View source for S

{{Short description|Nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet}}
{{hatnote group|
{{About|the nineteenth letter of the alphabet}}
{{Redirect|Ess}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Technical reasons|S#", "ſ", and "S#arp|their respective articles|Script.NET{{!}}S# (programming language)|and|Long s|and|Sharp (South Korean band){{!}}S#arp (band)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Infobox grapheme
| name = S
| letter = S s
| variations = [[Long s|ſ]]
| script = [[Latin script]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic and [[logographic]]
| language = [[Latin language]]
| phonemes = {{flex list|{{IPAslink|s}}|{{IPAslink|z}}|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}|{{IPAslink|θ}}|{{IPAslink|ts}}|{{IPAslink|ʒ}}|{{IPAc-en|ɛ|s}}}}
| unicode = U+0053, U+0073
| alphanumber = 19
| number = 
| fam1 = <hiero>Aa32</hiero><hiero>M40</hiero>
| fam2 = [[File:Shamash.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic Shin]]
| fam3 = [[File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic Shin]]
| fam4 = [[File:Proto-canaaniteŠ01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|15px|Proto-Caanite Shin]]
| fam5 = [[File:Phoenician_sin.svg|class=skin-invert-image|20px|Phoenician Sin]] 
| fam6 = [[Sigma|Σ]]
| fam7 = [[𐌔]]
| usageperiod = {{circa}} 700 BCE to present
| children = {{flex list|[[long s|ſ]]|[[ß]]|[[Ƨ]]|[[Ꞅ]]|[[$]]|[[₷]]|[[§]]|{{not a typo|[[℠]]}}|[[ᛋ]]|[[∫]]}}
| sisters = {{flex list|[[Dze|Ѕ]] [[Dze|ѕ]]|[[С]] [[с]]|[[Ш]] [[ш]]|[[Щ]] [[щ]]|[[Ҫ]] [[ҫ]]|[[Ԍ]] [[ԍ]]|[[Shin (letter)|ש]]|[[Shin (letter)|ش]]|[[Shin (letter)|ܫ]]|[[س]]|[[ࠔ]]|[[𐎘]]|[[𐡔]]|[[ሠ]]|[[ㅅ]] (disputed)|[[Ս]] [[ս]]|[[श]]|[[स]]|[[શ]]|[[સ]]}}
| equivalents = 
| associates = [[List of Latin-script digraphs#S|s(x)]], [[Sh (digraph)|sh]], [[Sz (digraph)|sz]]
| direction = Left-to-right
| image = Latin_letter_S.svg
| imageclass = skin-invert-image
}}
{{Latin letter info|s}}

'''S''', or '''s''', is the nineteenth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Latin alphabet]], used in the [[English alphabet]], the alphabets of other western [[Languages of Europe|European languages]] and other [[latin alphabet]]s worldwide. Its name in English is [[English alphabet#Letter names|''ess'']]{{efn|Spelled 'es'- in compound words}} (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-S.wav}}), plural ''esses''.<ref>"S", ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]],'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "ess," op. cit.</ref>

==History==
{{Further|Shin (letter)|Sigma|San (letter)|Sho (letter)}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Proto-Sinaitic<br />[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]
! Phoenician<br />[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]
! Western Greek<br />[[Sigma]]
! Etruscan<br />S
! Latin<br />S
|--- align=center
| [[File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|50px]]
| [[File:PhoenicianS-01.svg|class=skin-invert-image|50px]]
| [[File:Greek Sigma normal.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
| [[File:EtruscanS-02.svg|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
| [[File:Capitalis monumentalis S.SVG|class=skin-invert-image|x30px]]
|}
[[Northwest Semitic abjad|Northwest Semitic]] [[Shin (letter)|šîn]] represented a [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (as in '{{em|sh}}ip'). It originated most likely as a [[pictogram]] of a [[tooth]] ({{lang|sem|[[:wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/šinn-|שנא]]}}) and represented the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} via the acrophonic principle.<ref>"corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ''ṯ'' (th), which was pronounced ''s'' in South Canaanite"  Albright, W. F., "The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 110 (1948), p. 15. The interpretation as "tooth" is now prevalent, but not entirely certain. The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' of 1972 reported that the letter represented a "composite bow".</ref>

