View source for Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula

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{{Short description|Listing of events in Spanish history}}
This is a timeline of notable events during the period of [[Muslim]] presence in [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], starting with the [[Umayyad]] conquest in the 8th century.

==Conquest (711–756)==
{{Further|Umayyad conquest of Hispania}}
* 711{{spaced ndash}}A [[Berber people|Muslim]] force consisting of Arabs and Berbers of about 7,000 soldiers under general [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]], loyal to the Umayyad [[Caliph]] [[Al-Walid I]], enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa.
** At the [[Battle of Guadalete]], Tariq ibn Ziyad defeats Visigothic king [[Roderic]].
* 712{{spaced ndash}}The Muslim governor of Northern Africa, [[Musa ibn Nusayr]], follows Tariq ibn Ziyad with an army of 5,000 Arabs to make the total of the army 18,000. He takes [[Medina-Sidonia]], [[Seville]] and [[Mértola]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Clifford J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=Tariq+ibn+Ziyad+berber+arab+troops&pg=PA13 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533403-6}}</ref>
* 713{{spaced ndash}}[[Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa]], Musa ibn Nusair's son, takes [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]], [[Murcia]], [[Granada]], [[Sagunto]].
* 714{{spaced ndash}}First Umayyad campaigns in the lower [[Ebro]] valley and southeast part of the Iberian Peninsula.
** Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa takes [[Évora]], [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] and [[Coimbra]].
* 715{{spaced ndash}}Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa is left in charge and makes his capital the city of Seville. The Al-Walid's successor, [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]], orders Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa assassinated.
* 717{{spaced ndash}}Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim [[Al-Andalus]].
* 717: Umayyads under [[al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi]] crossed the Pyrenees for the first time on a reconnaissance mission.
* 718{{spaced ndash}}[[Pelayo of Asturias|Pelayo]], a Christian Asturian noble and possibly (but not certainly) comrade-in-arms of King Roderic at the [[Battle of Guadalete]], leads the fight against the Umayyads in the Asturian region.
* 719: The next Umayyad governor, [[Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani|al-Samh]], crossed the Pyrenees in 719 and conquered Narbonne (Arbuna to the Arabs) in that year or the following (720).
* 720{{spaced ndash}}Al-Samh set up his capital at [[Narbonne]], which the Moors called Arbūna. He offered the still largely [[Arianism|Arian]] inhabitants generous terms.<ref>{{cite book | author = Collins, Roger| year = 1989 | title = The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797 | publisher = Blackwell |location = Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US|isbn= 0-631-19405-3|pages=87}}</ref>
* 721{{spaced ndash}}A combined force of [[Aquitania]]ns and [[Franks]] under Duke [[Odo of Aquitaine]] defeat an Umayyad army at the [[Battle of Toulouse (721)|Battle of Toulouse]].
* 720's: [[Arab]] forces soundly based in Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, started raids.
* 731{{spaced ndash}}Berbers allied of Odo of Aquitaine rebel in [[Cerdanya]], but the rebellion is suppressed by [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi]].
* 732{{spaced ndash}}The Cordovan army led by Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi defeats an Aquitanian force under Duke Odo of Aquitaine on the [[Garonne]] next to [[Bordeaux]].
** Frankish commander [[Charles Martel]] and Odo defeat an Umayyad army at the [[Battle of Tours-Poitiers]], killing Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mackay |first=Angus |title=Atlas of Medieval Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-415-01923-0 |location=London}}</ref>
* 735{{spaced ndash}}Umayyads take [[Arles]] in the [[Rhône River|Rhône]] Valley.
* 739{{spaced ndash}}Berbers revolt in North Africa, thereafter expanding to Iberia.
** Rebels in North Africa defeat a [[Syria]]n force and kill its commander [[Kulthum ibn Iyadh al-Kushayri|Kulthum]].
** Revolt drives Muslim army out of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].
* 740{{spaced ndash}}Berbers rebel against the ethnically exclusive Arab [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and refuse to support them with tax revenues.
* 741{{spaced ndash}}The 10,000 survivors of Kulthum's force arrive in Iberia under a new leader, [[Talaba ibn Salama]].
* 742{{spaced ndash}}Internal conflict in Al-Andalus continues for the next 4&nbsp;years.
* 755{{spaced ndash}}[[Abd ar-Rahman I]] of the Umayyad dynasty flees to Iberia to escape the [[Abbasid]]s.
* 756{{spaced ndash}}Abd ar-Rahman I defeats [[Yusuf al-Fihri]] outside Córdoba.

==The Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (756–929)==
* 756{{spaced ndash}}[[Abd ar-Rahman I]] proclaims himself [[Caliph of Córdoba|Emir of Córdoba]].
* 759{{spaced ndash}}The Andalusis lose the city of [[Narbonne]], last Muslim stronghold north of the Pyrenees.
* 764{{spaced ndash}}Abd ar-Rahman I takes Toledo from [[Hisham ibn Urwa]].
* 766{{spaced ndash}}Said al-Matari rebels in Seville.
* 771{{spaced ndash}}Syrians under [[Abd al-Ghaffar]] rebel against Abd ar-Rahman I, but the latter defeats the Syrians on the river Bembezar in 774.
* 777{{spaced ndash}}Abd ar-Rahman I suppresses an Abbasid-inspired revolt.
* 778{{spaced ndash}}The [[Frankish Empire|Frank]]s led by [[Charlemagne]] attack [[Zaragoza]], but are forced to withdraw empty-handed.
* 785{{spaced ndash}}Building of the [[Great Mosque of Córdoba]] begins on the grounds of a Visigothic church; it is completed in 976.
* 788{{spaced ndash}}Death of Abd ar-Rahman I, founder of the independent Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba. His successor is [[Hisham I]].
* 791{{spaced ndash}}[[Alfonso II of Asturias|Alfonso II]] becomes King of [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]] in [[Oviedo]] and takes a number of Andalusi strongholds and settles the lands south of the [[Douro River]].
* 791{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of the Burbia River]], where the Umayyad Cordovans defeat the Asturians.
** A Muslim force raids into [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].{{Cn|date=December 2015}}
* 792{{spaced ndash}}[[Hisham I]], Emir of Córdoba, calls for a [[Jihad]] against the Christians in the [[Marca Hispanica]] and [[Septimania|Gothia]] (eastern Pyrenees).
* 794{{spaced ndash}}[[Asturia]]ns defeat the Umayyad Cordovans at the [[Battle of Lutos]].
* 795{{spaced ndash}}An Umayyad force occupies [[Astorga (Spain)|Astorga]].
* 796{{spaced ndash}}[[Al-Hakam I]] becomes Emir of Córdoba.
* 798{{spaced ndash}}In a raid across western al-Andalus, Alfonso II of Asturias captures and sacks Lisbon, but does not retain it.
* 799{{spaced ndash}}Basques revolt and kill the local Cordovan governor in [[Pamplona]] ([[Banu Qasi|Mutarrif ibn-Musa]]).
* 800{{spaced ndash}}Charlemagne takes Barcelona. He is granted the title of "Holy Roman Emperor" by [[Pope Leo III]] in order to guarantee his protection of Rome against the invading [[Lombards]].
* 801{{spaced ndash}}[[William of Gellone]] and [[Louis the Pious]], Charlemagne's son, take Barcelona from Andalusi lords.
* 806{{spaced ndash}}[[Franks|Frankish]] conquest of Pamplona.
* 808{{spaced ndash}}Franks [[Siege of Tortosa (808–809)|fail to take Tortosa]].
* 809{{spaced ndash}}An Umayyad prince defeats and executes [[Tumlus]], a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before.
* 811{{spaced ndash}}Charlemagne fails to take control of Tarragona; "Hispanic March" (designation until 874) established to the south of Barcelona.
* 813{{spaced ndash}}The grave of [[Saint James the Great|James the Apostle]] is 'revealed' near [[Santiago de Compostela]], in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].
* 816{{spaced ndash}}Forces of the Emirate of Cordoba under [[Abd al-Karim ibn Abd al-Wahid]] defeat a force loyal to the Kingdom of [[Francia]] under [[Velasco the Gascon|Balask al-Yalasqi]].
* 822{{spaced ndash}}[[Abd-ar-Rahman II]] becomes Emir of Córdoba.
* 824{{spaced ndash}}Basques destroy a Carolingian army at the second [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)|Battle of Roncesvalles]]. [[Kingdom of Pamplona]] established.
* 825{{spaced ndash}}Andalusian forces attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and [[Viseu]] but are driven back.
* 827{{spaced ndash}}[[Bernat of Septimania]] holds Barcelona against [[Goths|Gothic]] rebels who have Umayyad assistance.
* 829{{spaced ndash}}Another insurrection in Mérida.
* 839{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso II of Asturias commands a military force in the region of Viseu.
* 844{{spaced ndash}}Vikings raid the [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]n estuaries, are defeated by Ramiro&nbsp;I, attack Lisbon, and sack Seville, but are shortly afterwards wiped out by a Córdoban relief army.
** [[Battle of Clavijo]], a fictitious battle between Christians led by Ramiro&nbsp;I of Asturias and Muslims, where [[James, son of Zebedee|St. James]] is claimed to have aided a Christian Army.
* 848{{spaced ndash}}William, son of [[Bernat of Septimania]], seizes Barcelona.
* 850{{ndash}}859{{spaced ndash}}[[Perfectus]], a Christian priest in Andalusi Córdoba, is beheaded after refusing to retract numerous insults hurled at [[Muhammad]]. Numerous other priests, monks, and laity would follow.
** Forty-eight Christian men and women are decapitated for refusing to convert or recurrently blaspheming Muhammad{{snd}}[[Martyrs of Córdoba]].
* 852{{spaced ndash}}Death of [[Abd at-Rahman II]].
** [[Muhammad I of Umayyad|Muhammad I]] becomes Emir of Córdoba.
* 854{{spaced ndash}}Afonso Betotes takes [[Tui, Pontevedra|Tui]].
* 859{{spaced ndash}}[[Viking]]s raid the Iberian coast. They capture and ransom King [[García Íñiguez of Pamplona]].
* 859{{spaced ndash}}[[Ordoño I of Asturias]] defeats [[Musa ibn Musa]] at [[Albelda]].
* 868{{spaced ndash}}Vímara Peres captures [[Porto]] and establishes the [[County of Portugal]].
