View source for Vocative case

{{Short description|Grammatical case for noun addressed}}
{{Redirect|Vocative|the category of grammatical item|Noun of address}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2012}}
In [[grammar]], the '''vocative case''' ([[list of glossing abbreviations|abbreviated]] {{sc|'''voc'''}}) is a [[grammatical case]] which is used for a [[noun]] that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or occasionally for the noun modifiers ([[determiner]]s, [[adjective]]s, [[participle]]s, and [[numeral (linguistics)|numeral]]s) of that noun. A [[noun of address]] is an expression of direct address by which the identity of the party spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence. For example, in the sentence "I don't know, John," ''John'' is a noun of address that indicates the party being addressed, as opposed to the sentence "I don't know John", in which "John" is the [[direct object]] of the verb "know".

Historically, the vocative case was an element of the Indo-European case system and existed in [[Latin]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Ancient Greek]]. In many modern Indo-European languages (English, Spanish, etc.) the vocative case has been absorbed by the nominative, but others still distinguish it, including the [[Baltic languages]], some [[Celtic languages]] and most [[Slavic languages]]. Some linguists, such as {{Ill|Albert Thumb|de|4=}}, argue that the vocative form is not a case but a special form of nouns not belonging to any case, as nouns of address are not related syntactically to other words in sentences.<ref name="Реформатский_1988">''Реформатский А. А.'' Введение в языковедение / Под ред. В. А. Виноградова. — М.: Аспект Пресс. 1998. С. 488. {{ISBN|5-7567-0202-4}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> [[Pronouns]] usually lack vocative forms.

==Indo-European languages==
===Comparison===
Distinct vocative forms are assumed to have existed in all early [[Indo-European languages]] and survive in some. Here is, for example, the Indo-European word for "wolf" in various languages:
{| class="wikitable"
 ! style="width: 12em"| Language
 ! style="width: 12em"|Nominative
 ! style="width: 12em"|Vocative
 |-
 |[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
 |{{lang|ine-x-proto|*wl̩kʷ-o-s}}
 |{{lang|ine-x-proto|*wl̩kʷ-e}}
 |-
 |[[Sanskrit]]
 |{{lang|sa|वृकः}} ({{Transliteration|sa|vṛ́k-a-ḥ}})
 |{{lang|sa|वृक}} ({{Transliteration|sa|vṛ́k-a}})
 |-
 |[[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]]
 |{{lang|grc|λύκ-ο-ς}} ({{Transliteration|grc|lúk-o-s}})
 |{{lang|grc|λύκ-ε}} ({{Transliteration|grc|lúk-e}})
 |-
 |[[Latin]]
 |{{lang|la|lup-u-s}}
 |{{lang|la|lup-e}}
 |-
 |[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
 |{{lang|lt|vilk-a-s}}
 |{{lang|lt|vilk-e}}
 |-
 |[[Old Church Slavonic]]
 |{{lang|cu|вльк-ъ}} ({{Transliteration|cu|vlĭk-ŭ}})
 |{{lang|cu|вльч-е}} ({{Transliteration|cu|vlĭč-e}})
|}
The elements separated with hyphens denote the stem, the so-called thematic vowel of the case and the actual suffix. In Latin, for example, the nominative case is {{lang|la|lupu'''s'''}} and the vocative case is {{lang|la|lupe}}, but the accusative case is {{lang|la|lupu'''m'''}}. The asterisks before the Proto-Indo-European words means that they are theoretical reconstructions and are not attested in a written source. The symbol ◌̩ (vertical line below) indicates a consonant serving as a vowel (it should appear directly below the "l" or "r" in these examples but may appear after them on some systems from issues of font display). All final consonants were lost in Proto-Slavic, so both the nominative and vocative Old Church Slavonic forms do not have true endings, only reflexes of the old thematic vowels.

Vocative singulars in Slavic languages appear to be irregular as a consequence of the [[Slavic first palatalization]], which caused *k, *g and *x, when followed by an *e (as in the vocative suffix), to become č, ž, and š, respectively. Some modern Slavic languages have replaced these forms with a more regular vocative ending, so for example in Czech the usual masculine animate vocative is -e, except for roots ending in velar consonants, where it is now usually -u (e.g. {{lang|cs|chlap}} > {{lang|cs|chlape}}, but {{lang|cs|vlk}} > {{lang|cs|vlku}}). This is an instance of the paradigmatic complexity introduced into Slavic by successive waves of palatalisation, with some languages retaining more complex or irregular paradigms (such as Czech), and others tending towards simplification and regularization (such as Russian, which has lost the vocative as a productive case entirely).

===Baltic languages===
====Lithuanian====

The vocative is distinct in singular and identical to the nominative in the plural, for all inflected nouns. Nouns with a nominative singular ending in ''-a'' have a vocative singular usually identically written but distinct in accentuation.

In Lithuanian, the form that a given noun takes depends on its declension class and, sometimes, on its gender. There have been several changes in history, the last being the ''-ai'' ending formed between the 18th and 19th centuries. The older forms are listed under "other forms".

{| class="wikitable"
 ! rowspan="2" style="width: 8em" |'''Masculine nouns'''
 ! rowspan="2" style="width: 8em" |Nominative
 ! colspan="2" style="width: 8em" |Vocative
 ! rowspan="2" style="width: 8em" |Translation
! rowspan="2" |'''Feminine nouns'''
! rowspan="2" |Nominative
! colspan="2" |Vocative
! rowspan="2" |Translation
|-
!Current standard
!Other forms
!Current standard
!Other forms
|-
 |o-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vilkas}}
 |{{lang|lt|vilke!}}
 |
 |wolf
|a-stems
|{{lang|lt|tautà}} [sg.]
|{{lang|lt|taũta!}}
|
|people
 |-
 |jo-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vėjas}}
 |{{lang|lt|vėjau!}}
 |Old Lith. {{lang|lt|vėje!}}
 |wind
|e-stems
|{{lang|lt|katė}}
|{{lang|lt|kate!}}
|
|cat
 |-
 |ijo-stems
 |{{lang|lt|gaidys}}
 |{{lang|lt|gaidy!}}
 |
 |rooster
|i-stems
|{{lang|lt|avis}}
|{{lang|lt|avie!}}
|
|sheep
 |-
 |a-stems
 |{{lang|lt|viršilà}}
 |{{lang|lt|viršìla!}}
 |
 |sergeant-major
|r-stems
|{{lang|lt|duktė}}
|{{lang|lt|dukterie!}}
|{{lang|lt|dukter!}}
|daughter
 |-
 |e-stems
 |{{lang|lt|dėdė}}
 |{{lang|lt|dėde!}}
 |
 |uncle
|irregular
|{{lang|lt|marti}}
|{{lang|lt|marti/marčia!}}
|
|daughter-in-law
 |-
 |i-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vagis}}
 |{{lang|lt|vagie!}}
 |
 |thief
|'''proper names'''
|{{lang|lt|Dalià}}
|{{lang|lt|Dãlia!}}
|
|
 |-
 |u-stems
 |{{lang|lt|sūnus}}
 |{{lang|lt|sūnau!}}
 |
 |son
|'''diminutives'''
|{{lang|lt|sesutė}}
|{{lang|lt|sesut(e)!}}
|
|little sister
 |-
 |n-stems
 |{{lang|lt|vanduo}}
 |{{lang|lt|vandenie!}}
 |{{lang|lt|vanden!}}
 |water
|
|
|
|
|
 |-
 |'''proper names'''
 |{{lang|lt|Jonas}}
 |{{lang|lt|Jonai!}}
 |Old Lith. {{lang|lt|Jone!}}
 |John
|
|
|
|
|
 |-
 |'''diminutives'''
 |{{lang|lt|sūnelis}}
 |{{lang|lt|sūneli!}}
 |
 |little son
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Some nouns of the e- and a- stems declensions (both proper ones and not) are stressed differently: "aikš'''tė'''": "'''aikš'''te!" (''square''); "tau'''ta":''' "'''tau'''ta!". In addition, nouns of e-stems have an [[ablaut]] of long vowel '''ė''' in nominative and short vowel '''e ''' {{IPA|/ɛ/}}  in vocative. In pronunciation, '''ė''' is [[close-mid vowel]] {{IPAblink|eː}}, and '''e''' is open-mid vowel {{IPA|/ɛ/}}.

The vocative of diminutive nouns with the suffix ''-(i)ukas'' most frequently has no ending: ''broliùk'' "brother!", etc. A less frequent alternative is the ending ''-ai'', which is also slightly dialectal: ''broliùkai'', etc.

Colloquially, some personal names with a masculine ''-(i)(j)o'' stem and diminutives with the suffixes ''-elis, -ėlis'' have an alternative vocative singular form characterized by a zero ending (i.e. the stem alone acts as the voc. sg.): ''Adõm'' "Adam!" in addition to ''Adõmai'', ''Mýkol'' "Michael!" in addition to ''Mýkolai'', ''vaikẽl'' "kid!" in addition to ''vaikẽli'', etc.

===Celtic languages===
====Goidelic languages====
=====Irish=====
The vocative case in [[Irish language|Irish]] operates in a similar fashion to Scottish Gaelic. The principal marker is the vocative particle {{lang|ga|a}}, which causes [[lenition]] of the following initial letter.

In the singular there is no special form, except for first declension nouns. These are masculine nouns that end in a broad (non-palatal) consonant, which is made slender (palatal) to build the singular vocative (as well as the singular genitive and plural nominative). Adjectives are also [[lenited]]. In many cases this means that (in the singular) masculine vocatives resemble the [[genitive case|genitive]] and feminine vocatives resemble the [[nominative case|nominative]].

The vocative plural is usually the same as the nominative plural except, again, for first declension nouns. In the standard language first declension nouns show the vocative plural by adding {{lang|ga|-a}}. In the spoken dialects the vocative plural is often has the same form as the nominative plural (as with the nouns of other declensions) or the dative plural (e.g. {{lang|ga|A fhearaibh!}} = Men!)
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Gender
! colspan="3" |Masculine
! colspan="3" |Feminine
|-
! rowspan="3" |Sg.
!Nominative
|{{lang|ga|an fear mór}}
|{{lang|ga|an buachaill mór}}
|{{lang|ga|Seán}}
|{{lang|ga|an bhean mhór}}
|{{lang|ga|an deirfiúr mhór}}
|{{lang|ga|Máire}}
|-
!Genitive
|{{lang|ga|an fhir mhóir}}
|{{lang|ga|an bhuachalla mhóir}}
|{{lang|ga|Sheáin}}
|{{lang|ga|na mná móire}}
|{{lang|ga|na deirféar móire}}
|{{lang|ga|Mháire}}
|-
!Vocative
|{{lang|ga|a fhir mhóir}}
|{{lang|ga|a bhuachaill mhóir}}
|{{lang|ga|a Sheáin}}
|{{lang|ga|a bhean mhór}}
|{{lang|ga|a dheirfiúr mhór}}
|{{lang|ga|a Mháire}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |Pl.
!Nominative
|{{lang|ga|na fir móra}}
|{{lang|ga|na buachaillí móra}}
|
|{{lang|ga|na mná móra}}
|{{lang|ga|na deirfiúracha móra}}
|
|-
!Genitive
|{{lang|ga|na bhfear mór}}
|{{lang|ga|na mbuachaillí móra}}
|
|{{lang|ga|na mban mór}}
|{{lang|ga|na ndeirfiúracha móra}}
|
|-
!Vocative
|{{lang|ga|a fheara móra}}
|{{lang|ga|a bhuachaillí móra}}
|
|{{lang|ga|a mhná móra}}
|{{lang|ga|a dheirfiúracha móra}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" |English
|the big man
|the big boy
|John
|the big woman
|the big sister
|Mary
|}

=====Scottish Gaelic=====
The vocative case in [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] follows the same basic pattern as Irish. The vocative case causes [[lenition]] of the initial consonant of nouns. Lenition changes the initial sound of the word (or name).

