View source for Shippeitaro

{{Short description|Japanese fairy tale and dog}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Shippeitaro
|Image_Name     = Schippeitaro-1888-p13-cropped.jpg
|Image_Caption  = "Schippeitaro is a strong and beautiful dog".<br />
{{right|{{small|—from Mrs. T. H. James's ''Schippeitaro'' (1888), illustrated by Suzuki Sōsaburō<ref name="schippeitaro-colophons"/> [''{{linktext|recté}}'' Suzuki Sōtarō] ''aka'' {{illm|Suzuki Kason|ja|鈴木華邨}}.}}}}
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping       = 
|AKA            =
|Mythology      =
|Country        = Japan
|Region         = Asia
|Origin_Date    = 
|Published_In   = 
|Related        = 
}}

{{lang|ja|'''Shippeitaro'''}}<ref>{{harvp|James|1888}}, Preface</ref> or '''Shippei Taro'''<ref>{{harvp|Seki|Adams|1963|p=33}}</ref> (German spelling: '''Schippeitaro''';<ref>{{harvp|James|1888}}</ref><ref name="lang"/> {{langx|ja|しっぺい太郎}} or {{lang|ja|竹篦太郎}}<ref name="schippeitaro-colophons"/><ref name="kobayashi-027"/>) is the name of a helper dog in the Japanese [[fairy tale]]{{Refn|Various examples attested in Miyagi, Yamagata, Fukushima, Niigata, Gunma, Shizuoka, and Shimane Prefectures. {{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1.}} by the same name.

== Etymology ==
Although the name Shippeitaro has been written {{lang|ja|竹篦太郎}} suggesting a connection to a bamboo hitting stick in Buddhist religion, it has been asserted to be a corruption of {{nihongo|Shippūtarō|疾風太郎}} meaning "swift wind Tarō", and the same characters can also be read Hayatetarō, thus explaining variant names such as Hayatarō "swift Tarō".

== Variant traditions ==
Translations include "Schippeitaro" in [[Andrew Lang]]'s ''[[The Violet Fairy Book|Violet Fairy Book]]'' (1901), taken from a German copy, and Mrs. James's "Schippeitaro" (1888), which share the same plotline: The mountain spirit and its minions (in the guise of [[cats]] in this version) demand a yearly [[human sacrifice]] of a maiden from the local village. A young warrior overhears the spirits hinting that their would-be bane was "Shippeitaro", which turns out to be a dog. This dog is substituted for the maiden to be placed inside the sacrificial container, and when the spirits arrive, the warrior and dog attack the cats and vanquish them.

The evil spirits appear as [[monkey]]s in most instances of the tale, as in the version of "Shippei Taro" given in [[Keigo Seki]]'s anthology (translated into English 1963). In fact, this folktale is classified as {{nihongo|"Destroying the Monkey Demon"|<!--猿神退治-->|Sarugami taiji|}} tale type by Japanese folklorists.

Monkey God tales preserved in the medieval anthologies ''[[Konjaku Monogatarishū]]'' and ''[[Uji Shūi Monogatari]]'' have been suggested as being the original sources of the orally disseminated versions.

There is also the theory that the story was invented after the historical occasion of the {{illm|Yanahime jinja|ja|矢奈比売神社|lt=Yanahime}} (Mitsuke [[Tenjin (kami)|Tenjin]]) shrine in [[Iwata, Shizuoka]] ([[Tōtōmi Province]]) sending volumes of sutras to the Kōzen-ji temple, Nagano Prefecture ([[Shinano Province]]) in 1793. The dog is called '''Hayatarō''' or '''Heibōtarō''' in the versions at the temple and in folktales of the vicinity. But the dog name has been standardized as Shippeitarō in the region of the shrine.

== Nomenclature ==

The term {{nihongo|''shippei''|竹篦}} denotes a "bamboo staff" in Zen Buddhism,<ref name="winfield&heine"/> and is connected with the expression ''shippegaeshi'' meaning "repercussion" or "{{linktext|backlash}}".<ref name="iwanami_kokugojiten"/>

However, it has been asserted that the name Shippeitarō―was originally unconnected with religious implement―and was a corruption of {{nihongo|Shippūtarō|疾風太郎}},<ref name="tsujimura1988"/> meaning "swift wind Tarō", which as a matter of commonplace knowledge, can also be read {{nihongo|Hayatetarō|疾風太郎}}, and the same scholar points out that the dog is known by the forms Shippeitarō or Hayatetarō in local (Mitsuke Shrine of Shizuoka) legend.<ref name="tsujimura1987"/>

In variants, the dog may have '''Suppeitarō''', '''Suppetarō''' or a variety of other names, for example, "Hayatarō of Kōzenji temple in [[Shinano Province|Shinano]]".<ref name="kobayashi-098">One of the tales collected from [[Kamiina District, Nagano]]. Features the dog {{nihongo|"Hayatarō of Kōzenji in Shinano Province |信濃国光前寺の早太郎}}" vs. a racoon dog. {{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, #97.{{harvp|Taguchi|1987|pp=2-3}}, Table #29. {{harvp|Seki|1978}}, ''Taisei'' {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldILAQAAIAAJ&q="光前寺の早太郎" |2='''7''': 53}}</ref>{{Refn|Kobayashi's table omits the place name for his #98, so the original source (Seki) and Taguchi's table #27 need be consulted. Although other names for the dog names are attached to Kōzenji temple, it has been documented that {{nihongo|"Hayataro's memorial"|早太郎之碑|Hayatarō no hi}} was carved on the mound(grave) of the justice-serving dog in the premises of the temple.<ref name="takagi1913"/>}} The dog may not be given any name at all.<ref name="kobayashi-table"/>

The form {{nihongo|Shippeitarō|悉平太郎}} (of uncertain meaning) has been adopted as standard or official one for the dog of legend attached to the {{illm|Yanahime jinja|ja|矢奈比売神社}} shrine, commonly known as Mitsuke Tenjin.<ref name="mistsuketenjin"/><ref name="iwatashi-minzoku1984-p174"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Even though Hayatarō was the main name given in the city's history published 1956,<ref name="iwatashishi1956" /> {{nihongo|Shippeitarō|悉平太郎}} became primary name for the dog legend of the shrine by its city's municipal history document of 1974.<ref name="iwatashi-minzoku1984-p174"/> However, the dog was also known locally as {{nihongo|Hayatetarō/Shippūtarō|疾風太郎|extra='swift wind Tarō'}} or {{nihongo|Hayatarō|早太郎|extra='swift Tarō'}}.<ref name="iwatashi-minzoku1984-p174"/><ref name="obayashi1976"/> Cf. [[#Variants|§Variants]]) below for further information.)}}

The name is altered to {{lang|ja|執柄太郎}} in ''[[kibyōshi]]'' fiction by Nansenshō Somahito,{{sfnp|Nansenshō|1796}} where {{nihongo|''shippei''|執柄}} means "to grasp authority"<ref name="iwanami_kokugojiten"/> (cf. [[#Old printed books|§Old printed books]])

== Translations ==
[[File:Schippeitaro-1888-p19-cropped.jpg|thumb|Shippeitaro attacks huge black tom cat.<br />
The "door of the cage",{{sfnp|James|1888}} or rather "lid of a {{illm|chest (furniture)|ja|櫃|lt=chest|preserve=1}}"{{sfnp|Miyao|2009|p=88}} is laid open.{{right|{{small|―Mrs. James tr. (1888). The ''chirimenbon'' print ''Schippeitaro'' (1888 version). Suzuki Kason (illustr.)}}}}]]
[[File:The violet fairy book (1906) (14566716288).jpg|thumb|Schippeitaro out of a barrel (cask),
attacking huge black tom cat.<br />
Young samurai appears quite "foreign-ish".{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=21}}{{right|{{small|―Lang, Andrew (1906) ''Schippeitaro''}}}}]]
The version of "Schippeitaro" in Andrew Lang's ''[[The Violet Fairy Book]]'' (1901) was taken from ''Japanische Märchen und Sagen'' collected by Professor {{illm|David August Brauns{{!}}David Brauns|de|David August Brauns}} (Leipzig, 1885).{{sfnp|Lang|1901|p=40}}<ref>{{harvp|Brauns|1885|pp=50–53}} ([[Fraktur]] font); ''[http://www.zeno.org/nid/20007828276 Schippeitaro]'' (in Latin font online at zeno.org).</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Lang in the ''Violet Fairy Book'' only cites "''Japanische Märchen''",{{sfnp|Lang|1901|p=40}} but in his ''Pink Fairy Book'' (1897), he provides the longer and fuller citation naming Brauns.<ref>{{citation|editor-last=Lang |editor-first=Andrew |chapter=Uraschimataro and the Turtle |title=The Pink Fairy Book |place=New York and Bombay |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1897 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R28AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA25 |page=25n}}</ref>}}

{{Wikisource|The Violet Fairy Book/Schippeitaro|Schippeitaro}}

The story of "Schippeitaro" (1888) as told by Mrs. T. H. James (Kate James<ref>{{harvp|Sharf|1994|p=10}}</ref>), was number 17 in the "Japanese Fairy Tale Series" printed by [[Hasegawa Takejirō]], who issued many such ''chirimen-bon'' or "crepe-paper books".<ref>{{harvp|Sharf|1994|p=62}}</ref> Mrs. James's version follows a storyline identical to Lang's version.<ref>Cf. the text itself: {{harvp|James|1888}}</ref>

The illustrator has been identified as {{illm|Suzuki Kason|ja|鈴木華邨}},<ref>{{harvp|Ishizawa|2004|p=52}} also cited by {{harvp|Kobayashi|2012|p=}}</ref>{{sfnp|Sharf|1994|p=62}} based on the colophon of 1889 which names the artist as {{nihongo|Suzuki Sōsaburō|鈴木宗三郎}}.<ref name="schippeitaro-colophons"/> Even though this can be read as "Munesaburō",<ref name="suzuki-auth-britlib"/> the artist Suzuki Kason (whose address in [[Tsukiji]] matches the colophon one) went by the common name {{nihongo|Sōtarō|宗太郎}},<ref name="meijigakaryakuden"/> also written {{nihongo|Sōtarō|惣太郎}}.{{sfnp|Ishizawa|2004|p=241}}

== Synopsis ==
Below is the summary of the Lang/Mrs. James version:<ref name=lang/><ref>{{harvp|James|1888}}, {{harvp|James|1889}}</ref>

A young adventure-seeking warrior entered an [[enchanted forest]], and he slept in a shrine (or chapel) there,{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Mrs. Smith calls it "little temple" or "ruined shrine", in contrast to Brauns's ''Kapelle'' and Lang's "chapel" which have Christian connotation.}} and was awakened at midnight by the noises of cats yelling and dancing. The cats could be heard saying: "Do not tell Shippeitaro!"

