-class compartment of a [[China Railways CRH1|China Railways CRH1A-A]] train]]
 A passenger train is used to transport people along a railroad line. These trains may consist of unpowered [[passenger railroad car]]s (also known as coaches or carriages) [[push-pull train|hauled]] by one or more locomotives, or may be self-propelled; self propelled passenger trains are known as [[multiple unit]]s or [[railcar]]s. Passenger trains travel between [[train station|stations or depots]], where passengers may board and disembark. In most cases, passenger trains operate on a fixed [[Public transport timetable|schedule]] and have priority over [[freight train]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Freight Delays and Your Amtrak Service|url=https://www.amtrak.com/on-time-performance|access-date=2021-11-05|website=www.amtrak.com|language=en}}</ref> In [[rail transport in Europe|Europe]], passenger trains are assigned to different [[train categories in Europe|train categories]].
@@ Line 157: / Line 173: @@
 === Long distance trains ===
 {{Main|Inter-city rail}}
 Long distance passenger trains travel over hundreds or even thousands of miles between cities. The longest passenger train service in the world is Russia's [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] between [[Moscow]] and [[Vladivostok]], a distance of {{convert|5772|mi|km|sp=us|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Warren|first=Katie|date=January 3, 2020|title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> In general, long distance trains may take days to complete their journeys, and stop at dozens of stations along their routes. For many rural communities, they are the only form of public transportation available.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jaffe|first=Eric|date=April 18, 2013|title=3 Reasons to Keep Amtrak's Long-Distance Trains Running|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-18/3-reasons-to-keep-amtrak-s-long-distance-trains-running|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Bloomberg}}</ref>
@@ Line 164: / Line 181: @@
 === High speed trains ===
 {{Main|High-speed rail}}
 [[File:Shinkansen_0series_(4424654951).jpg|thumb|The Japanese [[0 Series Shinkansen]] pioneered high speed rail service]]
 The first high speed train was the Japanese [[Shinkansen]], which entered service in 1964.{{sfn|Herring|2000|p=134-135}} Since the 1990s, services such as the French [[TGV]] and German [[Intercity Express]] have become competitive with airlines in travel time over short to medium distances.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bachman|first1=Justin|last2=Fan|first2=Richard|last3=Cannon|first3=Christopher|date=January 9, 2018|title=Watch Out, Airlines. High Speed Rail Now Rivals Flying on Key Routes|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-09/high-speed-rail-now-rivals-flying-on-key-global-routes|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=Bloomberg}}</ref>
@@ Line 173: / Line 191: @@
 === Luxury trains ===
 {{Main|Luxury train}}
 Luxury trains provide permium rail services on their journey, either within a given country or across country borders. Some use refurbished classic rail cars.
@@ Line 179: / Line 198: @@
 === Rapid transit ===
-[[Rapid transit]] use trains that operate in tunnels below ground, on [[elevated railway|elevated structures]] like viaducts or bridges above the ground, often on top of city streets or on surface level with an independent alignement from other traffic. In many systems, two or even all three of these types may exist on different portions of a network. Alternative terms for these systems are subway, underground, metro, or heavy rail, the latter indicating higher investment costs and passenger loads compared to light rail.
+[[Rapid transit]] use trains that operate in tunnels below ground, on [[elevated railway|elevated structures]] like viaducts or bridges above the ground, often on top of city streets or on surface level with an independent alignement from pedestrians or other types of traffic.<ref name="EB-2025">{{cite web |title=Rapid transit |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/rapid-transit |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=16 July 2025 |language=en |date=13 June 2025}}</ref> In many systems, two or even all three of these types may exist on different portions of a network. Alternative terms for these systems are subway, underground, metro, or heavy rail, the latter indicating higher investment costs and passenger loads compared to light rail.
+=== Trams ===
 [[File:New_Orleans_Streetcar_461_on_Carondelet_Street,_24_August_2021_-_02.jpg|thumb|The [[Streetcars in New Orleans|New Orleans Streetcar System]] is the oldest in the world.]]
-=== Trams ===
 {{Main|Tram}}
