View source for Tongliao

{{Infobox settlement
<!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available-->
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|name                   = Tongliao
|official_name          = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
|native_name            = {{lang|zh-hans|通辽市<br />{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠩᠯᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ|style=height:min-content;text-align:left}}}}
|other_name             = 
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        =[[Prefecture-level city]]
|total_type             = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
|motto                  = 
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline          = 哲里木大桥 - Zhelimu Bridge - 2011.07 - panoramio (1).jpg
|image_caption          = Zhelimu Bridge
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_map              = Location of Tongliao Prefecture within Inner Mongolia (China).svg
|map_caption            = Location of Tongliao City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia
|pushpin_map            = Inner Mongolia
|pushpin_map_caption    = Location of the city centre in Inner Mongolia
|pushpin_mapsize        = 240
|pushpin_relief = yes
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Autonomous regions of the People's Republic of China|Autonomous region]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Inner Mongolia]]
|seat_type              = Municipal seat
|seat                   = [[Horqin District]]
|parts_type             =
|parts_style            = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format)
                               Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->
|parts                  = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->
|p1                     =
|p2                     = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed-->
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =<!-- CPC Secretary -->
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =<!-- Mayor -->
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      =  <!-- Settled -->
|established_date       = 
|established_title1     =  <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date1      = 
|established_title2     = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date2      = 
|founder                =
|named_for              =
<!-- Area    --------------------->
| area_total_km2          = 58862
| area_metro_km2          = 3516
| area_urban_km2          = 
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of               = 2020 census
|population_footnotes           =<ref name="citypopulation.de"/>
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 2873168
| population_metro       = 921808
| population_urban        = 1437489
|population_density_km2         =auto
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_metro_km2   =auto
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=内蒙古自治区统计局、国家统计局内蒙古调查总队 |title=《内蒙古统计年鉴－2016》|year=2016|publisher=[[China Statistics Press]] |isbn=978-7-5037-7901-5}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 187.7 billion<br />[[US$]] 30.1 billion 
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 60,128<br />US$ 9,654
<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone               = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset             = +8
|coor_pinpoint = Tongliao municipal government
|coordinates            = {{coord|43.654|N|122.243|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-15_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
<!-- Elevation -------------------------->
|elevation_footnotes    = <ref name="Sohu peak"/><ref name="CASS Jarud Banner peak"/>
|elevation_m            = 179
|elevation_max_m            = 1444.2
|elevation_min_m            = 
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type       = <!--  [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] -->
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-NM-05]]
|blank_name             =<!-- [[GDP]] -->
|blank_info             = 
|blank1_name            =<!-- GDP per capita -->
|blank1_info            =
|blank2_name            =<!-- [[Licence plates of the People's Republic of China|License Plate]] Prefix -->
|blank2_info            =
|blank3_name            =<!-- Major [[Nationalities of China|Nationalities]] -->
|blank3_info            =
|website                = {{URL|tongliao.gov.cn/}}
|footnotes              = 
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|s=通辽 |t=通遼
  |p=Tōngliáo
  |w={{tone superscript|T'ung1-liao2}}
  |mi={{IPAc-cmn|t|ong|1|.|l|iao|2}}
  |bpmf=ㄊㄨㄥ ㄌㄧㄠˊ
  |l="Through [[Liao Dynasty|Liao]]"
  |mong=ᠲᠦᠩᠯᠢᠶᠣᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ
  |monr=Tüŋliyou qota
  |mon=Тонляо хот
  |order=st
}}
'''Tongliao'''{{efn|{{lang-zh|c=通辽市}}; {{langx|mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠩᠯᠢᠶᠣᠤ}} {{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠣᠲᠠ}}}} ''Tüŋliyou qota'', [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian Cyrillic]]: Тонляо хот}} is a [[prefecture-level city]] in eastern [[Inner Mongolia]], People's Republic of China. The area is {{convert|59,535|km²}} and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168 (3,139,153 in 2010). However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants.<ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web| url = https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/| title = China: Inner Mongolia (Prefectures, Leagues, Cities, Districts, Banners and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref> The city was the administrative centre of the defunct '''Jirem League'''.{{efn|{{lang|zh-hans|哲里木盟}}; {{lang|mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠢᠷᠢᠮ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ|style=height:min-content}}}} {{lang|mn-Latn|Jirim ayimaɣ}}}}

The original Mongolian name for Tongliao [[city proper]] (i.e. [[Horqin District]]) is '''Bayitalai''' ({{lang-zh|s=白音泰赉/巴林太来|p=Báiyīntàilài|l=having buildings}}), while the original name of the prefecture-level city is ''Jirem''. The [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] dialect spoken in this area is [[Khorchin Mongolian]].