Afterwards, the warrior visited a nearby village, and there he answered a girl's plea for help. It was the village custom to [[Human sacrifice|sacrifice]] a maiden to the mountain spirit, and it was her turn that year. She was placed inside a cage (actually a long chest or rectangular basket, as per illustration. Lang gives "cask") and left at the shrine.{{Refn|Brauns translated the container as ''[[wikt:Käfig|Käfig]]'' which is German for "cage", concurring with Mrs. James's rendition as "cage" (Japanese:{{nihongo||籠|kago}}.{{harvp|Ishizawa|2004|p=53}}). However, Smith description that the cat "threw open the door of the cage" does not fit the illustration of removing the lid from a rectangular chest, and Miyao altered it to read "長櫃のふたを勢いよく開けました vigorously[snatched] open the lid of the long-[[Chest (furniture)|chest]] (''nagabitsu'')".{{sfnp|Miyao|2009|pp=79, 87, 88}} The latter term occurs in the cognate tale found in ''Konjaku monogatari'', explained below,{{sfnp|Kondo ed.|1882|loc=fol. 19v}} whereas Ishizawa more literally back-translates as {{nihongo||籠|kago}}, which can also denote either an open or lidded [[basket]]. A comic book author remarked it actually looked like a {{illm|tsuzura|ja|葛籠|lt=''tsuzura''}},<ref name="matsuda"/> another name for a rectangular wicker basket, well-known from the fairy tale ''[[Shita-kiri Suzume]]''. Cf. also {{nihongo||[[:ja:行李|行李]]|kōri}} or wicker trunk. In the version Seki collected from Monou, the container is a {{nihongo||[[:ja:長持|長持]]|nagamochi}}, which is a lidded rectangular wardrobe chest,{{sfnp|Ikegami|1983|p=70}}<ref name="kobayashi-027"/> and synonymous to ''nagabitsu'' of the old narrative. There is also a collected tale where the container is indeed a ''tsuzura''.<ref name="kobayashi-036"/>}}{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Lang however rendered the container as "cask", which was illustrated as a barrel by [[Henry Justice Ford]]. And in E. K. Murray's retelling, "The Whispering Cats", the container is referred to as both "barrel" and "cask".{{sfnp|Murray|1925|p=453}}}} The warrior made inquiries to find out about the famous dog Schippeitaro (standard modern romanization: Shippeitarō), owned by the prince's overseer,{{efn|"The head man of our Prince", in Mrs. James's text}} and obtained permission to borrow the dog. The warrior then replaced the maiden inside the cage with Schippeitaro. The cage was brought to the shrine, and the cats arrived. When the huge black cat opened the cage, Shippeitaro jumped out and killed it. The warrior entered the fray and together they killed several more cats, and the rest of them fled. The warrior returned Schippeitaro to his rightful owner, and the village well-remembered the warrior and the heroic dog long after.{{efn|Brauns only said that the locals were able to enter the forest afterwards, and lauded the bravery of the pair "to this day" ({{langx|de|{{linktext|preisen |noch |heute}}}}).{{sfnp|Brauns|1885|p=53}} Lang embellished this to say the village held an annual feast in honor of the warrior and dog. Mrs. Smith's version simply concludes with the warrior seeking new adventures.}}

== Variants ==
The Lang/Mrs. James version which features cats as the antagonists is actually atypical in folktales. In most ''Shippeitaro'' tales, the malevolent spirits appear as monkeys (or [[baboon]]s).<ref>{{harvp|Kobayashi|2012|p=81}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|[[Keigo Seki|Seki]] also gives monkey in the main, with cat, rat, badger as subtypes.{{sfnp|Seki|1966|p=52}}}} However, cats did feature as the antagonist(s) of Shippeitarō in the ''[[gesaku]]'' novels of the Edo Period ([[#Old printed books|§Old printed books]]) as well as in the ''kabuki'' and ''kyōgen'' performing arts.{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}}

The village where the victims are sacrifice occurs may be an anonymous location,{{efn|Or perhaps assumed to be local to wherever the tale is told.}} as in the English chirimen book version or Seki's version from Monou, but may be specified (Cf. [[#Kōzen-ji|§Kōzen-ji]] below). Also, it is a common motif that the household chosen to have their daughter sacrificed (by the supernatural beings) has a {{illm|shiraha no ya|ja|白羽の矢|lt=''shiraha no ya''}} (white-feather fletched arrow) stuck on the front of their home.<ref name="nihon_mukashibanashi_jiten"/>

[[Keigo Seki]] collected a number of variant tales (of the ''Sarugami taiji'' or "Destroying the Monkey Demon" type) from various sources. When Seki published ''Nihon mukashibanashi taisei'' (1978), his provisional count reached 67 examples.{{sfnp|Taguchi|1987|pp=2–3}}{{Refn|group=lower-alpha|As of the writing of the translator's headnote in {{harvp|Seki|Adams|1963|p=33}}, the count stood at "twenty-six versions".}} Later, {{illm|Kōji Inada (professor)|lt=Kōji Inada|ja|稲田浩二}} and {{illm|Toshio Ozawa|ja|小澤俊夫}} co-edited the ''Nihon mukashibanashi tsūgan'' (1977–1998) which added numerous examples.{{sfnp|Inada|Ozawa|1998}} Kōichirō Kōbayashi's paper has collated these and other examples in a table with 227 tale specimens (plus one auxiliary specimen).<ref name="kobayashi-table"/> Noriko Nagata went further and analyzed 258 tale examples of the ''Sarugami taiji'' type.<ref name="nagata-apud-hirota">{{harvp|Nagata|1982}} ''apud'' {{harvp|Hirota|2006|p=41}}.</ref> Note however that these statistics include tales that are not of the "dog helper" type.

Seki's typical example (or at least the one he chose in his anthology for popular audience) was the "Shippei Taro" collected in [[Monou District, Miyagi]], published in Keigo Seki (ed.), Robert J. Adams (tr.), ''Folktales of Japan'' (1963). The priest in the story defeated the so-called "ogres" (whose corpses turned out to be dead monkeys). He used the usual tactic of replacing the sacrificial maiden inside the chest with Shippei Taro, a dog brought from the distant city of [[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]] in [[Ōmi Province]].{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|"Collected in Mono-gun, Miyagi-ken by Keisuke Sugawara". {{harvp|Seki|Adams|1963|p=33}}.}}{{sfnp|Seki|Adams|1963|pp=33–36}}<ref name=hansen/> (Cf. [[#Tale types|§ Tale types]] below)

Inada and Ozawa's description of the "helper dog" subtype of ''Sarugami taiji'' (Cf. [[#Tale types|§ Tale types]] below) names the dog as {{nihongo|Suppeitarō of Tango Province|丹波の国のすっぺい太郎}}, and the human as a {{illm|rokubu|ja|日本廻国大乗妙典六十六部経聖|lt=''rokubu''}}, a type of itinerant Buddhist ascetic (or ''[[hijiri (disambiguation)|hijiri]]'') as combating the monkey monster,{{sfnp|Kobayashi|2012|p=84}} indicating these are seen as typical elements. Here, "Suppei" is easily recognized as the [[Tōhoku dialect]] pronunciation of "Shippei".<ref name="sasaki"/>

The dog may or may not have a name at all. And the name is not entirely consistent. The dog's name may be only a slight variant of Shippeitaro, such as ({{nihongo|Suppeitarō, Suppetarō|すっぺい太郎, 素平太郎, すっぺ太郎}}, or an alternate reading (Takeberatarō{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|''takebera'' is just the ''[[kun-yomi]]'' reading of ''[[shippei]]'' (竹篦), and perhaps should be read as "shippei".{{sfnp|Ikegami|2008|p=298}}}}) or altogether different. The dog may be Shippeitarō/Suppe(i)tarō from Ōmi or [[Tanba Province|Tanba]] or some other province. In several examples, the dog appears as {{nihongo|Hayatarō|[[:ja:早太郎|早太郎]]}} or {{nihongo|Heibōtarō|へいぼう太郎, 兵坊太郎}} of {{illm|Kōzenji (Nagano){{!}}Kōzenji|ja|光前寺}} temple in [[Shinano Province]].<ref name=taguchi-table/><ref name=kobayashi-table/>

=== Shizuoka and Nagano ===
According to one scholar the form {{nihongo|Shippeitarō|悉平太郎}} tends to occur near Enshū/[[Tōtomi Province]] ([[Shizuoka Prefecture]]), while {{nihongo|Hayatarō |早太郎}} is concentrated in [[Shinano Province]] ([[Nagano Prefecture]]).{{sfnp|Etō|1989|pp=186–187}} One etymological hypothesis is that in the Shinano dialect, {{nihongo||ハイ坊|haibō}} denoted "wolf cub", which probably gave rise to the name Heibōtarō, and Hayatarō may well be a further corruption of this.{{r|tanigawa}}