-Trams, also known in North America as streetcars, typically operate on or parallel to streets in cities, with frequent stops and a high frequency of service.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kobie|first=Nicole|date=April 4, 2018|title=Trams are great for city transport – why doesn't the UK have more?|language=en-GB|magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/trams-edinburgh-manchester-uk-transport-system|access-date=2021-11-05|issn=1357-0978}}</ref> Trams emerged in the USA in the 1830s and became popular from the 1860s in Europe and later in other regions as well. Since the 1990s low-floor trams have become common.
+Trams, also known in North America as streetcars, typically operate on or parallel to streets in cities, with frequent stops and a high frequency of service.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kobie|first=Nicole|date=April 4, 2018|title=Trams are great for city transport – why doesn't the UK have more?|language=en-GB|magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/trams-edinburgh-manchester-uk-transport-system|access-date=2021-11-05|issn=1357-0978}}</ref> Trams emerged in the USA in the 1830s and became popular from the 1860s in Europe and later in other regions as well. Originally tramcars were [[horsecar|pulled by horses]], alternative propulsion like steam power and cables gained success until the arrival of electric trams.<ref name="LRTA-1998">{{cite web |title=History of Light Rail |url=https://lrta.info/archive/mrthistory.html |website=lrta.info |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> Since the 1990s low-floor trams have become common.
+=== Light rail ===
 [[File:Zoetermeer Station Centrum West (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[RegioCitadis]] light rail train in [[Zoetermeer|Zoetermeer (the Netherlands)]].]]
-=== Light rail ===
 {{Main|Light rail}}
-Light rail is a catchall term for a variety of systems, which use tram technology, but with more separate right-of-ways and often a longer distance between stops.<ref>{{cite web |title=Streetcars vs Light Rail ... Is There a Difference? |url=https://humantransit.org/2010/03/streetcars-vs-light-rail-is-there-a-difference.html |website=Human Transit |access-date=24 March 2025 |date=26 March 2010}}</ref> The term was coined in the USA in 1972 to refer to modernised tram systems and include [[tram-train]] and [[semi-metro]] systems. Despite the name, diesel light rail transit (DLRT) uses mainline railway technology.
+Light rail is a umbrella term for a variety of systems, which use tram technology, but with more separate right-of-ways and often a longer distance between stops.<ref>{{cite web |title=Streetcars vs Light Rail ... Is There a Difference? |url=https://humantransit.org/2010/03/streetcars-vs-light-rail-is-there-a-difference.html |website=Human Transit |access-date=24 March 2025 |date=26 March 2010}}</ref> The term was coined in the USA in 1972 to refer to modernised tram systems. Since 2021, the number of light rail systems (including trams) have grown to over 400 worldwide.<ref name="UITP-2023">{{cite book |title=The global tram and light rail landscape 2019-21 |publisher=[[UITP]] |page=2 |url=https://www.uitp.org/publications/the-global-tram-and-light-rail-landscape-2019-21/ |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref> Despite the name, [[hybrid rail|diesel light rail transit]] (DLRT) uses mainline railway technology.
 == Specialized trains ==
@@ Line 198: / Line 223: @@
 {{Main|Monorail}}
-Monorails were developed to meet medium-demand traffic in urban transit, and consist of a train running on a single rail, typically elevated. {{failed verification span|Monorails represent a small proportion of the train systems in use worldwide. Almost all monorail trains use linear induction motors|Neither source supports these claims. In particular, "In common with other advanced rapid transit systems, some monorails are driven by linear induction motor" != this article's claim that "almost all" use them.|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=Linear Motor Driven System|url=http://www.hitachi-rail.com/products/rolling_stock/linear/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930090347/http://www.hitachi-rail.com/products/rolling_stock/linear/index.html|archive-date=30 September 2018|access-date=23 June 2019|website=Hitachi-Rail.com|publisher=[[Hitachi|Hitachi, Ltd.]]}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web|year=2015|title=Monorail|url=http://www.railsystem.net/monorail/|access-date=23 June 2019|website=RailSystem.net}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=October 2023}}
