View source for Puzur-Inshushinak

{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Puzur-Inshushinak<br>{{nobold|{{cuneiform|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞}}}}
| image        = Statue of Puzur-Inshushinak with inscription in his name (lower half).jpg
| image_size   = 250
| caption      = Statue of Puzur-Inshushinak (lower half of seated ruler) with inscription in his name and victories, particularly over the king of [[Shimashki]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Mémoires |date=1899 |publisher=Paris P. Geuthner |pages=7–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/iranmmoires14franuoft/page/n15/mode/2up}}</ref>
| spouse       = 
| reign        = c. ~2155 ~2110 BC
| father       = Shinpi-khish-khuk
| predecessor  = Possibly [[Hita'a]]
| successor    = ''Position abolished''
| succession   = [[King of Elam]]
}}
{{Location map
| Near East
| width      = 260px
| float      = right
| border     = 
| caption    = Location of [[Susa]]
| alt        = 
| relief     = yes
| AlternativeMap = 
| overlay_image = 
| label      = [[Susa]]
| label_size = 
| position   = 
| background = 
| mark       = 
| marksize   = 
| link       = 
| lat_deg    = 32.190556
| lon_deg    = 48.257778
}}
[[File:Puzur-Inshushinak name and titles.jpg|thumb|260px|{{center|1={{cuneiform|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠 𒄊𒀴 𒈣𒋾 𒉏𒆠}}<br>''puzur-inshushinak ensi shushi<sup>ki</sup> shakkanakku mati NIM<sup>ki</sup>''<br>"Puzur-Inshushinak, ''[[Ensi (Sumerian)|Ensi]]'' of [[Susa]] and ''[[Shakkanakku]]'' of [[Elam]]"<br>"Table au Lion", [[Louvre Museum]]<ref name="LM"/>}}]]
'''Puzur-Inshushinak''' ([[Linear Elamite]]: [[File:Puzur-Shushinak.jpg|90px]] ''Puzur Sušinak''; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: {{cuneiform|𒌋𒌋𒀭𒈹𒂞}}, ''puzur<sub>3</sub>-<sup>[[dingir|d]]</sup>inšušinak'', also {{cuneiform|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞}}, ''puzur<sub>4</sub>-<sup>[[dingir|d]]</sup>inšušinak'' "[[Inshushinak]] (is) protection"; {{fl.|{{circa}} 2100 BC}}<ref>or from about 2240 to 2220 BC according to the ([[long chronology]])</ref>), also sometimes thought to read '''Kutik-Inshushinak''' in [[Elamite language|Elamite]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Sumerian Dictionary |url=http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/I.html |website=oracc.iaas.upenn.edu}}</ref> was a king of [[Elam]], and the last from the [[Awan dynasty]] according to the [[Susa]] kinglist.<ref>Daniel T. Potts (1999). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA122 The Archaeology of Elam]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.</ref> He mentions his father's name as Šimpi-išhuk, which, being an Elamite name, suggests that Puzur-Inshuhinak himself was Elamite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinkeller |first1=Piotr |title=Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered |journal=Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse |page=293 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35603952 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Under the [[Akkadian Empire]] (c. 2334-2154 BC), Elam had been a vassal since the time of [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon]]. His father was Shinpi-khish-khuk, the crown prince, and most likely a brother of [[Khita]]. Kutik-Inshushinak's first position was as governor of Susa, which he may have held from a young age. Around 2150/2110 BC his father died, and he became crown prince in his stead.

==Reign==
Kutik-Inshushinak accordingly campaigned in the [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros mountains]] on their behalf. He was greatly successful as his conquests seem to have gone beyond the initial mission.

=== Akkadian period ===
In the inscription of the "Table au Lion", he appears as "Puzur-Inshushin(ak) [[Ensi (Sumerian)|Ensi]] (Governor) of [[Susa]], [[Shakkanakku]] (Military Governor) of the country of [[Elam]]" ({{cuneiform|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠 𒄊𒀴 𒈣𒋾 𒉏𒆠}} {{Transliteration|mis|puzur-inshushinak ensi shushi<sup>ki</sup> skakkanakku mati NIM<sup>ki</sup>)}}, a title used by his predecessors [[Eshpum]], [[Epirmupi]] and [[Ili-ishmani]] as governors of the Akkadian Empire for the territory of Elam.<ref name="LM">Translation into French in {{cite book |title=Mémoires |date=1899 |publisher=P. Geuthner |location=Paris |page=8 |url=https://archive.org/details/mmoires06franuoft/page/8/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mémoires |date=1899 |publisher=Paris P. Geuthner |pages=20–21 |url=https://archive.org/details/iranmmoires14franuoft/page/n35/mode/2up}}</ref> In another inscription, he calls himself the "Mighty King of Elam", suggesting an accession to independence from the weakening [[Akkadian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shayegan |first1=M. Rahim |title=Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76641-8 |page=262 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&pg=PA262 |language=en}}</ref>