==History==
Human settlement in Tongliao and the surrounding [[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]] area dates from at least 1000 BC. The Donghu people, a tribe who spoke a proto-[[Mongolian language]], settled in today's Tongliao area, north of [[State of Yan|Yan]] during the [[Warring States period]].<ref>Watson (1993), p. 132.</ref> their culture was associated with the [[Upper Xiajiadian culture]], characterized by the practice of agriculture and animal husbandry supplemented by handicrafts and bronze art.<ref>Lin (2007){{Page needed|date=April 2014}}</ref> Later, the Tongliao area was controlled by [[Xiongnu]], [[Xianbei]], and [[Khitan people|Khitan]] tribes.

After the Mongolian Khanate had established the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in Chinese territory, Tongliao was put under the jurisdiction of [[Liaoyang province]], whose provincial capital was in today's [[Liaoning Province]]. In the early [[Qing]] period, [[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]], [[Dörbet (Borjigin clan)|Dörbod]], [[Jalaids|Jalaid]] and [[Gorlos Mongols|Gorlos]] tribes met in Jirem to establish an alliance, and the Jirem League was founded in 1636 to administer Khorchin territory. The Jirem League had jurisdiction over six Khorchin [[banners of Inner Mongolia|banners]], two Gorlos banners, one Dorbod banner and one Jalaid banner. During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican period]], the Jirem League and the surrounding Khorchin area was controlled by the [[Fengtian province|Fengtian]] and Liaoning provinces.

In 1918, Tongliao County was first established under the administration of the Jirem League and Fengtian province. After the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]] invaded [[Manchuria]] in 1931, a Japanese-controlled puppet state [[Manchukuo]] was established in [[Changchun|Xinjing]], 280 kilometers away from today's Tongliao urban area. The Manchukuo government set up [[Xing'an Province]] and soon divided it into four parts, in order to govern the western part of former [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]] and [[Fengtian province|Fengtian]] provinces. These Xing'an provinces roughly overlap today's eastern part of [[Inner Mongolia]], including today's Hulunbuir League, Xingan League, Chifeng and Tongliao. After the dissolution of the Manchukuo state, the Jirem League was governed by Liaoning and [[Liaobei]] provinces until [[Ulanhu]] established [[Inner Mongolia]] in [[Ulanhot]], governing eastern Mongolian areas including the Hulunbuir, Jirem and Ju Ud leagues. After 1969, the Jirem League was put under the administration of Jilin province administration for 10 years until 1979. In 1999, the Jirem League became defunct and changed its name to Tongliao city, which was set up a prefecture-level city.

In 1924, [[Oomoto]] leader [[Onisaburo Deguchi]], [[Aikido]] founder [[Morihei Ueshiba]], and [[Lu Zhankui]] were arrested by Chinese authorities in Tongliao. Lu and his men were executed by firing squad, but Deguchi and Ueshiba were released into the customer of the Japanese consul.

==Geography and climate==
Tongliao spans latitude 42°15'{{spaced ndash}}45°41' and longitude 119°15'{{spaced ndash}}123°43',<ref name="XZQH general">{{Cite web|url=http://xzqh.org/html/show/nm/3794.html |script-title=zh:通辽概览概况地图_行政区划网(区划地名网) www.xzqh.org|publisher=XZQH.org |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> and borders [[Jilin]] province to the east, [[Liaoning]] to the south, [[Chifeng]] to the southwest, the [[Xilin Gol League]] to the west, and the [[Hinggan League]] to the north.  Not far from Tongliao are silica sands. Tongliao has a total area of {{convert|59535|km2}}, accounting for 5.4% of Inner Mongolia's total.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.hktdc.com/en/data-and-profiles/market-profiles/mainland-china|title=HKTDC Research|website=research.hktdc.com}}</ref>