==== Yanahime-jinja ====
[[File:Ichikawa danjuro vii1832-totoumimasu.gif|thumb|Shippeitarō and monstrous ''tanuki''.{{right|{{small|―[[Ichikawa Danjūrō VII]] ''Tōtōmimasu'' (1832)}}}}]]
It has become current-day tradition (for the {{illm|Yanahime jinja|ja|矢奈比売神社}}  in Shizuoka Prefecture, formerly Enshū or Tōtōmi Province) that the heroic was dog {{nihongo|Shippeitarō|悉平太郎}} from [[Kōzen-ji]] temple in [[Shinano Province]] (Nagano Prefecture).{{sfnp|Yabe|2009|pp=25–26}}

But in actuality, the name of the dog in the legend attached to the shrine (Yanahime jinja ''aka'' Mitsuke Tenjin in [[Iwata, Shizuoka]]) varied, and was also known alternately by the similar names {{nihongo|Shippūtarō/Hayatetarō|疾風太郎|extra='swift wind Tarō'}} or {{nihongo|Hayatarō|早太郎|extra='swift Tarō'}},<ref name="iwatashi-minzoku1984-p174"/> as already noted ([[#Nomenclature|§Nomenclature]]){{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|And in fact, Hayatarō had been used as the name in the 1956 history of the city.<ref name="iwatashishi1956"/> }} In an old document, {{nihongo|''Tōtōmi koseki zue''|遠江古蹟圖繪}} by dating to Kyowa 3 (1803),{{efn|By {{nihongo|Tō Chōkō|藤長庚}} aka {{nihongo|Hyōdō Shōemon|兵藤庄右衛門}}.}} the legendary dog of this shrine at [[Mitsuke-juku]] was {{nihongo|'''Yazaemon'''|弥左衛門|extra=}}.<ref name="totomi_koseki_zue"/> However, [[Ichikawa Danjūrō VII]]{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Kabuki actor Danjūrō VII has performed in the play{{sfnp|Tsubouchi|Atsumi edd.|Nanboku|1922|pp. 3–4}}{{sfnp|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928|pp=671–672}}{{sfnp|Gunji ed.|Nanboku|1974|p=22}} ''Hitoritabi gojūsantsugi'' ("Lone pilgrimage of 53 stations")<ref name="nanboku-hitoritabi1922"/><ref name="nanboku-hitoritabi1928"/> which featured Shippeitaro as a dog attacking the monster cat.{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}}{{sfnp|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928|p=568}} In the first performance Danjūrō VII played 4 roles including that of {{nihongo|Mamushi no Jirokichi|蝮（まむし）の次郎吉|}}.{{sfnp|Tsubouchi|Atsumi edd.|Nanboku|1922|pp. 3–4}}{{sfnp|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928|pp=671–672}} His enactment of {{nihongo|Nakano Tōsuke|中野藤助}} is illustrated in a ukiyo-e, reprinted in Atsumi ed. {{URL|1=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1884002/1/247|2=p. 483 }}, and his role as Mizuemon on {{URL|1=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1884002/1/280|2=p. 549}}.}} in a piece of document entitled {{nihongo|''Tōtōmimasu''|遠〱見ます[遠ゝ見ます]}}<!--conglomeration of "Tōtōmi" the province name and ''mimasu'' "to see", probably with a pun on ''mimasu'' (triple measuring cup) being Danjuro's crest emblem. --> (Tenpo 3/1832) wrote that the local tradition called the dog {{nihongo|Shippeitarō|しっぺい太郎}} of [[Tanba Province]].<ref name="ichikawa_danjuro_vii"/>

Thus, while Noriko Nagata's study concluded that all the dogs in the ''Sarugami taiji'' tales of Shizuoka Prefecture have feature dogs from Shinshū (Shinano Province), this only applies to the folktales gathered in relatively current times,<ref name="kobayashi-shizuoka">{{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, tales collected from Shizuoka Prefecture,  #109, 110, 111. {{harvp|Inada|Ozawa|1998}}, '''13''': 249, 248, 248.</ref> and this generalization fails in the Edo Period literature where the dog is Yazaemon from {{nihongo|Raifuku-ji of Mikawa Province|三河国来福寺|extra=}} in ''Tōtōmi koseki zue'',<ref name="totomi_koseki_zue"/> and Danjūrō recorded Shippeitarō as being from Tanba (areas of current-day [[Kyōto Prefecture|Kyōto]] and [[Hyōgo Prefecture]]s).<ref name="ichikawa_danjuro_vii"/>

Nagata also hypothesizes that "every dog comes from Shinshū(Shinano) in ''Sarugami taiji'' tales of Shizukoa, and this can hardly be unconnected with Kōzen-ji <!--静岡の『猿神退治』に登場する犬が全て所在地を信州とするのは、光前寺の義犬と無関係ではあるまい-->". One can infer that none of the folktales, at least from Shizuoka, explicitly named Kōzen-ji, as can be verified in Kobayashi's study also.<ref name="kobayashi-shizuoka"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Tales collected locally in Nagano do, to no surprise, mention "Kōzen-ji".<ref name="kobayashi-kozenji">{{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, tales collected from Kamiina District, Nagano ,  #97, 98, 99. {{harvp|Seki|1978}}, pp. 52–53. Cf. [[#Kōzen-ji|§Kōzen-ji]] below.</ref>}}  Yabe concurs with Nagata more assertive states that in the "present-day tradition", the dog "{{nihongo|Shippeitarō|悉平太郎}}" comes from Kōzen-ji in Shinano.{{sfnp|Yabe|2009|pp=25–26}} However, the only attestation he uses to corroborate is not genuine collected folklore in intact form, but rather a retold summary given in a 1984 city folklore research book.<ref name="iwatashi-minzoku1984-p174"/>

The connection is certainly not unfounded, if documents and tales from Nagano are examined. Already during the Edo Period, one origin tale (''engi'') regarding the temple, entitled {{nihongo||佛薬證明犬不動霊験物語|Butsuyaku shōmei inu-fudō reigen monogatari [?]|extra='Story of spiritual-power of the holy-medicine-proving Dog-Fudō/[[Acala]] (Divine Dog)'}} (1794) states that human sacrifices to the Mitsuke Tanjin shrine were ongoing, and the victims were saved, though it was thanks to the holy Buddha medicine, rather than a dog.{{sfnp|Yabe|2009|loc=n21}} Another ''engi'' of the temple (1793?) also refers to "{{nihongo|Tenmangū in Enshū Province|遠州府中の天満宮}}" requiring villagers be offered inside a coffin.{{Refn|Also an early document bearing the slightly different title {{nihongo||光前寺犬不動霊験物語|Kōzen-ji inu-fudō reigen monogatari [?]|extra='Story of spiritual-power of Kōzenji's Divine Dog'}}, is interpolated with the text of the "{{nihongo||大般若経奉納の縁起|Diahanyakyō hōnō no engi |extra='Origin tale of the donation of the [[Large Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras]]'}}" (1793), which states that {{nihongo|Tenmangū in Enshū|遠州府中の天満宮}} had a ''byō'' (shrine hall), and it became customary that some handsome person from the village would be placed in a coffin ({{langx|ja|柩}}) and deposited there at the ''byō''.{{sfnp|Yabe|2009|loc=n21}}}}<!--''Taisei'' also refers to "{{nihongo|"Tenmangū in Enshū"|遠州府中の天満宮}}" as lore apparently in an annotation, not as something mentioned within one of the tales told.--><!--Thus while Nagata also generalizes that in tales where the dog is found in Shinano Province, it often associated with Kōzen-ji temple,<ref name="nagata-apud-hirota"/> this since it divides into Kobayashi's assumption regarding Shizuoka tales, and the trivial cases of Nagano tales that are local to the temple itself, and the summary adds nothing to what was discussed so far.-->

{{illm|Toshio Takagi|ja|高木敏雄}} vaguely suggested that the legend was created at a late period, by which he may have meant the "latter half of ''kinsei''"<ref name="takagi1973"/> i.e. 18th century. And Tokiwa Aoshima supposed that the legend was created after the occasions of the Yanahime-jinja shrine sending 600 volumes of sutra to Kōzen-ji in 1793, and the temple holding a ''[[kaichō]]'' (public display of its sacred objects) in 1794.<ref>{{harvp|Aoshima|1994}}; {{harvp|Aoshima|2008}}  ''apud'' {{harvp|Yabe|2009|loc=n17}}.</ref> Though these hypotheses require further analysis to assay their validity,{{sfnp|Yabe|2009|loc=n17}} if the latter were true, then there was always a connection between the shrine legend and Kōzen-ji, though unattested by the Edo period documents found by Yabe.