* 872{{spaced ndash}}Count Odoario captures [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]]
* 873{{spaced ndash}}Over the next 25 years [[Wilfred the Hairy]], [[Count of Barcelona]], sets up a Christian principality with a certain degree of independence from the [[Frankish Empire|Frank]]ish kings.
* 878{{spaced ndash}}The city of [[Coimbra]] is taken from the Moors. [[Hermenegildo Gutiérrez]] is made [[County of Coimbra|Count of Coimbra]].
* 886{{spaced ndash}}[[Al-Mundhir of Córdoba|Al-Mundhir]] becomes Emir of Córdoba.
** Revolts in Al-Andalus continue till 912
* 888{{spaced ndash}}[[Abdallah ibn Muhammad]] becomes Emir of Córdoba.
* 893{{spaced ndash}}[[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]] is taken for [[Alfonso III of Asturias]].
* 899{{spaced ndash}}[[Simancas]] is taken for [[Alfonso III of Asturias]].
* 900{{spaced ndash}}[[Toro, Zamora|Toro]] is taken for [[Alfonso III of Asturias]].
* 905{{spaced ndash}}[[Sancho I of Pamplona]] usurps the Basque kingdom of Pamplona with the help of [[Alfonso III of León]], [[Raymond I, Count of Pallars and Ribagorza]] and the [[Banu Qasi]].
* 912
**[[Abd al-Rahman III]] becomes the Emir of Córdoba. Every spring, Emirate troops or those of vassals launch raiding campaigns against the Christian frontier.
**[[Osma]] is taken for the Christians.
* 913{{spaced ndash}}An expedition commanded by [[Ordoño II of León]] takes Évora ([[Évora|Talavera]]) from the Muslims.
** The capital city of the [[Kingdom of Asturias]] is moved from [[Oviedo]] to [[León, Spain|León]], becomes [[Kingdom of León]].
* 916{{spaced ndash}}[[Ordoño II of León]] is defeated by Emir Abd al-Rahman III in [[Valdejunquera]].
* 917{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (917)|Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz]]. [[Ordoño II of León|Ordoño II]] defeats an army under Emir Abd al-Rahman III.
* 919{{spaced ndash}}The Muslims again attack the city of [[San Esteban de Gormaz]] at the [[Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (919)]]
** [[Pope John X]] recognizes the orthodoxy and legitimacy of the Visigothic Liturgy maintained in the [[Mozarabic rite]].
* 920{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Valdejunquera]], where the armies of Abd al-Rahman III defeat the armies of the Kingdom of León.
* 920{{spaced ndash}}Muslim forces under the command of Abd al-Rahman III take the city of [[Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (920)|San Esteban de Gormaz]]
* 920{{spaced ndash}}Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, enter [[Gascony]], and reach as far as the gates of [[Toulouse]]. The garrison of [[Muez]] is killed.
* 924{{spaced ndash}}The city of Pamplona is destroyed by forces led by [[Abd al-Rahman III]].

==The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1009)==
* 929{{spaced ndash}}[[Abd al-Rahman III]], faced with the threat of invasion by the [[Fatimid]]s, proclaims himself Caliph of Córdoba, breaking all ties with the Abbasid Caliphate in [[Baghdad]]. Under the reign of Abd al-Rahman&nbsp;III Muslim Al-Andalus reaches its greatest height before its slow decline over the next four centuries.
* 930{{spaced ndash}}Over the next 20 years [[Ramiro II of León]], defeats Abd al-Rahman III at [[Simancas]], [[Osma]], and [[Talavera de la Reina|Talavera]].
* 933{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Osma]] where [[Kingdom of Castile|Castilian]]–Leónese troops, under [[Fernán González of Castile]], defeat the Muslim army of Abd al-Rahman III.
* 939{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Simancas]] where Ramiro II of León defeats Abd al-Rahman III. The Christians defeat Abd al-Rahman III  al-Nāṣir a second time at [[Fresno Alhándiga|Alhandega]].
** [[Madrid]] is recaptured from Muslim forces. The encounter between the two rulers finally took place in 939, when, at the so-called ditch of Simancas (Shant Mankus), [[Ramiro II of León]] severely defeated the Muslims, and Abd al-Rahman III narrowly escapes with his life. After that defeat Abd al-Rahman III resolved never to take personal charge of another expedition. But Madrid is recaptured by Muslims in 940.
* 953{{spaced ndash}}[[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Otto I]] sends representatives to Córdoba to ask Caliph Abd al-Rahman III to call off some Muslim raiders who had set themselves up in Alpine passes and are attacking merchant caravans going in and out of Italy.
** Big Moorish incursion in [[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]].
* 955{{spaced ndash}}[[Ordoño III of León]] attacks Lisbon.
* 961{{spaced ndash}}[[Al-Hakam II]] becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
* 974{{spaced ndash}}A Córdoban expedition under [[Ibn Tumlus]] crushes a rebellion in Seville.
* 976{{spaced ndash}}Caliph [[Al-Hakam II]] dies, and [[Almanzor|Al-Mansur]] takes over in the name of his protégé [[Hisham II]], becoming a military dictator usurping caliphal powers and launching a big number of offensive campaigns against the Christians. The Christians take advantage of the resulting confusion and commence raids into Muslim territory.
** Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
* 977{{spaced ndash}}[[Almanzor|Al-Mansur]] volunteers to lead the army against the Christians, and is successful.
* 978{{spaced ndash}}Leonese forces under [[Garci Fernández]] and [[Ramiro III of León]] suffer the worst in a string of defeats at [[Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz (978)|San Esteban de Gormaz]] (Also defeated at [[Battle of Rueda|Rueda]] and [[Battle of Torrevicente|Torrevicente]]), eventually leading to the revolt of the Galacian nobles and the abdication of Ramiro in favor of [[Bermudo II of León]].
* 981{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur defeats his old friend [[Ghālib ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān|Ghalib]] in a confused battle near [[Atienza]]. Al-Mansur force includes Berbers, Christian mercenaries, and Andalusian troops from Zaragoza under [[Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi]]. Ghalib's force includes Andalusians and a Castilian contingent under the Count [[García Fernandez of Castile|García Fernandez]]. Ghalib is killed in the battle. Al-Mansur subsequently kills off both [[Ibn al-Andalusi]] and [[Man ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Tujibi]].
** 981{{spaced ndash}}[[Ramiro III of León]] is defeated by Al-Mansur at [[Rueda, Valladolid|Rueda]] at the [[Battle of Rueda]] and is obliged to pay tribute to the Caliph of Córdoba.
* 983{{spaced ndash}}After failing in a rebellion in the [[Maghreb]], the Berber Chief [[Zawi ibn Ziri]], of the [[Tunis]]ian royal family, brings a formidable force of [[Sanhaja]] horsemen to join Al-Mansur. However, they are not allowed to cross the straits for many years (sometime 1002{{ndash}}1008).
* 985{{spaced ndash}}Under Al-Mansur and subsequently his son, Christian cities are subjected to numerous raids.
* 985{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur sacks Barcelona.
* 986{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur burns down the monastery of [[Sant Cugat del Vallès]].
* 987
**Al-Mansur retakes Christian Coimbra.
** Al-Mansur seizes the castles north of the [[Douro River]], and arrives at the city of [[Santiago de Compostela]]. The city had been evacuated and Al-Mansur burns it to the ground. Al-Mansur has the [[basilica]] doors and bells of the Christian shrine of Santiago de Compostela taken to the Córdoba Mosque and has the rest of the Church destroyed.
* 988{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur razes [[León, León|León]] to the ground. He sacks Leon, [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]], and [[Sahagún|Sahagun]], and sets fire to the great monasteries of Eslonza and Sahagun.
* 989{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur seizes [[Osma]].
* 995{{spaced ndash}}Despite stout resistance by the [[Beni-Gomez]] clan{{spaced ndash}}Christian counts of [[Saldaña, Palencia|Saldaña]], [[Liébana]], [[Carrión de los Condes|Carrión]], and [[Zamora (Spain)|Zamora]]{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur destroys their capital, the city of [[Santa Maria de Carrion]].
* 997{{spaced ndash}}Under the leadership of Al-Mansur, Muslim forces march out of the city of Córdoba and head north to capture Christian lands.
* 998{{spaced ndash}}[[Wāḍiḥ al-Ṣiqlabī|Wadih]], a [[Slavic peoples|Slav]] and the best Andalusian commander of the time, takes Fez in [[Morocco]] with a large force.
** Muslims briefly attempt to establish a garrison at [[Zamora (Spain)|Zamora]].
* 1000{{spaced ndash}}[[Sancho III of Navarre]], inflicts major losses on the Muslims, and nearly clinches a remarkable victory.
* 1000–1033{{spaced ndash}}[[Sancho III of Navarre]] gains control of [[Aragon]] and Castile, uniting the three kingdoms. But on his death, he splits the kingdom and leaves [[Navarre]] to his son [[García III of Pamplona]], Castile to [[Ferdinand I of León|Fernando I]], and Aragon to [[Ramiro I of Aragon|Ramiro I]].
* 1002{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur raids into [[La Rioja (autonomous community)|La Rioja]].
** Al-Mansur dies in the village of [[Salem, Spain|Salem]].
** Power in Al-Andalus subsequently divided between the old [[Arab]] nobility, the Berber mercenaries, and the [[Slavic peoples|Slav]] slaves.
* 1002{{ndash}}1008{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mansur's son [[Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar|Al-Muzaffar]] conducts annual raids against the Christians.
* 1003{{spaced ndash}}Moors lay waste to the city of [[León, León|León]].
* 1008{{spaced ndash}}On the death of al-Muzaffar, [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Al-Mansur]], another son of Al-Mansur, takes over the role of unofficial ruler. In winter he leads his army against the Christians.
** [[Mohammed II of Umayyad|Muhammad II]] – great-grandson of Abd al-Rahman III – deposes [[Hisham II]] as Caliph and destroys Al-Mansur's palace complex of al-[[Madinat al-Zahira]] near Córdoba.
** Mohammed II al-Mahdi becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
** The period of anarchy over the next 23 years out of which emerged approximately two dozen [[taifa]] states.

== Political fragmentation (1009–1094) ==
* 1009{{spaced ndash}}Muslims lay waste to [[León, León|León]] again.
** The Berbers are expelled from Córdoba and set up camp at [[Calatrava la Vieja|Calatrava]]. Their Generals nominate another descendant of Abd al-Rahman III – Sulayman al-Mustain – as a rival Caliph.