[[Ancient Greek]] did not have a  {{IPA|/ʃ/}} "sh" phoneme, so the derived Greek letter [[Sigma (letter)|Sigma]] ({{lang|grc|Σ}}) came to represent the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/s/}}. While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ''šîn'', its name ''sigma'' is taken from the letter ''[[Samekh]]'', while the shape and position of ''samekh'' but name of ''šîn'' is continued in the ''[[Ξ|xi]]''.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Within Greek, the name of ''sigma'' was influenced by its association with the Greek word {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (earlier {{Transliteration|grc|*sigj-}}), "to hiss". The original name of the letter "Sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the early history of the Greek [[Archaic Greek alphabets|epichoric alphabets]], "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [[San (letter)|Ϻ]].<ref>Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38.</ref> [[Herodotus]] reported that "san" was the name given by the [[Doric Greek|Dorians]] to the same letter called "Sigma" by the [[Ionic Greek|Ionians]].<ref>"{{lang|grc|...τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('...the same letter, which the Dorians call "San", but the Ionians "Sigma"...'; Herodotus, ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}.</ref>

The [[Western Greek alphabet]] used in [[Cumae]] was adopted by the [[Etruscans]] and [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]] in the 7th century BC, and over the following centuries, it developed into a range of [[Old Italic alphabets]], including the [[Etruscan alphabet]] and the early [[Latin alphabet]]. In [[Etruscan language|Etruscan]], the value {{IPA|/s/}} of Greek sigma (𐌔) was maintained, while san (𐌑) represented a separate phoneme, most likely {{IPA|/ʃ/}} "sh" (transliterated as ''ś''). The early Latin alphabet adopted sigma, but not san, as Old Latin did not have a {{IPA|/ʃ/}} "sh" phoneme.

The shape of Latin S arises from Greek Σ by dropping one out of the four strokes of that letter. The (angular) S-shape composed of three strokes existed as a variant of the four-stroke letter Σ already in the epigraphy of [[Archaic Greek alphabets|Western Greek alphabets]], and the three and four strokes variants existed alongside one another in the classical Etruscan alphabet. In other [[Old Italic script|Italic alphabets]] ([[Venetic language|Venetic]], [[Lepontic language|Lepontic]]), the letter could be represented as a zig-zagging line of any number between three and six strokes. The Italic letter was also adopted into [[Elder Futhark]], as ''[[Sowilō]]'' ({{script|Runr|ᛊ}}), and appears with four to eight strokes in the earliest runic inscriptions, but is occasionally reduced to three strokes ({{script|Runr|ᛋ}}) from the later 5th century, and appears regularly with three strokes in [[Younger Futhark]].

The [[Sh (digraph)|{{angbr|sh}} digraph]] for English  {{IPA|/ʃ/}} arose in Middle English (alongside [[Sch (trigraph)|{{angbr|sch}}]]), replacing the Old English {{angbr|sc}} digraph. Similarly, Old High German {{angbr|sc}} was replaced by {{angbr|sch}} in Early Modern High German orthography.

===Long s===
[[File:Schwäbische Bastarda 1496 Schriftprobe Priesters Tochter.png|thumb|Late medieval German script (Swabian [[bastarda]], dated 1496) illustrating the use of long and round ''s'': ''prieſters tochter'' ("priest's daughter").]]
{{main|Long s}}

The [[lower case|minuscule form]]  ſ, called the [[long s|long ''s'']], developed in the early medieval period, within the [[Visigothic script|Visigothic]] and [[Carolingian minuscule|Carolingian]] hands, with predecessors in the [[half-uncial]] and [[Roman cursive|cursive]] scripts of [[Late Antiquity]]. It remained standard in western writing throughout the medieval period and was adopted in early printing with movable types. It existed alongside minuscule "round" or "short" ''s'', which were at the time only used at the end of words.