==== Kōzen-ji ====
Going back to Nagata's statement, the dog appears to be explicitly mentioned coming from Kōzen-ji temple in several tales among the list compiled by Kobayashi, and unsurprisingly so, since they were all collected (not from Shizuoka) but from the village or the district where the temple lies ([[Kamiina District, Nagano]]).<ref name="kobayashi-097">Tale collected from {{illm|Akahomachi, Nagano|ja|赤穂町 (長野県)|lt=Akahomura}}, Kamiina District, Nagano. Features {{nihongo|"Heibōtarō" of Kōzen-ji in Shinshū Shinano |信州信濃の光前寺兵坊太郎}} against a {{nihongo|large baboon|大狒}} {{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, #97. {{harvp|Taguchi|1987}}'s Table 2, #28. {{harvp|Seki|1978}}, ''Taisei'' {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldILAQAAIAAJ&q="光前寺" |2='''7''': 53}}</ref><ref name="kobayashi-098"/><ref name="kobayashi-099">Another tale from Kamiina District, Nagano. Although the dog is named {{nihongo|Hayatarō|早太郎}}, the baboons chant {{nihongo|"Don't tell Heibōtarō"|信州信濃の光前寺、へいぼう太郎に知らせるな}}. The victims are placed in a {{nihongo|唐櫃|karbitsu}}.({{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, #99. {{harvp|Taguchi|1987}}, Table 2, #30. {{harvp|Seki|1978}}, ''Taisei'' {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldILAQAAIAAJ&q="へいぼう太郎に" |2='''7''':  53–54}}</ref>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Though Kobayashi's tabulated list is not exhaustive, since Nagata's study compiles a larger number of tale examples.}}

;Location of victims
In the version collected from the former {{illm|Akahomachi, Nagano|ja|赤穂町 (長野県)|lt=Akahomura}} village where the temple stands, the victims are to be left as sacrifice on the altar of the [[Tenmangū]] in Enshū,<ref name="kobayashi-097"/><ref>{{harvp|Seki|1955}}: {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CJIAAAAMAAJ&q=信州信濃の光前寺兵坊太郎|2=pp.1252–1255}}: "長野縣上伊那郡赤穂村. 遠州府中の天滿宮の祭禮に白羽の矢の立つた家の娘を毎年一人づつ人身御供に立てることになつてゐた。"</ref> which is an apt description of the Yanahime jinja (Mitsuke Tenjin) in Shizuoka. The victim chosen received notice via the {{nihongo|white-feather arrow|白羽の矢|shiraha no ya}} shot,<ref name="kobayashi-097"/> a [[Literary topos|commonplace]] motif.<ref name="nihon_mukashibanashi_jiten"/>

In the tale version printed by Toshio Takagi (1913) where the dog's name is {{nihongo|"Heibōtarō"|兵坊太郎}},{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The reading of "{{lang|ja|兵坊太郎}}" is probably "Heibōtarō" from comparison with the similar version that gives  "{{lang|ja|へいぼう太郎}}",<ref name="kobayashi-099"/> even though "Hyōbōtarō" was the reading given by another scholar.<ref name="toda"/>}} the victim chosen is visited upon by a "fire pillar" in a place called Fushimi in the local Shinano Province.<ref name="takagi1913"/> In a comparable version featuring {{nihongo|"Heibōtarō"|へいぼう太郎}} the victims were non-local and were found {{illm|Fushimichō, Gifu|ja|伏見町 (岐阜県)|lte=Fushimi}} in [[Mino Province]].<ref name="kobayashi-099"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Tarō Akamine claimed there was a piece of folklore that the ''[[Chinju no Mori]]'' (forest) in Fushimi, Mino Province was once inhabited by man-eating baboons (''hihi''), which were exterminated by the dog Hayatarō from Kōzen-ji.<ref name="akamine"/> <!--This may be the indicated tale from Shinano (Nagano), rather than a tale passed on in Mino (Gifu Prefecture) as Yabe seems to assume (endnote 17). Kobayashi lists only one tale example from Gifu (#138), and it is a "human" hero type, not a "dog helper" type.-->}}

[[File:Kozenji (Komagane) Hayataro grave 2012-08.jpg|thumb|Hayatarō's grave at Kōzen-ji]]
;Hayatarō's grave
Thus the dog's name was given variously in local folktale, even though the words {{nihongo|"Hayataro's monument"|早太郎之碑|Hayatarō no hi}} are engraved at the burial mound of the dog within Kōzen-ji's temple-grounds.<ref name="takagi1913"/> The mound (''tsuka''), formed by a five-layer stack of stones still stands and is referred to simply as Hayatarō's grave. There is apparentlya newly replaced carved stone monument (entitled {{nihongo|Monument of the "Record of the derivation of the spiritual[ly powerful] dog Hayatarō" |「霊犬早太郎由来記」の碑|"Reiken Hayatarō yuraiki" no hi}}) has a lengthy text telling the story, which claims the priest named {{nihongo|Benzon|弁存}} had come from Mitsuke Tenjin in Enshū seeking Hayatarō, and the dog was placed in a {{nihongo|plain wooden chest (coffin)|白木の櫃（ひつぎ）|shiraki no hitsugi}} in lieu of the sacrifice.<ref name="komagane2020"/>

=== Types of evil spirits ===
The evil spirits may be in the form of monkey, cat, rat, badger or "[[Japanese raccoon dog|raccoon dog]]" (''[[mujina]]'', ''tanuki'').<ref>{{harvp|Seki|1966|p=52}}; {{harvp|Taguchi|1987|pp=2–3}} (table); {{harvp|Kobayashi|2012|pp=86–94}} (table)</ref>

== Tale types ==
In Japanese folklore studies, the "Shippeitarō" story is classed under the tale type {{nihongo||[[:ja:猿神|猿神退治]]|Sarugami taiji|"Destroying the Monkey Demon" or "Monkey Spirit Conquest"}}, categorized as Type 91 by Seki in his paper written in English.{{sfnp|Seki|1966|p=52}}<ref name=knight/><ref>{{harvp|Anderson|1969|p=277}}, note 26</ref> This general tale group is more broad, and includes tales where a dog is not involved at all.<ref name=knight/> The tale group (''Sarugami taiji'') is assigned Seki No. 256 (NMBS = ''Nihon mukashibanashi shūsei'' II; NMBT=''~taisei'') in Japanese scholarship.{{sfnp|Ikegami|2008|p=298}}<ref name=inada&inada1971/>

Seki's classification scheme (his ''Taisei'') describes the "Destroying the Monkey Demon" type as akin to AT 300 type, where the 1st subtype involves the murder of priests (but do not feature dogs), and the 2nd type generally involves a traveler (samurai warrior){{efn|An "itinerant priest" in the Seki ed., English-translated version, from Monou District, described above.}} who seeks out Shippei Taro (or some dog) and together exterminate the monstrous monkeys.{{sfnp|Kobayashi|2012|p=84}}

Inada and Ozawa's classification in their ''Tsūkan'' compilation establishes the ''Sarugami taiji'' type as divided into the 275A {{nihongo|"helper dog"|犬援助型|inu enjo gata}} subtype and 275B {{nihongo|"otherworldly visit"|異郷訪問型|inu enjo gata}} subtype,{{efn|Both falling under the larger subdivision XI. {{nihongo|"overcoming peril/conquest of evil"|厄難克服|yakunan kokufuku}} }}{{sfnp|Kobayashi|2012|p=84}} where "Shippeitarō" obviously belongs in the former subtype.

Since the story concludes with the heroes abolishing the practice of offering maidens as human sacrifice, it draws a parallel to the legend of [[Saint George and the Dragon]], and there are certain similarities also to the story of [[Susanoo]] saving [[Kushinadahime]] from the great serpent [[Yamata no Orochi]].{{sfnp|Anderson|1969|p=277}}

In the [[Aarne–Thompson classification systems|Aarne–Thompson classification]], the tale is classed as "[[Dragonslayers|The Dragon Slayer]]" type, AT 300.<ref name=hansen/>

== Precursor ==
In the medieval anthology ''[[Konjaku Monogatarishū]]'' occurs a similar story of a sacrifice-demanding monkey god, entitled "How in Mimasaka Province a God was Trapped by a Hunter and Living Sacrifice Stopped". The Shippeitaro tales have been considered orally transmitted versions of this medieval prototype.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|1966|pp=227-229}}, citing {{harvp|Seki|Adams|1963|p=33}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ikegami|2008|p=}}. Konjaku Monogatari tale<!--「美作国神-->, p. 55– and passim; Shippeitaro compared p. 298.</ref>

English translations of this medieval version is found in S. W. Jones's ''Ages Ago: Thirty-Seven Tales from the Konjaku Monogatari Collection'' (1959),{{sfnp|Smith|1966|p=223}} and Michelle Osterfeld Li's study ''Ambiguous Bodies''.<ref name=li>{{citation|last=Li |first=Michelle Osterfeld |title=Ambiguous Bodies: Reading the Grotesque in Japanese Setsuwa Tales |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPuN2aSKQUIC&pg=PA201|pages=201–205|isbn=978-0-8047-7106-1 }}</ref>

A similar tale is also included in another medieval anthology, the ''[[Uji Shūi Monogatari]]''.<ref name=li/> In either case, the sacrifice demanding deities are an ape named {{nihongo|Chūsan|中参{{sfnp|Kondo ed.|1882|loc=fol. 18r}}/中山}} and a serpent named {{nihongo|Kōya|高野}}.<ref name="ballard-tr"/>{{sfnp|Hirota|2006|p=1}}

== Old printed books ==
[[File:Zoho-shippeitaro18-50%-dog-and-wolves.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Shippeitaro breaks out of his box and destroys the wolves.<br />
{{right|{{small|—from ''Zōho Shippeitarō'' (1796), printed from a drawing by Toyokuni.}}}}]]
There is also a ''[[kibyōshi]]'' type printed book from the Edo Period, the ''Zōho Shippeitarō'' (1796) meaning the "expanded version" that was written by {{nihongo|Nansenshō Somahito|南杣笑そまひと}} with illustrations by [[ukiyo-e]] artist [[Utagawa Toyokuni|Toyokuni]].{{sfnp|Nansenshō|1796}}{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}} This book illustrates spirits of the monkey, fox, ''[[kappa]]'', ''tanuki'' (raccoon dog), hare, and wolf kind devouring the human sacrifice, and in the culminating scene depicts Shippeitarō defeating wolves,{{sfnp|Nansenshō|1796}}{{sfnp|Kobayashi|2012|p=96}} but no cat is featured.{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}}