** [[Suleiman II of Umayyad|Suleiman]] seeks the aid of Count [[Sancho García of Castile]] against Mohammed II of Umayyad. The joint Berber-[[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] army defeats the Arab militia of Muhammad II and sacks Córdoba.
** Sulaiman al-Mustain becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba as Suleiman II, after deposing Mohammed II.
** The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of [[Badajoz]] becomes independent of the Caliph of Córdoba and governs the territory between Coimbra and North [[Alentejo]].
* 1010
** Having fled to Toledo, Mohammed II seeks the aid of [[Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Borrell]], [[List of Counts of Barcelona|Count of Barcelona and Urgel]]. The [[Catalonia|Catalan]] army defeats Sulaiman II's Berbers at Aqabat al-Baqar and again near the river Guadiaro (near Ronda).
** Mohammed II reclaims Córdoba supported by the [[Slavic peoples|Slav]] General [[Wāḍiḥ al-Ṣiqlabī|Wadih]], but is assassinated.
** [[Hisham II]] is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by slave troops of the Caliphate under Wahdid.
* 1012{{spaced ndash}}Berber forces capture Córdoba and order that half the population be executed.
** Sulaiman II is restored as Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba by the Berber armies.
* 1013{{spaced ndash}}A Berber reign of terror in Córdoba that kills the deposed [[Hisham II]].
** The powerless Sulaiman II is forced to hand out provincial governorships to the Berber chiefs.
** Jews are expelled from the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, then ruled by Suleiman II.
** [[Samuel ibn Naghrillah]] flees to [[Málaga]] when Suleiman attacks Córdoba.
** Samuel ibn Naghrillah becomes vizier to the Emir of Granada, as does his son, [[Joseph ibn Naghrela]]. Many other Jews flee to Granada.
** Caliphate of Córdoba begins to break up. Many Taifas (independent Moorish kingdoms) begin to spring up.
* 1014{{spaced ndash}}The Berber chief [[Zawi ibn Ziri]] – leader of the [[Sanhaja]] confederation, and a member of the [[Algiers|Algerian]] royal family – makes Granada his capital.
* 1015{{spaced ndash}}The [[Emir]] of [[Denia]], [[Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī]], sets out from his base in the [[Balearic Islands]] with a fleet of 125 ships in an attempt to take [[Sardinia]].
** [[Ali ibn Hammud]], Emir of [[Ceuta]], declares himself the rightful Caliph and marches on Córdoba. A Berber general deposes and executes Caliph Suleiman II.
** [[Mujāhid al-‘Āmirī]] is dislodged from [[Sardinia]] by a force from [[Genoa]] and [[Pisa]].
* 1018{{spaced ndash}}Self-proclaimed Caliph [[Ali ibn Hammud]] assassinated in Córdoba. His brother [[Al-Qasim]] replaces him. The [[Zirids]] of Granada defeat an Andalusian army of 4,000 under [[Abd ar-Rahman IV|Abd ar-Rahman&nbsp;IV al-Mutada]]{{spaced ndash}}the Umayyad claimant.
** The Taifa of the [[Algarve]] becomes independent.
* 1021{{spaced ndash}}Abd-ar-Rahman&nbsp;IV becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
** [[Yahya (Zaragoza)|Yahya]], the son of [[Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir]], rebels in [[Málaga]] with the support of the Berbers.
* 1022{{spaced ndash}}[[Abd-ar-Rahman V]] becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
** The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of Lisbon emerges. It will be annexed by the Taifa of Badajoz.
* 1023{{spaced ndash}}[[Muhammad III of Umayyad|Muhammad III]] becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba with the support of Berber troops.
** The [[Abbadid]] Emir of Seville, [[Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad]], declares independence from Muhammad III, Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
* 1025{{spaced ndash}}Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abbad, [[Abbadid]] Emir of Seville, captures two castles at Alafões to the north-west of Viseu.
* 1027{{spaced ndash}}[[Hisham III]] becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
* 1028{{spaced ndash}}[[Alfonso V of Castile|Alfonso V]], king of [[Asturias]] and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls.
** The Moorish [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] falls.
* 1031{{spaced ndash}}The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls.
** [[Hisham III]], the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity.
* 1033{{spaced ndash}}The Taifa (independent Moorish kingdom) of [[Mértola]] becomes independent.
* 1034{{spaced ndash}}The Leonese destroy a raiding force under [[Ismail ibn Abbad]] of Seville. Ismail ibn Abbad flees to Lisbon.
** [[Gonçalo Trastemires]] – a Portuguese frontiersman – captures [[Montemor-o-Velho|Montemor]] castle on the [[Mondego River|Mondego river]].
** Over the next 28 years [[Ferdinand I of León]] takes Coimbra and obliges the Muslims of Toledo, Seville, and Badajoz to pay him tribute. Before his death, he divides his territories between his sons: Castile goes to [[Sancho II of Castile|Sancho II]], León to [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]] to [[Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal|Garcia II]].
* 1035{{spaced ndash}}[[Bermudo III]] of León defeats the Moors at the [[Battle of Cesar]], in the [[Aveiro District|Aveiro region]].
* 1038{{spaced ndash}}Granadine armies under the [[vizier]] wage almost continuous war against their Muslim neighbours, primarily Seville.
* 1040{{spaced ndash}}The Taifa of [[Silves Municipality, Portugal|Silves]] becomes independent.
* 1043{{spaced ndash}}Zaragoza and Toledo fight over the border city of [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]]. Toledo pays the [[Navarra|Navarrese]] to raid into Zaragoza; similarly, Zaragoza pays the León–Castilians to raid into Toledo. The Christian armies ravage the respective Muslim lands unchecked.
** [[El Cid|Rodrigo Diaz Vivar]], whom the Muslims would name "El Cid Campeador" (Lord Winner of Battles) is born in [[Burgos]].
* 1044{{spaced ndash}}[[Abbad III al-Mu'tamid]], son of the [[Abbadid]] Emir of Seville [[Abbad II al-Mu'tadid|Abbad&nbsp;II al-Mu'tadid]], retakes [[Mértola]], since 1033 an independent Taifa.
* 1051{{spaced ndash}}[[Yusuf ibn Hud]], the [[Banu Hud]] [[Emir of Lleida]], is paying the [[Catalonia|Catalans]] to protect against his own family in Zaragoza.
** The Taifa of the [[Algarve]] is annexed by the Taifa of Seville.
* 1053{{spaced ndash}}Emir [[Al-Mutadid of Seville]] drives Berbers from Arcos, Morón and Ronda.
* 1054{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Atapuerca]]. The army of [[Ferdinand I of Castile|Ferdinand&nbsp;I of Castile]] defeats that of his brother [[García Sánchez III of Pamplona|García&nbsp;III of Navarra]], near [[Burgos]]. Several disaffected Navarrese knights join the Castilians before the battle and one of these men is believed to have killed Garcia. Garcia's son Sancho is proclaimed King on the field of battle and the war continues.
* 1055{{spaced ndash}}Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Berbers from [[Algeciras]].
* 1056{{spaced ndash}}The [[Almoravids]] (al-Murabitun) Dynasty begins its rise to power. This Berber dynasty who would rule North Africa and Islamic Iberia until 1147.
* 1057{{spaced ndash}}Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville drives Almoravids from [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]].
** [[Ferdinand I of León|Ferdinand I of Castile-León]] takes [[Lamego]] from the Moors.
* 1058{{spaced ndash}}Emir [[Al-Muzaffar al-Aftas]] (Abu Bekr Muhammad al-Mudaffar{{spaced ndash}}Modafar I of Badajoz, [[Aftasid dynasty]]) pays the Christians to leave Badajoz, but not before [[Ferdinand I of León|Ferdinand&nbsp;I of Castile-León]] takes Viseu.
* 1060{{ndash}}1063{{spaced ndash}}Council (Ecumenical [[Synod]]) of [[Santiago de Compostela]].
* 1060{{spaced ndash}}The heretic [[Berghouata]] Berbers set up a Taifa in [[Ceuta]], but are eventually crushed by the Almoravids.
** [[Ferdinand I of León]] imposes an annual tribute on Muslim Zaragoza. Emir Al-Muqtadir ibn Hud of Zaragoza drives Slavs from [[Tortosa]] when the Tortosans rise against their Slav ruler.
* 1062{{spaced ndash}}[[Ferdinand I of León|Ferdinand I of Castile and León]] invades Muslim Toledo with a large army. Emir [[Al-Mamun of Toledo|Al-Mamun]] becomes a tributary of Castile. Ferdinand then invades Muslim Badajoz, and extracts tribute from Emir Al-Mutadid of Seville.
* 1063{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Graus]]. During spring, [[Ramiro I of Aragon]] besieges Muslim Graus in Zaragozan territory. The Emir [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]] of Zaragoza leads his army north accompanied by a Castilian contingent under Prince Sancho (the future Sancho II). Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar later known as El Cid is probably in the Castilian contingent. The opposing armies meet and after a protracted struggle Ramiro I is killed and the Aragonese flee (8 May 1063). Pope Alexander II sends an international force to Spain under his standard bearer William of Montreuil. It includes Italian knights, Normans (Robert Crespin, Baron of Lower Normandy), Frenchmen (William, Count of [[Poitiers]] and Duke of [[Aquitaine]]), and Iberians (Bishop of [[Vic, Spain|Vic]]; Count [[Ermengol II]] of [[Urgell|Urgel]]). At the start of July the expedition besieges [[Barbastro]] in the Muslim [[Kingdom of Lleida]]. The Emir of Lleida (the brother of [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]] of Zaragoza) makes no attempt to relieve the siege and after 40&nbsp;days the defenders are forced to surrender when a large stone falls from the walls and blocks the only water supply. 50,000&nbsp;inhabitants are massacred or enslaved. Count Ermengol II of Urgel is left as governor on behalf of [[Sancho Ramirez]] of Aragon. Seville feels obliged to pay Christians tribute.
** The Taifa of Seville annexes the Taifa of [[Silves Municipality, Portugal|Silves]].
* 1064{{spaced ndash}}[[Ferdinand I of León|Ferdinand I of León-Castile]] [[Siege of Coimbra (1064)|besieges Muslim Coimbra]] from 20 January 1064{{spaced ndash}}9 July 1064. The Muslim governor who surrendered is allowed to leave with his family, but 5,000&nbsp;inhabitants are taken captive, and all Muslims are forced out of Portuguese territory across the [[Mondego River|Mondego river]].