In most Western orthographies, the ſ gradually fell out of use during the second half of the 18th century, although it remained in occasional use into the 19th century. In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between 1760 and 1766. In France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793. Printers in the United States stopped using the long ''s'' between 1795 and 1810. In English orthography, the London printer [[John Bell (publisher)|John Bell]] (1745–1831) pioneered the change. His edition of Shakespeare, in 1785, was advertised with the claim that he "ventured to depart from the common mode by rejecting the long 'ſ' in favor of the round one, as being less liable to error....."<ref>Stanley Morison, ''A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831'' (1930, Cambridge Univ. Press) page 105; Daniel Berkeley Updike, ''Printing Types, Their History, Forms, and Use – a study in survivals'' (2nd. ed, 1951, [[Harvard University Press]]) page 293.</ref> [[The Times|''The Times'' of London]] made the switch from the long to the short ''s'' with its issue of 10 September 1803. [[History of the Encyclopædia Britannica|''Encyclopædia Britannica'']]'s 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long ''s''.

In [[German orthography]], long ''s'' was retained in [[Fraktur]] ([[Schwabacher]]) type as well as in standard cursive ([[Sütterlin]]) well into the 20th century, until official use of that typeface was abolished in 1941.<ref>
[[:File:Schrifterlass Antiqua1941.gif|Order]] of 3 January  1941 to all public offices, signed by [[Martin Bormann]].
{{cite book |first=Albert |last=Kapr |title=Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften |location=Mainz |publisher=H. Schmidt |year=1993 |page=81 |isbn=3-87439-260-0 }}</ref> The [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] of ''ſs'' (or ''ſz'') was retained; however, it gave rise to the [[Eszett]] {{angbr|[[ß]]}} in contemporary German orthography.

==Use in writing systems==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|s}} by language
! Orthography
! Phonemes
|-
! {{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Pinyin]])
| {{IPAslink|s}}
|-
! [[English orthography|English]]
| {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, ''silent''
|-
! [[French orthography|French]]
| {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, ''silent''
|-
! [[German orthography|German]]
| {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|ʃ}}
|-
! [[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]]
| {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}
|-
! [[Spanish orthography|Spanish]]
| {{IPAslink|s}}
|-
! [[Turkish alphabet|Turkish]]
| {{IPAslink|s}}
|}

===English===
In [[English orthography|English]], {{angbr|s}} represents a [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/s/}}. It also commonly represents a [[voiced alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/z/}}, as in 'rose' and 'bands'. Due to [[Phonological history of English consonant clusters#Yod-coalescence|yod-coalescence]], it may also represent a [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, as in 'sugar', or a [[voiced palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, as in 'measure'.

Final {{angbr|s}} is the usual mark for [[plural]] [[noun]]s. It is the regular ending of English [[grammatical person|third person]] [[present tense]] [[verb]]s.

In some words of French origin, {{angbr|s}} is silent, as in 'isle' or 'debris'.

The letter {{angbr|s}} is the seventh most common letter in [[English language|English]] and the third-most common consonant after {{angbr|t}} and {{angbr|n}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html |title=English Letter Frequency |access-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523074827/http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html |archive-date=2014-05-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the most common letter for the first letter of a word in the English language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~busiforc/handouts/cryptography/letterfrequencies.html|title=Letter Frequencies in the English Language|accessdate=July 2, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://funbutlearn.com/2012/06/which-english-letter-has-maximum-words.html|title=Which English Letter Has Maximum Words|date=June 25, 2012|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182307/https://funbutlearn.com/2012/06/which-english-letter-has-maximum-words.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===German===
In [[German orthography|German]], {{angbr|s}} represents:
* A [[voiced alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/z/}} before vowels (except after [[obstruent]]s), as in 'sich'.
* A [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/s/}} before consonants or when final, as in 'ist' and 'das'.
* A [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{angbr|p, t}} at the beginning of a word or syllable, as  in 'spät' and 'Stadt'.

When doubled ({{angbr|ss}}), it represents a [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/s/}}, as in 'müssen'.