In addition, masculine nouns are slenderized if possible (that is, in writing, an 'i' is inserted before the final consonant) This also changes the pronunciation of the word.

Also, the particle {{lang|gd|a}} is placed before the noun unless it begins with a vowel (or f followed immediately by a vowel, which becomes silent when lenited). Examples of the use of the vocative personal names (as in Irish):

{| class="wikitable"
 !Nominative case
 !Vocative case
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|Caitrìona}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a Ch'''aitrìona}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|Dòmhnall}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a Dh'''òmhna'''i'''ll}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|Màiri}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a Mh'''àiri}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|Seumas}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a Sh'''euma'''i'''s}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|Ùna}}
 |{{lang|gd|Ùna}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|cù}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a ch'''oin}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|bean}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a bh'''ean}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gd|duine}}
 |{{lang|gd|'''a dh'''uine}}
 |-
|}

The name "Hamish" is just the English spelling of {{lang|gd|Sheumais}} (the vocative of {{lang|gd|Seumas}} and pronounced {{IPA|ˈheːmɪʃ}}), and thus is actually a Gaelic vocative. Likewise, the name "Vairi" is an English spelling of {{lang|gd|Mhàiri}}, the vocative for {{lang|gd|Màiri}}.

=====Manx=====
The basic pattern is similar to Irish and Scottish. The vocative is confined to personal names, in which it is common. Foreign names (not of Manx origin) are not used in the vocative. The vocative case causes [[lenition]] of the initial consonant of names. It can be used with the particle "{{lang|gv|y}}".

{| class="wikitable"
 !Nominative case
 !Vocative case
 |-
 |{{lang|gv|Juan}}
 |{{lang|gv|'''y Y'''uan}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gv|Donal}}
 |{{lang|gv|'''y Gh'''onal}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gv|Moirrey}}
 |{{lang|gv|'''y V'''oirrey}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gv|Catreeney}}
 |{{lang|gv|'''y Ch'''atreeney}}
 |-
 |{{lang|gv|John}}
 |{{lang|gv|John}}
 |-
|}
The name {{lang|gv|Voirrey}} is actually the Manx vocative of {{lang|gv|Moirrey}} (Mary).

====Brythonic languages====
=====Welsh=====
[[File:Modd cyfarchol.jpg|thumb|Sign at Aberystwyth University in Welsh displaying use of the vocative case – {{lang|cy|myfyrwyr}} {{gloss|students}} mutated to {{lang|cy|fyfyrwyr}}]]
[[Welsh language|Welsh]] lacks case declension but marks vocative constructions by lenition of the initial consonant of the word, with no obligatory particle. Despite its use being less common, it is still used in formal address: the common phrase {{lang|cy|foneddigion a boneddigesau}} means "gentlemen and ladies", with the initial consonant of {{lang|cy|boneddigion}} undergoing a soft mutation; the same is true of {{lang|cy|gyfeillion}} ("[dear] friends") in which {{lang|cy|cyfeillion}} has been lenited. It is often used to draw attention to at public notices orally and written – teachers will say "{{lang|cy|Blant}}" (mutation of {{lang|cy|plant}} {{gloss|children}}) and signage such as one right show mutation of {{lang|cy|myfyrwyr}} {{gloss|students}} to draw attention to the importance of the notice.

===Germanic languages===
====English====
{{See also|Noun of address|Apostrophe (figure of speech)}}
{{Wiktionary|O#Particle}}

The vocative is not a grammatical case in English. Expressions for which the vocative would be used in languages which have that case, are nominative in English. In translations of languages that use the vocative case, translators have sometimes added the [[Particle (grammar)|particle]] "O" before the noun, as is often seen in the [[King James Version]] of the [[Bible]]: for example the Greek ''ὀλιγόπιστοι'', vocative masculine plural (in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 8:26), is translated "O ye of little faith". While it is not strictly archaic, it is sometimes used to "archaeise" speech; it is often seen as very formal, and sees use in rhetoric and poetry, or as a comedic device to subvert modern speech.  Another example is the recurrent use of the phrase "O (my) Best Beloved" by [[Rudyard Kipling]] in his ''[[Just So Stories]]''. ''O'' may be considered a form of [[clitic]] and should not be confused with the interjection ''oh''.<ref>''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'', 15th ed. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003), {{ISBN|0-226-10403-6|}}, s. 5.197.</ref> However, as the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] points out, "O" and "oh" were originally used interchangeably.

Modern English commonly uses the objective case for nouns of address but sets them off from the rest of the sentences with pauses as interjections, rendered in writing as commas (the '''vocative comma'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Vocative Comma? Definition, Examples in the Vocative Case |url=https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/vocative-comma |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Writing Explained |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-06 |title=Hello, vocative comma |url=https://www.macmillandictionaryblog.com/hello-vocative-comma |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Macmillan Dictionary Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>). Two common examples of nouns of address in English are the phrases "Mr. President" and "Madam Chairwoman".{{Clarify|reason=needs examples??|date=June 2024}}

Some traditional texts use ''Jesu'', the Latin vocative form of ''Jesus''. One of the best-known examples is ''[[Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring]]''.

====German dialects====
In some [[German dialects]], like the [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] dialect of [[Cologne]], it is common to use the (gender-appropriate) article before a person's name. In the vocative phrase then the article is, as in Venetian and Catalan, omitted. Thus, the determiner precedes nouns in all cases except the vocative. Any noun not preceded by an article or other determiner is in the vocative case. It is most often used to address someone or some group of living beings, usually in conjunction with an imperative construct. It can also be used to address dead matter as if the matter could react or to tell something astonishing or just happening such as "Your nose is dripping."<!-- There is one partial exception in some Ripuarian languages: god/Jesus; but though it is required to not use no determiner to talk
about God acting (''{{lang|ksh|Jott hät jesaat&nbsp;...}}'' God said...), it is much more convenient talk about God in the third person: ''{{lang|ksh|der leeve Jott hät jesaat&nbsp;...}}'' (the dear God said...) -->

[[Colognian dialect|Colognian]] examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|{{lang|ksh|Do es der Päul — Päul, kumm ens erövver!}}
|There is Paul. Paul, come over [please]!
|-
|''{{lang|ksh|Och do leeven Kaffepott, do bes jo am dröppe!}}''
|O [my] dear coffee pot, you are dripping!
|-
|''{{lang|ksh|„Pääde, jooht loufe!“ Un di Pääde jonn loufe.}}''
|"Horses, run away!" And the horses are running away.
|}

====Icelandic====
The vocative case generally does not appear in [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], but a few words retain an archaic vocative declension from Latin, such as the word {{lang|is|[[wikt:Jesús#Icelandic|Jesús]]}}, which is {{lang|is|Jesú}} in the vocative. That comes from Latin, as the Latin for Jesus in the nominative is {{lang|la|Jesus}} and its vocative is {{lang|la|Jesu}}.
That is also the case in traditional English (without the accent) (see [[#English|above]]):
{{wiktionary|ó#Icelandic}} 
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
|{{lang|is|'''Jesús''' elskar þig.}}
|Jesus loves you.
|-
!Vocative
|{{lang|is|Ó '''Jesú''', frelsari okkar.}}
|O Jesus, our saviour.
|}
The native words {{lang|is|[[wikt:sonur#Icelandic|sonur]]}} {{gloss|son}} and {{lang|is|[[wikt:vinur#Icelandic|vinur]]}} {{gloss|friend}} also sometimes appear in the shortened forms {{lang|is|son}} and {{lang|is|vin}} in vocative phrases. Additionally, adjectives in vocative phrases are always weakly declined, but elsewhere with proper nouns, they would usually be declined strongly:
{| class="wikitable"
!strong adjective, full noun
|{{lang|is|Kær '''vinur''' er gulli betri.}}
|A dear friend is better than gold.
|-
!weak adjective, shortened noun
|{{lang|is|Kæri '''vin''', segðu mér nú sögu.}}
|Dear friend, tell me a story.
|}

====Norwegian====
Nouns in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] are not inflected for the vocative case, but adjectives qualifying those nouns are; adjectival [[adjunct (linguistics)|adjuncts]] [[grammatical modifier|modifying]] vocative nouns are inflected for the [[definite]] (see: [[Norwegian language#Adjectives]]).<ref name=Halmøy>{{cite book |last=Halmøy |first=Madeleine |year=2016| title=The Norwegian Nominal System: a Neo-Saussurean Perspective |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |isbn=978-3-11-033963-5 |doi=10.1515/9783110363425 }}</ref>{{rp|223–224}} The definite and plural inflections are in most cases identical, so it is more easily observable with adjectives that inflect for plural and definite differently, e.g. {{lang|no|[[wikt:liten#Norwegian Bokmål|liten]]}} being {{lang|no|lille}} when definite, but {{lang|no|små}} when plural, an instance of [[suppletion]].<ref name=Halmøy />{{rp|116}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Non-vocative
!Vocative
!English translation
|-
|{{lang|no|kjær venn}}
|{{lang|no|kjær'''e''' venn}}
|dear friend
|-
|{{lang|no|vis mann}}
|{{lang|no|vis'''e''' mann}}
|wise man
|-
|{{lang|no|liten katt}}
|{{lang|no|'''lille''' katt}}
|little cat
|}

In several Norwegian dialects, north of an [[isogloss]] running from [[Oslo]] to [[Bergen]], [[name]]s in [[argument (linguistics)|argument]] position are associated with [[proprial articles]], e.g. gendered [[pronoun]]s such as {{lang|no|han}} {{gloss|he}} or {{lang|no|hun}} {{gloss|she}}, which either precede or follow the noun in question.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johannesen |first1=Janne Bondi |last2=Garbacz |first2=Piotr| title=Proprial articles |journal=Nordic Atlas of Language Structures |year=2014 |volume=1 |pages=10–17 |doi=10.5617/nals.5362 |publisher=University of Oslo |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/58250/Proprial+articles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129142717/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/58250/Proprial+articles.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> This is not the case when in vocative constructions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Håberg |first=Live |title=Den preproprielle artikkelen i norsk: ei undersøking av namneartiklar i Kvæfjord, Gausdal og Voss |trans-title=The preproprial article in Norwegian: a study of nominal articles in Kværfjord, Gausdal and Voss |language=no |year=2010 |pages=26–28 |quote=Ved personnamn i vokativ [...] vil den preproprielle artikkelen ikkje bli brukt. |publisher=[[University of Oslo]] |url=https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/26729/haberg_master.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129143134/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/26729/haberg_master.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-29 |url-status=live |hdl=10852/26729 }}</ref>

===Greek===
In [[Ancient Greek]], the vocative case is usually identical to the nominative case, with the exception of first-declension masculine nouns (ending in -ας or -ης), second-declension non-neuter nouns (ending in -ος) and third-declension non-neuter nouns.