** The [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]] (Christian) general [[Sisnando Davides]], who led the siege of Coimbra, becomes Count of Coimbra.
** The [[Hispanic calendar]] is adopted.
* 1065{{spaced ndash}}Civil War in Castile-León. In April Emir [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]] of Zaragoza, aided by 500 Sevillian knights, besieges [[Barbastro]]. The governor, Count Ermengol II of Urgel, is killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city falls, whereupon the Iberian and French garrison is put to the sword, thus bringing an end to [[Pope Alexander II]]'s prototype crusade. At around the same time Emir [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]] breaks off relationships with Castile, and Ferdinand I leads a [[punitive expedition]] into Zaragoza{{spaced ndash}}taking [[Alquezar]]{{spaced ndash}}and then into [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]]. Despite him being a tributary of Castile, Emir Mamun of Toledo leads to force in support of his son-in-law Emir Abd al-Malik. Mamun subsequently dethrones Abd al-Malik and incorporates Valencia into the [[Kingdom of Toledo (Crown of Castile)|Kingdom of Toledo]]. Ferdinand falls dangerously ill and retires from the field. King Ferdinand dies in [[León, Spain|León]] on 28 December 1065, and his empire is divided between his three sons: [[Sancho II of Castile|Sancho II]] in Castile, [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] in León, and [[Garcia II of Galicia and Portugal|Garcia]] in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].
* 1066{{spaced ndash}}[[Joseph ibn Naghrela]], son of the Jewish Vizier [[Samuel ibn Naghrela]] Ha-Nagid, invites [[Banu Sumadih|Al-Mutasim]] of [[Province of Almería|Almería]] to come and rule in Granada. The [[Zirid]]s of [[Sanhaja]] defeat the attempt and instigate a [[pogrom]] of the Jews in Granada.
** Joseph and other Jews in Granada are attacked and murdered; many escapees flee to the north. "More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day, December 30, 1066."<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada "Granada"] by Richard Gottheil, [[Meyer Kayserling]], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''. 1906 ed.</ref>
* 1067{{spaced ndash}}The Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar – already known as El Cid by this time – besiege Zaragoza. The siege is lifted after Emir [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]] pays a large ransom and promises tribute. War of the three Sanchos: Castile versus Aragon and [[Navarre]]. Aragon severely mauls the Castilians at [[Viana, Spain|Viana]], however status quo is restored when the Zaragozan [[Wali (administrative title)|Wali of Huesca]] invades Aragon from the south.
* 1068{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso VI of León leads a campaign against Badajoz, but withdraws when Emir Mamun ibn Dhi-I-Nun of Toledo intercedes. Badajoz becomes tributary to León. Later the Emir of Badajoz dies and his two sons dispute the succession.
* 1069{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso VI of León overruns Badajoz early in the year. Seville takes Córdoba. The army consists of an advance guard of 300 horses and a main body of 1000.
* 1071{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Pedroso]] (between [[Braga]] and the River [[Cávado River|Cávado]]) where [[Garcia II of Galicia]] suppresses the rebellion of his Portuguese subjects under Count [[Nuno II Mendes|Nuno Mendes]], last count of Portugal of the [[Vímara Peres]] House. Count Nuno Mendes is killed and [[Garcia II of Galicia]] proclaims himself King of Portugal. Sometime after 18 January 1071 and before May, Garcia II of Galicia is captured by his brother Sancho II of Castile (It is unclear if Garcia was captured in open battle at Santarém or by trickery). Garcia purchases his release and retires to the court of his tributary [[Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad|Al-Mutamid]] of Seville. Galicia is divided between his brothers Sancho and Alfonso.
* 1073{{spaced ndash}}The Emir of Granada rejects the Castilian demand for tribute, however, [[Abbad III al-Mu'tamid]], the Emir of Seville offers to pay instead. Consequently, a joint Muslim-Castilian force builds the fortress of [[Belillos]], from which the garrison raid into Granada.
* 1074{{spaced ndash}}Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville drives the Almoravids from [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]].
* 1075{{spaced ndash}}Toledo takes Córdoba from Seville with the help of Castilian troops.
* 1076{{spaced ndash}}Emir [[Ahmad al-Muqtadir]] drives [[Slavic peoples|Slav]]s from [[Denia]]. Ferdinand I of León-Castile besieges Muslims and takes [[Coria, Cáceres|Coria]] in Badajoz. After the Emir of Toledo dies, Seville takes Córdoba back from his son al-Qadir.
* 1078{{spaced ndash}} [[Ibn Ammar (poet)|Ibn Ammar]] acquires Murcia nominally on behalf of Seville but in reality as his own. Seville takes Valencia from Toledo. As a result, Al-Qadir of Toledo is forced from the city by a coup and his opponents acknowledge al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz as their new ruler. The Almoravids take [[Tangier]]. [[Ceuta]] hangs on as the last [[Zenata|Zanata]] outpost because its fleet can supply it from sea.
* 1079{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Cabra]]. [[Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar|Rodrigo Díaz]], defeats the Emir Abd Allah of Granada, who was helped by the Castilian Count García Ordíñez.
* Battle of [[Coria, Cáceres|Coria]]. Alfonso VI (already king of Castile and León) defeats the Muslim Emir of Badajoz, Al-Mutawwakkil. Al-Mutawwakkil renounces control of Toledo and al-Qadir is reinstated. A Leonese garrison is established at [[Zorita]] to the east of Toledo.
* 1080{{spaced ndash}}Ibn Ammar forced to flee Murcia.
* 1081{{spaced ndash}}El Cid, now a mercenary because he had been exiled by Alfonso IV of Castile, enters the service of the Moorish king of the northeast Spanish city of Zaragosa, al-Mu'tamin, and would remain there for his successor, al-Mu'tamin II.
* 1082{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Almenar (1082)|Battle of Almenar]]. Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, leading the army of Al-Mutamin of Zaragoza, defeats a combined army of the kings of Valencia (Al-Mundhir), [[Lleida]] (Al-Hayib), Aragon (Sancho Ramírez), and the Count of Barcelona ([[Berenguer Ramón II]], who is captured). When Emir Al-Mutamid of Seville pays his tribute in debased coinage, Alfonso of León-Castile leads an expedition in Muslim territory.
* 1083{{spaced ndash}}In June–July Almoravids take [[Ceuta]]{{spaced ndash}}the last outpost of the [[Zenata|Zanata]]{{spaced ndash}}and put to death the ruler, al-Muizz ibn Badis. Ships from Seville may have aided the attack. The same summer Alfonso of León-Castile reaches [[Tarifa]] overlooking the [[Straits of Gibraltar]]. Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes Madrid.
* 1084{{spaced ndash}}The Muslim army of Zaragoza under El Cid defeats the Aragonese. In autumn the Castilians start a loose siege of Toledo.
* 1085{{spaced ndash}}Christians take [[Salamanca]].
** Castile under Alfonso VI of León and Castile, ''Emperor of all Spains'', takes Toledo.
* 1086{{spaced ndash}}Several Muslim Emirs (namely [[Abbad III al-Mu'tamid]]) ask the [[Almoravid]] leader [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] for help against Alfonso VI of León and Castile. In this year Yusuf ibn Tashfin passed the straits to [[Algeciras]] and inflicted a severe defeat on the Christians at the [[Battle of az-Zallaqah]] (North of Badajoz). He was debarred from following up his victory by trouble in North Africa which he had to settle in person.
** [[Raymond of Burgundy]], son of [[William I, Count of Burgundy]], comes to Iberia for the 1st time to fight against the Moors, bringing with him his younger cousin [[Henry, Count of Portugal|Henry of Burgundy]], grandson of [[Robert I, Duke of Burgundy]].
** In spring the Castilians besiege Zaragoza, but the siege is called off when the Almoravids land in the south. In June the Almoravids advance guard of 500&nbsp;men take possession of [[Algeciras]]. The remaining 12–20,000 soon follow. Castilians under Alvar Fañez install al-Qadir as Emir of Valencia.
** Almoravids, rampage through parts of Iberia, especially Granada and [[Lucena, Córdoba|Lucena]]. There are persecutions and massacres. The wealthier Jews flee to Christian-held Iberia.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}
** The Christian advance obliges the Muslim kings of Granada, Seville and Badajoz to call to their aid the Almoravids.
** [[Battle of az-Zallaqah]]: At [[Sagrajas]] (Friday 23 October 1086) north-east of Badajoz, the Almoravids (12,000 or 20,000 men) under Yusuf ibn Tashfin and Andalusians (including Kings of Seville, Granada, [[Málaga]], and Badajoz) defeat a predominantly Leonese-Castilian army (possibly 50–60,000 men including Jews, Aragonese, Italian and French) under Alfonso VI of León and Castile. The Andalusians encamp separately from the Almoravids. The Christian vanguard (Alvar Fañez) surprise the Andalusian camp before dawn; the men of Seville (Al-Mutamid) hold firm but the remaining Andalusians are chased off by the Aragonese cavalry. The Christian main body then attacks the Almoravids, but are held by the Lamtuma, and then withdraw to their own camp in response to an outflanking move by ibn Tashufin. The Aragonese return to the field, do not like what they see, and start a withdraw which turns to a rout. The Andalusians rally, and the Muslims drive Alfonso to a small hill. Alfonso and 500 knights escape in the night to Toledo. Al-Mutamid proposes that the Christians are pursued and crushed, but Ibn Tashufin retires back to his African domains leaving only 3,000 troops to defend the east of Al-Andalus. Al-Mutamid and the Almoravid generals [[Syr ibn Abu Bakr|Sir ibn Abi Bakr]] and Dawud ibn Aisha are reported to have fought well during the battle.
* 1087{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso VI of León and Castile takes the fortress of [[Aledo, Murcia|Aledo]] in the territory of Murcia, blocking the route from Seville and Granada to the eastern provinces.
** After his crushing defeat at [[Zallaqa]], Alfonso VI of León and Castile swallows his pride and recalls El Cid from exile.
* 1088{{spaced ndash}}Yusuf ibn Tashfin arrives back in [[Algeciras]] (May–June) and is joined by al-Mutamid of Seville and Abd Allah of Granada, plus support from [[Almería]] and Murcia (but not the Emirs). The combined army besieges [[Aledo, Murcia|Aledo]] for 4 months, but Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to Africa unsuccessful.