In the trigraph {{angbr|sch}}, it represents a [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, as in 'schon'.

===Other languages===
In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, {{angbr|s}} represents the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant|voiceless alveolar]] or [[voiceless dental sibilant]] {{IPA|/s/}}.

In many [[Romance language]]s, it also represents the [[voiced alveolar sibilant|voiced alveolar]] or [[voiced dental sibilant]] {{IPA|/z/}}, as in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''mesa'' (table).

In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], it may represent the [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in most [[Portuguese dialects|dialects]] when syllable-final, and {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in [[European Portuguese]] ''Islão'' (Islam) or, in many sociolects of [[Brazilian Portuguese]], ''esdrúxulo'' ([[proparoxytone]]).

In some [[Andalusian Spanish|Andalusian dialects]] of Spanish, it merged with [[Peninsular Spanish]] {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|z}} and is now pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}.

In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], it represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.

In [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], it represents {{IPA|/θ/}}.

In several [[Western Romance languages]], like [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[French language|French]], the final {{angbr|s}} is the usual mark of [[plural]] [[noun]]s.

===Other systems===
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr|s}} represents the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|/s/}}.

==Other uses==
{{main|S (disambiguation)}}
* Used in a [[chemical formula]] to represent [[sulfur]]. For example, {{chem|S|O|2}} is [[sulfur dioxide]].
* Used in the [[preferred IUPAC name]] for a chemical to indicate a specific [[enantiomer]]. For example, "(S)-2-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid" is one of the enantiomers of [[mecoprop]].

==Related characters==
<!-- Please only list characters (symbols in a writing system, but not just convenience code points in Unicode) that are actually related in terms of origin to the letter that is the topic of this article. Characters that merely look subjectively similar need not apply. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources before adding more. -->

===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet===
*ſ : Latin letter [[long s]], an obsolete variant of s
*ẜ ẝ : Various forms of long s were used for medieval [[scribal abbreviation]]s.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051622/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
*ẞ ß : [[ß|German Eszett]] or "sharp S", derived from a ligature of long s followed by either s or z
*S with [[diacritic]]s: [[Ś|Ś ś]] [[Ṡ|Ṡ ṡ ẛ]] [[Ṩ|Ṩ ṩ]] [[Ṥ|Ṥ ṥ]] [[Ṣ|Ṣ ṣ]] [[S̩|S̩ s̩]] [[Ꞩ|Ꞩ ꞩ]] Ꟊ ꟊ<ref name="L219179">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf|title=L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish|date=2019-05-26|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley}}</ref> Ꟍ ꟍ<ref>{{cite web|title=L2/22-113R: Unicode request for two BMP Latin characters|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22113r-two-latin-chars.pdf|date=2022-07-09|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}</ref> [[Ŝ|Ŝ ŝ]] [[Ṧ|Ṧ ṧ]] [[Š|Š š]] [[Ş|Ş ş]] [[S-comma|Ș ș]] [[S̈|S̈ s̈]] [[ᶊ]] [[Ȿ|Ȿ ȿ]] ᵴ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011013938/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ᶳ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{not a typo|ₛ}} : Subscript small s was used in the [[Uralic Phonetic Alphabet]] prior to its formal standardization in 1902.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09028-n3571-upa-additions.pdf|title=L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|date=2009-01-27|first1=Klaas|last1=Ruppel|first2=Tero|last2=Aalto|first3=Michael|last3=Everson|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014359/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09028-n3571-upa-additions.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{not a typo|[[ˢ]]}} : Modifier letter small s is used for phonetic transcription.
*ꜱ : Small capital S was used in the Icelandic [[First Grammatical Treatise]] to mark [[gemination]].<ref name="auto"/>
*꟱ : Modifier letter capital S is used as a phonetic and phonemic wildcard.<ref name="l224081">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24081-modifier-capital-s.pdf | title=L2/24-081: Unicode request for modifier capital S | date=2024-03-19 }}</ref> It is also used as a [[tone sandhi]] letter in Western Highlands [[Chatino language#Orthography|Chatino]] of Oaxaca.<ref name="l224081"/>
*Ʂ ʂ : S with hook, used for writing [[Mandarin Chinese]] using the early draft version of [[pinyin]] romanization during the mid-1950s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17013-n4782-latin.pdf|title=L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin|date=2017-01-16|first1=Andrew|last1=West|author-link=Andrew West (linguist)|first2=Eiso|last2=Chan|first3=Michael|last3=Everson|author-link3=Michael Everson|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054908/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17013-n4782-latin.pdf|archive-date=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Ƨ ƨ : Latin letter [[Ƨ|reversed S]] (used in [[Standard Zhuang|Zhuang]] transliteration)
* 𝼩 : Latin small letter s with mid-height left hook was used by the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in the early 20th century for [[romanization]] of the [[Malayalam]] language.<ref name="L221156">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}}</ref>
*[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]-specific symbols related to S: {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ɧ}}{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} {{IPA link|ʂ}}
* Para-IPA version of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] fricative ɕ:<ref name="L221041">{{Cite web|title=L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21041-add-para-ipa-ltr.pdf|date=2021-01-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}}</ref> 𝼞 𐞺
*Ꞅ ꞅ : [[Insular script|Insular]] S
*Ꟗ ꟗ : Used in [[Middle Scots]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/19-180R: Proposal to add two characters for Middle Scots to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19180r-n5045r-middle-scots-s.pdf|date=2019-04-25|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref>
*Ꟙ ꟙ : Latin letter Sigmoid S was used in [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[palaeography]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=L2/20-269: Proposal to add two SIGMOID S characters for mediaeval palaeography|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20269-n5146-sigmoid-s.pdf|date=2020-10-01|first=Michael|last=Everson}}</ref>

===Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations===
[[File:Sortavala Coat of Arms.svg|thumb|upright|A letter S in the coat of arms of [[Sortavala]]]]
*$ : [[Dollar sign]]
*₷ : [[Spesmilo]]
*§ : [[§|Section sign]]
*{{not a typo|℠}} : [[Service mark symbol]]
*∫ : [[Integral symbol]], short for [[summation]] (derived from long s)

===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets===
* 𐤔 : [[Phoenician alphabet|Semitic]] letter [[Shin (letter)|Shin]], from which the following symbols originally derive:
**[[Archaic Greek alphabets|archaic Greek]] [[Sigma]] could be written with different numbers of angles and strokes. Besides the classical form with four strokes ({{GrGl|Sigma normal}}), a three-stroke form resembling an angular Latin S ({{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped}}) was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties, including the Attic and several "red" alphabets.  
***Σ: [[Greek alphabet|classical Greek]] letter [[Sigma]] 
****Ϲ ϲ: Greek [[lunate sigma]]
*****{{Script|Copt|Ⲥ ⲥ}} : [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] letter sima
*****С с : [[Cyrillic]] letter [[Es (Cyrillic)|Es]], derived from a form of sigma
***𐌔 : [[Old Italic script|Old Italic]] letter S, includes the variants also found in the archaic Greek letter
****S: [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] letter S
****{{Script|Runr|ᛊ, ᛋ, ᛌ}} : [[Runes|Runic]] letter [[Sowilō|sowilo]], which is derived from Old Italic S
***{{Script|Goth|𐍃}}: [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] letter sigil
* Ս : [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian letter]] [[Se (letter)|Se]]

==Other representations==
===Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span>===
* {{unichar| 0053}}
* {{unichar| 0073 }}
* {{unichar| FF33 |nlink=Half-width and full-width forms}} 
* {{unichar| FF53 }}

===Other representations===
{{Letter other reps
|NATO=Sierra
|Morse=···
|Character=S
|Braille=⠎
|fingerspelling=S
}}
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[Cool S]]
* Ⓢ in [[Enclosed Alphanumerics]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|S}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|S}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|s}}
*{{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=S}}

{{Latin alphabet|S|}}

[[Category:ISO basic Latin letters]]