Under King [[Shar-Kali-Sharri]], the [[Akkadian Empire]] weakened, allowing Elam to claim independence.<ref name="DPH">{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Donald P. |title=Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen |date=2002 |publisher=Eisenbrauns |isbn=978-1-57506-055-2 |page=233 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lDgYxV0DN8C&pg=PA233 |language=en}}</ref> He conquered [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]] and managed to unite most of Elam into one kingdom.<ref name="DPH"/> [[File:Kutik-Inshushinak (name) in Linear Elamite.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|1=The Elamite name of Puzur-Inshushinak:<br>[[File:Puzur-Shushinak.jpg|100px]]<br>''Pu-zu-r Šu-ši-na-k''<br>in the [[Linear Elamite]] script (right to left).<ref>{{cite book |title=Zur Entzifferung der altelamischen Inschriften - PDF Free Download |date=1912 |url=https://epdf.pub/zur-entzifferung-der-altelamischen-inschriften.html |language=en}}</ref>}}]]
Early on his inscriptions were in Akkadian but over time they came to be also in [[Linear Elamite]].<ref>[https://ia902908.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.183377/2015.183377.History-Of-Early-Iran.pdf] Hall, Harry R., "The Ancient History of the Near East: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Salamis", Meuthen & Company Limited, 1932</ref> He built extensively on the citadel at Susa, and encouraged the use of the [[Linear Elamite]] script to write the [[Elamite language]]. This may be seen as a reaction against Sargon's attempt to force the use of [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]. Most inscriptions in Linear Elamite date from the reign of Kutik-Inshushinak.

=== Ur III period ===
At the beginning of Ur III period, inscriptions of [[Ur-Nammu]] (r. 2112-2094 BC) refer to Puzur-Inshushinak. He conquered numerous cities in central Mesopotamia, including [[Eshnunna]] and [[Akkad (city)|Akkad]], and probably [[Akshak]].<ref>"According to one of Ur-Namma's inscriptions, which describes his conflict with Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak, the latter occupied the cities of Awal, Kismar, and Maˇskan-ˇsarrum, and the lands of Eˇsnuna, Tutub, Zimudar, and Akkade. The prolog to Ur-Namma's code adds to list the northern Babylonian cities of Marda, GIRkal, Kazalu, and probably Ak ˇsak?, plus their rural settlements." in {{cite journal |last1=Steinkeller |first1=Piotr |title=Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered |journal=Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse |page=295 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35603952 |language=en}}</ref> His conquests probably encroached considerably on [[Gutian Dynasty|Gutian]] territory, gravely weakening them, and making them unable to withstand the Neo-Sumerian revolt of [[Utu-hengal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinkeller |first1=Piotr |title=Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered |journal=Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse |page=298 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35603952 |language=en}}</ref>

It is now known that his reign in Elam overlapped with that of [[Ur-Nammu]] of [[Ur-III]],<ref>Wilcke; See ''Encyclopedia Iranica'' articles AWAN, ELAM</ref> although the previous lengthy estimates of the duration of the intervening [[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutian dynasty]] and rule of [[Utu-hengal]] of Uruk had not allowed for that synchronism. Ur-Nammu, who styled himself "King of Sumer and Akkad" is probably the one who, early in his reign, reconquered the northern territories that had been occupied by Puzur-Inshushinak, before going on to conquer [[Susa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steinkeller |first1=Piotr |title=Puzur-Inˇsuˇsinak at Susa: A Pivotal Episode of Early Elamite History Reconsidered |journal=Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives. Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse |pages=298–299 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35603952 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
His achievements were not long-lasting, for after his death the linear script fell into disuse, and Susa was overrun by the [[Third dynasty of Ur]] under [[Ur-Nammu]] and his son [[Shulgi]].<ref name="DPH"/> Ur had held control over [[Susa]] after the demise of Puzur-Inshushinak, and they built numerous buildings and temples there. This control was continued by Shulgi as shown by his numerous dedications in the city-state.<ref name="DTP746">{{cite book |last1=Potts |first1=Daniel T. |title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-8988-0 |page=746 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lK6l7oF_ccC&pg=PA746 |language=en}}</ref> He also engaged in marital alliances, by marrying his daughters to rulers of eastern territories, such as [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]], [[Marhashi]] and [[Bashime]].<ref name="DTP746"/> Concomitantly, Elam fell under control of the [[Shimashki dynasty]] (also Elamite of origin).<ref>[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/elam-i Encyclopedia Iranica: Elam - Simashki dynasty, F. Vallat]</ref>