* 1090{{spaced ndash}}Yusuf ibn Tashfin returns to the Peninsula for the third time, takes over the kingdoms of Granada and [[Málaga]] in September and is back in Africa by the end of the year. However, this time his nephew Sir ibn Abi Bakr is left to continue the conquest. Between 30 April 1090 and 8 May 1090, Christian troops enter Santarém, Lisbon and [[Sintra]]. These were recently ceded by the Al-Mutawwakil of Badajoz in return for protection from the Almoravids.
** July 1090: Yusuf [[Siege of Toledo (1090)|besieges Toledo]] without success.
** Yusuf ibn Tashfin, King of the Almoravids, captures Granada.
* 1091{{spaced ndash}}The Almoravids led by Muhammad ibn al-Hajj take Córdoba and the [[Guadalquivir]] valley early in the year, and then defeat a Castilian force under [[Álvar Fáñez]] who were attempting to aid Al-Mutamid of Seville. In September Seville surrenders without much of a fight to Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Subsequently, other Almoravids armies take Aledo and Almería. Ronda also falls and the Almoravid commander Garur executes al-Radi (the son al-Mutamid of Seville).
** The Taifa of [[Mértola]] falls to the Almoravids.
* 1092{{spaced ndash}}With El Cid away in Zaragoza, the Valencians under the qadi Ibn Jahhaf and supported by a small Almoravid force, drive the Castilian garrison out and execute their Emir al-Qadir. Ibn Jahhaf promptly sets himself up at Emir and starts negotiating with both El Cid and the Almoravids.
* 1093{{spaced ndash}}An Almoravid army (Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahiim) approaches Valencia but then retreats without striking a blow.
** Almoravid Sir ibn Abi Bakr takes Badajoz and Lisbon. Fall of the Taifa of Badajoz.
** El Cid captures Valencia from the Moors, carving out his own kingdom along the Mediterranean that is only nominally subservient to Alfonso VI of León and Castile. Valencia would be both Christian and Muslim, with adherents of both religions serving in his army.
** The Almoravids from [[Morocco]] land near [[Quart de Poblet]] and lay siege to Valencia with 50,000 men. El Cid, however, breaks the siege and [[Battle of Cuarte|forces the Almoravids to flee]] – the first Christian victory against the hard-fighting Africans.

== Almoravid-Almohad period (1094–1238) ==
* 1094{{spaced ndash}}By 1094, Yusuf had annexed most of the major taifas, with the exception of the one at Zaragoza. The Almoravids were victorious at the Battle of Consuegra, during which the son of El Cid, Diego Rodríguez, perished. Alfonso, with some Leónese, retreated into the castle of Consuegra, which was besieged for eight days until the Almoravids withdrew to the south.
* 1095{{spaced ndash}}The Almoravids take Santarém.
* 1097{{spaced ndash}}El Cid defeats Almoravid (Ali ibn al-Hajj) at the [[Battle of Bairén]] south of Valencia.
** Almoravid (Muhammad ibn al-Hajj) defeat Castilians (Alfonso VI) at Consuegra. El Cid's son, Diego, is one of the dead.
** Almoravid (Muhammad ibn Aisha) defeat Castilians (Alva Fañez) at [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]] before ravaging the lands of Valencia.
** Yusuf ibn Tashfin assumes the title of ''Amir al Muslimin'' (Prince of the Muslims).
* 1099{{spaced ndash}}The Almoravids besiege El Cid's Valencia, where he dies on 10 July 1099.
* 1100{{spaced ndash}}[[Taifa of Molina|Molina]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
* Beginning of 12th century{{spaced ndash}}According to estimates, the Muslim population in Iberia may have reached 5.5 million, including Arabs, Berber and indigenous converts.<ref name="Carr2009">{{cite book|author=Matthew Carr|title=Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=netlOtzI6R8C|year=2009|publisher=New Press|isbn=978-1-59558-361-1}}</ref>
* 1102{{spaced ndash}}The followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza; [[Battle of Mollerussa]] near Lleida on 14 September.
** Main Muslim mosque in Toledo converted to a church, Muslim population is sparse.
** Christians evacuate Valencia in April–May. Almoravid ([[Mazdali ibn Tilankan|Mazdali]], presumably ibn Tilankan; Muhammad ibn Fatima) occupy the city. Of the Taifa states only Zaragoza, [[Majorca]], and [[Albarracin]] remain independent.
* 1103{{spaced ndash}}Ali, the brother of the Almoravid governor of Granada, Muhammad ibn al-Hajj, is killed in battle with the Castilians near [[Talavera de la Reina|Talavera]].
* 1105{{spaced ndash}}The [[Almohad]]s, founded by [[Ibn Tumart]], began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. Most specifically, the Almohads were opposed to [[anthropomorphism]]s which had slipped into Iberian Islam. Ibn Tumart's successor, [[Abd al-Mu'min]], turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiate riots and persecutions of both Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians are given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
* 1106{{spaced ndash}}Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies and his son, Ali, takes over the Almoravid empire.
* 1108{{spaced ndash}}The Almoravids under Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the brother of the ruler; another general is Muhammad ibn Fatima, the grandson of Sir ibn Abi Bakr, take the small town of [[Uclés]] to the east of Toledo, but a ridge top fortress holds out. Alfonso VI of León and Castile sends a relieving army under Alvar Fañez. The Almoravids decisively beat the Castilians and many leaders are killed, including Sancho, Alfonso's only son (by Zaïda, a Muslim princess) and heir. Subsequently, the Almoravids pretend to withdraw then launch a successful surprise attack on the castle. As a result, the Christians abandon [[Cuenca, Spain|Cuenca]] and [[Huete, Spain|Huete]].
** Almoravid (Tamim ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin) storm [[Talavera de la Reina|Talavera]] on the [[Tagus]] to the west of Toledo. The country to the north and south of Toledo is ravaged and the city unsuccessfully besieged for a month. Alvar Fañez leads the defence. Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin joined this year's [[Jihad]] but does not mention him in the actions.
* 1009-1013{{spaced ndash}} [[Berbers]] [[Siege of Córdoba (1009–1013)|besiege Cordoba]] held by [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]] [[Hisham II]] and destroy the surrounding land, including the sacking of [[Madinat al-Zahra|Medina Azahara]].
* 1110{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mustain of Zaragoza leads an expedition against the Christians, but is killed at [[Valtierra]]. His son, Imad al-Din, fails to establish his rule and the Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) marches in (30 May 1110).
* 1111{{spaced ndash}}Almoravids led by Sir ibn Abi Bakr occupy Lisbon and Santarém in the west. These cities were occupied by the Almoravids in 1094-95 this suggests a fluctuating border in Portugal.
** [[Henry, Count of Portugal]] grants city rights and privileges to Coimbra and captures Santarém to the Moors.
* 1112{{spaced ndash}}By this time the Aragonese have taken [[Huesca]]. Almoravid (ibn al-Hajj) raids into Aragonese territory and reaches the foothills of the Pyrenees.
* 1114{{spaced ndash}}A major Almoravid expedition (ibn al-Hajj from Zaragoza and Ibn Aisha of Valencia) [[Almoravid expedition to Catalonia (1114)|raids into Catalonia]]. The army ravages Christian territory but is ambushed on its return and both Almoravid generals are killed. The Catalans under Count Ramon Berengar&nbsp;III take over the Balearic Islands upon the death of Emir Mubashir ibn Sulayman of Majorca.
** The Taifa of [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]] and Évora becomes independent.
* 1115{{spaced ndash}}The new Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Abu Bakr ibn Ibrahim ibn Tifilwit, lays siege to Barcelona for 20 days. The Almoravids withdraw when Count Ramon Berengar III returns from Majorca. The Almoravid fleet takes the Balearic Islands. The Almoravid general and governor of Granada Mazdali ibn Tilankan dies in battle this year. He led expeditions against the Christians from 1111, so he might have led an expedition separate from those of Abu Bakr and the fleet. His son, Muhammad, governor of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], also dies in battle this year (against the Castilians), so it may have been the same expedition.
* 1117{{spaced ndash}}Almoravids under Emir [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] himself [[Siege of Coimbra (1117)|siege Coimbra]], but abandon the city after failing to capture it.
* 1118{{spaced ndash}}[[Alfonso I of Aragon]] takes [[Saragossa]] from the Muslims. Settlers in the reconquered no-man's lands of Castile are granted fueros, special rights.
** The Aragonese led Alfonso{{ndash}}I the Battler seize Zaragoza and most of the central lands of the [[Ebro]]. The siege of Zaragoza lasts from 22 May 1118 to 18 December 1118. The garrison has 20 mangonels and is supported by a determined militia. As a result of a plea for help of 3 December the Almoravid governor of Valencia sends a relief force, but this is too small to help. [[Lleida]] only remains in Muslim hands because it is tributary to Barcelona.
** Zaragoza falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
* 1120{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso I of Aragon decisively defeats an Almoravid army including many Andalusian volunteers at the [[Battle of Cutanda]] in summer. The Aragonese [[Siege of Calatayud|take Calatayud]]. 
* 1121{{spaced ndash}}The [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdobans]] rebel against the Almoravids, and drive the governor and his troops from the city. The Emir Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin leads an army from Africa to suppress the rebellion. The Almoravids besiege the city, and persuade the Córdobans to lay down their arms.
* 1122{{spaced ndash}}Aragonese take [[Daroca]].
* 1125{{spaced ndash}}In September, Alfonso I of Aragon sets out south with an army of 4,000&nbsp;knights. He travels down the east coast, bypasses the cities and ravages the countryside. He reaches [[Guadix]] unopposed in December.
* 1126{{spaced ndash}}The Almoravids deport Christians to [[Morocco]].
** Alfonso I of Aragon defeats the Almoravids at Arinzul near [[Lucena, Córdoba|Lucena]]. After symbolically fishing at [[Motril]] on the south coast, Alfonso returns home undefeated.
* 1129{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso I of Aragon defeats an Almoravid army led by Ali ibn Majjuz, the governor of Seville deep inside Valencian territory. This is probably at [[Cullera]] or [[Alcalá del Júcar|Alcalá]] near [[Alzira, Valencia|Alzira]].

* 1130{{spaced ndash}}[[Ali ibn Yusuf|Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf]] (the son of the Almoravid Emir) takes the castle of [[Aceca, Toledo|Aceca]] in Toledo. The Almoravid (Governor of Valencia) defeat invading Aragonese and kill [[Gaston IV of Béarn]] of the [[First Crusade]].