+Monorails consist of a train running either mounted on a single rail or suspended under a girder, typically elevated.<ref name="EEPE-2023">{{cite book |last1=Ruvio |first1=Alessandro |last2=Lamedica |first2=Regina |title=Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronic Power Engineering |date=1 January 2023 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-823211-8 |pages=337–349 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B978012821204200012X |chapter=Electric transportation}}</ref> Most lines meet [[medium-capacity rail system|medium-demand traffic]] in urban transit (mostly in Japan), others are used in theme parks and zoos.<ref name="HIW2013">{{cite web |title=How monorails work |url=https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-monorails-work/ |website=How It Works |access-date=16 July 2025 |date=26 July 2013}}</ref> Monorails represent a small proportion of the train systems in use worldwide. First examples appeared in the 19th century and an early line that's still in use since 1901, is the suspended [[Wuppertal Schwebebahn|Schwebebahn]] in [[Wuppertal]].
 === Maglev ===
 {{Main|Maglev}}
 Maglev technology uses magnets to levitate the train above the track, reducing friction and allowing higher speeds.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 24, 2016|title=How Maglev Works|url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/how-maglev-works|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Energy.gov|language=en}}</ref> The first commercial maglev train was an [[airport shuttle]] introduced in 1984 at [[Birmingham Airport]] in England.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-11-17|title=Birmingham Airport's old Maglev carriage to be sold|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-11780663|access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>{{failed verification|Source says "one of the world's first magnetic levitation transport systems", which is not necessarily *the* first|date=October 2023}}
@@ Line 210: / Line 236: @@
 Mine trains are operated in large mines and carry both workers and goods. They are usually powered by electricity, to prevent emissions which would pose a health risk to workers underground.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moore|first=Paul|date=2020-05-24|title=China's mines rolling out unmanned underground rail systems at a rapid pace|url=https://im-mining.com/2020/05/24/chinas-mines-rolling-unmanned-underground-rail-systems-rapid-pace/|access-date=2021-11-08|website=International Mining|language=en-GB}}</ref>{{globalize-inline|This source speaks only to mines in China|date=October 2023}}
-[[File:Scale_2401.jpg|thumb|A preserved armored train]]
 === Militarized trains ===
+[[File:Scale_2401.jpg|thumb|A preserved armored train]]
 {{Main|Armoured train|Railway gun}}
 While they have long been important in transporting troops and military equipment, trains have occasionally been used for direct combat. Armored trains have been used in a number of conflicts, as have railroad based artillery systems.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 18, 2015|title=These are the incredible armored trains of World War I and World War II|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/these-armored-trains-of-world-wars-i-and-ii-2014-11|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harrison|first=Scott|date=2019-06-11|title=From the Archives: 14-inch railroad guns fired near Oceanside|url=https://www.latimes.com/visuals/photography/la-me-fw-archives-14-inch-railroad-guns-fired-near-oceanside-20190516-htmlstory.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Railcar-launched ICBM]] systems have also been used by nuclear weapon states.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mizokami|first=Kyle|date=2017-02-27|title=All Aboard Russia's Nuclear Weapon Apocalypse Train|url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a25423/all-aboard-russias-apocalypse-train/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Popular Mechanics|language=en-US}}</ref>
 === Rack railway ===
 {{Main|Rack railway}}
 For climbing steep slopes, specialized rack railroads are used. In order to avoid slipping, a [[rack and pinion]] system is used, with a toothed rail placed between the two regular rails, which meshes with a drive gear under the locomotive.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ellis|first1=Fred|last2=Frick|first2=Martin R.|date=May 24, 1976|title=The Pike's Peak Cog Railway Colorado Springs, Colorado: A National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark|url=https://www.asme.org/wwwasmeorg/media/resourcefiles/aboutasme/who%20we%20are/engineering%20history/landmarks/16-manitou-and-pikes-peak-cog-railway.pdf|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=American Society of Mechanical Engineers}}</ref>
 === Funicular ===
 {{Main|Funicular}}