Yet in {{illm|Ritsujōtei Kiran|ja|栗杖亭鬼卵}}'s ''[[yomihon]]'' {{nihongo||犬猫怪話竹箆太郎|Inuneko kaiwa Shippeitarō}} ( Bunka 6/1809), the cat features as boss, with the ''kappa'', ''tanuki''  and fox also in the mix.<ref name="ritsujotei_kiran2009"/>{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}} The work is also known as {{nihongo||絵本竹箆太郎|Ehon Shippeitarō|extra="picture book Shippeitarō"}}.{{sfnp|Yokoyama|1967|p=170}} The initial plotline ([[Human–animal marriage|"dog husband" motif]]; the dog gets decapitated) bears resemblance to the well-known ''[[Nansō Satomi Hakkenden]]'',{{sfnp|Yokoyama|1967}}<ref name="fraser"/> and the child of a human girl and dog becomes Shippeitarō. At an aristocrat's household, the nursemaid's young daughter Ran makes a mess in the garden, and Shiro is instructed to eat up the defecated mess (or perhaps urine,{{sfnp|Yokoyama|1967|p=170}} and is promised to be given the girl as wife in return. The dog later makes conjugal visits by transforming into a man dressed in white, and she becomes pregnant.{{sfnp|Fujisawa ed.|2009|pp=2–3}} Shiro is killed by a human love-rival. Ran bears a puppy, but she accompanies the master's daughter to [[Tosa Province]] (in Shikoku) where the latter enters marriage, and is separated with the puppy. Thus the text bills Shippeitarō as "there was a dog Shippeitarō in Shikoku<!--四国に竹箆太郎という犬ありて-->",{{sfnp|Yokoyama|1967|p=170}} the circumstances are that Shippeitarō who was left behind in Kyōto eventually reaps vengeance from the ''[[bakeneko]]'' (monster cat) that killed his mother.{{sfnp|Fujisawa ed.|2009|pp=2–3}}
 
The story of a supposedly famed dog named '''Shippekitarō''' related in [[Yashima Gakutei|Gakutei Kyūzan]]'s work, {{nihongo||『本朝悪狐伝』前編|Honchō akuko den. Zenpen|extra="Biographies of evil foxes in Japan. First part."}} (Bunsei 12/[[1829]]), which was expanded by {{illm|Somezaki Nobufusa|ja|染崎延房|lt=Tamenaga Shunsui II}} into his ''[[gōkan]]'' (late type, lengthy ''[[Kusazōshi#Gōkan|kusazōshi]]'') entitled {{nihongo||昔話室璧太郎|Mukashibanashi Shippekitarō}} (first and second installations printed Ansei 3/[[1856]]).{{sfnp|Yokoyama|1967|pp=177–178}}

== Kabuki ==
In kabuki, the so-called "''gojūsan tsugi mono''" or "Fifty-three stations" group of works, there are those that feature Shippeitarō.{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}} The original work of the group was {{illm|Tsuruya Nanboku IV|ja|鶴屋南北 (4代目)|lt=Tsuruya Nanboku's}} {{nihongo||独道中五十三駅|Hitoritabi gojūsantsugi}}
<ref name="nanboku-hitoritabi1922"/><ref name="nanboku-hitoritabi1928"/><ref name="nanboku-zenshu-vol12-1974"/> (Bunsei 10/[[1827]]).{{sfnp|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928|p=670}} The dog Shippeitarō appears in Act III inadvertently aiding the evil group{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The {{nihongo|Yurugi|由留木}} clan has an evil scheming ''[[karō]]'' counselor {{nihongo|Akabori Kandayū|赤堀官太夫}}, who has framed {{nihongo|Tanba Yōhachirō|丹波与八郎}} who was the son of a loyal retainer, by falsely claiming he was the true identity of a thief character in the play. The evil counselor's henchmen, Tanzō and Edobei were pursuing the Lady Shigenoi (who had become the framed man's love interest), and recruits the help of a traveller with a dog, namely Shippeitarō. But the person found inside was another woman, Omatsu, whom Edobei stabs to death, and she gives birth to a child. The dog carries this baby away.}}{{sfnp|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928|pp=514–516}} Shippeitarō later attacks the {{nihongo|neko no ke/nekoishi no kai |猫の怪/猫石の怪|extra="cat-monster/cat-stone spirit"}} in the "Act IV: Scene of rows of pines at [[Okabe-juku]], <!--岡部宿松並木の場-->".{{Refn|{{langx|ja|"以前のしつぺい太郎の犬走り出て、猫の怪（け）めがけ飛びかゝる。これに恐れて猫の怪苦しみ、タヂ〳〵<!--𡿨-->となる"}}.{{sfnp|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928|p=568}} {{lang|ja|"いぜんのしつぺひ太郎の犬走り出て、猫石の精をめがけ飛かる。これにおそれて精くるしみ、たぢ〳〵<!--𡿨-->となる"}}.{{sfnp|Gunji ed. |Nanboku|1974|p=104}}}} The role of the monster cat was played by [[Onoe Kikugorō III]], and that of {{nihongo|Shippeitarō-dog|しつぺい太郎犬}} by {{nihongo|Kumosuke Nadaroku|雲介なだ六}}.{{sfnp|Gunji ed.|Nanboku|1974|p=22}}

Later [[Mokuami]] wrote the revised work {{nihongo||五十三驛扇宿附|Gojūsantsugi ōgi no shukuzuke}} (First performed Meiji 20/[[1887]]), where the children's chant {{nihongo|"Do not tell Shippeitarō of Tanba [Province]"|丹波のしっぺい太郎に沙汰するな|}} is written into the script.{{Refn|{{langx|ja|"丹波のや〳〵<!--𡿨-->しつぺい太郎に沙汰するな"}}<ref name="mokuami1924"/>}}{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}}。

It became [[literary topos|commonplace]] cliché in kabuki for Shippeitarō to subdue the monstrous cat ([[bakeneko]]) after [[Namiki Shōzō I|Namiki Shōzō]] wrote the script {{nihongo||竹箆太郎怪談記|Shippeitarō kaidanki}} ([[Hōreki]] 12/[[1762]]).{{sfnp|Yokoyama|2006|p=17}}

== See also ==
<!--* [[Iwata, Shizuoka#Folkore]]-->
* {{illm|Yanahime-jinja|ja|矢奈比売神社}} (aka Mitsuke-Tenjin<!--見付天神-->)
* {{illm|Shippei (mascot)|ja|しっぺい}}
* {{illm|shiraha no ya|ja|白羽の矢|lt=''shiraha no ya''}} (white-feather fletched arrow)
* [[Kōzen-ji#Hayatarō legend]]

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
;Citations
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="akamine">{{cite journal|last=Akamine |first=Tarō |author-link=<!--赤峯太郎--> |title=Kojnaku monogatari no kenkyū |script-title=ja:今昔物語の研究 |journal=Kyōdo kenkyū<!--郷土研究--> |issue=1–3 |date=1913–1914 |url= |page=171<!--166–172-->}} ''apud'' {{harvp|Yabe|2009|loc=n17)}}.</ref>

<ref name="ballard-tr">"{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7_-nSoIwfIC&pg=RA8-PA41 |2=117. The Knight of Azuma}}", pp. 41- in: {{cite journal |last=Ballard |first=S. |author-link=<!--Susan Ballard--> |title=Some Tales from the ''Uji shui monogatari'' |journal=Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan |volume=28 |date=December 1900 |url= |pages=31–45}}</ref>

<ref name="fraser">{{cite journal|last=Fraser |first=Lucy |author-link=<!--Lucy Fraser--> |title=Dogs, Gods, and Monsters: The Animal–Human Connection in Bakin's Hakkenden, Folktales and Legends, and Two Contemporary Retellings |journal=Japanese Studies |volume=38 |number=1 |date=2018 |url=http://www.inouezaidan.or.jp/Dogs%20Gods%20and%20Monsters%20The%20Animal%20Human%20Connection%20in%20Bakin%20s%20Hakkenden%20Folktales%20and%20Legends%20and%20Two%20Contemporary%20Retellings-1.pdf |pages=107–108<!--103–123--> |doi=10.1080/10371397.2018.1448972}}</ref>

<ref name=hansen>{{citation|last=Hansen |first=William F. |title=Ariadne's Thread: A Guide to International Tales Found in Classical Literature |publisher=Cornell University Press  |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3TEiotn1QEC&pg=PA50 |pages=119–121}}</ref>

<ref name="ichikawa_danjuro_vii">[[Ichikawa Danjūrō VII]] (1832) {{nihongo|''Tōtōmimasu''|遠〱見ます}}, reprinted in {{harvp|Iwata shishi hensan iinkai|1991|pp=750–754}}, ''apud'' {{harvp|Yabe|2009|p=23}} and Table 2.</ref>

<ref name=inada&inada1971>{{cite book|last1=Inada |first1=Kōji |author-link1=:ja:稲田浩二 |last2=Inada |first2=Kazuko|author-link2=:ja:稲田和子 |title=Nihon mukashibanashi hyakusen |script-title=ja:日本昔話百選 |edition=4th |publisher=Sanseido<!--三省堂--> |year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCYmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22集成%22+%22二五六%22 |page=28<!--–-->|isbn=978-4-385-42047-9 }}</ref>

