View source for Rubus arcticus

{{Short description|Berry and plant}}
{{about||the Swedish cultural grant|Rubus Arcticus (grant)}}
{{distinguish|text=the 'Nectar' cultivar of [[Boysenberry]], sometimes called nectarberry}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Rubus arcticus.jpg
|image_caption = <small>From "Bilder ur Nordens Flora" (1917–1926)</small>
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=Maiz-Tome, L. |title=''Rubus arcticus'' |page=e.T64323866A67730712 |year=2016 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>
|taxon = Rubus arcticus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] 1753
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="ThePlantList">{{ThePlantList |id=rjp-827 |taxon=Rubus arcticus |authority=L.}}</ref>
|synonyms =
* ''Cylastis arcticus'' <small>(L.) Raf. ex B.D.Jacks.</small>
* ''Rubus arcticus'' subsp. ''humilis'' <small>(Gladkova) Krassovsk.</small>
* ''Rubus arcticus'' var. ''humilis'' <small>Gladkova</small>
* ''Rubus arcticus'' var. ''pentaphylloides'' <small>Hult.</small>
* ''Manteia acaulis'' <small>(Michx.) Raf.</small>
* ''Rubus acaulis'' <small>Michx.</small>
* ''Manteia stellata'' <small>(Sm.) Raf.</small>
* ''Rubus arcticus'' var. ''stellatus'' <small>(Sm.) B.Boivin</small>
* ''Rubus stellatus'' <small>Sm.</small>
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|subdivision_ref = <ref name="FNA">{{eFloras|1|242345353|Rubus arcticus |family=Rosaceae |first1=Lawrence A. |last1=Alice |first2=Douglas H. |last2=Goldman |first3=James A. |last3=Macklin |first4=Gerry |last4=Moore}}</ref>
|subdivision =
* ''R. arcticus'' subsp. ''arcticus''
* ''R. arcticus'' subsp. ''acaulis''
* ''R. arcticus'' subsp. ''stellatus''
}}

'''''Rubus arcticus''''', the '''Arctic bramble'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> or '''Arctic raspberry''',<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Sangtae |editor2-last=Chang |editor2-first=Kae Sun |title=English Names for Korean Native Plants |year=2015 |publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]] |location=Pocheon |isbn=978-89-97450-98-5 |page=611 |url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf |access-date=7 March 2019 |via=[[Korea Forest Service]]}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS|id=RUAR|taxon=Rubus arcticus|accessdate=24 October 2015}}</ref> '''Nagoonberry''',<ref name=Alaska>{{cite news | last =Mount | first =Emily | title =Nagoonberry: the superstar of Alaska's wild berries | newspaper =[[Alaska (magazine)|Alaska]] | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date =August 23, 2020 | url = https://alaskamagazine.com/authentic-alaska/food-drink/nagoonberry-the-superstar-of-alaskas-wild-berries/  | accessdate =June 30, 2024}}</ref> or '''nectarberry'''<ref>{{citation |author=Kokko, Harri & Kärenlampi, Sirpa |year=1998 |title=Transformation of arctic bramble (''Rubus arcticus'' L.) by ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens'' |journal=Plant Cell Reports |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=822–826 |doi= 10.1007/s002990050491|pmid=30736600 |bibcode=1998PCelR..17..822K }}</ref><ref name=Hiirsalmi/> is a species of slow-growing [[bramble]] belonging to the [[rose family]], found in Arctic and alpine regions in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. It has been used to create [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] cultivated raspberries, the so-called '''nectar raspberries'''.<ref name=Hiirsalmi>{{citation |journal=Annales Agriculturae Fenniae |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=168–174 |year=1976 |author=H. Hiirsalmi, and J. Säkö |title=The nectar raspberry hybrid ''Rubus idaeus'' x ''Rubus arcticus'' a new cultivated plant |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1976.60.20}}</ref>