In the first declension, masculines in -ᾱς have the vocative in -ᾱ (νεᾱνίᾱ); those in -της have -ᾰ (πολῖτα), all others in -ης have -η (Ἀτρείδη) except names of nations and compounds: Πέρσᾰ, Σκύθᾰ, γεω-μέτρᾰ, παιδο-τρίβᾰ. {{lang|grc|Δεσπότης}} has a recessive accent vocative {{lang|grc|δέσποτα}}. Second-declension masculine and feminine nouns have a regular vocative ending in -ε.  Third-declension nouns with one syllable ending in -ς have a vocative that is identical to the nominative ({{lang|grc|νύξ}}, night); otherwise, the stem (with necessary alterations, such as dropping final consonants) serves as the vocative (nom. {{lang|grc|πόλις}}, voc. {{lang|grc|πόλι}}; nom. {{lang|grc|σῶμα}}, gen. {{lang|grc|σώματος}}, voc. {{lang|grc|σῶμα}}).  Irregular vocatives exist as well, such as nom. Σωκράτης, voc. Σώκρατες.

In [[Modern Greek]], second-declension masculine nouns still have a vocative ending in -ε. However, the accusative case is often used as a vocative in informal speech for a limited number of nouns, and always used for certain modern Greek person names: "{{lang|el|Έλα εδώ, Χρήστο}}" "Come here, Christos" instead of "{{lang|el|...Χρήστε}}". Other nominal declensions use the same form in the vocative as the accusative in formal or informal speech, with the exception of learned ''[[Katharevousa]]'' forms that are inherited from Ancient Greek {{lang|el| Ἕλλην}} (Demotic {{lang|el|Έλληνας}}, "Greek man"), which have the same nominative and vocative forms instead.<ref>Holton, David, Irene Philippaki-Warburton, and Peter A. Mackridge, ''Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language'' (Routledge, London and New York:1997), pp. 49–50 {{ISBN|0415100011}}</ref>

===Iranian languages===
====Kurdish====
[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] has a vocative case. For instance, in the dialect of [[Kurmanji]], it is created by adding the suffix {{lang|kmr|-o}} at the end of [[masculine]] words and the {{lang|kmr|-ê}} suffix at the end of [[feminine]] ones. In the [[Central Kurdish#Subdialects|Jafi dialect]] of [[Central Kurdish|Sorani]] it is created by adding the suffix of {{Transliteration|ckb|-i}} at the end of names.
{| class="wikitable"
 !colspan="2"| Kurmanji
 !colspan="2"| Jafi
 |-
 !Name
 !Vocative
 !Name
 !Vocative
 |-
 | {{lang|kmr|Sedad}} (m)
 | {{lang|kmr|Sedo}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Bêstûn}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Bêsi}}
 |-
 | {{lang|kmr|Wedad}} (m)
 | {{lang|kmr|Wedo}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Reşîd}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Reşo}}
 |-
 | {{lang|kmr|Baran}} (m)
 | {{lang|kmr|Baro}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Sûret}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Sûri}}
 |-
 | {{lang|kmr|Nazdar}} (f)
 | {{lang|kmr|Nazê}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Fatime}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Fati}}
 |-
 | {{lang|kmr|Gulistan}} (f)
 | {{lang|kmr|Gulê}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Firset}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Firsi}}
 |-
 | {{lang|kmr|Berfîn}} (f)
 | {{lang|kmr|Berfê}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Nesret}}
 | {{Transliteration|ckb|Nesi}}
|}

Instead of the vocative case, forms of address may be created by using the grammatical particles {{lang|ku|lê}} (feminine) and {{lang|ku|lo}} (masculine):

{| class="wikitable"
 ! Name
 ! Vocative
 |-
 | {{lang|ku|Nazdar}} (f)
 | {{lang|ku|Lê Nazê!}}
 |-
 | {{lang|ku|Diyar}} (m)
 | {{lang|ku|Lo Diyar!}}
|}

=== Indo-Aryan languages ===

==== Hindi-Urdu ====
In [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]]), the vocative case has the same form as the nominative case for all singular nouns except for the singular masculine nouns that terminate in the vowel {{lang|hi|आ}} {{IPAslink|aː}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}} and for all nouns in their plural forms the vocative case is always distinct from the nominative case.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=81-208-0475-9|location=New Delhi|pages=263}}</ref> Adjectives in ''Hindi-Urdu'' also have a vocative case form. In the absence of a noun argument, some adjectives decline like masculine nouns that do not end in {{lang|hi|आ}} {{IPAslink|aː}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kachru|first=Yamuna|title=Hindi|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=90-272-3812-X|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=65}}</ref> The vocative case has many similarities with the [[oblique case]] in Hindustani.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Noun Classes
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
! rowspan="2" |Masculine
!ending in {{lang|hi|आ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़का}} {{Transliteration|hi|laṛk'''ā'''}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|लड़के}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''e'''}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़कों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''õ'''}}
|boy
|-
!not ending in {{lang|hi|आ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ā}}
| colspan="3" | {{lang|hi|इंसान}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|insān}}
| {{lang|hi|इंसानों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|insān'''õ'''}}
|human
|-
! rowspan="3" |Feminine
!ending in {{lang|hi|ई}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ī}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|लड़की}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''ī'''}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़कियाँ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''iyā̃'''}}
| {{lang|hi|लड़कियों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|laṛk'''iyõ'''}}
|girl
|-
! rowspan="2" |not ending in {{lang|hi|ई}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ī}}
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|माता}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|mātā}}
| {{lang|hi|माताएँ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|mātā'''ẽ'''}}
| {{lang|hi|माताओं}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|mātā'''õ'''}}
|mother
|-
| colspan="2" | {{lang|hi|चिड़िया}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ciṛiy'''ā'''}}
| {{lang|hi|चिड़ियाँ}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ciṛiy'''ā̃'''}}
| {{lang|hi|चिड़ियों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|ciṛiy'''õ'''}}
|bird
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Adjective Classes
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
! rowspan="2" |Declinable
! colspan="2" |masculine
| {{lang|hi|बुरा}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bur'''ā'''}}
| colspan="3" | {{lang|hi|बुरे}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bur'''e'''}}
| rowspan="2" |bad
|-
! colspan="2" |feminine
| colspan="4" | {{lang|hi|बुरी}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bur'''ī'''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Undeclinable (not ending in {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|-ā}} or {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|-ī}} in nominative singular)
!masculine
! rowspan="2" |with noun
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" | {{lang|hi|बेवकूफ़}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bevakūf|}}
| rowspan="4" |fool
|-
!feminine
|-
!masculine
! rowspan="2" |sans noun
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | {{lang|hi|बेवकूफ़}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bevakūf}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|hi|बेवकूफ़ों}} {{Transliteration|hi|IAST|bevakūf'''õ'''}}
|-
!feminine
|}

====Sanskrit====
In [[Sanskrit]], the vocative ({{lang|sa|सम्बोधन विभक्ति}} {{Transliteration|sa|sambodhana vibhakti}}) is morphologically distinct from the nominative only in the singular. In vowel-stem nouns, if there is a {{Transliteration|sa|-ḥ}} in the nominative, it is omitted and the stem vowel may be altered: {{Transliteration|sa|-ā}} and {{Transliteration|sa|-ĭ}} become {{Transliteration|sa|-e}}, {{Transliteration|sa|-ŭ}} becomes {{Transliteration|sa|-o}}, {{Transliteration|sa|-ī}} and {{Transliteration|sa|-ū}} become short and {{Transliteration|sa|-ṛ}} becomes {{Transliteration|sa|-ar}}. Consonant-stem nouns have no ending in the vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Noun !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural
|-
| {{lang|sa|बाल}} ({{Transliteration|sa|bāla}}, masc., 'boy') || {{lang|sa|हे बाल}} {{Transliteration|sa|he bāla}} || {{lang|sa|हे बालौ}} {{Transliteration|sa|he bālau}} || {{lang|sa|हे बालाः}} {{Transliteration|sa|he bālāḥ}}
|-
| {{lang|sa|लता}} ({{Transliteration|sa|latā}}, fem., 'creeper') || {{lang|sa|हे लते}} {{Transliteration|sa|he late}} || {{lang|sa|हे लते}} {{Transliteration|sa|he late}} || {{lang|sa|हे लताः}} {{Transliteration|sa|he latāḥ}}
|-
| {{lang|sa|फल}} ({{Transliteration|sa|phala}}, neut., 'fruit') || {{lang|sa|हे फल}} {{Transliteration|sa|he phala}} || {{lang|sa|हे फले}} {{Transliteration|sa|he phale}} || {{lang|sa|हे फलानि}} {{Transliteration|sa|he phalāni}}
|}

===Slavic languages===

==== Old Church Slavonic ====
[[Old Church Slavonic]] has a distinct vocative case for many stems of singular masculine and feminine nouns, otherwise it is identical to the nominative. When different from the nominative, the vocative is simply formed from the nominative by appending either {{Transliteration|cu|-e}} ({{Transliteration|cu|rabŭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|rabe}} {{gloss|slave}}) or {{Transliteration|cu|-o}} ({{Transliteration|cu|ryba}} : {{Transliteration|cu|rybo}} {{gloss|fish}}), but occasionally {{Transliteration|cu|-u}} ({{Transliteration|cu|krai}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kraju}} {{gloss|border}}, {{Transliteration|cu|synŭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|synu}} {{gloss|son}}, {{Transliteration|cu|vračĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|vraču}} {{gloss|physician}}) and {{gloss|-i|}} ({{Transliteration|cu|kostĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kosti}} {{gloss|bone}}, {{Transliteration|cu|gostĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|gosti}} {{gloss|guest}}, {{Transliteration|cu|dĭnĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|dĭni}} {{gloss|day}}, {{Transliteration|cu|kamy}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kameni}} {{gloss|stone}}) appear. Nouns ending with {{Transliteration|cu|-ĭcĭ}} have a vocative ending of {{Transliteration|cu|-če}} ({{Transliteration|cu|otĭcĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|otĭče}} {{gloss|father}}, {{Transliteration|cu|kupĭcĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kupĭče}} {{gloss|merchant}}), likewise nouns ending with {{Transliteration|cu|-dzĭ}} assume the vocative suffix {{Transliteration|cu|-že}} ({{Transliteration|cu|kŭnědzĭ}} : {{Transliteration|cu|kŭněže}} {{gloss|prince}}). This is similar to Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit, which also employ the ''-e'' suffix in vocatives.<ref>{{cite book | author-link=Franz Miklosich |first=Franz |last=Miklosich | title=Vergleichende Grammatik der slavischen Sprachen | volume=3 | year=1876 | page=3 | location=Wien | publisher=W. Braumüller | url=http://archive.org/details/vergleichendegra03mikluoft/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author-link=Vaclav Vondrak |first=Vaclav |last=Vondrak | title=Altkirchenslavische Grammatik | edition=2nd | year=1912 | url=http://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV005043090/ft/bsb00090087 | pages=397}}</ref>

====Bulgarian====
Unlike most other [[Slavic languages]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] has lost case marking for nouns. However, Bulgarian preserves vocative forms. Traditional male names usually have a vocative ending.