==Attestations==
===Statue of Puzur-Inshushinak===
The bottom part of a statue, probably representing Puzur-Inshushinak himself, is visible in the Louvre Museum, Sb 55.<ref>{{cite web |title=Site officiel du musée du Louvre |url=http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=12140 |website=cartelfr.louvre.fr}}</ref><ref name="Mémoires">{{cite book |title=Mémoires |date=1899 |publisher=Paris P. Geuthner |pages=7–15 |url=https://archive.org/details/iranmmoires14franuoft/page/n16/mode/2up}}</ref> The statue lists the numerous victories of Puzur-Inshushinak over neighbouring territories, and particularly mentions the submission of the king of [[Shimashki]] who "kissed his feet".<ref name="Mémoires"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
Fragment de statue, SB 55 (1095).jpg|Right side
Fragment de statue, SB 55 (1096).jpg|Feet with sandals
File:Inscriptions of the statue of Puzur-Inshushinak (left side).jpg|Inscriptions of the statue of Puzur-Inshushinak (left side)
</gallery>

===Inscriptions===
A possible mention of Puzur-Inshushinak appears in one of [[Puzer-Mama|Puzer-Mama's]] inscriptions,<ref>{{cite book |title=CDLI-Archival View |url=https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/archival_view.php?ObjectID=P216755}}</ref><ref>Inscription Puzur-Mama E2.12.5.1 in {{cite book |last1=Frayne |first1=Douglas |title=Sargonic and Gutian Periods |pages=272|url=https://www.academia.edu/29704423 |language=en}}</ref> but this is considered doubtful by Walter Sommerfeld and Piotr Steinkeller.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sallaberger|first1=Walther|last2=Schrakamp|first2=Ingo|date=January 2015|title=Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium|url=https://www.academia.edu/25349814|journal=|language=en|volume=|pages=123|via=}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Dedication by Puzu-Inshushinak in the Akkadian Language Louvre Museum Sb 160 (24421024595).jpg|Dedication by Puzu-Inshunishak in the Akkadian language. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 160.<ref>Translation of the Akkadian portion into French, in {{cite book|title=Mémoires|date=1899|publisher=P. Geuthner|location=Paris|pages=4–7|url=https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>
File:Bilingual Linear Elamite Akkadian inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak Table of the Lion Louvre Museum Sb 17.jpg|Bilingual [[Linear Elamite]]-[[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] inscription of king Puzur-Inshushinak "[[Ensi (Sumerian)|Ensi]] of [[Susa]]". Table of the Lion, Louvre Museum Sb 17.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mémoires|date=1899|publisher=P. Geuthner|location=Paris|page=8|url=https://archive.org/details/mmoires06franuoft/page/8/mode/2up}}</ref>
File:Bilingual Linear Elamite Akkadian inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak Table of the Lion Louvre Museum Sb 17 (Linear Elamite detail).jpg|[[Linear Elamite]] inscription of king Kutik-Inshushinak, "Table du Lion", Louvre Museum Sb 17.
File:Door socket with inscription Kutik-Inshushinak Ensi of Susa.jpg|Door socket with inscription "Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi of Susa" ({{cuneiform|𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠}})
File:Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg|Statue of goddess [[Narundi]] dedicated by Puzur-Inshushinak, with inscriptions in Linear Elamite and in Akkadian, [[Louvre Museum]]
File:Puzur-Inshushinak, Governor of Susa, on the statue of the Goddess Narundi.jpg|"Puzur-Inshushinak, Governor of Susa", on the statue of the Goddess Narundi
File:Perforated stone Louvre Museum Sb6 Sb177 Black and white.jpg|Perforated stone, with Linear Elamite text. Louvre Museum Sb6 Sb177
File:Puzur-Inshushinak on the Awan Kings List.jpg|Puzur-Inshushinak on the Awan Kings List.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=SCHEIL|first1=V.|title=Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš|journal=Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale|date=1931|volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–46|jstor=23283945|issn=0373-6032}}</ref>
History History 4Y1A6592 Louvre (24420942315).jpg|A God putting a foundation nail in the ground, protected by a Lama goddess, in front of a roaring lion. Coiled snake on top. Inscriptions in [[Linear Elamite]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]. Time of Puzur-Inshushinak, circa 2100 BC, [[Louvre Museum]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Donald P.|title=Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen|date=2002|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-055-2|page=234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lDgYxV0DN8C&pg=PA234|language=en}}</ref>
Cone elamite lineaire Sb17830.jpg|Clay cone with Linear Elamite text. Louvre Museum Sb 17830. Reign of Puzur-Inshushinak.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Louvre |first1=Musée du |title=The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre |year=1992 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-651-1 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDWJ_KBHwe4C&pg=PA264 |language=en}}</ref>
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = Possibly [[Hita'a]]
| title = [[List of rulers of Elam|King of Elam]]
| years = c. 2100 BC
| after = ''Position abolished''
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Elamite Kings}}
{{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia}}

[[Category:22nd-century BC monarchs]]
[[Category:21st-century BC monarchs]]
[[Category:Awan dynasty]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC births]]
[[Category:21st-century BC deaths]]