 Funiculars are also used to climb steep slopes, but instead of a rack use a rope, which is attached to two cars and a pulley.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is a Funicular Railway|url=https://ridetheincline.com/what-is-a-funicular-railway/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=Incline Railway|language=en-US}}</ref> The two funicular cars travel up and down the slope on parallel sets of rails when the pulley is rotated. This design makes funiculars an efficient means of moving people and cargo up and down slopes.<ref name="funiculars">{{Cite web|last=Harley-Trochimczyk|first=Anna|date=July 7, 2009|title=The Fun of Funiculars|url=https://illumin.usc.edu/the-fun-of-funiculars/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=USC Viterbi School of Engineering|language=en-US}}</ref> The earliest funicular railroad, the [[Reisszug]], opened around 1500.<ref name="funiculars" />
 === Rubber-tired train ===
 {{Main articles|Rubber-tyred metro|Rubber-tyred tram}}
 Rubber tire trains, or rubber-tired metro systems, employ rubber tires for traction and guidance, offering advantages like better acceleration and reduced noise. However, they come with disadvantages, including higher costs for installation and maintenance, faster tire wear, and complex tire inflation mechanisms that require regular upkeep. Nonetheless, these systems are utilized in many urban rapid transit networks worldwide, enhancing passenger comfort and urban transportation efficiency.
 == Freight trains ==
 {{Main|Rail freight transport|Freight train}}
 [[File:Union Pacific train (26862149220).jpg|thumb|A [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] freight train; [[Loading gauge#North America|high clearances]] enable [[Double-stack rail transport|double-stacked containers]] to be carried in [[well car]]s.]]Freight trains are dedicated to the transport of cargo (also known as goods), rather than people, and are made up of [[Freight car|freight cars or wagons]]. Longer freight trains typically operate between [[classification yard]]s, while local trains provide freight service between yards and individual loading and unloading points along railroad lines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2007|title=Freight Railroad Realignment Feasibility Study Summary|url=https://www.ncpc.gov/docs/Freight_Railroad_Realignment_Study.pdf|access-date=November 8, 2021|website=[[National Capital Planning Commission]]|page=8}}</ref> Major origin or destination points for freight may instead be served by [[unit train]]s, which exclusively carry one type of cargo and move directly from the origin to the destination and back without any intermediate stops.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Johnson|first=Art|date=March 13, 1983|title=Unit train rolling fast in grain trade|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dkvAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA31|access-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref>
@@ Line 240: / Line 272: @@
 From the dawn of railroading, trains have had a significant cultural impact worldwide. Fast train travel made possible in days or hours journeys which previously took months. Transport of both freight and passengers became far cheaper, allowing for networked economies over large areas.<ref name="effects">{{Cite web|title=The effects of the railways - Transport — canals and railways - National 5 History Revision|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zjy6rj6/revision/10|access-date=2021-11-06|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> Towns and cities along railroad lines grew in importance, while those bypassed declined or even became [[ghost towns]].<ref name="effects" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wolmar|first=Christian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7i0fXplIJEC&q=how+railroads+grew+cities|title=The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America|date=2012-09-25|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-1-61039-180-1|pages=217–221|language=en}}</ref> Major cities such as [[Chicago]] became prominent because they were places where multiple train lines met.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Koziarz|first=Jay|date=2017-09-21|title=Transportation that built Chicago: The railroads|url=https://chicago.curbed.com/2017/9/21/16344608/transportation-chicago-railroad-cta-union-station-history|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Curbed Chicago|language=en}}</ref> In the United States, the completion of the [[first transcontinental railroad]] played a major role in the settling of [[Western United States|the western part of the nation]] by non-indigenous migrants and its incorporation into the rest of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad |work=American Experience |publisher= PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/tcrr-impact-transcontinental-railroad/|access-date=2021-11-06|language=en}}</ref> The Russian [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] had a similar impact by connecting the vast country from east to west, and making travel across frozen [[Siberia]] possible.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=2016-10-05|title=The Trans-Siberian Railway reshaped world history|url=https://www.vox.com/world/2016/10/5/13167966/100th-anniversary-trans-siberian-railway-google-doodle|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref>