{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative 
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|bg|Петър|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Petar}}
|{{lang|bg|Петр'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Petr'''e'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Тодор|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Todor}}
|{{lang|bg|Тодор'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Todor'''e'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Иван|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Ivan}}
|{{lang|bg|Иван'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Ivan'''e'''}}
|}

More-recent names and foreign names may have a vocative form but it is rarely used ({{lang|bg|Ричарде|italic=no}}, instead of simply {{lang|bg|Ричард|italic=no}} Richard, sounds unusual or humorous to native speakers).

Vocative phrases like {{lang|bg|господине министре|italic=no}} (Mr. Minister) have been almost completely replaced by nominative forms, especially in official writing. Proper nouns usually also have vocative forms, but they are used less frequently. Here are some proper nouns that are frequently used in vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
!English word
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|God
|{{lang|bg|Бог|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Bog}}
|{{lang|bg|Бож'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Bozh'''e'''}}
|-
|Lord
|{{lang|bg|Господ|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Gospod}}
|{{lang|bg|Господ'''и'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Gospod'''i'''}}
|-
|Jesus Christ
|{{lang|bg|Исус Христос|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Isus Hristos}}
|{{lang|bg|Исус'''е'''|italic=no}} {{lang|bg|Христ'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Isus'''e''' Hrist'''e'''}}
|-
|comrade
|{{lang|bg|другар|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|drugar}}
|{{lang|bg|другар'''ю'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|drugar'''yu'''}}
|-
|priest
|{{lang|bg|поп|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|pop}}
|{{lang|bg|поп'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|pop'''e'''}}
|-
|frog
|{{lang|bg|жаба|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|zhaba}}
|{{lang|bg|жаб'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|zhab'''o'''}}
|-
|fool
|{{lang|bg|глупак|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|glupak}}
|{{lang|bg|глупак'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|glupak'''o'''}}
|}

Vocative case forms also normally exist for female given names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|bg|Елена|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elena}}
|{{lang|bg|Елен'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elen'''o'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Пена|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Pena}}
|{{lang|bg|Пен'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Pen'''o'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Елица|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elitsa}}
|{{lang|bg|Елиц'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Elits'''e'''}}
|-
|{{lang|bg|Радка|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Radka}}
|{{lang|bg|Радк'''е'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Radk'''e'''}}
|}

Except for forms that end in -{{lang|bg|е}}, they are considered rude and are normally avoided. For female kinship terms, the vocative is always used:
{| class="wikitable"
!English word
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|Grandmother
|{{lang|bg|Баба|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Baba}}
|{{lang|bg|Баб'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Bab'''o'''}}
|-
|Mom
|{{lang|bg|Майка|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Mayka}}<br/> Мама {{Transliteration|bg|Mama}}
|{{lang|bg|Майк'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg| Mayk'''o'''}}<br/>{{lang|bg|Мам'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Mam'''o'''}}
|-
|Aunt
|{{lang|bg|Леля|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Lelya}}
|{{lang|bg|Лел'''ьо'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Lel'''yo'''}}
|-
|Sister
|{{lang|bg|Сестра|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Sestra}}
|{{lang|bg|Сестр'''о'''|italic=no}} {{Transliteration|bg|Sestr'''o'''}}
|}

====Czech====
In [[Czech language|Czech]], the vocative ({{lang|cs|vokativ}}, or {{lang|cs|5. pád}} – {{gloss|the fifth case}}) usually differs from the nominative in masculine and feminine nouns in the singular.

{| class="wikitable"
 ![[Nominative case]]
 !Vocative case
 !Gloss
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Feminine
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|paní Eva}} 
 |{{lang|cs|paní Ev'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Ms Eve}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|knížka}}
 |{{lang|cs|knížk'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|little book}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Marie}}
 |{{lang|cs|Marie!}}
 |{{gloss|Mary}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|nová píseň}}
 |{{lang|cs|nová písn'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|new song}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Masculine
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|pan {{Not a typo|profesor}}}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' profesor'''e'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr Professor}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Ježíš}}
 |{{lang|cs|Ježíš'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Jesus}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Marek}}
 |{{lang|cs|Mark'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mark}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|předseda}}
 |{{lang|cs|předsed'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|chairman}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|pan žalobce}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' žalobce!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr complainant}}
|-
 |{{lang|cs|blbec}}
 |{{lang|cs|blbč'''e'''!}}
 |{{gloss|dunce}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|Jiří}}
 |{{lang|cs|Jiří!}}
 |{{gloss|George}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|pan Dobrý}}
 |{{lang|cs|pan'''e''' Dobrý!}}
 |{{gloss|Mr Good}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Neuter
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|moje rodné město}}
 |{{lang|cs|moje rodné město!}}
 |{{gloss|my native city}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|jitřní moře}}
 |{{lang|cs|jitřní moře!}}
 |{{gloss|morning sea}}
 |-
 |{{lang|cs|otcovo obydlí}}
 |{{lang|cs|otcovo obydlí!}}
 |{{gloss|father's dwelling}}
|-
|}

It is a common dialectal feature of Czech to use the nominative with female names ({{lang|cs|Lojzka, dej pokoj!}}) or when following a title ({{lang|cs|pane učitel!}}, {{lang|cs|pane továrník!}}, {{lang|cs|pane Novák!}}). It is particularly prevalent in regional dialects, such as those of [[Moravian dialects|Moravia]], where it has been the only form in use for hundreds of years.

The full vocative remains part of the official standard [[Institute of the Czech Language|propagated by the Czech government]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/plzen/jazykovykoutek/_zprava/oslovovani-v-cestine--908154 |first1=Květa |last1=Bodollová |first2=Martin |last2=Prošek |work=Český Rozhlas |title= Oslovování v češtině |date=31 May 2011 }}</ref> In the Czech Republic and elsewhere in eastern Europe, language competence is often conflated with adherence to official norms, and the use of the nominative - while common - may therefore be stigmatised.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tereza |last=Filinová |url=https://www.radio.cz/cz/rubrika/cestina/paty-pad-jde-to-z-kopce |title=Pátý pád: jde to z kopce? |work=Radio Prague International |date=9 September 2007}}</ref>

====Polish====
In [[Polish language|Polish]], the vocative ({{lang|pl|wołacz}}) is formed with feminine nouns usually taking {{lang|pl|-o}} except those where the last consonant is soft e.g. {{lang|pl|-sia}}, {{lang|pl|-cia}}, {{lang|pl|-nia}}, and {{lang|pl|-dzia}}, which take {{lang|pl|-u}}. Feminine nouns that end with {{lang|pl|-i}}, usually in the suffixes {{lang|pl|-ini}} and {{lang|pl|-yni}}, as well as feminine nouns that end with a soft consonant, usually words with the suffix {{lang|pl|-(o)ść}}, but also irregular words like {{lang|pl|sól}} take the ending {{lang|pl|-i}}. Feminine nouns that end with a hardened consonant e.g. {{lang|pl|noc}} take the ending {{lang|pl|-y}}. Masculine nouns generally follow the complex pattern of the [[locative case#Polish|locative case]], with the exception of a handful of words such as {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:Bóg|Bóg → Boże]]}} {{gloss|God}}, {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:ojciec|ojciec → ojcze]]}} {{gloss|father}} and {{lang|pl|[[Wiktionary:chłopiec|chłopiec → chłopcze]]}} {{gloss|boy}}. Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative:

{| class="wikitable"
 ! [[Nominative case]]
 ! Vocative case
 ! Gloss
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Feminine
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Pani Ewa}}
 |{{lang|pl|Pani Ew'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Mrs Eve}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Ewusia}}
 |{{lang|pl|Ewusi'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|diminutive form of {{lang|pl|Ewa}})
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|ciemność}}
 |{{lang|pl|ciemnośc'''i'''!}}
 |{{gloss|darkness}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|książka}}
 |{{lang|pl|książk'''o'''!}}
 |{{gloss|book}}
 |-
 ! colspan=3 | Masculine
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Pan profesor}}
 |{{lang|pl|Pan'''ie''' profesor'''ze'''!}} 
 |{{gloss|Mr. Professor}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Krzysztof}}
 |{{lang|pl|Krzysztof'''ie!'''}}
 |{{gloss|Christopher!}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|Krzyś}}
 |{{lang|pl|Krzys'''iu'''!}}
 |{{gloss|Chris}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|wilk}}
 |{{lang|pl|wilk'''u'''!}}
 |{{gloss|wolf}}
 |-
 |{{lang|pl|człowiek}}
 |{{lang|pl|człowiek'''u'''!}}<br/>{{lang|pl|człowie'''cze'''!}} (poetic)
 |{{gloss|human}}
|}

The latter form of the vocative of {{lang|pl|człowiek}} {{gloss|human}} is now considered poetical.

