View source for Uvular ejective stop

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨qʼ⟩ in IPA}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

{{infobox IPA
|ipa number=111 + 401
|ipa symbol=qʼ
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0071+0x02BC.svg
|imagesize=150px
|decimal1=113|decimal2=700
|x-sampa=q_&gt;
|kirshenbaum=q`}}

The '''uvular ejective''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|qʼ}}.

==Features==
Features of the uvular ejective:

{{plosive}}
{{uvular}}
{{voiceless short}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{ejective}}

==Occurrence==
A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all [[Northeast Caucasian languages]], all [[South Caucasian languages]], and some [[Athabaskan languages]], as well as [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]], [[Quechua language|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]].

Most [[Salishan languages]], the [[Tlingit language]], and [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] and [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] ([[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]) demonstrate a two-way contrast between [[labialisation|labialised]] and plain uvular ejectives.

The [[Akhvakh language]] appears to have a contrast between [[tenseness|lax and tense]] uvular ejectives: {{IPA|[qʼaː]}} {{gloss|soup, broth}} (lax) vs. {{IPA|[qʼːama]}} {{gloss|cock's comb}} (tense).

[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written {{angbr|ҟ, ҟь, ҟə}}, e.g., {{lang|ab|а'''ҟ'''аԥшь}} {{IPA|[aqʼapʃ]}} {{gloss|red}}, {{lang|ab|-ҵə'''ҟь'''а}} {{IPA|[-t͡ɕʷʼqʲʼa]}} {{gloss|really, indeed (a verbal suffix)}}, {{lang|ab|А'''ҟә'''а}} {{IPA|[aqʷʼa]}} {{gloss|[[Sukhumi|Sukhum]]}}. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in [[Abaza language|Abaza]].

The plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]], due to its presence in the past tense suffix {{IPA|/-qʼɜ/}}. But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a [[pharyngealisation|pharyngealised]] version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: {{IPA|[qʼɜqʼɜ]}} {{gloss|he said it}}, {{IPA|[mɨqʲʼ]}} {{gloss|small and round}}, {{IPA|[qʷʼɜ]}} {{gloss|to seize}}, {{IPA|[qˤʼɜqˤʼ]}} {{gloss|to chew}}, {{IPA|[qʷˤʼɜ]}} {{gloss|cavern}}.