== Description ==
''Rubus arcticus'' grows most often in [[Soil pH|acidic soils]] rich in organic matter. It is a thornless perennial up to {{Convert|30|cm|abbr=off}} tall, woody at the base, but very thin higher above the ground. Flowers are in groups of 1–3, the petals pink, red, or magenta. The fruit is deep red or dark purple, consisting of 10 to 30 [[drupe]]lets.<ref name="FNA" /><ref>{{eFloras|2|242345353|Rubus arcticus |family=Rosaceae |last1=Lu |first1=Lingdi<!-- surname given first? --> |first2=David E. |last2=Boufford}}</ref> The plant has an unusual [[Hardiness (plants)|hardiness]] to frost and cold weather conditions.{{Vague|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Rubus arcticus berry.jpg|thumb|Ripe Arctic raspberry]]

== Distribution and habitat ==
It grows in [[Alaska]],<ref name=Alaska/> northern [[Scandinavia]] and [[Finland]], Russia, [[Poland]], [[Belarus]], Mongolia, northeastern China, [[North Korea]], [[Estonia]], [[Lithuania]], Canada, and the northern United States as far south as [[Oregon]], [[Colorado]], [[Michigan]], and [[Maine]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=1996 |title=Rubus arcticus L. - Åkerbär |url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/rosa/rubus/rubuarc.html |work=Den Virtuella Floran |publisher=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet |language=Swedish |postscript=: description, ecological information, photos.}}</ref><ref>{{BONAP|genus=Rubus|species=arcticus|state=1|date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Rubus arcticus'' : Nagoon Berry |url=http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/0.Site.Folder/Species.Program/Species.php?species_id=Rubus.arctic |website=Central Yukon Species Inventory Project (CYSIP) |publisher=Friends of Dempster Country |postscript=; includes photos, description, line drawing, global distribution map.}}</ref> It was historically present in [[Scotland]], last seen in 1850.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://plantatlas2020.org/atlas/2cd4p9h.pbf | title=PlantAtlas }}</ref>

== Uses ==
The fruits of the Arctic raspberry are considered a delicacy and, among other uses, make [[jam]] and [[liqueur]], or flavour [[tea]]. [[Carl von Linné]] considered the Arctic raspberry – {{Lang|sv|åkerbär}} in [[Swedish language|Swedish]]<ref name=":0" /> – a great delicacy in his ''Flora Lapponica'' (1737). It is also used in ''[[Smirnoff]]'' Ice and North, and [[Lignell & Piispanen]]'s [[Mesimarjalikööri]], and Wine fruit of Arctic RaspBerry (Central Arctic in Adub).

In the [[Pacific Northwest]] of western Canada and the northwestern US, it is sometimes called the ''nagoon'' or ''nagoonberry'', a name derived from the [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] {{Lang|tli|neigóon}}.<ref name=Alaska/> A measure of the quality of its fruit is expressed in its Russian name {{Lang|ru|княженика}} {{Lang|ru-latn|knyazhenika}}, signifying the "berry of princes".{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

== Culture ==
Arctic raspberry is the provincial plant of the [[Norrbotten]] province of northern Sweden.<ref>{{PFAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Berry Crops |url=http://www.agronomy.uhi.ac.uk/html/plants/berries.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818171933/http://www.agronomy.uhi.ac.uk:80/html/plants/berries.htm |archive-date=2006-08-18 |publisher=University of the Highlands and Islands |place=Inverness, Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karp |first1=K. |last2=Starast |first2=M. |last3=Värnik |first3=R. |date=1997 |title=The arctic bramble (''Rubus arcticus'' L.) – the most profitable wild berry in Estonia |url=http://www.balticforestry.mi.lt/bf/PDF_Articles/97-3%5B2%5D/The%2520Arctic%2520bramble-the%2520most%2520profitable%2520wild%2520berry%2520in%2520Estonia.pdf |journal=Baltic Forestry |volume=2 |pages=47–52 |postscript=; in English with summary in Russian.}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Rubus chamaemorus]]'' – Cloudberry

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Rubus arcticus}}
* [http://www.tropicos.org/Image/100377911 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Finland]
* {{PFAF|Rubus arcticus}}
* {{PFAF|Rubus acaulis}}
* {{PFAF|Rubus stellatus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q210330}}

[[Category:Rubus|arcticus]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
[[Category:Berries]]
[[Category:Flora of the Holarctic realm]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]