The [[nominative]] is increasingly used instead of the vocative to address people with their proper names. In other contexts the vocative remains prevalent. It is used:
*To address an individual with the function, title, other attribute, family role
**{{lang|pl|Panie doktorze}} (Doctor!), {{lang|pl|Panie prezesie!}} (Chairman!)
**{{lang|pl|Przybywasz za późno, pływaku}} (You arrive too late, swimmer)
**{{lang|pl|synu}} (son), {{lang|pl|mamo}} (mum), {{lang|pl|tato}} (dad)
*After [[adjectives]], [[demonstrative]] pronouns and [[possessive pronoun]]s
**{{lang|pl|Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Basiu!}} (You don't understand me, my dear Basia!)
*To address an individual in an offensive or condescending manner:
**{{lang|pl|Zamknij się, pajac'''u'''!}} ("Shut up, you buffoon!")
**{{lang|pl|Co się gapisz, idiot'''o'''?}} ("What are you staring at, idiot?")
**{{lang|pl|Nie znasz się, baran'''ie''', to nie pisz!}} ("Stop writing, idiot, you don't know what you're doing!")
**{{lang|pl|Spadaj, wieśniak'''u'''!}} ("Get lost, hillbilly!")
*After "Ty" (second person singular pronoun)
**{{lang|pl|Ty kłamczuchu!}} (You liar!)
*Set expressions:
**{{lang|pl|(O) Matko!, (O) Boże!, chłopie}}

The vocative is also often employed in affectionate and endearing contexts such as {{lang|pl|Kocham Cię, Krzysiu!}} ("I love you, Chris!") or {{lang|pl|Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono}} ("I miss you, my wife."). In addition, the vocative form sometimes takes the place of the nominative in informal conversations: {{lang|pl|Józiu przyszedł}} instead of {{lang|pl|Józio przyszedł}} ("Joey's arrived"). When referring to someone by their first name, the nominative commonly takes the place of the vocative as well: {{lang|pl|Ania, chodź tu!}} instead of {{lang|pl|Aniu, chodź tu!}} ("Anne, come here!").

====Russian====
=====Historic vocative=====
The historic Slavic vocative has been lost in [[Russian language|Russian]] and is now used only in archaic expressions. Several of them, mostly of [[Old Church Slavonic]] origin, are common in colloquial Russian: "{{lang|ru|Боже!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Bože}}, vocative of "{{lang|ru|Бог|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Bog}}, "God") and "{{lang|ru|Боже мой!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Bože moj}}, "My God!"), and "{{lang|ru|Господи!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Gospodi}}, vocative of "{{lang|ru|Господь|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Gospodj}}, "Lord"), which can also be expressed as "{{lang|ru|Господи Иисусе!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Gospodi Iisuse!}}, {{Transliteration|ru|Iisuse}} vocative of "{{lang|ru|Иисус|italic=no}}" {{Transliteration|ru|Iisus}}, "Jesus"). The vocative is also used in prayers: "{{lang|ru|Отче наш!|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Otče naš}}, "Our Father!"), or the Russian version of the [[Jesus Prayer]] ("Господ'''и''' Иисус'''е''' Христ'''е'''"). Such expressions are used to express strong emotions (much like English "O my God!"), and are often combined ("{{lang|ru|Господи, Боже мой|italic=no}}"). More examples of the historic vocative can be found in other Biblical quotes that are sometimes used as proverbs: "{{lang|ru|Врачу, исцелися сам|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|Vraču, iscelisia sam}}, "Physician, heal thyself", nom. "{{lang|ru|врач|italic=no}}", {{Transliteration|ru|vrač}}). Vocative forms are also used in modern [[Church Slavonic]]. The patriarch and bishops of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] are addressed as "{{lang|ru|владыко|italic=no}}" ({{Transliteration|ru|vladyko}}, hegemon, nom. "{{lang|ru|владыка|italic=no}}", {{Transliteration|ru|vladyka}}). In the latter case, the vocative is often also incorrectly used for the nominative to refer to bishops and patriarchs. These Old Church Slavonic words that are present in the current Russian language are known as "[[fossil word]]s".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Bated,' 'Shod,' 'Boon,' and 7 Other Fossil Words |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/fossil-words |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

=====New vocative=====
In modern colloquial Russian, [[given names]] and a small family of terms often take a special "shortened" form that some linguists consider to be a re-emerging vocative case.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parrott |first1=Lilli |title=Vocatives and Other Direct Address Forms: A Contrastive Study |journal=Oslo Studies in Language |date=2010 |volume=2 |issue=1 |doi=10.5617/osla.68|doi-access=free}}</ref> It is used only for given names and nouns that end in {{lang|ru|-a|italic=no}} and {{lang|ru|-я|italic=no}}, which are sometimes dropped in the vocative form: "{{lang|ru|Лен, где ты?|italic=no}}" ("Lena, where are you?"). It is basically equivalent to "{{lang|ru|Лена, где ты?|italic=no}}" but suggests a positive personal and emotional bond between the speaker and the person being addressed. Names that end in {{lang|ru|-я|italic=no}} then acquire a [[soft sign]]: "{{lang|ru|Оль!|italic=no}}" = "{{lang|ru|Оля!|italic=no}}" ("Olga!"). In addition to given names, the form is often used with words like "{{lang|ru|мама|italic=no}}" (mom) and "{{lang|ru|папа|italic=no}}" (dad), which would be respectively shortened to "{{lang|ru|мам|italic=no}}" and "{{lang|ru|пап|italic=no}}". The plural form is used with words such as "{{lang|ru|ребят|italic=no}}", "{{lang|ru|девчат|italic=no}}" (nom: "{{lang|ru|ребята|italic=no}}", "{{lang|ru|девчата|italic=no}}" guys, gals).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Henning |title=The New Russian Vocative: Synchrony, Diachrony, Typology |journal=[[Scando-Slavica]] |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=122–167 |doi=10.1080/00806765.2012.669918|s2cid=119842000 }}</ref>

Such usage differs from the historic vocative, which would be "{{lang|ru|Лено|italic=no}}" and is not related.

==== Serbo-Croatian ====
In [[Serbo-Croatian]] languages, distinct vocatives exist only for singular masculine and feminine nouns. Nouns of the neuter gender and all nouns in plural have a vocative equal to the [[Nominative case|nominative]]. All vocative suffixes known from [[Old Church Slavonic]] also exist in Serbo-Croatian.<ref name="gramatika1997">{{cite book |last1= Barić |first1= Eugenija |last2= Lončarić |first2= Mijo |last3= Malić |first3= Dragica |last4= Pavešić |first4= Slavko |last5= Peti |first5= Mirko |last6= Zečević |first6= Vesna |last7= Znika |first7= Marija |title= Hrvatska gramatika |publisher= [[Školska knjiga]] |year= 1997 |isbn= 953-0-40010-1 }}</ref>

The vocative in Serbo-Croatian is formed according to one of three types of [[declension]], which are classes of nouns with the same declension suffixes.<ref>{{citation | author=[[Ivan Klajn]] | title=Gramatika srpskog jezika | publisher=Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva | location=Beograd | year=2005 | pages=50 ff}}</ref>

===== First declension =====
The first declension comprises masculine nouns that end with a consonant. These have a vocative suffix of either {{lang|sh|-e}} ({{lang|sh|doktor : doktore}} {{gloss|doctor}}) or {{lang|sh|-u}} ({{lang|sh|gospodar : gospodaru}} {{gloss|master}}).

Nouns terminating in {{lang|sh|-or}} have the {{lang|sh|-e}} vocative suffix: {{lang|sh|doktor : doktore}} {{gloss|doctor}}, {{lang|sh|major : majore}} {{gloss|major}}, {{lang|sh|majstor : majstore}} {{gloss|artisan}}, as well as nouns possessing an unsteady {{lang|sh|a}}: {{lang|sh|vetar : vetre}} {{gloss|wind}}, {{lang|sh|svekar : svekre}} {{gloss|father-in-law}}, and the noun {{lang|sh|car : care}} {{gloss|emperor}}. All other nouns in this class form the vocative with {{lang|sh|-u}}: {{lang|sh|gospodar : gospodaru}} {{gloss|master}}, {{lang|sh|pastir : pastiru}} {{gloss|shepherd}}, {{lang|sh|inženjer : inženjeru}} {{gloss|engineer}}, {{lang|sh|pisar : pisaru}} {{gloss|scribe}}, {{lang|sh|sekretar : sekretaru}} {{gloss|secretary}}.

In particular, masculine nouns ending with a [[Palatal consonant|palatal]] or prepalatal consonant {{lang|sh|j, lj, nj, č, dž, ć, đ}} or {{lang|sh|š}} form vocatives with the {{lang|sh|-u}} suffix: {{lang|sh|heroj : heroju}} {{gloss|hero}}, {{lang|sh|prijatelj : prijatelju}} {{gloss|friend}}, {{lang|sh|konj : konju}} {{gloss|horse}}, {{lang|sh|vozač : vozaču}} {{gloss|driver}}, {{lang|sh|mladić : mladiću}} {{gloss|youngster}}, {{lang|sh|kočijaš : kočijašu}} {{gloss|coachman}}, {{lang|sh|muž : mužu}} {{gloss|husband}}.

Nouns ending with the [[velars]] {{lang|sh|-k, -g}} and {{lang|sh|-h}} are [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalized]] to {{lang|sh|-č, -ž, -š}} in the vocative: {{lang|cs|vojnik : vojniče}} {{gloss|soldier}}, {{lang|cs|drug : druže}} {{gloss|comrade}}, {{lang|sh|duh : duše}} {{gloss|ghost}}. A final {{lang|sh|-c}} becomes {{lang|sh|-č}} in the vocative: {{lang|sh|stric : striče}} {{gloss|uncle}}, {{lang|sh|lovac : lovče}} {{gloss|hunter}}. Likewise, a final {{lang|sh|-z}} becomes {{lang|sh|-ž}} in only two cases: {{lang|sh|knez : kneže}} {{gloss|prince}} and {{lang|sh|vitez : viteže}} {{gloss|knight}}.

The loss of the unsteady {{lang|sh|a}} can trigger a [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|sound change by hardening consonants]], as in {{lang|sh|vrabac : vrapče}} {{gloss|sparrow}} (not {{lang|sh|*vrabče}}), {{lang|sh|lisac : lišče}} {{gloss|male fox}} (not {{lang|sh|*lisče}}) and {{lang|sh|ženomrzac : ženomršče}} {{gloss|misogynist}} (not {{lang|sh|*ženomrzče}}). There may be a loss of {{lang|sh|-t}} before {{lang|sh|-c}} like in {{lang|sh|otac : oče}} {{gloss|father}} (instead of {{lang|sh|*otče}}), {{lang|sh|svetac : sveče}} {{gloss|saint}} (instead of {{lang|sh|*svetče}}). When these phonetic alterations would substantially change the base noun, the vocative remains equal to the nominative, for example {{lang|sh|tetak}} {{gloss|uncle}}, {{lang|sh|mačak}} {{gloss|male cat}}, {{lang|sh|bratac}} {{gloss|cousin}}. This also holds true for foreign names ending with {{lang|sh|-k, -g}} and {{lang|sh|-h}} like {{lang|sh|Džek}} {{gloss|Jack}}, {{lang|sh|Dag}} {{gloss|Doug}}, {{lang|sh|King, Hajnrih}}.

