View source for Voiceless retroflex plosive

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʈ⟩ in IPA}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ʈ
|ipa number=105
|decimal1=648
|x-sampa=t`
|kirshenbaum=t.
|braille=256
|braille2=2345
|imagefile=Voiceless retroflex stop (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px}}

The '''voiceless retroflex plosive''' or '''stop''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. This consonant is found as a [[phoneme]] mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: [[Languages of South Asia|South Asia]] and [[Australian languages|Australia]].

==Transcription==
The symbol that represents this sound in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is {{angbr IPA|ʈ&thinsp;}}. Like all the [[retroflex consonant]]s, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent [[alveolar consonant]]). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but {{angbr IPA|ʈ}} is distinguished from {{angbr IPA|t}} by extending the hook below the [[Baseline (typography)|baseline]].

==Features==
[[File:Voiceless retroflex plosive.svg|150px]]

Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:

{{plosive}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]], which prototypically means it is articulated [[Subapical consonant|subapical]] (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be [[apical consonant|apical]] (pointed) or {{citation needed span|[[laminal consonant|laminal]] (flat)|reason=needs source showing laminal can result in a successful block of air, and easy to articulation enough to present in natural languages.|date=October 2023}}.
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class=wikitable
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Translation !!Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="mazumdar">{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}</ref> || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''টা'''কা]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈaka]}} || '[[taka]]' || Apical postalveolar;<ref name="mazumdar"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Brahui language|Brahui]] || [[Perso-Arabic script|سىٹ]] || {{IPA|[asiʈ]}} || 'one' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || [[Indian English|Indian dialects]]|| {{lang|en|[[English orthography|'''t'''ime]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʈaɪm]}} || 'time' ||Corresponds to alveolar {{IPA|/t/}} in other dialects. See [[English phonology]]
|-
|General American
|ar'''t'''
|[ɑɻʈ]
|'art'
|Allophone of /t/ before /ɻ/ See English Phonology.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<ref name="khatiwada">{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}</ref>|| {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|બ'''ટા'''કા]]}} || {{IPA|[bəʈaːka]}} || 'potato' ||Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada" /> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Gujarati phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}</ref><ref name="tiwari">{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}</ref>
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|'''टो'''पी]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpiː]}}
| rowspan="2" |'hat'
| rowspan="2" | Apical postalveolar
|-
| [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|{{nq|ٹوپی}}]]|rtl=yes}}
|-