Tongliao's topography primarily consists of plains,<ref name="XZQH general"/> though the northern stretch of the prefecture extends into the eastern foothills of the southern [[Greater Khingan]].<ref name="XZQH general"/> The central and eastern parts of the prefecture are marked by the plains of the [[Xiliao River|Xiliao]], Xinkai River ({{lang|zh-Hans|[[:zh:新开河 (通辽)|新开河]]}}), and Jiaolai rivers ({{lang|zh-Hans|教来河}}), collectively forming the Sanhe Plain ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=三河平原 |l=three rivers' plain}}).<ref name="XZQH general"/> The highest point in the prefecture is Tunte'er Peak ({{lang|zh-Hans|吞特尔峰}}), at {{convert|1444.2|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Sohu peak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/199234915_230043 |script-title=zh:秋天的特金罕山，美的像幅油画，值得一游！ |script-work=zh:通辽旅游 |trans-work=Tongliao Tourism |via=[[Sohu]] |date=2017-10-20 |access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref><ref name="CASS Jarud Banner peak">{{cite web |url=http://iel.cass.cn/2006/zlt/zlt/lsyg.htm |script-title=zh:建置沿革 |publisher=[[CASS]] Nationalities Studies Research Institute ({{lang|zh-hans|中国社会科学院民族文学研究所}})}}</ref>

Tongliao has a four-season, [[monsoon]]-influenced, [[Continentality|continental]] [[steppe climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSk''), with long, cold, windy, but dry winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly mean temperatures range from {{convert|−13.0|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|24.2|°C|1}} in July, with an annual mean of {{convert|7.11|°C|1}}. Much of the year's rainfall occurs from June to August, and even then dry and sunny weather dominates in the city. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 57% in July to 78% in January, sunshine is abundant year-round, with 3,054 hours of bright sunshine annually.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Tongliao, elevation {{convert|179|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present)
|Jan record high C = 9.7 |Jan record low C = -33.9
|Feb record high C = 19.0 |Feb record low C = -28.7
|Mar record high C = 25.7 |Mar record low C = -22.8
|Apr record high C = 35.5 |Apr record low C = -13.9
|May record high C = 41.5 |May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record high C = 39.7 |Jun record low C = 3.5
|Jul record high C = 38.7 |Jul record low C = 10.8
|Aug record high C = 38.5 |Aug record low C = 5.9
|Sep record high C = 33.5 |Sep record low C = -2.2
|Oct record high C = 30.2 |Oct record low C = -11.2
|Nov record high C = 21.1 |Nov record low C = -23.0
|Dec record high C = 14.6 |Dec record low C = -31.6
|year high C =  |year low C = 
|year high F =  |year low F =
|Jan high C = 	-6.4
|Feb high C = 	-1.0
|Mar high C = 	6.8
|Apr high C = 	16.4
|May high C = 	23.8
|Jun high C = 	28.2
|Jul high C = 	29.9
|Aug high C = 	28.6
|Sep high C = 	24.0
|Oct high C = 	15.2
|Nov high C = 	3.7
|Dec high C = 	-4.8
|Jan mean C = 	-12.5
|Feb mean C = 	-7.6
|Mar mean C = 	0.2
|Apr mean C = 	9.8
|May mean C = 	17.4
|Jun mean C = 	22.3
|Jul mean C = 	24.7
|Aug mean C = 	23.1
|Sep mean C = 	17.2
|Oct mean C = 	8.5
|Nov mean C = 	-2.2
|Dec mean C = 	-10.5
|Jan low C = 	-17.4
|Feb low C = 	-13.2
|Mar low C = 	-5.7
|Apr low C = 	3.4
|May low C = 	11.0
|Jun low C = 	16.5
|Jul low C = 	19.9
|Aug low C = 	18.1
|Sep low C = 	11.2
|Oct low C = 	2.8
|Nov low C = 	-7.0
|Dec low C = 	-15.1
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 	1.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 	1.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 	6.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 	15.2
|May precipitation mm = 	37.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 	75.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 	101.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 	91.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 	23.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 	18.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 	7.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 	2.2
|Jan humidity = 	52
|Feb humidity = 	43
|Mar humidity = 	39
|Apr humidity = 	39
|May humidity = 	45
|Jun humidity = 	59
|Jul humidity = 	71
|Aug humidity = 	71
|Sep humidity = 	60
|Oct humidity = 	53
|Nov humidity = 	51
|Dec humidity = 	54
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 	1.8
|Feb precipitation days = 	1.5
|Mar precipitation days = 	2.8
|Apr precipitation days = 	4.4
|May precipitation days = 	7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 	10.8
|Jul precipitation days = 	10.9
|Aug precipitation days = 	9.0
|Sep precipitation days = 	6.0
|Oct precipitation days = 	3.6
|Nov precipitation days = 	2.5
|Dec precipitation days = 	2.7
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 	219.5
|Feb sun = 	228.6
|Mar sun = 	269.8
|Apr sun = 	265.0
|May sun = 	279.2
|Jun sun = 	259.4
|Jul sun = 	240.9
|Aug sun = 	251.2
|Sep sun = 	256.6
|Oct sun = 	240.9
|Nov sun = 	201.6
|Dec sun = 	198.8
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 	76
| Feb percentsun = 	77
| Mar percentsun = 	73
| Apr percentsun = 	65
| May percentsun = 	61
| Jun percentsun = 	56
| Jul percentsun = 	52
| Aug percentsun = 	59
| Sep percentsun = 	69
| Oct percentsun = 	72
| Nov percentsun = 	70
| Dec percentsun = 	72
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 	3.3
|Feb snow days = 	2.7
|Mar snow days = 	3.7
|Apr snow days = 	1.5
|May snow days = 	0.1
|Jun snow days = 	0.1
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0.9
|Nov snow days = 	3.4
|Dec snow days = 	4.5
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="CMA old">
{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21 
}}</ref>
|source 2 =Weather China<ref name=WCN>{{cite web|script-title=zh:呼和浩特城市介绍以及气候背景分析|url=http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101080501.shtml|website=Weather China |access-date=27 July 2015| language = zh-cn}}</ref>}}