Male names ending with {{lang|sh|-o}} and {{lang|sh|-e}} have a vocative equal to the nominative, for example: {{lang|sh|Marko, Mihailo, Danilo, Đorđe, Pavle, Radoje}}.

===== Second declension =====
The second declension affects nouns with the ending ''{{lang|sh|-a}}''. These are mainly of feminine but sometimes also of masculine gender. These nouns have a vocative suffix ''{{lang|sh|-o}}'': {{lang|sh|riba : ribo}} {{gloss|fish}}, {{lang|sh|sluga : slugo}} {{gloss|servant}}, {{lang|sh|kolega : kolego}} {{gloss|colleague}}, {{lang|sh|poslovođa : poslovođo}} {{gloss|manager}}.

Exemptions to this rule are male and female given names, which have a vocative equal to the nominative, e. g. {{lang|sh|Vera, Zorka, Olga, Marija, Gordana, Nataša, Nikola, Kosta, Ilija}} etc. However, this is different for twosyllabic names with an ascending accent such as female names {{lang|sh|Nâda, Zôra, Mîca, Nêna}} and male names {{lang|sh|Pêra, Bôža, Pâja}}, etc., which form vocatives with ''{{lang|sh|-o}}'': {{lang|sh|Nâdo, Zôro, Mîco, Pêro, Bôžo, Pâjo}}, etc.

Denominations of relatives like {{lang|sh|mama}} {{gloss|mom}}, {{lang|sh|tata}} {{gloss|dad}}, ''{{lang|sh|baba}}'' {{gloss|grandmother}}, {{lang|sh|deda}} {{gloss|grandfather}}, {{lang|sh|tetka}} {{gloss|aunt}} (parent's sister), ''{{lang|sh|ujna}}'' {{gloss|aunt}} (mother's brother's wife), ''{{lang|sh|strina}}'' {{gloss|aunt}} (father's brother's wife) have vocatives equal to the nominative. This also holds true for country names ending in ''{{lang|sh|-ska, -čka, -ška}}''.

Nouns ending with the [[diminutive]] suffix ''-ica'' that consist of three or more syllables have a vocative with ''-e'': ''učiteljica: učiteljice'' "female teacher", ''drugarica: drugarice'' "girlfriend", ''tatica: tatice'' "daddy", ''mamica: mamice'' "mommy". This also applies to female names ''Danica: Danice'', ''Milica: Milice'', ''Zorica: Zorice'', and the male names ''Perica: Perice'', ''Tomica: Tomice''. Nouns of this class that can be applied to both males and females usually have a vocative ending of ''-ico'' (''pijanica: pijanico'' "drunkard", ''izdajica: izdajico'' "traitor", ''kukavica: kukavico'' "coward"), but vocatives with ''-ice'' are also seen.

The use of vocative endings for names varies among Serbo-Croatian dialects. People in [[Croatia]] often use only nominative forms as vocatives, while others are more likely to use grammatical vocatives.<ref name="osobnaimena">{{cite web|url=https://repozitorij.ffos.hr/islandora/object/ffos%3A3127/datastream/PDF/view|title=Vokativ osobnih imena u hrvatskom jeziku|author=Alen Orlić|publisher=[[University of Osijek]]|date=2011|language=hr|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

===== Third declension =====
The third declension affects feminine nouns ending with a consonant. The vocative is formed by appending the suffix ''{{lang|sh|-i}}'' to the nominative ({{lang|sh|reč : reči}} {{gloss|word}}, {{lang|sh|noć : noći}} {{gloss|night}}).

====Slovak====
Until the end of the 1980s, the existence of a distinct vocative case in [[Slovak language|Slovak]] was recognised and taught at schools. Today, the case is no longer considered to exist except for a few archaic examples of the original vocative remaining in religious, literary or ironic contexts:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|sk|Boh}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Bože}}
|God
|{{lang|sk|Ježiš}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Ježišu}}
|Jesus
|{{lang|sk|mama}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|mamo}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|sk|Kristus}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Kriste}}
|Christ
|{{lang|sk|priateľ}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|priateľu}}
|friend
|{{lang|sk|žena}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|ženo}}
|woman
|-
|{{lang|sk|pán}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|pane}}
|lord
|{{lang|sk|brat}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|bratu}}, {{lang|sk|bratku}}
|brother
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|otec}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|otče}}
|father
|{{lang|sk|syn}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|synu}}, {{lang|sk|synku}}
|son
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|človek}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|človeče}}
|man, human
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|chlap}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|chlape}}
|man
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|sk|chlapec}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|chlapče}}
|boy
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
In everyday use, the Czech vocative is sometimes retrofitted to certain words:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|sk|majster}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|majstre}}
|maestro
|-
|{{lang|sk|šéf}}  ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|šéfe}}
|boss
|-
|{{lang|sk|švagor}}  ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|švagre}}
|brother-in-law
|}
Another stamp of vernacular vocative is emerging, presumably under the influence of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] for certain family members or proper names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|sk|otec}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|oci}}
|father
|-
|{{lang|sk|mama}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|mami}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|sk|babka}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|babi}}
|grandmother, old woman
|-
|{{lang|sk|Paľo}} ''m.''
|{{lang|sk|Pali}}
|Paul, domestic form
|-
|{{lang|sk|Zuza}} ''f.''
|{{lang|sk|Zuzi}}
|Susan, domestic form
|}

====Ukrainian====
[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] has retained the vocative case mostly as it was in [[Proto-Slavic]]:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160219104424/http://pgasa.dp.ua/a/files/metodukr18/mps/mp5.pdf Methodical instructions for learning vocative case in Ukrainian professional speech]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |Masculine nouns
! colspan="3" |Feminine nouns
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|uk|бог|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|boh}}
|{{lang|uk|боже|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|bože}}
|god
|{{lang|uk|матуся|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|matusja}}
|{{lang|uk|матусю|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|matusju}}
|minnie
|-
|{{lang|uk|друг|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|druh}}
|{{lang|uk|друже|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|druže}}
|friend
|{{lang|uk|неня|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|nenja}}
|{{lang|uk|нене|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|nene}}
|nanny
|-
|{{lang|uk|брат|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|brat}}
|{{lang|uk|брате|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|brate}}
|brother
|{{lang|uk|бабця|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|babcja}}
|{{lang|uk|бабцю|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|babcju}}
|granny
|-
|{{lang|uk|чоловік|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|čolovik}}
|{{lang|uk|чоловіче|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|čoloviče}}
|man
|{{lang|uk|жінка|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|žinka}}
|{{lang|uk|жінко|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|žinko}}
|woman
|-
|{{lang|uk|хлопець|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|chlopec'}}
|{{lang|uk|хлопче|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|chlopče}}
|boy
|{{lang|uk|дружина|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|družyna}}
|{{lang|uk|дружино|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|družyno}}
|wife
|-
|{{lang|uk|святий отець|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|svjatyj otec}}'
|{{lang|uk|святий отче|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|svjatyj otče}}
|Holy Father
|{{lang|uk|дівчина|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|divčyna}}
|{{lang|uk|дівчино|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|divčyno}}
|girl
|-
|{{lang|uk|пан|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pan}}
|{{lang|uk|пане|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pane}}
|sir, Mr.
|{{lang|uk|сестра|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|sestra}}
|{{lang|uk|сестро|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|sestro}}
|sister
|-
|{{lang|uk|приятель|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pryjatel'}}
|{{lang|uk|приятелю|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pryjatelju}}
|fellow
|{{lang|uk|людина|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|ljudyna}}
|{{lang|uk|людино|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|ljudyno}}
|human, person
|-
|{{lang|uk|батько|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|bat'ko}}
|{{lang|uk|батьку|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|bat'ku}}
|father
|
|
|
|-
|{{lang|uk|син|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|syn}}
|{{lang|uk|сину|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|synu}}
|son
|
|
|
|}
There are some exceptions:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|uk|мати|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|maty}} f.
|{{lang|uk|мамо|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|mamo}}
|mother
|-
|{{lang|uk|божа матір|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|boža matir}} f.
|{{lang|uk|матір божа|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|matir boža}}
|God's Mother
|}
It is used even for loanwords and foreign names:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Translation
|-
|{{lang|uk|Джон|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Džon}} m.
|{{lang|uk|Джоне|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Džone}}
|John
|-
|{{lang|uk|пан президент|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pan prezydent}} m.
|{{lang|uk|пане президенте|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|pane prezydente}}
|Mr. President
|}
It is obligatory for all native names:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Nominative
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|uk|Володимир|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Volodymyr}}
|{{lang|uk|Володимире|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Volodymyre}}
|{{lang|uk|Мирослава|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Myroslava}}
|{{lang|uk|Мирославо|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Myroslavo}}
|-
|{{lang|uk|Святослав|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Svjatoslav}}
|{{lang|uk|Святославе|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Svjatoslave}}
|{{lang|uk|Ганна|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Hanna}}
|{{lang|uk|Ганно|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Hanno}}
|}
It is used for patronymics:
{| class="wikitable"
!Nominative
!Vocative
|-
|{{lang|uk|Андрій Васильович|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Andrij Vasylovyč}} m.
|{{lang|uk|Андрію Васильовичу|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Andriju Vasyliovyču}}
|-
|{{lang|uk|Ірина Богданівна|italic=no}}  {{lang|uk-latn|Iryna Bohdanivna}} f.
|{{lang|uk|Ірино Богданівно|italic=no}} {{lang|uk-latn|Iryno Bohdanivno}}
|}

===Latin===
[[File:Et tu Brute first folio.jpg|thumb|"[[Et tu, Brute]]?" from Shakespeare's ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', probably the most famous use of the vocative in literature.]]
In [[Latin]], the form of the vocative case of a noun is almost always the same as the nominative. Exceptions include singular non-neuter second-declension nouns that end in {{lang|la|-us}} in the nominative case. An example would be the famous line from Shakespeare, "{{lang|la|[[Et tu, Brute]]?}}" (commonly translated as "And you, Brutus?"): {{lang|la|Brut'''e'''}} is the vocative case and {{lang|la|Brut'''us'''}} would be the nominative.

Nouns that end in {{lang|la|-ius}} end with {{lang|la|-ī}} instead of the expected {{lang|la|-ie}}. Thus, {{lang|la|Julius}} becomes {{lang|la|Julī}} and {{lang|la|filius}} becomes {{lang|la|filī}}. The shortening does not shift the accent so the vocative of {{lang|la|Vergilius}} is {{lang|la|Vergilī}}, with accent on the second syllable even though it is short. Nouns that end in {{lang|la|-aius}} and {{lang|la|-eius}} have vocatives that end in {{lang|la|-aī}} or {{lang|la|-eī}} even though the {{lang|la|-i-}} in the nominative is consonantal.

First-declension and second-declension adjectives also have distinct vocative forms in the masculine singular if the nominative ends in {{lang|la|-us}}, with the ending {{lang|la|-e}}. Adjectives that end in {{lang|la|-ius}} have vocatives in {{lang|la|-ie}} so the vocative of {{lang|la|eximius}} is {{lang|la|eximie}}.