<ref name="iwanami_kokugojiten">{{cite dictionary|editor1-last=Nishio |editor1-first=Minoru |editor1-link=:ja:西尾実 |editor2-last=Iwabuchi |editor2-first=Etsutaro |editor2-link=:ja:岩淵悦太郎 |editor3-last=Mizutani |editor3-first=Shizuo |editor3-link=:ja:水谷静夫 |entry=Shippe/Shippei |script-entry=ja:しっぺ/しっぺい【執柄】 |title=Iwanami kokugo jiten |script-title=ja:岩波国語辞典 |edition=3 |place= |publisher= 岩波書店|date=1986 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrGwAAAAIAAJ&q=しっぺい |page=490|isbn=978-4-00-080003-7 }}</ref>

<ref name="iwatashi-minzoku1984-p174">{{harvp|Iwata shi minzoku chōsadan|1984}} ''Iwata no minzoku'' 磐田の民俗, p. 174, quoted in {{harvp|Yabe|2009|p=24}}</ref>

<ref name="iwatashishi1956">{{cite book|editor=Iwata shishi shippitsu hensan iinkai |editor-link=<!--磐田市誌執筆編纂委員会--> |title=Iwata shishi |script-title=ja:磐田市誌 |volume=2<!--下巻-->|publisher= |year=1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9lHAAAAMAAJ&q=早太郎}}</ref>

<ref name=knight>{{cite book|last=Knight |first=John |title=Waiting for Wolves in Japan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDqxEtYjD4YC&pg=PA92|isbn=978-0-19-925518-4 }}, citing {{illm|Nakamura Teiri{{!}}Nakamura, Teiri|ja|中村禎里}} (1989) ''Dobutsutachi no reiryoku'' [''Spiritual powers of animals'']  pp.&nbsp;54–5; and Nagano, E. (1991) ''Sarugami taiji'' in Nihon Minwa no Kai (ed.) ''Gaidobukku nihono no minwa'' [''A Guidebook to Japanese Folktales''] pp.&nbsp;115-116.</ref>

<ref name=kobayashi-table>{{harvp|Kobayashi|2012|pp=86–94}} (table)</ref>

<ref name="kobayashi-027">Tale collected from [[Monou District, Miyagi]]. "Shippei Taro of Nagahama, Omi Province 近江の國の長濱の竹篦太郎" ({{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, #27). {{harvp|Seki|1978}}, ''Taisei'' {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldILAQAAIAAJ&q=長持 |2='''7''': 45–47}}. {{harvp|Seki|Adams|1963}} "Shippei Taro".</ref>
<ref name="kobayashi-036">Tale collected from [[Mogami District, Yamagata|Mogami District]], featuring "Mikawa Province Shippeitarō 三河国しっぺい太郎" ({{harvp|Kobayashi|2012}}, Table 1, #36. {{harvp|Seki|1978}}, ''Taisei'' {{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldILAQAAIAAJ&q=葛籠 |2='''7''': 58}}）</ref>

<ref name="komagane2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.city.komagane.nagano.jp/material/files/group/19/20200505hayatarodensetsu.pdf |title=Komagane-shi bunkazai: Kōzen-ji no Hayatarō densetsu to Daihannyakyō |script-title=ja:駒ヶ根市文化財：光前寺の早太郎伝説と大般若経 |website=Komagane city |date=2020-01-23 |access-date=2023-03-05 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name=lang>{{harvp|Lang|1901|pp=36–40}} (Violet Fairy Book)</ref>

<ref name="matsuda">{{Cite tweet|user=matuda |last=Matsuda |first=Yoko |author-link=:ja:松田洋子 |number=703841806413246465 |title=Meiji no chiribenbon |script-title=ja:明治のちりめん本 |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=2023-03-02}}</ref>

<ref name="meijigakaryakuden">{{cite dictionary|editor-last=Watanabe |editor-first=Shōjirō |editor-link=<!--渡辺祥次郎 (祥霞)--> |others=<!--杉浦耕成 (高陽) 閲--> |entry=Suzuki Kason |script-entry=ja:鈴木華邨|title=Meiji gaka ryakuden |script-title=ja:明治画家略伝 |publisher=Kōmeisha<!--鴻盟社--> |date=1883<!--明16.11--> |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/851826/1/98 |pages=73–74|language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="mistsuketenjin">{{cite web|url=https://www.mitsuke-tenjin.com/en/legend/ |title=Shippei-Taro: The legend of the holy dog |website=Mitsuke Tenjin |date=2021–2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |quote=霊犬悉平太郎伝説　Japanese Version}}. But Japanese version uses "{{URL|1=https://www.mitsuke-tenjin.com/legend/ 2=Shippei-Taro: 霊犬しっぺい太郎伝説}}" as title, while "悉平太郎" occurs in body.</ref>

<ref name="mokuami1924">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Kawatake, S. ed.|Mokuami|1924}}|author=Kawatake Mokuami |author-link=Kawatake Mokuami |chapter=Gojūsantsugi ōgi no shukuzuke |script-chapter=ja:五十三驛扇宿附<!--（ごじゅうさんつぎ おうぎのしゅくずけ）-->|editor-last=Kawatake |editor-first=Shigetoshi |editor-link=:ja:河竹繁俊 |title=Mokuami zenshū |script-title=ja:默阿彌全集 |volume=26 |place= |publisher=Shunyōdō<!--春陽堂-->  |date=1924 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjnUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP899 |page=108 }}。</ref>

<ref name="nanboku-hitoritabi1922">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Tsubouchi|Atsumi edd.|Nanboku|1922}} |author=Tsuruya Nanboku IV |author-link=:ja:鶴屋南北 (4代目) |chapter=Hitoritabi gojūsantsugi |script-chapter=ja:独道中五十三駅<!--ひとりたびごじゅうさんつぎ-->|editor1-last=Tsubouchi |editor1-first=Shōyō  |editor1-link=Tsubouchi Shōyō |editor2-last=Atsumi |editor2-first=Seitarō |editor2-link=:ja:渥美清太郎 |title=Kabuki kyakuhon kessakushū |script-title=ja:歌舞伎脚本傑作集 |volume=6 |place= |publisher=Shunyōdō<!--春陽堂--> |date=1922 |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/968079/1/8 |pages=}} Abstract, pp. 1–12; text pp.  1–427.</ref>

<ref name="nanboku-hitoritabi1928">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Atsumi ed.|Nanboku|1928}} |author=Tsuruya Nanboku IV |author-link=:ja:鶴屋南北 (4代目) |chapter=Hitoritabi gojūsantsugi |script-chapter=ja:独道中五十三駅独道中五十三駅<!--ひとりたびごじゅうさんつぎ-->）|editor-last=Atsumi |editor-first=Seitarō |editor-link=:ja:渥美清太郎 |title=Nihon gikyoku zenshū |script-title=ja:日本戯曲全集 |volume=11 |place= |publisher=Shunyōdō<!--春陽堂--> |date=1928 |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1884002/1/214 |pages=417–652}}</ref>

<ref name="nanboku-zenshu-vol12-1974">{{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Gunji ed.|Nanboku|1974}} |author=Tsuruya Nanboku IV |author-link=:ja:鶴屋南北 (4代目) |chapter=Hitoritabi gojūsantsugi |script-chapter=ja:獨道中五十三驛<!--ひとりたびごじゅうさんつぎ--> |editor-last=Gunji |editor-first=Masakatsu |editor-link=:ja:郡司正勝 |title=Tsuruya Nanboku zenshū vol. 12 |script-title=ja:鶴屋南北全集・第12巻 |place= |publisher=San-ichi Publishing<!--三一書房--> |date=1971–1974 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqoqAAAAMAAJ |pages= |isbn=4-380-74525-2}}</ref>

<ref name="nihon_mukashibanashi_jiten">{{cite dictionary|editor1-last=Inada |editor1-first=Kōji |editor1-link=:ja:稲田浩二 |editor2-last=Ōshima |editor2-first=Takehiko |editor2-link=:ja:大島建彦 |editor3-last=Kawabata |editor3-first=Toyohiko |editor3-link=<!--川端豊彦--> |editor4-last=Fukuda |editor4-first=Akira |editor4-link=:ja:福田晃 |editor5-last=Mihara |editor5-first=Yukihisa |editor5-link=:ja:三原幸久 |entry=Sarugami taiji |script-entry=ja:さるがみたいじ 猿神退治 |title=Nihon mukashibanashi jiten |script-title=ja:日本昔話事典 |place= |publisher=Kobundo<!--弘文堂--> |date=1977 |url= |pages=389–390}} ''apud'' {{harvp|Kobayashi|2012|p=85}}.</ref>

<ref name="obayashi1976">{{citation|last=Ōbayashi |first=Taryō |author-link=:ja:大林太良 |chapter=Enshū Mitsuke Tenjin no hadaka matsuri to Haytarō densetsu |script-chapter=ja:遠州見付天神の裸祭と早太郎伝説 |title=Nihon no shinwa |script-title=ja:日本の神話 |publisher=Ōtsuki shoten<!--大月書店--> |year=1976 |pages=|series=<!--国民文庫八二五-->}}: {{citation|last=Ōbayashi |first=Taryō |author-link=:ja:大林太良 |author-mask=2 |chapter=Dai 5 shō. Hadak matsuri to Haytarō no densetsu. Enshū Mitsuke Tenjin kara |script-chapter=ja:第 5 章 to 裸祭りと早太郎の伝説遠州見付天神から |title=Kita no kamigami. Minami no eiyū rettō no fōkuroa |script-title=ja:北の神々南の英雄列島のフォークロア |publisher=Shogakukan<!--小学館-->  |year=1995 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al4nAQAAIAAJ&q=早太郎 |pages=117–132 |isbn=<!--4096261890, -->9784096261897}}</ref>