* 1133{{spaced ndash}}The Christian militia of Toledo reach the gates of Seville and kill the Almoravid governor (Abu Hafs Umar ibn Ali ibn al-Hajj). Further damage is averted by the intervention of Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf.
* 1134{{spaced ndash}}Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) raids in the [[Cáceres, Spain|Caceres]] area.
** Aragonese [[Alfonso I of Aragon]] besiege the small town of [[Fraga]]. An Almoravid relief army ([[Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya]]) defeats the overconfident Aragonese, and a [[wikt:sally|sally]] of the [[garrison]] destroys the besiegers' camp. [[Alfonso I of Aragon]] is ambushed while raiding [[Lleida]] and is severely wounded and dies soon after.
* 1135{{spaced ndash}}Birth of Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (called "[[Rambam]]" or Moses [[Maimonides]]).
* 1136{{spaced ndash}}Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya; Sa'd ibn Mardanish) retakes [[Mequinenza]] on the lower [[Ebro]].
* 1137{{spaced ndash}}Almoravid (Tashfin ibn Ali ibn Yusuf) defeat the Castilians near [[Alcázar de San Juan]] and sack the castle at [[Escalona]] north of the [[Tagus]].
** Prince [[Afonso I of Portugal]] tries and fails to take Lisbon from the Moors.
* 1139{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Ourique]] between the Portuguese, led by Afonso I of Portugal, and the Almoravids, led by [[Ali ibn Yusuf]].
* 1140{{spaced ndash}}Poema del Mio Cid written.
** King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take Lisbon from the Moors.
* 1144{{spaced ndash}}The [[Muridun]] ("Disciples") under [[Abul-Qasim Ahmad ibn al-Husayn al-Qasi]] rebel in the [[Algarve]]. [[Ibn al-Mundhir]] takes [[Silves Municipality, Portugal|Silves]] in his name, and the governor of [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]], [[Sidray ibn Wazir]], also supports him. Ibn al-Mundhir and Sidray ibn Wazir kill the garrison of [[Caldas de Monchique|Monchique]] castle, and 70 men take [[Mértola]] by surprise (12 Aug). Soon after, the Andalusian governor of Niebla, [[Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Bitruji]] declares for the Muridun. The Almoravid [[Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya]] drives the Muridun back from Seville, and afterwards Sidray ibn Wazir splits off from the other Muridun.
** The Taifa of [[Mértola]] and of [[Silves Municipality, Portugal|Silves]] again become independent.
* 1145{{spaced ndash}}The [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdobans]] evict the Almoravid governor at the beginning of the year and raise up Hamdin ibn Huhammad ibn Hamdin as Emir. A Zaragozan adventurer in Castilian employ ([[Sayf al-Dawla ibn Hud al-Mustansir]]) briefly seizes power from ibn Hamdin in March but flees to the [[Levant]]e due to popular hostility. Ibn Hamdin returns to power but is soon dispossessed by the Almoravid (Yahya ibn Ali ibn Ghaniya). In March the Andalusian [[Jund]] in Valencia raise up the qadi Marwan ibn Abd al-Aziz as Emir. When he cannot pay them they replace him with their own leader Ibn Iyad.
** Portugal retakes [[Leiria]] from the Moors.
** The Taifa of Badajoz again becomes independent and takes the Taifa of [[Mértola]].
* 1146{{spaced ndash}}Al-Mustansir accepts the crowns of Valencia and Murcia from the hands of Ibn Iyad. The Christians defeat the Valencians (Al-Mustansir) near [[Albacete]] killing Al-Mustansir in the process. Ibn Iyad reassumes the title of Emir. Ibn Iyad dies in an obscure conflict and [[Muhammad ibn Sa'd ibn Mardanish]] becomes ruler.
** [[Siege of Córdoba (1146)]]: [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]] defeats the [[Almoravids]] and forces [[Yahya ibn Ghaniya]], the Almoravid governor of [[Al-Andalus]], to become a vassal of Alfonso.
** The Taifa of [[Mértola]] gains independence from Badajoz.
* 1147
**[[Alfonso VII of Castile]] takes [[Calatrava la Vieja|Calatrava]].
** March{{spaced ndash}}King Afonso I of Portugal takes the Taifa of Santarém in a surprise attack.
** King Afonso I of Portugal captures [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] and the city will remain in Christian hands thereafter
** An international Christian coalition attacks Almería by land and sea. Alfonso VII of Castile and Sancho Ramirez of Navarre march overland taking [[Andújar]] and [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]] en route. [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berengar IV]] of Aragon-Catalonia and a [[Genoa|Genoese]] naval contingent join them at Almería. There is no opposition from the Almoravid fleet. Almería falls on 17 Oct and is given to the Genoese.
** A [[Second Crusade|Crusaders']] fleet arrives at the Portuguese city of [[Porto]], and are convinced to join King Afonso I of Portugal in the [[Siege of Lisbon]], which falls after several months. Lisbon falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter Some Muslims are killed, and the city was thoroughly plundered by the Crusaders.
** The towns of [[Almada]] and [[Palmela]], just south of Lisbon, are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
* 1148{{spaced ndash}}Almohads take Seville. [[Siege of Tortosa (1148)|Aragonese take Tortosa]].
* 1149{{spaced ndash}}Aragonese [[Siege of Lleida (1149)|take Lleida]] and [[Fraga]].
** A new Berber dynasty, the Almohads, led by Emir [[Abd al-Mu'min|Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi]], takes North Africa from the Almoravids and soon invades the Iberian Peninsula.
* 1150{{spaced ndash}}The Taifas of [[Emirate of Badajoz|Badajoz]] and of [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]] and Évora are taken by the Almohads.
* 1151{{spaced ndash}}The Almohads, another more conservative African Muslim dynasty who have displaced the Almoravids, retake Almería. Jews and Mozárabes (Christians in Muslim lands) flee to the northern Christian kingdoms of Spain, or to Africa and the East, including [[Rambam]].
** King Afonso I of Portugal tries and fails to take [[Alcácer do Sal]] from the Moors.
** The Taifa of [[Mértola]] is taken by the Almohads.
* 1155{{spaced ndash}}Almohads take Granada from Almoravids.
** The Taifa of [[Silves Municipality, Portugal|Silves]] is taken by the Almohads.
* 1157{{spaced ndash}}Almohads take Almería from Genoese.
* 1158{{spaced ndash}}King Afonso I of Portugal takes [[Alcácer do Sal]] from the Moors.
* 1159{{spaced ndash}}Évora and [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]], in the southern province of [[Alentejo]], are taken from the Moors by the Portuguese.
* 1160{{spaced ndash}}[[Maimonides]] and his family took refuge in [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]] in [[Morocco]], which had been spared by the Almohads.
* 1161{{spaced ndash}}Évora, Beja and [[Alcácer do Sal]] are retaken by the Moors.
* 1162{{spaced ndash}}King Afonso I of Portugal retakes Beja from the Moors.
* 1163{{spaced ndash}}The Almohad Caliph [[Abd al-Mu'min|Abd al-Mu'min al-Kumi]] dies and is succeeded by [[Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph|Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I]].
* 1165{{spaced ndash}}Faked [[Religious conversion|conversions]] become widespread with the accession of the [[sultan]] Abu Yakub. His son, Yakub Al-Mansur (1184–1199) imposes several restrictions upon the new converts. They could marry only among themselves and were forbidden to engage in large-scale trading, Doubting the sincerity of their conversion, in 1198, he also ordered them to wear a special degrading garb: a blue tunic one cubit long with ridiculously long wide sleeves. The converts were compelled to wear a blue skullcap which fell below their ears in the shape of a donkey's packsaddle, instead of the usual turbans.
* 1165{{spaced ndash}}[[Maimonides]] and his family leave [[Fes, Morocco|Fez]].
** The Portuguese armies, led by [[Geraldo the Fearless]], retake Évora from the Moors.
* 1166{{spaced ndash}}The Portuguese take [[Évora]], [[Serpa]] and [[Moura Municipality|Moura]] (in [[Alentejo]]) from the Moors.
* 1168{{spaced ndash}}Portuguese frontiersman [[Geraldo the Fearless]] goes into the territory of Badajoz.
* 1169{{spaced ndash}}King Afonso I of Portugal grants the [[Knights Templar]] one third of all they take from the Moors in [[Alentejo]].
** [[Geraldo the Fearless]] seizes Badajoz from the Almohads.
** King Afonso I of Portugal is wounded by a fall from his horse in Badajoz, and is captured by the competing forces of King [[Ferdinand II of León]]. As ransom King Afonso I was obliged to surrender almost all the conquests he had made in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] in the previous years, as well as Badajoz, that the Leonese gave back to the Almohads as a vassal territory.
* 1170{{spaced ndash}}The Almohads transfer their capital to Seville.
* 1171{{spaced ndash}}Almohad Muslims begin building the [[Alcázar]], their palace.
* 1172{{spaced ndash}}Almohads capture Murcia. Almohads take over Valencia when ibn Mardanish dies.
* 1179{{spaced ndash}}Castile and Aragon agree on future partition of Al-Andalus.
* 1184{{spaced ndash}}The Portuguese defeat the Almohads at Santarém.
** [[Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph]], dies and is succeeded by [[Yaqub, Almohad Caliph|Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur]].
* 1189{{spaced ndash}}King Sancho I of Portugal [[Siege of Silves (1189)|captures Silves]].
* 1190
**[[Maimonides]] writes the ''Moreh Nebukhim'', or ''Guide to the Perplexed'', using rationalism to reconcile [[Judaism]] with Aristotle's laws of nature, and ''Shloshah-Asar Ikkarim'', the ''Thirteen Articles of Faith''.
** First major [[Almohad]] [[Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)|campaign against Portugal]].
** [[Gualdim Pais]] successfully defends Tomar from the Almohads.
* 1191
** Second major [[Almohad]] [[Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)|campaign against Portugal]]. [[Alcácer do Sal]], [[Palmela]], Coina, [[Almada]], [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]], [[Silves, Portugal|Silves]], fall to the Muslims.
* 1195{{spaced ndash}}The Almohads defeat the Castilians at [[Alarcos]].
* 1199{{spaced ndash}}The Almohad Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur dies and is succeeded by [[Muhammad an-Nasir]].
* 1200{{spaced ndash}}Ibn Tumart's successor, Abd al-Mumin, turned the movement against non-Muslims, specifically Jews and Christians. Sweeping across North Africa and into Muslim Iberia, the zealous Almohads initiated riots and persecutions of Muslims and non-Muslims. In some towns Jews and Christians were given the choice of conversion, exile, or death.