Nouns and adjectives that end in {{lang|la|-eus}} do not follow the rules above. {{lang|la|Meus}} forms the vocative irregularly as {{lang|la|mī}} or {{lang|la|meus}}, while Christian {{lang|la|Deus}} does not have a distinct vocative and retains the form {{lang|la|Deus}}. "My God!" in Latin is thus {{lang|la|mī Deus!}}, but [[Jerome]]'s [[Vulgate]] consistently used {{lang|la|Deus meus}} as a vocative. [[Classical Latin]] did not use a vocative of {{lang|la|deus}} either (in reference to pagan gods, the Romans used the [[suppletion|suppletive]] form {{lang|la|dive}}).

Greek names in Latin texts conserve their Greek vocative form. E. g., the vocative of {{lang|la|Andrēās}} is {{lang|la|Andrēā}}.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

===Romance languages===
====West Iberian languages====
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] drops the article to form the vocative. The vocative is always between commas and, like in many other languages, a particle ''Ó'' is commonly used:
{| class="wikitable"
|''{{lang|pt|Ó Jesus, ajude-nos!}}''
|O Jesus, help us!
|-
|''{{lang|pt|Menino, vem cá!}}''
|Boy, come here!
|-
|''{{lang|pt|Não faças isso, amigo.}}''
|Don't do that, [my] friend.
|}
In [[Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]] and [[Fala language|Fala]], some post-tonical vowels open in vocative forms of nouns, a new development that is unrelated to the Latin vocative case.

====Catalan====
[[Catalan language|Catalan]] drops the article to form the vocative.

====French====
Like English, [[French language|French]] sometimes uses (or historically used) a particle ''Ô'' to mark vocative phrases rather than by change to the form of the noun.  A famous example is the title and first line of the Canadian national anthem, ''[[O Canada]]'' (French title: ''Ô Canada''), a vocative phrase addressing [[Canada]].

====Romanian====
The vocative case in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] is partly inherited, occasionally causing other morphophonemic changes (see also the article on [[Romanian nouns]]):

*singular masculine/neuter: '''{{lang|ro|-e}}''' as in
**{{lang|ro|om}}: {{lang|ro|omule!}} (man, human being),
**{{lang|ro|băiat}}: {{lang|ro|băiete!}} or {{lang|ro|băiatule!}} (boy),
**{{lang|ro|văr}}: {{lang|ro|vere!}} (cousin),
**{{lang|ro|Ion}}: {{lang|ro|Ioane!}} (John);
*singular feminine: '''{{lang|ro|-o}}''' as in
**{{lang|ro|soră}}: {{lang|ro|soro!}} (sister),
**{{lang|ro|nebună}}: {{lang|ro|nebuno!}} (mad woman), also in masculine ({{lang|ro|nebunul}}) 
**{{lang|ro|deșteaptă}}: {{lang|ro|deșteapto!}} (smart one (f), often used sarcastically),
**{{lang|ro|Ileana}}: {{lang|ro|Ileano!}} (Helen);
Since there is no ''-o'' vocative in Latin, it must have been borrowed from Slavic: compare the corresponding Bulgarian forms {{lang|bg|сестро|italic=no}} ({{lang|uk-latn|sestro}}), {{lang|bg|откачалко|italic=no}} ({{lang|bg-latn|otkachalko}}), {{lang|bg|Елено|italic=no}} ({{lang|bg-latn|Eleno}}).

*plural, all genders: '''{{lang|ro|-lor}}''' as in
**{{lang|ro|frați}}: {{lang|ro|fraților!}} (brothers),
**{{lang|ro|boi}}: {{lang|ro|boilor!}} (oxen, used toward people as an invective),
**{{lang|ro|doamne și domni}}: {{lang|ro|doamnelor și domnilor!}} (ladies and gentlemen).

In formal speech, the vocative often simply copies the nominative/accusative form even when it does have its own form. That is because the vocative is often perceived as very direct and so can seem rude.

==== Romanesco dialect ====
In [[Romanesco dialect]] the vocative case appears as a regular [[Apocope|truncation]] immediately after the [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]].

Compare (vocative, always truncated)

: '''''France'''', vie' qua!''
:: "Francesco/Francesca, come here!"

with (nominative, never truncated)

: '''''Francesco'''/'''Francesca''' viene qua''
:: "Francesco/Francesca comes here"

====Venetian====
[[Venetian language|Venetian]] has lost all case endings, like most other Romance languages. However, with feminine proper names the role of the vocative is played by the absence of the determiner: the personal article {{lang|vec|ła / l'}} usually precedes feminine names in other situations, even in predicates. Masculine names and other nouns lack articles and so rely on [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]] to mark forms of address:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Fem. proper name
! Masc. proper name and other nouns
|-
! Nom./Acc.
| {{lang|vec|'''ła''' Marìa ła vien qua / varda '''ła''' Marìa!}}<br/>{{gloss|Mary comes here / look at Mary!}}
| {{lang|vec|Marco el vien qua / varda Marco!}}<br/>{{gloss|Mark comes here / look at Mark!}}
|-
! Vocative
| {{lang|vec|Marìa vien qua! / varda, Marìa!}}<br/>{{gloss|Mary, come here! / look, Mary!}}
| {{lang|vec|Marco vien qua! / varda, Marco!}}<br/>{{gloss|Mark, come here! / look, Mark!}}
|}

Predicative constructions:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case
! Fem. proper name
! Masc. proper name and other nouns
|-
! Pred.
| {{lang|vec|so' mi '''ła''' Marìa}}<br/>{{gloss|'''I''' am Mary.}}
| {{lang|vec|so' mi Marco / so' tornà maestra}}<br/>{{gloss|'''I''' am Mark. / I am a teacher again.}}
|-
! Vocative
| {{lang|vec|so' mi Marìa!}}<br/>{{gloss|It's me, Mary!}}
| {{lang|vec|so' mi, Marco! / so' tornà, maestra!}}<br/>{{gloss|It's me, Mark! / I am back, teacher!}}
|}

==Arabic==
{{Wiktionary|يا}}
Properly speaking, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] has only three cases: [[nominative]], [[accusative]] and [[genitive]]. However, a meaning similar to that conveyed by the vocative case in other languages is indicated by the use of the particle ''yā'' ({{langx|ar|يا}}) placed before a noun inflected in the [[nominative]] case (or [[accusative]] if the noun is in construct form). In English translations, it is often translated literally as ''O'' instead of being omitted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mjiyad/Arabic%20Grammar%20Book.doc|title=A Hundred and One Rules! A Short Reference to Arabic Syntactic, Morphological & Phonological Rules for Novice & Intermediate Levels of Proficiency|access-date=2007-11-28|first=Mohammed|last=Jiyad|format=DOC|work=Welcome to Arabic|archive-date=2016-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910232105/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mjiyad/Arabic%20Grammar%20Book.doc|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madinaharabic.com/Arabic_Language_Course/Lessons/L005_007.html |title=Lesson 5 |access-date=2007-11-28|work=Madinah Arabic}}</ref> A longer form used in [[Classical Arabic]] is {{lang|ar|أيّها}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|ALA|ayyuhā}}'' (masculine), {{lang|ar|أيّتها}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|ALA|ayyatuhā}}'' (feminine), sometimes combined with ''yā''. The particle ''yā'' was also used in the old [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian language]] because of Arabic influence via [[Mozarabs|Mozarabic]] immigrations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Álvarez Blanco |first=Aquilino |date=2019 |title=EL ÁRABE YA¯ (یا) Y SU USO EN CASTELLANO MEDIEVAL. PROBLEMAS DE INTERPRETACIÓN Y TRADUCCIÓN |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10662/10015 |journal=Anuario de Estudios Filológicos |volume=XLII |pages=5–22 |via=Dehesa. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Extremadura}}</ref>

==Mandarin==
Mandarin uses no special inflected forms for address. However, special forms and [[morphemes]] (that are not inflections) exist for addressing.

Mandarin has several particles that can be attached to the word of address to mark certain special vocative forces, where appropriate. A common one is 啊({{lang-zh|c=啊|p=a}}) attached to the end of the address word. For example, 日记({{lang-zh|c=日记|p=Rìjì}}) "diary" becomes 日记啊 ({{lang-zh|c=日记啊|p=Rìjì a}}).

Certain specialized vocative morphemes also exist, albeit with limited applicabilities. For instance, the [[Beijing dialect]] of [[Mandarin Chinese]], to express strong feelings (especially negative ones) to someone, a neutral tone suffix ''-ei'' may be attached to certain address words. It is most commonly applied to the word {{lang|cmn|孙子}} (''sūnzi'', "grandson"), to form ''sūnzei'', meaning approximately "Hey you nasty one!". Another example is {{lang|cmn|小子}} (''xiǎozi'', lit. "kid; young one"), resulting in ''xiǎozei'' "Hey kiddo!".

==Japanese==
{{See also|Japanese particles#yo}}
The vocative case is present in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as the particle {{lang|ja|よ}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shogakukan|publisher=Shogakukan|title=日本国語大辞典精選版|trans-title=Shogakukan's Japanese Dictionary Concise Edition|language=ja}}</ref> This usage is often literary or poetic. For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|{{lang|ja|雨'''よ'''雪に変わってくれよ！}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ja|Ame '''yo''' yuki ni kawatte kure yo!}}
|O Rain! Please change to snow!
|-
|{{lang|ja|万国の労働者'''よ'''、団結しろよ！}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ja|Bankoku no rōdō-sha '''yo''', danketsu shiro yo!}}
|Workers of the world, unite!
|-
|{{lang|ja|少年'''よ'''、神話になれよ！}}<br/>{{Transliteration|ja|Shōnen '''yo''', shinwa ni nare yo!}}
|[[A Cruel Angel's Thesis|Young boy, become a legend!]]
|}

In conversational Japanese, this same particle is often used at the end of a sentence to indicate assertiveness, certainty or emphasis.

==Georgian==
In [[Georgian language|Georgian]], the vocative case is used to address the second-person singular and plural. For word roots that end with a consonant, the vocative case suffix is -''o'', and for the words that end with a vowel, it is  -''v'' like in [[Old Georgian]], but for some words, it is considered archaic. For example, ''kats-'' is the root for the word "man". If one addresses someone with the word, it becomes ''kats'''o'''''.

Adjectives are also declined in the vocative case. Just like nouns, consonant final stem adjectives take the suffix -''o'' in the vocative case, and the vowel final stems are not changed:

:''lamazi kali'' "beautiful woman" (nominative case)
:''lamaz'''o''' kal'''o'''!'' "beautiful woman!" (vocative case)

In the second phrase, both the adjective and the noun are declined. The personal pronouns are also used in the vocative case. ''Shen'' "you" (singular) and ''tkven'' "you" (plural) in the vocative case become ''she!'' and ''tkve'', without the -''n''. Therefore, one could, for instance, say, with the declension of all of the elements:

''She lamazo kalo!'' "you beautiful woman!"