-Trains have long had a major influence [[List of train songs|on music]], [[Trains in art|art]], and [[Rail transport in fiction|literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chattanooga, Tennessee: Train Town (Teaching with Historic Places) (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/chattanooga-tennessee-train-town-teaching-with-historic-places.htm|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> Many films heavily involve or are [[List of films set on trains|set on trains]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilbey|first=Ryan|date=2015-06-19|title=Track record: why trains weave their way through the history of great cinema|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/06/track-record-why-trains-weave-their-way-through-history-great-cinema|access-date=2022-01-25|website=New Statesman}}</ref> [[Toy train|Toy train sets]] are commonly used by children, traditionally boys.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leggett|first=Bob|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1085144352|title=Toy trains : [1935-1975]|date=2019|isbn=978-1-78442-308-7|location=Oxford|oclc=1085144352}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Delamont|first=Sara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_0-EAAAQBAJ&dq=toy+trains+gender&pg=PT39|title=The Sociology of Women: An Introduction|date=2021-10-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-46408-5|pages=38–41|language=en}}</ref> [[Railfan]]s are found around the world, along with [[Rail transport modelling|hobbyists who create model train layouts]].<ref name="railfans">{{Cite web|title=Tips for Railfans {{!}} Metra|url=https://metra.com/tips-railfans|access-date=2021-11-06|website=metra.com}}</ref> Train enthusiasts generally have a positive relationship with the railroad industry, though sometimes cause issues by trespassing.<ref name="railfans" />
+Trains have long had a major influence [[List of train songs|on music]], [[Trains in art|art]], and [[Rail transport in fiction|literature]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chattanooga, Tennessee: Train Town (Teaching with Historic Places) (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/chattanooga-tennessee-train-town-teaching-with-historic-places.htm|access-date=2021-11-06|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> Many films heavily involve or are [[List of films set on trains|set on trains]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilbey|first=Ryan|date=2015-06-19|title=Track record: why trains weave their way through the history of great cinema|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/06/track-record-why-trains-weave-their-way-through-history-great-cinema|access-date=2022-01-25|website=New Statesman}}</ref> [[Toy train|Toy train sets]] are commonly used by children, traditionally boys.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leggett|first=Bob|title=Toy trains : [1935-1975]|date=2019|isbn=978-1-78442-308-7|location=Oxford|oclc=1085144352}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Delamont|first=Sara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_0-EAAAQBAJ&dq=toy+trains+gender&pg=PT39|title=The Sociology of Women: An Introduction|date=2021-10-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-46408-5|pages=38–41|language=en}}</ref> [[Railfan]]s are found around the world, along with [[Rail transport modelling|hobbyists who create model train layouts]].<ref name="railfans">{{Cite web|title=Tips for Railfans {{!}} Metra|url=https://metra.com/tips-railfans|access-date=2021-11-06|website=metra.com|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524223147/https://metra.com/tips-railfans|url-status=dead}}</ref> Train enthusiasts generally have a positive relationship with the railroad industry, though sometimes cause issues by trespassing.<ref name="railfans" />
 == See also ==

Train: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 00:01, 20 November 2025

Types and terminology

Terminology

History

Early history

New technologies

Dieselization and increased competition

To the present day

Components

Bogies

Couplers

Brakes

Warning devices

Cabs

Operations

Scheduling and dispatching

Maintenance

Crew

Gauge

Safety

Motive power

Before steam

Steam

Diesel

Electric

Other types

Unpowered rail vehicles

Passenger trains

Long distance trains

Short distance trains

High speed trains

Luxury trains

Urban rail transit

Rapid transit

Trams

Light rail

Specialized trains

Monorail

Maglev

Mine trains

Militarized trains

Rack railway

Funicular

Rubber-tired train

Freight trains

Cultural impact

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

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