* 1203{{spaced ndash}}The Almohads take [[Majorca]] from the Almoravid.
* 1205{{spaced ndash}}Death of [[Maimonides]] in [[Egypt]].
* 1212{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]]: [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]], [[Sancho VII of Navarre]] and [[Pedro II of Aragon]], defeat Almohad (Caliph [[Muhammad an-Nasir]]) at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]]. The Christians had 60-100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry, and had troops from [[Western Europe]], Castile, [[Navarre]], Aragon, León and Portugal, [[Military order (society)|Military Order]]s ([[Knights Templar]], [[Knights Hospitaller]], [[Order of Santiago|Santiago]], [[Order of Calatrava|Cavatrava]]), and urban [[militia]]s. After the defeat the Almohad empire goes into a serious decline in Spain and in North Africa.
* 1213{{spaced ndash}}[[Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph|Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II]] becomes Almohad Caliph.
* 1217{{spaced ndash}}The Portuguese [[Siege of Alcácer do Sal|take the town of Alcácer do Sal]] from the Moors.
* 1217{{spaced ndash}}[[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]] becomes king of Castile (1217{{ndash}}1252) and later of León (1230{{ndash}}1252). He will conquer [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Murcia]], [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]] and [[Seville]]; [[Granada]] will remain as the sole independent Muslim kingdom.
* 1225{{spaced ndash}}[[Siege of Jaén (1225)|Siege of Jaén]] by the combined allied forces of the [[Kingdom of Castile]] and the [[Taifa of Baeza]], commanded by [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] and [[Abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Al-Bayyasi]] of Baeza against the defending [[Taifa of Jaén|Taifa of Jayyān]] commanded by the notable Christian knight [[Álvaro Pérez de Castro (d. 1240)|Álvaro Pérez de Castro]].
* 1227{{spaced ndash}}[[Denia]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
** The Muslim governor of Murcia, [[Ibn Hud]], becomes the leader of rebellions against the Almohad rulers.
* 1228{{spaced ndash}}Badajoz falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
** [[Ibn Hud]] establishes himself emir of Murcia.
* 1229{{spaced ndash}}[[James I of Aragon]], the Conqueror, retakes [[Majorca]], [[Jerica]] and [[Murviedro-Sagunto]] which will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1230{{spaced ndash}}[[Alfonso IX]] of Leon advances along the River [[Guadiana]], takes [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] and Badajoz, and opens up the way for the conquest of Seville.
* 1230{{spaced ndash}}Unsuccessful [[Siege of Jaén (1230)|Siege of Jaén]] by Castilian forces under [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] against the [[Taifa of Jayyān]]: the Castilian forces withdraw upon hearing news of the death of [[Alfonso IX of León]].
* 1232{{spaced ndash}}[[Ibiza]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
** [[Mohammed ibn Alhamar]] proclaims himself sultan of [[Arjona, Spain|Arjona]] and founds the [[Nasrid dynasty]].
* 1233{{spaced ndash}}Castile defeats Granada at the [[Battle of Jerez]].
* 1234
** Paio Peres Correia captures [[Aljustrel]] for Portugal.
** King [[Sancho II of Portugal]] captures [[Beja, Portugal|Beja]].
* 1236
** Castile forces under [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] [[Siege of Córdoba (1236)|recapture Córdoba]] which will remain in Christian hands thereafter. [[Ibn Hud]] is forced to sign a truce.
** Castilian forces include urban [[militia]].
** The Nasrid ruler, Mohammed ibn Alhamar, approaches [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] to propose that in return for cooperating in the conquest of Muslim Seville, Granada would be granted independence as a subject of Castile.  Fernando agrees and takes Seville.
* 1237{{spaced ndash}}Mohammed ibn Alhamar enters Granada, soon to become the new capital of his dominion. On returning to Granada, the embarrassed ibn-Alhamar announces "there is no victor but Allah", which was to become the motto of the Nasrid dynasty and to be inscribed all over the [[Alhambra]] palace.
* 1238
** Aragon captures Valencia. Aragonese forces include urban [[militia]].
** The [[Emirate of Granada]] is officially founded.
** [[James I of Aragon|James I]] retakes Valencia, [[Albarracin]], [[Alpuente]], [[Tortosa]] from the Muslims, all of which would remain in Christian hands thereafter. He also gains control of the prized paper manufacturing centre at [[Xàtiva]].
** [[Paio Peres Correia]] of the [[Order of Santiago]] captures [[Mértola]] for Portugal.
** King [[Sancho II of Portugal]] captures [[Ayamonte]].
** [[Paio Peres Correia]] captures [[Estômbar]] and [[Alvor (Portimão)|Alvor]] for Portugal.
** [[Paio Peres Correia]] relinquishes [[Estômbar]] and [[Alvor (Portimão)|Alvor]] in exchange for [[Cacela Velha]].

==Granada-Marinid period, Decline and submission to Christian rule (1243–1481)==
* 1243{{spaced ndash}}[[James I of Aragon]] retakes Murcia from the Moors and it will remain in Christian control thereafter.
* 1244{{spaced ndash}}[[Arjona, Spain|Arjona]] and [[Baeza, Spain|Baeza]] fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
** [[James I of Aragon|James I]] captures the [[Xativa Castle]] and city from Abu Bakr who signs the [[Treaty of Xàtiva]] effectively becoming a vassal to the Christian Kingdom.
* 1245{{spaced ndash}}Muslim troubles start in Valencia.
** Muslim commander [[Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir|Al-Azraq]] surrenders to [[James I of Aragon]] and signs the [[Al-Azraq Treaty of 1245]]. [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] was captured by Aragon and will remain in Christian control thereafter.
** [[Siege of Jaén (1245–1246)]]
* 1246{{spaced ndash}}[[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter
** [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]] is [[Siege of Jaén (1245-46)|handed over]] by [[Muhammad I of Granada|Mohammed ibn Alhamar]] to [[Ferdinand III of Castile]]. They sign the {{ill|Treaty of Jaén|es|Pacto de Jaén}}, which establishes the Emirate of Granada as [[vassal state]] of Castile.
* 1247{{spaced ndash}}Having had time to secretly regroup his forces, [[Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir|Al-Azraq]] breaks the [[Al-Azraq Treaty of 1245|treaty]] that he had signed in 1245 and leads a revolt in Valencia.
** The Muslim rebels in Valencia retreat into the territory controlled by the [[Mudéjar]] lord [[Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir|Al-Azraq]] who holds 8 castles in the [[Vall de Alcalá|Alcalá]] valley. They seize more castles and continue a successful [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]].
** [[Siege of Seville]] (July 1247 – November 1248) by forces of [[Ferdinand III of Castile]], who eventually gain control of the town.
* 1248{{spaced ndash}}Christian armies under [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] take Seville after 16 months of siege, despite Muslim [[catapult]]s, [[Greek fire]], and [[Archery|bowmen]] who pierce [[armor]]. Castilian forces include urban militia.
** 4 December, [[Alfonso X]] the Wise reconquest [[Alicante]] to Castile.
* 1249{{spaced ndash}}King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] takes [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], [[Porches (Lagoa)|Porches]], [[Albufeira]] and [[Aljezur]] in the [[Algarve]], thus completing the Portuguese Reconquista.
** The Muslims fend off a major Christian offensive under King [[James I of Aragon]].
** [[Orihuela]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1250{{spaced ndash}}[[Taifa of Tejada|Tejada]], [[Constantina]], [[Huelva]] and [[Jerez]] fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1252{{ndash}}1284{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso X the Wise continues the Christian reconquest of the peninsula and is obliged to face the [[Mudéjar]] revolts of Andalusia and Murcia. He seeks election as emperor of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1257. He drafts the ''Fuero de las Leyes'', the forerunner of the ''Siete Partidas''.
* 1256{{spaced ndash}}Fighting flares up between the Valencia rebels and the [[Aragon]]ese.
* 1257{{spaced ndash}}Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at [[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]].
* 1258{{spaced ndash}}King [[James I of Aragon]] takes [[al-Azraq]]'s main citadel and suppresses the Valencian rebellion.
* 1262{{spaced ndash}}[[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]] and [[Cádiz]] fall to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1264{{spaced ndash}}Muslim revolt in Andalusia.
* 1266{{spaced ndash}}[[Lorca, Spain|Lorca]], Murcia, [[Purchena]] and [[Taifa of Segura|Segura]] are retaken from the Muslims and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1275{{spaced ndash}}Four [[Marinid]] expeditions to Iberia.
** Muslims defeat Christians at the [[Battle of Écija (1275)|Battle of Ecija]].
* 1276{{spaced ndash}}Muslim revolt in Valencia.
* 1280{{spaced ndash}}Muslim Granadian forces under the command of [[Muhammad II of Granada|Muhammad II]] defeat invading Christian forces under the command of [[Gonzalo Ruiz Girón]] at the [[Battle of Moclín (1280)|Battle of Moclín]].
* 1280{{spaced ndash}}Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at Córdoba{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} while the Spaniards use some gunpowder-fuelled early cannon.<ref name="manucy">{{cite web |last1= Manucy |first1= Albert |date= 1949 |title= Artillery through the ages. A short illustrated history of cannon, emphasizing types used in America |website= rnzaa.org.nz |series= National Park Service Interpretive Series: History, n° 3 |publisher= United States Government Printing Office |url= http://rnzaa.org.nz/sites/all/files/Artillery%20Through%20the%20Ages.pdf |access-date= Jan 17, 2025 |page= 7 }}</ref>
* 1287{{spaced ndash}}[[Menorca]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1292{{spaced ndash}}[[Sancho IV of Castile|Castile]] [[Conquest of Taifa|captures]] [[Tarifa]] from [[Marinid]]s.
<!-- Missing image removed: [[Image:Iberia 1300.gif|thumb|right]]  -->
* 1306{{spaced ndash}}Muslims use some form of incendiary weapon at [[Gibraltar]]{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} while the Spaniards use (again) some gunpowder-fuelled early cannon.<ref name="manucy"/>
* 1309{{spaced ndash}}[[Ferdinand IV of Castile]] takes Gibraltar.
** [[Algeciras]] falls to the Reconquista and will remain in Christian hands thereafter.
* 1310{{spaced ndash}}Castile captures Gibraltar.