==Korean==
The vocative case in [[Korean language|Korean]] is commonly used with first names in casual situations by using the vocative [[marker (linguistics)|case marker]] {{lang|ko|(호격 조사) 아}} ({{Transliteration|ko|a}}) if the name ends in a consonant and {{lang|ko|야}} ({{Transliteration|ko|ya}}) if the name ends with a vowel:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=선철|first=김|date=May 2005|title='꽃아'의 발음|url=https://www.korean.go.kr/nkview/nknews/200505/82_6.html|journal=새국어소식 / 국립국어원}}</ref>

{{fs interlinear|lang=ko|number=1a.|미진이 집에 가?|Mijini jibe ga?|Is Mijin going home?}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=ko|number=1b.|미진'''아''', 집에 가?|Mijin'''a''', jibe ga?|Mijin, are you going home?}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=ko|number=2a.|동배 뭐 해?|Dongbae mwo hae?|What is Dongbae doing?}}
{{fs interlinear|lang=ko|number=2b.|동배'''야''', 뭐 해?|Dongbae'''ya''', mwo hae?|Dongbae, what are you doing?}}

In formal Korean, the marker {{lang|ko|여}} ({{Transliteration|ko|yeo}}) or {{lang|ko|이여}} ({{Transliteration|ko|iyeo}}) is used, the latter if the root ends with a consonant. Thus, a quotation of [[William S. Clark]] would be translated as follows:

{{fs interlinear|lang=ko|indent=2|소년'''이여''', 야망을 가져라.|sonyeon'''iyeo''', yamangeul gajyeora.|Boys, be ambitious.}}

The [[Korean honorifics|honorific]] infix {{lang|ko|시}} ({{Transliteration|ko|si}}) is inserted in between the {{lang|ko|이}} ({{Transliteration|ko|i}}) and {{lang|ko|여}} ({{Transliteration|ko|yeo}}).

{{fs interlinear|lang=ko|indent=2|신이'''시'''여, 부디 저들을 용서하소서.|sini'''si'''yeo, budi jeodeureul yongseohasoseo.|Oh god, please forgive them.}}

In [[Middle Korean]], there were three honorific classes of the vocative case:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=양영희|date=2009-12-01|title=중세국어 호격조사의 기능 고찰|url=http://scholar.dkyobobook.co.kr/searchDetail.laf?barcode=4010022922622|journal=사회언어학|volume=17|issn=1226-4822}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Form
|하
|아/야
|여/이여
|-
!Honorific
|High
|Plain
|Low with added nuance of exclamation
|}

==Hungarian==
Hungarian has a number of vocative-like constructions, even though it lacks an explicit vocative [[Hungarian noun phrase#Cases and other noun suffixes|inflection]].

Noun phrases in a vocative context always take the zero article.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alberti |first1=Gábor |last2=Balogh |first2=Kata |title=Az eltűnt névelő nyomában |journal=A mai magyar nyelv leírásának újabb módszerei |date=2004 |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=9–31 |url=http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/id/eprint/54309}}</ref> While noun phrases can take [[Hungarian noun phrase#Articles|zero articles]] for other reasons, the lack of an article otherwise expected marks a vocative construction. This is especially prominent in dialects of Hungarian where personal proper names and other personal animate nouns tend to take the appropriate definite article, similarly to certain dialects of [[German language|German]] detailed above. For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nominative
! Vocative
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''(Az)''' Olivér még beszélget.}} <br> Oliver is still chatting.
| |{{lang|hu|Olivér, gyere ide!}} <br> Oliver, come over here.
|-
| {{lang|hu|Kiönthette voln’ '''a''' honfi megtelt szívét.}} <br> Might have pour'd the full tide of a patriot's heart.
| {{lang|hu|Honfi, mit ér epedő kebel e romok ormán?}} <br> Patriot, why do you yearn on these ruins?<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Makkai |editor1-first=Ádám |title=In quest of the 'Miracle stag' : the poetry of Hungary / [Vol. 1], An anthology of Hungarian poetry in English translation from the 13th century to the present in commemoration of the 1100th anniversary of the Foundation of Hungary and the 40th anniversary of the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 / with the co-operation of George Buday and Louis I. Szathmáry II and the special assistance of Agnes Arany-Makkai, Earl M. Herrick, and Valerie Becker Makkai. |date=2000 |publisher=Atlantis-Centaur |location=Chicago |isbn=963-86024-2-2 |edition=Second rev.}}</ref>
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''A''' szerelem csodaszép.}} <br> Love is wonderful.
| {{lang|hu|Látod, szerelem, mit tettél!}} <br> O Love, look what you have done!
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''(Az)''' Isten szerelmére!}} <br> For the love of God!
| {{lang|hu|Isten, áldd meg a magyart!}} <br> God, bless the Hungarians!
|}

With certain words such as {{lang|hu|barát}} ("friend"), {{lang|hu|hölgy}} ("lady"), {{lang|hu|úr}} ("gentleman, lord"), vocation is, in addition to the zero article, always<ref name="mikszath">{{cite journal |last1=Láncz |first1=Irén |title=A megszólítás nyelvi eszközei Mikszáth Kálmán műveiben |journal=Híd |date=July–August 1997 |volume=LXI |issue=7–8 |pages=535–543 |url=http://adattar.vmmi.org/folyoiratszamok/1602/hid_1997_07-08_.pdf |access-date=2 October 2022}}</ref> marked by the first person possessive:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albertné Herbszt |first1=Mária |editor1-last=A. László |editor1-first=Anna |title=A magyar nyelv könyve |date=2007 |publisher=Trezor Kiadó |location=Budapest |isbn=978-963-8144-19-5 |page=708 |edition=9 kiad |chapter=Pragmatika}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nominative
! Vocative
|-
| {{lang|hu|A nemesek báljára megérkeztek '''a''' hölgyek és '''az''' urak.}} <br> The ladies and the gentlemen have arrived to the nobility's ball.
| {{lang|hu|Hölgye'''im''' és ura'''im''', kezdődjék a tánc!}} <br> (My) Ladies and (my) gentlemen, let the dancing begin!
|-
| {{lang|hu|Ha '''az''' Úr nem építi a házat, hiába fáradoznak az építők.}} <br> Unless the Lord builds the house, its builders labor in vain.
| {{lang|hu|Magasztallak Ur'''am''', felemeltél engem!}} <br> I will exalt you, O (my) Lord, for you lifted me out of the depth!
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''A''' barát mindig segít.}} <br> A friend always helps out. <br> {{lang|hu|'''A''' barát'''om''' fiatal.}} <br> My friend is young.
| {{lang|hu|Tudnál segíteni, barát'''om'''?}} <br> Could you help out, (my) friend?
|}

Words like {{lang|hu|testvér}} ("sibling, brother") and other words of relation do not require the first person possessive, but it is readily used in common speech, especially in familiar contexts:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Nominative
! Vocative
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''A''' testvérek elsétáltak a boltba.}} <br> The siblings walked to the shop.
| {{lang|hu|Kedves testvér'''eim'''!}} / {{lang|hu|Kedves testvérek!}} <br> (My) dear brothers (and sisters)!
|-
| {{lang|hu|'''(Az)''' apához megyek.}} <br> I'm going to dad.
| {{lang|hu|Ap'''ám''', hogy vagy?}} / {{lang|hu|Apa, hogy vagy?}} <br> Dad, how are you?
|}

The second-person pronoun<ref name="mikszath" /> can be used to emphasize a vocation when appropriate: {{lang|hu|Hát miért nem adtad oda neki, '''te''' bolond?}} ("Why did you not give it to him, you fool?"), {{lang|hu|'''Te''' Karcsi, nem láttad a szemüvegem?}} ("Charlie, have you seen my glasses?"), {{lang|hu|Lógtok ezért még, '''ti''' gazemberek.}} ("You shall yet hang for this, crooks!"), etc.

==References==
* [[Eleanor Dickey]]: ''Greek forms of address. From Herodotus to Lucian''. Clarendon, Oxford 1996, ISBN 0-19-815054-7.
* Eleanor Dickey: ''Latin forms of address. From Plautus to Apuleius''. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-924287-9.
* Espinal, Teresa M. 2013. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110304176.109/html On the structure of vocatives.] In Barbara Sonnenhauser & Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna (eds.). Vocative! Addressing between system and performance. Trends in Linguistics Studies and Monographs 261, 109-132 Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110304176.109
* Virginia Hill: ''Vocatives. How Syntax meets with Pragmatics''. Brill, Leiden 2014, ISBN 978-90-04-26079-5.
* Hill, Virginia. 2007. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384107000198 “Vocatives and the pragmatics–syntax interface”.] In: Lingua 117.12, pp.&nbsp;2077–2105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.01.002.
*Ladd, Robert D. (1978). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/412785 “Stylized intonation”.] In: Language 54.3, pp.&nbsp;517–540. DOI:http://www.jstor.org/stable/412785.
*Leech, Geoffrey N. 1999. “The distribution and function of vocatives in American and British English conversation”. In: Out of corpora. Ed. by Hilde Hasselgård and Signe Oksefjell. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.&nbsp;107–118.
*Maché, Jakob. 2025.  [https://revistes.uab.cat/catjl/article/view/v24-n1-mache “The diversity of vocative formation across languages”] In: Catalan Journal of Linguistics 24.1, pp.&nbsp;211–271. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.475.
*Portner, Paul. 2007a. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11050-007-9022-y “Imperatives and modals”.] In: Natural Language Semantics 15.4, pp.&nbsp;351–383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-007-9022-y.
*Portner, Paul. 2007b. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1075/la.100.22por/html “Instructions for interpretations as separate performatives”.] In: On Information Structure, Meaning and Form. Ed. by Kerstin Schwabe and Susanne Winkler. John Benjamins, pp.&nbsp;407–426. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1075/la.100.22por
*Stavrou, Melita. 2013. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781614512790.299/html “About the Vocative”.] In: The Nominal Structure in Slavic and Beyond. Ed. by Lilia Schürks, Anastasia Giannakidou, and Urtzi Etxeberria. Studies in Generative Grammar 116. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp.&nbsp;299–342. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614512790.299.
*Zwicky, Arnold. 1974. [https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf ““Hey, Whatsyourname””]. In: Papers from the Tenth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society. April 19–21, 1974. Ed. by Michael La Galy,Robert A. Fox, and Bruck Anthony. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, pp.&nbsp;787–801. URL: https://web.stanford.edu/~zwicky/hey-whatsyourname.pdf.

{{Wiktionary|vocative}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Grammatical cases}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vocative Case}}
[[Category:Grammatical cases]]