<ref name="ritsujotei_kiran2009">{{citation|ref={{SfnRef|Fujisawa ed.|2009}} |editor-last=Fujisawa |editor-first= Tsuyoshi |editor-link=<!--藤沢毅--> |author=Ritsujōtei Kiran |author-link=:ja:栗杖亭鬼卵 |trans-title=Reprint of 'Inu neko Kaiwa Shippei Tarō' |script-title=ja:翻刻『[犬猫/怪話]竹篦太郎』|publisher=Onomichi City University |year=2009 |orig-date=1809 |url=http://harp.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/onomichi-u/metadata/7243}}</ref>

<ref name="sasaki">{{cite book|last=Sasaki |first=Tetsuya |author-link=<!--佐々木哲哉--> |title=No no kioku: Hito to kurashi no genzō |script-title=ja:野の記憶: 人と暮らしの原像 |publisher=Tsuru shobo<!--弦書房--> |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWM0AQAAIAAJ&q=%22%E3%81%97%E3%81%A3%E3%81%BA%E3%81%84%22　|page=165 |isbn=<!--4902116936, -->9784902116939 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="schippeitaro-colophons">In the {{harvp|James|1888}} edition, the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] gives the Japanese title as "竹篦太郎" and the translator's name as "{{lang|ja|ジヱイムス夫人}}", but in the {{harvp|James|1889}} edition, the translator's name is transliterated differently as "{{lang|ja|ヂェイムス夫人}}", and the artist as "{{lang|ja|鈴木宗三郎}}" ("Suzuki Munesaburo" or rather "Sōsaburō") at "{{nihongo|No. 3 Tsukiji 3-chome, Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo|東京府京橋区築地二丁目三番地}}".</ref>

<ref name="suzuki-auth-britlib">{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/AUTH230757 |title=Suzuki Munesaburo (鈴木宗三郎) |access-date=2023-02-08}}</ref>

<ref name=taguchi-table>{{harvp|Taguchi|1987|pp=2–3}} (table)</ref>

<ref name="takagi1913">{{cite book|last=Takagi |first=Toshio |author-link=:ja:高木敏雄 |chapter=Giken-zuka itimei sarugami taiji densetsu. Dai-17. (ro) Heibbōtarō/Hyōbōtarō [?] |script-chapter=ja:義犬塚一名猿神退治伝説第十七. (ロ)兵坊太郎<!--戸田義雄は「ひょうぼうたろう」と読むが、「へいぼうたろう」の採集話がある。--> |title=Nihon densetsushū |script-title=ja:日本傳說集 |publisher=Musashino shoin<!--武蔵野書院--> |year=1913 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCZIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP198　|pages=188–190}}</ref>

<ref name="takagi1973">{{cite book|last=Takagi |first=Toshio |author-link=:ja:高木敏雄 |title=Hitomi gokū ron |script-title=ja:人身御供論 |publisher=Hōbunkan<!--宝文館出版--> |year=1973 |url=　|page=56}} ''apud'' {{harvp|Yabe|2009|loc=n17)}}.</ref>

<ref name=tanigawa>{{citation|last=Tanigawa |first=Ken'ichi |author-link=:ja:谷川健一 |title=Nihon minzoku bunka shiryō shūsei 11: Dōshokubutsu no fōkuroa I |script-title=ja:日本民俗文化資料集成 11: 動植物のフォークロア I |publisher=San-ichi <!--三一書房--> |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4BMAQAAIAAJ |page=74|language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name="toda">{{cite book|last=Toda |first=Yoshio |author-link=:ja:戸田義雄 |title=Nihon no kokoro: Minzoku no genten |script-title=ja:日本の心: 民族の原典 |publisher=Kokubunsha<!--国文社--> |year=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9ALAQAAIAAJ&q=ひょうぼうたろう　|page=102}}</ref>

<ref name="totomi_koseki_zue">{{illm|Tō Chōkō|ja|藤長庚}} (1991) [1803] {{nihongo|''Tōtōmi koseki zue''|遠江古蹟圖繪}}, pp. 289–290, ''apud'' {{harvp|Yabe|2009|pp=21–22, 25–26}} and Table 2.</ref>

<ref name="tsujimura1987">{{cite book|last=Tsujimura |first=Akira|author-link=:ja:辻村明 |author-mask=Tsujimura, Akira et al. |others=<!--Yotsuyanagi, Osamu 四柳修; Zanma, Rieko 残間里江子; Handa, Mariko [[:ja:半田真理子|半田真理子]]--> |chapter=Bunkateki na fun'iki zukuri hōkoku: Ima machi wa..|script-chapter=ja:「文化的な雰囲気づくり」報告「今まちは... |title=Toshi mondai kenkyū |script-title=ja:文化行政のこれまでこれから |publisher=<!--[[:ja:NIRA総合研究開発機構|総合研究開発機構]]-->Nippon Institute for Research Advancement|date=1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dj0oV2z39zUC&q=しっぺい太郎 |page=169<!--167–--> |series=NIRA output}}</ref>
<ref name="tsujimura1988">{{cite journal|last=Tsujimura |first=Akira|author-link=:ja:辻村明 |title=Tochi no kosei to bunka |script-title=ja:都市の個性と文化 |journal=Toshi mondai kenkyū |script-journal=ja:都市問題研究 |trans-journal=Journal of municipal problems |volume=40 |issue=1<!--通号 cumulative issue no. 445-->  |date=January 1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04o3AAAAIAAJ&q=しっぺい太郎 |page=12<!--3–15--> |publisher=<!--大阪市政策企画室企画部--> |doi=10.11501/2785647}}</ref>

<ref name="winfield&heine">{{cite book|last1=Winfield |first1=Pamela D. |author-link1=<!--Pamela D. Winfield--> |last2=Heine|first2=Steven |author-link2=Steven Heine|title=Zen and Material Culture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDzVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |page=20<!--–-->|isbn=<!--0190469293, -->9780190469290}}</ref>