* 1312–1350{{spaced ndash}}War between [[Alfonso XI]] and Granada
* 1319{{spaced ndash}}Granada defeats Castilian invasion.
* 1324{{spaced ndash}}First recorded use of fire arms in the Iberian peninsula with the employ of [[Cannon|cannons]] by the Nasrid troops in the siege of [[Huéscar|Huescar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marinetto |first=Purificación |date= |title=Armas y enseres para la defensa nazarí |url=https://www.alhambra-patronato.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/CATALOGO_Armas-y-enseres-de-la-defensa-nazar%C3%AD.pdf |access-date=April 5, 2024 |website=Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife}}</ref>
* 1325{{spaced ndash}}Alfonso XI decides to avenge the defeat against his army in 1319. His armies re-attack Granada. This time, they are victorious and manage to defeat [[Muhammad IV of Granada|Muhammad IV]].
* 1331{{spaced ndash}}Granada uses iron balls propelled by fire or containing fire against [[Alicante]] and [[Orihuela]].
* 1333{{spaced ndash}}Granada retakes Gibraltar from the Castilians.
* 1340{{spaced ndash}}The combined armies of King [[Afonso IV of Portugal]] and King Alfonso XI of Castille defeat a Muslim army at the [[Battle of Rio Salado]].
* 1343{{spaced ndash}}Granada uses cannons in the (unsuccessful) defence of [[Algeciras]].
* 1410{{spaced ndash}}An attack against Granada is led by [[Ferdinand I of Aragon|Ferdinand]], regent of Castile and future king of Aragon. He does not take Granada, but he takes the city of [[Antequera]]. This is considered the most important victory against the Muslims since the reign of Alfonso XI.
* 1415{{spaced ndash}}Portugal takes the city of [[Ceuta]] in North Africa.
* 1462{{spaced ndash}}Castile takes Gibraltar again.

== Castile-Aragón conquers the emirate of Granada (1481–1491) ==
* 26 December 1481{{spaced ndash}}The Granadines (Emir [[Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada|Abu l-Hasan Ali]]) surprise the Castilian garrison of [[Zahara de la Sierra|Zahara]] on a stormy night. The population is enslaved.
* 1482{{spaced ndash}}Forces of Castile–Aragon (2500 cavalry and 3000 infantry) under [[Rodrigo Ponce de León, Marquis of Cadiz]] gather at [[Marchena]] (25 Feb), march to [[Antequera]], cross the [[Sierra Alzerifa]], and then seize Granadine [[Alhama de Granada|Alhama]] on a stormy night before dawn (28 February 1482). Abu l-Hasan attempts to retake [[Alhama de Granada|Alhama]] by siege (5–19 March) but withdraws unsuccessfully to Granada. Muslim troops from [[Ronda]] raid the [[Arcos de la Frontera|Arcos]] area to try to tempt the Marquis out of [[Alhama de Granada|Alhama]]. In support of his men at Alhama, King Ferdinand marches to [[Lucena, Córdoba|Lucena]], sends reinforcements to Alhama (30 April 1482), withdraws to Córdoba to organise a major force, and then formally takes over Alhama (14 May 1482).
** Siege of [[Loja, Granada|Loja]]. King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] attacks the Granadine city of Loja (1 July 1482). The city is defended by one Ibrahim Ali al-Attar, [[octogenarian]] father-in-law of [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]]. Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Córdoba. Abu l-Hasan marches on [[Loja, Granada|Loja]] and sweeps the [[Rio Frio (Spain)|Rio Frio]] in mid July.
* 1483{{spaced ndash}}[[Battle of Lucena]]. A fast moving Castilian force raids very close of [[Lucena, Córdoba|Lucena]]. Emir [[Muhammad XII of Granada]] becomes the first King of Granada to be captured by the Christians.
* 1484{{spaced ndash}}The Castilian-Aragónese army led by King Ferdinand II of Aragon assembles at Antequera in Spring, marches to [[Álora]], raids [[Coín]], [[Casarabonela]], [[Almjia]], [[Cártama]], [[Pupiana]], [[Alhendín]], and the fertile valley of [[Málaga]] before returning to Antequera. They capture Álora and [[Senetil]] and raid into the fertile valley of Granada.
* 1485{{spaced ndash}}[[Muhammed XIII, Sultan of Granada|Al-Zagal]] drives [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]] from Almería. Muhammad XII flees to King Ferdinand&nbsp;II of Aragon, at Córdoba. Ferdinand besieges Coín and [[Cártama]].  Al-Zagal then attempts to relieve the sieges, but first Coín falls (27 April 1485) then Cártama (28 April 1485). The garrison of [[Ronda]] raids [[Medina Sidonia]] but returns to find its city besieged by Ferdinand in early May.  Abu Hasan of Granada dies and Al-Zagal assumes title of Emir in late May; Al-Zagal defeats a Christian foraging party from Alhama on his way to Granada. Three groups of Castilian–Aragonese march toward [[Moclin]] (late Aug). Al-Zagal ambushes and defeats the first group, although it is rescued by the second group of Christians in early September.  Al-Zagal enters [[Moclin]]. The third Castilian-Aragonese group (Ferdinand) joins the other two and they take the castles of [[Cambil]] and [[Albahar]] (23 September 1485).  The Castilian-Aragonese of [[Alhama de Granada|Alhama]] also take the castle of [[Zalea]] in September.
* 1487{{spaced ndash}}[[Málaga]] falls to the Reconquista after the [[Siege of Málaga (1487)]].
* 1489{{spaced ndash}}Spain captures [[Baza, Granada|Baza]]. Al-Zagal surrenders to Spain.
** Almería falls to the Reconquista.
* 1491{{spaced ndash}}Granada surrenders to the Castilian-Aragonese forces. [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII]], Emir of Granada, relinquishes the last Muslim-controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the expanding Crown of Castile, and signs the [[Treaty of Granada]].

== Aftermath (1492–1614) ==
* 2 January 1492{{spaced ndash}}The [[Catholic Monarchs]], Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]] and King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], take over Granada.
* 1492–1507{{spaced ndash}}The remaining Muslims in the Crown of Castile were ordered to become [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]. King Ferdinand ordered to convert mosques to Christian churches. The king then appeals to the reigning Pope [[Julius II]] (nephew of [[Sixtus IV]]) to grant the aspirations of these new Christians. This new Christian population, forcibly converted, will come to be known as the [[Moriscos]]. Jews who were forcefully converted are known as [[marrano]]s. Hundreds of thousands of Jews who did not accept conversion were expelled from Spain. They fled with nothing more than the clothes on their backs for the Ottoman Empire, Italy, Egypt and other areas.
* 1496{{spaced ndash}}All Muslims (and Jews) in Portugal were [[Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Portugal|expelled from Portugal]].
* 1499-1501{{spaced ndash}}[[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)|A Muslim rebellion in Granada]], following forced conversion of Muslims, contrary to terms of surrender; The rebellion was defeated in 1501.
* 1501-1502 All Muslims in the Crown of Castile (including the former Emirate of Granada) were forced to convert to Christianity.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=57}}
* 1504{{spaced ndash}}The [[Oran fatwa]] was issued, following the forced conversion of 1501–1502, providing the basis of the secret practice of Islam in Spain.{{sfn|Harvey|2005|p=60}}
* 1516{{spaced ndash}}King [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]], the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, rises to the throne of both Castile and Aragon.  With the conquest of Granada and [[Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre|Iberian Navarre]], the modern state of Spain is formed. Muslims in the kingdom of Navarre are forced to convert. 
* 1519{{ndash}}1522{{spaced ndash}}[[Revolt of the Brotherhoods]] in the Kingdom of Valencia. A middle-class rebellion simultaneously targeting the noble landed class and Muslim peasantry, resulting in the killing and forced conversions of many of the latter, known as [[Mudéjar]]s.
* 1525{{spaced ndash}}Muslims in the Crown of Aragon are [[Forced conversion#Christianity|forced to convert to Christianity]] as a concession to the old-Christian guilds or Germanías which had revolted a few years earlier.{{Cn|date=April 2016}}
* 1526{{spaced ndash}}After convening a council to examine the problem, King Charles I declares that the forced conversions of the Muslims of Valencia and Aragon were valid, because they could have chosen death rather than convert.
* 1568{{spaced ndash}}[[Morisco Revolt|Rebellion of the Alpujarras]]. After King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] introduces laws prohibiting Moorish culture, the people who had forcefully converted to Christianity in order to remain in Spain, then known as Moriscos, revolt under the leadership of [[Aben Humeya]] in Granada. The rebellion is suppressed in 1571 by [[John of Austria]], Philip II's half-brother, and rebels are deported to different parts of the northern half of the Iberian peninsula.
* 1570{{spaced ndash}} Around 80,000 Moriscos are deported from the Kingdom of Granada resettled in towns and villages throughout Andalusia and Castile.
* 1609{{spaced ndash}}[[Expulsion of the Moriscos]]{{spaced ndash}}King [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] issues the Act of Expulsion for all remaining Moriscos, claiming that they appealed to the [[Ottoman Empire]] for military intervention in Spain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=John |authorlink=John Lynch (historian) |title=Spain under the Habsburgs |volume=(vol. 2) |year=1969 |publisher=Alden Mowbray Ltd. |location=Oxford, England |pages=42–51 |ref=Lyn64 }}</ref>  They are viewed by some as a [[fifth column]] trying to rebuild the Muslim state in the Peninsula.
* 1614{{spaced ndash}}The process of expulsion ends.

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Córdoba, Andalusia]]<ref name=bosworth2007>{{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=C. Edmund Bosworth |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill |location=Leiden }}</ref>
* [[Timeline of Seville]]<ref name=bosworth2007 />
* [[Islam_in_the_Americas#Immigrant_muslims_in_America|Early muslims in the Americas]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|last=Harvey|first=L. P.|title=Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsinspain1500lple|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-31963-6}}
* [http://calitreview.com/592  ''God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570–1215''] (2008) by [[David Levering Lewis]], W.W. Norton, 473 pp.

{{Timeline of religion}}

[[Category:History of al-Andalus| ]]
[[Category:Spanish history timelines|Muslim]]
[[Category:Portuguese history timelines|Muslim]]
[[Category:Timelines of Muslim history|*]]
[[Category:Berber history]]
[[Category:Reconquista|*]]
[[Category:Warfare in the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Islam in Portugal]]
[[Category:Islam in Spain]]
[[Category:Moroccan timelines|Iberian]]