==Subdivisions==
{| class="wikitable"  style="font-size:90%;" align=center
!colspan="8" align="center" | Map
|-
|colspan="8" align="center" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Tongliao.png|width={{{1|528}}}|link=}} 
{{Image label|x=1140|y=1120|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Horqin District|'''Horqin''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1120|y=810|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Horqin Left Middle Banner|'''Horqin<br />Left<br />Middle<br />Banner''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1200|y=1300|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Horqin Left Back Banner|'''Horqin<br />Left<br />Back<br />Banner''']]}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=1040|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Kailu County|'''Kailu<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=860|y=1540|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Hure Banner|'''Hure<br />Banner''']]}}
{{Image label|x=570|y=1480|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Naiman Banner|'''Naiman<br />Banner''']]}}
{{Image label|x=490|y=470|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Jarud Banner|'''Jarud<br />Banner''']]}}
{{Image label|x=50|y=80|scale={{{1|528}}}/1760|text=[[Holingol|<span style="font-size:smaller;">'''Holingol<br />{{small|(city)}}'''</span>]]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! Mongolian
! [[Hanzi]]
! [[Hanyu Pinyin]]
! Population<br />(2020)
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density<br />(/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
|[[Horqin District]]
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Qorčin toɣoriɣ)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|科尔沁区}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Kē'ěrqìn Qū}}
|921,808
|3,515.69
|262
|-
|[[Holingol]] city
||{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠣᠣᠯᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Qoolin Ɣool qota)}}
|{{lang|zh|霍林郭勒市}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Huòlínguōlè Shì}}
|138,676
|584.65
|237
|-
|[[Kailu County]]
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠺᠠᠶᠢᠯᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Ḵayilü siyan)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|开鲁县}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Kāilǔ Xiàn}}
|313,364
|4,353.20
|72
|-
|[[Hure Banner]]
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶ᠎ᠡ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Küriy-e qosiɣu)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|库伦旗}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Kùlún Qí}}
|151,133
|4,709
|32
|-
|[[Naiman Banner]]
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠨᠠᠢᠮᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Naiman qosiɣu)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|奈曼旗}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Nàimàn Qí}}
|375,312
|8,135.22
|46
|-
|[[Jarud Banner]]
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠵᠠᠷᠤᠳ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Jarud qosiɣu)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|扎鲁特旗}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Zālǔtè Qí}}
|251,806
|16,491.6
|15
|-
|[[Horqin Left Middle Banner]]<br />(Horqin Jun Garun Dundad Banner)
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Dumdadu qosiɣu)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|科尔沁左翼中旗}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Kē'ěrqìn Zuǒyì<br />Zhōng Qí}}
|399,631
|9,572.54
|42
|-
|[[Horqin Left Back Banner]]<br />(Horqin Jun Garun Hoit Banner)
|{{MongolUnicode|ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠲᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ|style=height:min-content}}<br />{{small|(Qorčin Jegün Ɣarun Qoyitu qosiɣu)}}
|{{lang|zh-Hans|科尔沁左翼后旗}}
|{{Transliteration|zh|Kē'ěrqìn Zuǒyì<br />Hòu Qí}}
|321,438
|11,499.64
|28
|}