}}

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* {{cite journal|last=Aoshima |first=Tokiwa |author-link=<!--青島常盤--> |title=Shippeitarō nōto |script-title=ja:悉平太郎伝説ノート |journal=Bannan bunka<!--盤南文化--> |volume=20 |year=1994 |url=|pages=74–81 |language=ja}}
* {{cite journal|last=Aoshima |first=Tokiwa |author-link=<!--青島常盤--> |title=Mitsuke Tanjin hitomi gokū densetsu no hensen |script-title=ja:見付天神人身御供伝説の変遷 |journal=Bannan bunka<!--盤南文化--> |volume=34 |year=2008 |url=|pages=47–56 |language=ja}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Brauns |editor-first=David |chapter=Schippeitaro |title=Japanische Märchen und Sagen |place=Leipzig |publisher=Wilhelm Friedrich |year=1885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3TEiotn1QEC&pg=PA50 |pages=50–53|language=de}}
* {{citation|last=Etō |first=Jun <!--江藤淳--> |author-link=Jun Etō |title=Inu |script-title=ja:犬 |publisher=Sakuhinsha<!--作品社--> |year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCvUAAAAMAAJ |pages=184–189 |series=<!--日本の名随筆-->Nihon no meizuihitsu 76 |isbn=978-4-87893-976-1 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Hirota |first=Osamu |author-link=:ja:廣田收 |title=Uji shūi monogatari. 〈Sarugami taiji〉 kō |script-title=ja:『宇治拾遺物語』「猿神退治」考 |journal=Bunkagaku-Nempo (Annual report of cultural studies)　<!--文化學年報--> |issue=55 |date=2006-03-15 |volume=55 |url=https://doshisha.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=28422&item_no=1&attribute_id=28&file_no=1|pages=1–100 |publisher=<!--同志社大学文化学会--> |doi=10.14988/00028414}}
* {{citation|last=Ikegami |first=Jun'ichi |author-link=:ja:池上洵一 |title=Konjaku monogatari no sekai: chūsei no akebono |script-title=ja:「今昔物語集」の世界: 中世のあけぼの |publisher=Chikuma Shobo<!--筑摩書房--> |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTrUAAAAMAAJ|language=ja}}
* {{cite book|last=Ikegami |first=Jun'ichi |author-link=:ja:池上洵一 |author-mask=2 |title=Konjaku/Sangoku monogatari no sekai |script-title=ja:今昔・三国伝記の世界 |volume=3 |publisher=Izumi Shoin<!--和泉書院--> |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KX8RAQAAMAAJ&q=%22集成%22+%22二五六%22 |isbn=978-4-7576-0443-8 |language=ja}}
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Inada|Ozawa|1998}} |editor1-last=Inada |editor1-first=Kōji |editor1-link=:ja:稲田浩二 |editor2-last=Ozawa |editor2-first=Toshio |editor2-link=:ja:小澤俊夫 |title=Nihon mukashibanashi tsūkan |script-title=ja:日本昔話通観 |place= |publisher=Dōhōsha<!--同朋舎--> |date=1977–1998 |url= |pages=|language=ja}}
* {{cite book|last=Ishizawa |first=Saeko |author-link=:ja:石澤小枝子 |title=Chirimenbon no subete: Meiji no Ōbun sashiebon |script-title=ja:ちりめん本のすべて: 明治の欧文挿絵本 |publisher=Miyai Shoten<!--三弥井書店--> |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0c2AAAAMAAJ&q=竹箆 |isbn=<!--4838231288, -->9784838231287|language=ja}}
* {{cite book|editor=Iwata shi minzoku chōsadan |editor-link=<!--磐田市民俗調査団--> |title=Iwata no minzoku |script-title=ja:磐田の民俗 |publisher= |year=1984 |language=ja}}
* {{cite book|editor=Iwata shishi hensan iinkai<!--磐田市史編さん委員会--> |title=Iwata shishi. Shiryō-hen 2. Kinsei |script-title=ja:磐田市史 資料編 2 近世 |publisher= |year=1991}}
* {{citation|last=James |first=Mrs. T. H. |others=Suzuki Kason (illustr.) |title=Schippeitaro |publisher=Kobunsha |year=1888 |series=Japanese Fairy Tale Series |number=17 |url=http://library.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/schipp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118163304/http://library.uoregon.edu/ec/e-asia/read/schipp.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-18}} An {{URL|1=https://repository.monash.edu/items/show/67134#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0 |2=alt copy}} in the [[Monash University]] collection
* {{citation|last=James |first=Mrs. T. H. |others=Suzuki Kason (illustr.) |title=Schippeitaro |publisher=Kobunsha |year=1889 |orig-date=1888 |series=Japanese Fairy Tale Series |number=17 |url=https://www.lab.twcu.ac.jp/~icsc/collection/books/0212/HTML5/pc.html#/page/1}} (digicopy @ Institute for Comparative Studies of Culture Tokyo Woman's Christian University)<!--NONSECURE/PHISHing RISKhttp://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0333/00005076-->
** Cf. {{cite web|ref=none|last=Gallop |first=Annabel |author-link=Annabel Gallop |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2018/12/tales-of-cats-and-dogs.html |title=Tales of cats and dogs |website=British Library. Asian and African studies blog |date=5 December 2018}} (Image of edition printed "1889" on cover)
* {{cite journal|last=Kobayashi |first=Kōichiro |author-link=<!--小林光一郎--> |title=Chirimenbon Shippeitaro ni arawareru Odoru Neko |script-title=ja:ちりめん本『竹篦太郎』に表れる「踊る猫」 |trans-title=Dancing Cats in "Schippeitaro", a Story in Chirimen-bon (a Crepe Paper Book)<!--Dancing cats evident in the chirimen-book Shippeitaro--> |journal=The annual report, the study of nonwritten cultural materials<!--年報　非文字資料研究-->|volume=8 |date=2012-03-20 |publisher=<!--Institute for the Study of Japanese Folk Culture, Kanagawa University (Research Center for Nonwritten Cultural Materials) 神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所　非文字資料研究センター--> |pages=81–105 |url=https://kanagawa-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=8174&file_id=18&file_no=1 |hdl=10487/11109 |language=ja}}
* {{cite book|ref={{SfnRef|Kondo ed.|1882}} |editor-last=Kondo |editor-first=Keizo  |editor-link=<!--近藤圭造--> |chapter=Mimasaka-no-kuni [no] kami ryōshi [no] hakari ni yorite ikenie wo yamuru katari dai shichi |script-chapter=ja:美作国神依猟師謀止生贄語第七 |title=Konjakumonogatarishū |script-title=ja:今昔物語集 |volume=26 |place= |publisher= |date=1882 |chapter-url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/877537/1/21 |at=fol. 18r–21r}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Lang |editor-first=Andrew |title=Schippeitaro |work=The Violet Fairy Book |place=New York and Bombay |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m54LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA40 |pages=36–40}}
* {{cite book|last=Miyao |first=<!--宮尾与男--> |author-link=:ja:宮尾與男 |title=Taiyaku Nihon mukashibanashishū: Meiji-ki no saishoku chirimen ehon |script-title=ja:対訳日本昔噺集: 明治期の彩色縮緬絵本 |volume=3 |publisher=Sairyusha<!--彩流社--> |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6j80AQAAIAAJ |pages=72–91|isbn=978-4-7791-1372-7 }}
* {{citation|last=Murray |first=E. K. |title=The Whispering Cats |journal=The New Merry-go-round |volume=2 |number=12 |year=1925 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCFNAAAAMAAJ |pages=453–454}}
* {{cite book|last=Nagata |first=Noriko |author-link=<!--永田典子--> |chapter=''Sarugami taiji'' no tokusei |script-chapter=ja:『猿神退治』の特性 |title=Mukashibanashi to dōbutsu. Mukashibanashi―kenkyū to shiryと資料ō― |script-title=ja:昔話と動物 昔話―研究と資料― |volume=11 |date=1982 |publisher=Miyai Shoten<!--三弥井書店--> |url= |pages=49–117 |isbn=}}
* {{citation|last=Nansenshō |first=Somahito 南杣笑そまひと |author-link=<!--南杣笑そまひと--> |others=[[Utagawa Toyokuni|Utagawa Toyokuni I]]<!--1769-1825--> (illustr.) |title=Zōho Shippeitarō |script-title=ja:増補執柄太郎 |year=1796 |url=http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2536836 |language=ja}} {{URL|1=http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kotenseki/html/he13/he13_02946_0081/index.html |2=Waseda Univ. collection}} 
* {{cite book|editor-last=Seki |editor-first=Keigo |editor-link=:ja:関敬吾 |title=Nihon mukashibanashi shūsei: dai 2-bu no 3. Honkaku mukashibanashi |script-title=ja:日本昔話集成。第2部の3。本格昔話 |place= |publisher=Kadokawa |date=1955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CJIAAAAMAAJ |pages=1252–1255}}
* {{citation|ref={{SfnRef|Seki|Adams|1963}}|editor-last=Seki |editor-first=Keigo |others=Robert J. Adams (tr.) |chapter=Shippei Taro |title=Folktales of Japan |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1963 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wInfAAAAMAAJ |pages=33–36|isbn=978-0-226-74615-9 }}
* {{citation|last=Seki |first=Keigo |title=Types of Japanese Folktales |publisher=Society for Asian Folklore |year=1966 |url=https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a177.pdf |pages=52–}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Seki |editor-first=Keigo |editor-link=:ja:関敬吾 |chapter=Shippei Tarō |script-chapter=ja:しっぺい太郎 |title=Nihon mukashibanashi taisei |script-title=ja:日本昔話大成 |volume=7<!--Honkaku mukashibanashi 6本格昔話六--> |place= |publisher=Kadokawa |date=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldILAQAAIAAJ&q=しっぺい太郎 |pages=45–58 }}
* {{citation|last=Sharf |first=Frederic Alan  |title=Takejiro Hasegawa: Meiji Japan's Preeminent Publisher of Wood-block-illustrated Crepe-paper Books |place=Salem |publisher=Peabody Essex Museum |year=1994 |series=Peabody Essex Museum Collections, vol. 130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yTrAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last= Smith |first=Robert |title=On Certain Tales of the 'Konjaku Monogatari' as Reflections of Japanese Folk Religion |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=25 |publisher=Nanzan University |year=1966 |url=http://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a178.pdf |pages=227-229<!--221-233 -->|doi=10.2307/1177479 |jstor=1177479 }}
* {{citation|last=Taguchi |first=Mamoru |author-link=<!--田口守 (学者)--> |title=Kyōdo minwa 'Shippeitarō' to 'Konjaku monogatari' 'Uji shūi monogatari' |trans-title=Local folktale Shippeitaro and Kojaku Monogatari, Uji Shui Monogatari -- for stimulating 'classics' instruction in high school |script-title=ja:郷土民話「竹箆太郎」と「今昔物語」「宇治拾遺物語」--高校「古典」授業の活性化のために |journal=Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University |number=36 |year=1987 |pages=1–7|hdl=10109/11650 |language=ja }}
* {{cite journal|last=Yabe |first=Shingo |author-link=<!--谷部真吾--> |title=Shosa to denshō: Mitsuke tenjin hadakamatsuri ni okeru gyōji kōzō no kaishaku wo megutte |script-title=ja:所作と伝承--見付天神裸祭における行事構造の解釈をめぐって |trans-title=Performance and legend: an interpretation of Mitsuke-Tenjin-Hadaka-Matsuri |journal=Journal of hermeneutic study and education of textual configuration: global COE program: SITE2<!--HERSETEC = テクスト布置の解釈学的研究と教育 --> |volume=3 |issue=2 |year=2009 |url=https://www.gcoe.lit.nagoya-u.ac.jp/result/pdf/3-2_%E8%B0%B7%E9%83%A8%23.pdf |pages=13–32 |language=ja}}
* {{cite journal|last=Yokoyama |first=Kuniharu |author-link=:ja:横山邦治 |title=''Inu neko kaiwa shippeitarō'' to ''Nansō Satomi hakkenden'' |script-title=ja:「犬猫怪話竹箆太郎」と「南総里見八犬伝」と  |journal=Kokubungaukō<!--国文学攷--> |trans-title=Shippeitarō, A Supernatural Tale of Cats and Dogs, and Chronicle of the Eight Dogs of the Satomi Clan of Nansō<!--given by Fraser--> |issue=43 |date=June 1967 |url=https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/2/21156/20141016140347657015/kokubungakukou_43_170.pdf |pages=170–179 |publisher=Hiroshima daigaku kokugo kokubun gakkai<!--広島大学国語国文学会-->}} @ [https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00021156 Hiroshima U. repository
* {{cite journal|last=Yokoyama |first=Yasuko |author-link=:ja:横山泰子 |title=Bakeneko, umi wo wataru |script-title=ja:化け猫、海を渡る |journal=Ukiyo-e geijutsu 浮世絵芸術<!--Bunkagaku-Nempo (Annual report of cultural studies)--> |volume=152 <!--|volume-title=特集　犬と猫 -->|date=July 2006 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ukiyoeart/152/0/152_1445/_pdf/-char/ja |pages=14–26 |doi=10.34542/ukiyoeart.1445|language=ja }}<!--google: https://books.google.com/books?id=KkhIAQAAIAAJ&q=しっぺい太郎-->
{{refend}}

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Keisaku}}

[[Category:Japanese fairy tales]]
[[Category:Cats in literature]]
[[Category:Dogs in literature]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic dogs]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic cats]]
[[Category:Animal tales]]
[[Category:ATU 300-399]]
[[Category:Kabuki characters]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about magic]]