View source for Voiced retroflex affricate

{{Short description|Consonantal sound}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{infobox IPA
|ipa number=106 (137)
|ipa symbol=ɖʐ
|ipa symbol2=ꭦ
|decimal1=598
|decimal2=865
|decimal3=656
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0xAB66.svg
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=dz`
}}

The '''voiced retroflex sibilant affricate''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|d̠&#865;ʐ&thinsp;}}, {{angbr IPA|ʣ̢}} sometimes simplified to {{angbr IPA|dʐ&thinsp;}} or {{angbr IPA|ꭦ&thinsp;}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>dz`</code>. Its apical variant is {{angbr IPA|ɖ̺͡ʐ̺&thinsp;}} and laminal variant {{angbr IPA|ɖ̻͡ʐ̻&thinsp;}}. It occurs in such languages as [[Polish language|Polish]] (the laminal affricate ''dż'') and [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] (apical).

==Features==
Features of the voiced retroflex affricate:

{{sibilant affricate}}
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]], which prototypically means {{citation needed span|it is articulated [[Subapical consonant|subapical]] (with the tip of the tongue curled up)|date=October 2023}}, but more generally, it means that it is [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] without being [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be [[apical consonant|apical]] (pointed) or [[laminal consonant|laminal]] (flat).
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|[[Asturian language|Asturian]]
|Some dialects
|{{lang|ast|'''ḷḷ'''una}}
|['ɖ͡ʐunä]
|'moon'
|Corresponds to {{IPA|/ʎ/}} in other dialects. See [[Ḷ|Che Vaqueira]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]|| [[Belarusian alphabet|'''дж'''аз]] || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐas]}} || 'jazz' || [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]. See [[Belarusian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Wu Chinese|Wu]] || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|长]]}} || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐaŋ]}} || 'to grow' || Only found in a few Wu dialects. 
|-
| Some [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speakers || {{lang|cmn|广州}} || {{IPA|[kwaŋ˨˩ ɖ͡ʐoʊ˥˥]}} || '[[Guangzhou]]' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Khowar]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Farid Ahmad Raza Booni Chitral |title=Preliminary Grapheme to Phoneme Khowar Alphabet Chart |url=http://www.mahraka.com/pdf/grapheme_to_phoneme.pdf }}</ref> || {{lang|khw|[[Khowar alphabet|'''ݮـ'''نـ'''ݮـ'''یر]]}} || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐanɖ͡ʐer]}} || 'chain' || |-
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Polish language|Polish]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref><ref name="Hamann">{{Harvcoltxt|Hamann|2004|p=65}}</ref> || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''dż'''em]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-dżem-2.ogg|[ɖ͡ʐɛm]}} || 'jam' || Laminal; it's transcribed {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} by most Polish scholars. See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dialects of Polish|Southeastern Cuyavian dialects]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 |title=Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113203509/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=862&Itemid=17 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || rowspan="2" | {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|'''dz'''won]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐvɔn̪]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bell' || rowspan="2" | Some speakers. It's a result of [[hypercorrection|hypercorrecting]] the more popular merger of {{IPA|/ɖ͡ʐ/}} and {{IPA|/d͡z/}} into {{IPAblink|d̪͡z̪|d͡z}}.
|-
| [[Masovian dialect|Suwałki dialect]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |title=Gwary polskie - Szadzenie |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204558/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=58 |archive-date=2013-11-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- 
| colspan="2" | [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]]|| {{lang|cng|vv'''dh'''e}} || {{IPA|[ʁɖ͡ʐə]}} || 'star' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=5}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''џ'''еп]]}}/{{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''dž'''ep]]}} || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐê̞p]}} || 'pocket' || Apical. It may be [[Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|palato-alveolar]] instead, depending on the dialect. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=374}}</ref>|| {{lang|sk|'''dž'''ús}} || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐu̞ːs]}} || 'juice' || Laminal.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Torwali language|Torwali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunsford|2001|pp=16–20}}</ref> || {{lang|trw|[[Torwali language#Alphabet|'''حؕـ'''ىگ]]}} || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐiɡ̥]}} || 'long' || Contrasts with a palatal affricate.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]] ||{{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꎐ]]}} / {{Transliteration|ii|'''rr'''y}} || {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐɪ˧]}}|| 'tooth'||
|}

==Voiced retroflex non-sibilant affricate==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Voiced retroflex non-sibilant affricate
|ipa symbol=d̠&#865;ɻ̝
}}

===Features===
{{affricate}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]<ref>{{SOWL|131}}</ref>
|colspan=3| {{example needed|date=July 2023}}
|Also described as regular plosives, trilled affricates and sibilant affricates.
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation
|last=Hamann
|first=Silke
|year=2004
|title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=53–67
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001604
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hamann_2004.pdf
}}
*{{Citation
|last1=Hanulíková
|first1=Adriana
|last2=Hamann
|first2=Silke
|year=2010
|title=Slovak
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=40
|issue=3
|pages=373–378
|doi=10.1017/S0025100310000162
|url=http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/silke/articles/Hanulikova&Hamann_2010.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{Citation
|last = Jassem
|first = Wiktor
|author-link = Wiktor Jassem
|year= 2003
|title=Polish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=1
|pages=103–107
|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001191
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8CDD2C699493A69A40A5E7D923629574/S0025100303001191a.pdf/polish.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
*{{Citation
|last= Lunsford
|first= Wayne A.
|title= An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan
|journal= M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
|year= 2001
|url= http://www.fli-online.org/documents/languages/torwali/wayne_lunsford_thesis.pdf
}}
* {{citation
|last=Kordić
|first=Snježana
|author-link=Snježana Kordić
|title=Serbo-Croatian
|year=2006
|series=Languages of the World/Materials; 148
|location=Munich & Newcastle
|publisher=Lincom Europa
|isbn=978-3-89586-161-1
}}
* {{citation
|last1=Landau
|first1=Ernestina
|last2=Lončarić
|first2=Mijo
|last3=Horga
|first3=Damir
|last4=Škarić
|first4=Ivo
|year=1999
|chapter=Croatian
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0
|pages=66–69
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɖʐ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Retroflex consonants]]
[[Category:Affricates]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]