==Demographics==
Ethnic groups in Tongliao, 2010 census.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! Ethnicity
! Population
! Percentage
|-
| [[Han Chinese|Han]]
| 1,592,279
| 50.72%
|-
| [[Mongol]]
| 1,441,275
| 45.91%
|-
| [[Manchu]]
| 88,316
| 2.81%
|-
| [[Hui]]
| 12,462
| 0.4%
|-
| [[Koreans|Korean]]
| 2,421
| 0.08%
|-
| [[Xibe people|Xibe]]
| 890
| 0.03%
|-
| [[Daur people|Daur]]
| 548
| 0.02%
|}

==Transport==
[[File:Dalian-Tongliao train, China.jpg|thumb|[[Local train]] from Dalian to Tongliao (2002)]]
[[Tongliao railway station]] is a railway hub in both Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Tongliao-Beijing Railway conveniently connects the city with Beijing. [[Jining–Tongliao railway]] connects Inner Mongolia. There are also railways connecting Tongliao with Shenyang and Daqing. State Highway 111, State Highway 303, State Highway 304 and State Highway 204 run through the city and extend to harbor cities such as Tianjin, Dalian, and Qinhuangdao. The city is served by [[Tongliao Airport]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tongliao | title=Tongliao &#124; China &#124; Britannica }}</ref>

==Education==
The [[Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities]] ({{lang-zh|first=s|s=内蒙古民族大学|labels=no}})and [[Inner Mongolia College of Farming and Animal Husbandry]] (merged into the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities) are among the educational institutions of Tongliao.

Additionally Tongliao Mongolian Middle School ({{lang-zh|first=s|s=通辽蒙古族中学|labels=no}}) is there.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1985795/culture-war-inner-mongolia-seethes-as-china-presses-mandarin-at-school|title=Culture war: Inner Mongolia seethes as China presses Mandarin at school |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=2020-09-15|access-date=2020-09-22}}</ref><!--http://www.tlmds.cn/publish/default/ is the official site-->

==Points of interest==
*Zhurihe Ranch (珠日河牧場)
*Daqinggou (大青溝)

Every summer, the [[Naadam]] festival is held at Tongliao's Zhurihe Ranch.<ref>[http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/28/c_139403822.htm Naadam on sand kicks off in China's Inner Mongolia (Xinhua Net]</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}}
<gallery>
File:Zhurihe Ranch, Tongliao.jpg|Zhurihe [[Grassland]] (Zhurihe Ranch)
File:Zhurihe Ranch at Naadam 1.jpg|Zhurihe Ranch in a festive mood of [[Naadam]]
File:Zhurihe Ranch at Naadam 2.jpg|Before the [[Horse race]]
File:Zhurihe Ranch at Naadam 3.jpg|Start of the horse race
File:Zhurihe Ranch at Naadam 4.jpg|Running of the horses
</gallery>

==Notable people==
*[[Gada Meiren]]
*[[Guo Shuang]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825213919/http://www.tongliao.gov.cn/m/ Tungliyo Government (in Mongolian)]
* [http://www.tongliao.gov.cn/ Tongliao Government (in Chinese)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050818103004/http://www.tongliao.info/ www.tongliao.info] (in Chinese)
* [http://www.tlmds.cn Tongliao Mongolian Middle School] {{inlang|zh}}

{{Inner Mongolia topics}}
{{Inner Mongolia}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tongliao| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Inner Mongolia]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Inner Mongolia]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]