===Examples===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Abaza language|Abaza]] || {{lang|abq|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''апщы]]}}/{{Transliteration|abq|'''q̇'''apśə}} ||{{IPA|[qʼapɕə]}} || rowspan="2" | 'red' || rowspan="2"|
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Cyrillic script|а'''ҟ'''аԥшь]]}}/{{Transliteration|ab|a'''q̇'''apš}} ||{{IPA|[aqʼapʃ]}}
|-
|[[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || [[Hakuchi Adyghe dialect|Hakuchi]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''къӏ'''э]]}}/{{Transliteration|kbd|'''q̇'''e}} ||{{Audio-IPA|Qʼa.ogg|[qʼa]}} || 'hand' || Dialectal. Corresponds to {{IPA|[ʔ]}} in other dialects.
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Archi language|Archi]] || {{lang|aqc|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''ам]]}}/{{Transliteration|aqc|'''q̇'''am}} ||{{IPA|[qʼam]}} || 'forelock' ||
|-
| colspain="2"| [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] || North dialects || {{lang|az|[[Azerbaijani alphabet|'''q'''ədim]]}} || {{IPA|[qʼæˈd̪i̞m]}}|| 'ancient' ||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Bats language|Batsbi]] || {{lang|bbl|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ყ'''არ]]}}/{{Transliteration|bbl|'''q̇'''ar}} ||{{IPA|[qʼar]}}|| 'rain'||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''къ'''ийг]]}}/{{lang|ce-Latn|'''q̇'''iyg }}/{{lang|ce-Arab|'''ڨـ'''ییگ}} ||{{IPA|[qʼiːg]}} || 'crow'||
|-
| [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] ||Mehweb<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Daniel|editor-first=Michael|title=The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax|editor-last2=Dobrushina|editor-first2=Nina|editor-last3=Ganenkov|editor-first3=Dmitry|location=Berlin|publisher=Language Science Press|year=2019|series=Languages of the Caucasus|volume=1|isbn=978-3-96110-208-2|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3402056|hdl=/20.500.12657/23417|page=24|chapter=Phonology of Mehweb|last=Moros|first=George}}</ref> || {{lang|dar-Latn|u'''q’'''laha}} || {{IPA|[uq’ˈlaha]}} || 'window' || contrasts with {{IPAslink|q}}, {{IPAslink|qʷ}}, and {{IPAslink|q’ʷ}}
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Georgian language|Georgian]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shosted|first=Ryan K.|last2=Chikovani|first2=Vakhtang|date=2006|title=Standard Georgian|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=255–264|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659|issn=1475-3502|doi-access=free}}</ref>|| {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ყ'''ვავილი]]}}/{{Transliteration|ka|'''q̇'''vavili}} ||{{IPA|[ˈqʼvävili]}}|| 'flower'||Unlike the [[velar ejective]], it does not contrast with [[voiced uvular stop|voiced]] or [[voiceless uvular stop]]s; the Old Georgian voiceless uvular stop has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an [[uvular ejective fricative]] {{IPA|/χʼ/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Haida language|Haida]] || {{lang|hai|'''qq'''ayttas}} || {{IPA|[qʼajtʼas]}} || 'basket'||
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Itelmen language|Itelmen]] || {{lang|itl|'''ӄ{{`}}'''ил'хч}} || {{IPA|[qʼilˀxt͡ʃ]}} || {{gloss|to depart}} ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Klallam language|Klallam]] || {{lang|clm|wə'''q̕'''ə́'''q̕'''}} || {{IPA|[wəqʼəqʼ]}} || {{gloss|frog}} || contrasts with labialized uvular ejective stop, e.g., {{lang|clm|s'''q̕ʷ'''úŋi(ʔ)}} {{IPA|[sqʷʼuɴi(ʔ)]}} {{gloss|head}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kutenai language|Kutenai]] || {{lang|kut|[[Kutenai|ʔa'''q̓'''am]]}} || {{IPA|[ʔaq’am]}} || 'St. Mary’s or deep dense woods' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Laz language|Laz]] || {{lang|lzz-GE|[[Georgian alphabet|მ'''ყ'''ოროფონი]]}}/{{lang|lzz-TK|[[Turkish alphabet|m'''q'''oroponi]]}}||{{IPA|[mqʼɔrɔˈpʰɔni]}}|| 'loving'||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] || {{lang|lez|'''кь'''а'''кь'''ан}} || {{IPA|[qʼaqʼan]}} || {{gloss|tall}}, {{gloss|high}} || contrasts with labialized version, e.g., {{lang|lez|'''кьв'''ех}} {{IPA|[qʷʼeχ]}} {{gloss|groin}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lushootseed]] || {{lang|lut|[[Lushootseed|'''q̓'''il̕bid]]}} || {{IPA|[qʼil̰bid]}} || 'canoe'||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]] || {{lang|xmf|[[Georgian alphabet|ორტ'''ყ'''აფუ]]}}/{{Transliteration|xmf|orṭ'''q̇'''apu}} ||{{IPA|[ɔrtʼqʼapʰu]}}|| 'belt'||
|-
| colspan="2"|[[North Straits Salish language|North Straits Salish]] || {{lang|str|'''K'''EYOṮEN}} || {{IPA|[qʼəjat͡ɬʼənˀ]}} || {{gloss|slug, snail}} || contrasts with the labialized version, e.g., {{lang|str|S'''K̴'''EḰĆES}} {{IPA|[sqʷʼəqʷt͡ʃəs]}} {{gloss|red huckleberry}}.
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Quechua language|Quechua]] || {{lang|qu|'''q{{`}}'''illu}} || {{IPA|[qʼɛʎʊ]}} || 'yellow'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Svan language|Svan]] || {{lang|sva|[[Georgian alphabet|ჭ'''ყ'''ინტ]]}}/{{Transliteration|sva|č̣'''q̇'''inṭ}} ||{{IPA|[t͡ʃʼqʼintʼ]}}|| 'boy'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tahltan language|Tahltan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|{{IPA|[qʼaχaːdiː]}} || {{gloss|door}} ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] || {{lang|tli|'''k̲ʼ'''ateil}} || {{Audio-IPA|K̲ʼateil.ogg|[qʼʌtʰeːɬ]}} || ‘pitcher’ ||
|}

==See also==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{phoible|qʼ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uvular Ejective}}
[[Category:Uvular consonants]]
[[Category:Ejectives]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]