| colspan="2" | [[Hmong language|Hmong]] || {{script|Hmng|𖬅𖬰[[Pahawh Hmong|𖬡]]}} / [[Romanized Popular Alphabet|'''''r'''aus'']] || {{IPA|[ʈàu]}} || 'immerse in liquid' || Contrasts with aspirated form (written {{angbr|rh}}).
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Iwaidja language|Iwaidja]] || {{lang|ibd|yirrwa'''rt'''ba'''rt'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]}} || '[[coastal taipan|taipan]]' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Javanese language|Javanese]] || {{lang|jv-Latn|ba'''th'''ang}} || {{IPA|[baʈaŋ]}} || 'cadaver'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|[[Kannada script|ತಟ್ಟು]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʌʈːu]}} || 'to tap' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lo-Toga language|Lo-Toga]]<ref>[[#aorist|François (2009:]]189); [[#pronouns|François (2016:]]35).</ref>||{{lang|lht|'''d'''ege}} || {{IPA|[ʈəɣə]}}|| 'we ([[Clusivity|incl.]])' ||Laminal retroflex.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|[[Malayalam script|കാ'''ട്ട്''']]}} / {{lang|ml-Arab|[[Arabi Malayalam script|كٰا'''ڊّْ''']]}} / {{Transliteration|ml|kāṭṭŭ}} || {{IPA|[kaːʈːɨ̆]}} || 'wild' || Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="khatiwada"/> || {{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|बटाटा]]}} || {{IPA|[bəʈaːʈaː]}} || 'potato' || Subapical;<ref name="khatiwada"/> contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]] || {{lang|css|TiTkuSte|italic=yes}}||{{IPA|[ʈiʈkuʃtɛ]}} || 'torn'||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| {{Lang|Ne|[[Devanāgarī|'''टो'''ली]]}}
| {{IPA|[ʈoli]}}
| 'team'
|Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|ko'''rt''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[kɔʈː]}} || 'card' ||See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}}</ref>|| {{lang|nuy|'''rd'''agowa}} || {{IPA|[ʈakowa]}}|| 'prawn' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]]|| {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''ଟ'''ଗର]]}} / {{Transliteration|or|ṭagara}} || {{IPA|[ʈɔgɔrɔ]}}|| 'crepe jasmine' ||Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.  
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || {{lang|ps|[[Pashto alphabet|ټول]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈol]}} || 'all' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| [[Gurmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|'''ਟੋ'''ਪੀ]]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ʈoːpi]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'hat'
| rowspan="2" & |
|-
| [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa-Arab|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|'''ٹـ'''وپی]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic]] || Some [[Hebridean]] dialects<ref>Bauer, Michael. ''Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.'' Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref> || {{lang|gd|à'''rd'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[aːʈ]}} || 'high' || Corresponds to the sequence {{IPA|/rˠt/}} in other dialects. See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sicilian language|Sicilian]] || {{lang|sv|la'''t'''ru|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈlaʈɽu]}} || 'thief' || 
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Eliasson|1986|pp=278–279}}</ref> || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|ka'''rt'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɑːʈa]}} || 'map' ||See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
|{{lang|syl|ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ}}
|[ʈulli] 
|'skull' 
|contains tonal pronunciation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Tony |chapter=Doing language awareness |date=2002 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |title=Language in Language Teacher Education |series=Language Learning & Language Teaching |volume=4 |pages=113–130 |access-date=2023-07-11 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/lllt.4.09wri |isbn=978-90-272-1697-7 }}</ref> See [[Sylheti phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="khatiwada"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}</ref> ||{{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|எட்டு]]}} / {{lang|ta-Arab|[[Arwi|يࣣ'''ڊُّ''']]}} / {{Transliteration|ta|eṭṭu}} ||{{IPA|[eʈːɯ]}} ||'eight' ||Subapical.<ref name="khatiwada"/> See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|కొ'''ట్టు''']]}} || {{IPA|[koʈːu]}} || 'to hit or beat' ||Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=11–16}}</ref><ref name="otd">{{cite web|title=ٹیگیل|website=Online Torwali Dictionary|publisher=Center for Language Engineering|url=http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328054901/http://202.142.159.36:8081/otd/WordDetail.aspx?wdid=5146 |archive-date=2024-03-28}}</ref>|| {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ٹـ'''ىىےل]]}} || {{IPA|[ʈiɡel]}}|| 'words' ||Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || Southern dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}</ref> || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|bạn '''tr'''ả]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀ ʈa˧˩˧]}}|| 'you pay' ||May be somewhat [[affricate consonant|affricated]]. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Welayta language|Welayta]] || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ʈaza]}} || 'dew' ||
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Eliasson
|first=Stig
|editor-last=Anderson
|editor-first=Henning
|year=1986
|chapter=Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian
|title=Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe
|place=Berlin
|publisher=de Gruyter
|pages=271–300
}}
* {{citation
|last=Keane
|first=Elinor
|year=2004
|title=Tamil
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=111–116
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{Citation
  | last = François
  | first = Alexandre
  | author-link = 
  | contribution = Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu
  | editor1-last = Pawley
  | editor1-first = Andrew
  | editor2-last = Adelaar
  | editor2-first = Alexander
  | title = Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust
  | contribution-url= http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2009_Aorist-pronouns_Festschrift-Blust.pdf
  | volume = 601
  | pages = 179–195
  | publisher = Pacific Linguistics
  | place = Canberra
  | year = 2009
  | series = 
  | ref = aorist
 }}
*{{citation
|last=François
|first=Alexandre
|year=2016
|contribution = The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu
  | editor1-last = Pozdniakov
  | editor1-first = Konstantin
  | title = Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles
  | volume = 47
  | pages = 25–60
  | publisher = Peter Lang
  | place = Bern
  | series = Faits de Langues
  | contribution-url= https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2016_History-personal-pronouns_north-Vanuatu_published.pdf
  | ref=pronouns
}}.
* {{citation
|last=Khatiwada
|first=Rajesh
|year=2009
|title=Nepali
|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]
|volume=39
|issue=3
|pages=337–380
|doi=10.1017/s0025100309990181
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{citation
|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|author-link=Peter Ladefoged
|year=2005
|title=Vowels and Consonants
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Blackwell
}}
* {{citation
|last=Lunsford
|first=Wayne A.
|title=An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|journal=M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
|year=2001
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Mazumdar
|first=Bijaychandra
|title=The history of the Bengali language
|date=2000
|orig-year=First published 1920
|location=New Delhi
|publisher=Asian Educational Services
|isbn=8120614526
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu
}}
* {{citation
|last=Thompson
|first=Laurence
|year=1959
|title=Saigon phonemics
|journal=Language
|volume=35
|issue=3
|pages=454–476
|doi=10.2307/411232
|jstor=411232
}}
* {{citation
|last=Tiwari
|first=Bholanath
|year=2004
|orig-year=First published 1966
|title=Hindī Bhāshā
|place=Kitāb Mahal
|publisher=Kitāb Mahal
|isbn=81-225-0017-X
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060303132323/http://kiri.ling.cam.ac.uk/mark/SOE3.pdf Phonology of English, including dialectical variations]
*{{phoible|ʈ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Retroflex consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless stops]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless oral consonants]]