View source for Northern Thai language

{{Short description|Thai language related to standard Thai and Lao}}
{{Redirect|Northern Thai|the ethnic group|Northern Thai people}}
{{distinguish|Northern Tai languages}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Northern Thai
| nativename       = {{big|{{Script|Lana|ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ}}}}<br/>กำเมือง
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|nod|kam˧.mɯaŋ˧||audio=nod-kammueang.ogg}}
| script           = [[Tai Tham script]] (traditional)<br />[[Thai script]] ([[de facto]])
| states           = [[Thailand]] <br/><small>([[Chiang Mai]], [[Lamphun]],<br/>[[Lampang]], [[Uttaradit]],<br/>[[Phrae]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phayao]],<br/>[[Chiang Rai]], [[Mae Hong Son]] and Communities throughout Thailand)</small><br/>[[Myanmar]] <br/><small>([[Tachileik]], [[Myawaddy]])</small><br/>[[Laos]] <br/><small>([[Houayxay]], [[Ton Pheung District|Ton Pheung]])</small>
| region           = [[Northern Thailand]]
| ethnicity        = [[Northern Thai people|Northern Thai]]
| speakers         = 6 million
| date             = 2015
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Kradai
| fam2             = [[Tai languages|Tai]]
| fam3             = [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]] (Thai)
| fam4             = Chiang Saen
| iso3             = nod
| glotto           = nort2740
| minority         = {{flag|Thailand}}
| glottorefname    = Northern Thai
| notice           = Indic
| notice2          = IPA
| image            = Lanna alphabet and Thai alphabet.svg
| imagecaption     = [[Tai Tham script]] traditional [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] (top)<br/>[[Thai alphabet]] currently popular<br/>with non-standard form (bottom)
| imagescale       = 
}}
{{Contains special characters|Lanna}}  '''Northern Thai''' ({{langx|th|ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ}}), also called '''Kam Mueang''' ({{langx|nod|{{Script|Lana|ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ}}}}, กำเมือง) or '''Lanna''',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Diller |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lmQAgAAQBAJ |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |last2=Edmondson |first2=Jerry |last3=Luo |first3=Yongxian |date=2004-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79116-2 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> is the language spoken by the [[Northern Thai people]] of [[Thailand]]. It is a [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai language]]. The language has approximately six million speakers, most of whom live in [[Northern Thailand]], with a smaller community of speakers in northwestern [[Laos]].

Speakers of this language generally consider the name "Tai Yuan" to be pejorative{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}. They refer to themselves as ''{{lang|nod-Latn|Khon Mueang}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ}}, [[:wikt:คน|คน]][[:wikt:เมือง|เมือง]], {{IPA|nod|kʰon˧.mɯaŋ˧|}} – literally "people of [[Mueang]]" meaning "city dwellers"), Lanna, or Northern Thai. The language is also sometimes referred to as ''{{lang|nod-Latn|Phayap}}'' (พายัพ, {{IPA|th|pʰāː.jáp}}), "Northwestern (speech)".

The term Yuan is still sometimes used for Northern Thai's distinctive [[Tai Tham alphabet]], which is closely related to the old Tai Lue alphabet and the Lao religious alphabets. The use of the ''{{lang|nod-Latn|Tua Mueang}}'', as the traditional alphabet is known, is now largely limited to Buddhist temples, where many old sermon manuscripts are still in active use. There is no active production of literature in the traditional alphabet, and when used in writing standard Thai script is invariably used. The modern spoken form is called {{lang|nod-Latn|Kam Mueang}}. There is a resurgence of interest in writing it in the traditional way, but the modern pronunciation differs from that prescribed in spelling rules.<ref name="Natnapang">Natnapang 2004, Section 3.5.6 ''The changing pronunciation of the Lanna script and Kammuang'' As with all languages, the pronunciation of the written and spoken forms changes over time. This is another problem that Kammuang speakers may have when they learn to write the Lanna script. These changes occur in only some words, and there are no readily apparent rules to explain the changes....</ref>[[File:Lanna cm2.jpg|thumb|Nameboard of a Buddhist temple in [[Chiang Mai]] written with [[Tai Tham script]]: ''Wat Mokhamtuang'' (and street number 119 in Thai)]]<!-- Full quote, replaced by 'condensed' quote above to merge references:
<ref name=Natnapang>{{cite book | author= Natnapang Burutphakdee | others=  Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser   | title= Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang |trans-title=Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script | url= http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf | format = PDF | access-date= June 8, 2013 | type = M.A. Thesis  | series= Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand, August 10–11, 2004 |date= October 2004 | publisher= [[Payap University]] | location= Chiang Mai | at= 3.5.6 The changing pronunciation of the Lanna script and Kammuang – digital image 82 | quote= As with all languages, the pronunciation of the written and spoken forms changes over time. This is another problem that Kammuang speakers may have when they learn to write the Lanna script. These changes occur in only some words, and there are no readily apparent rules to explain the changes.... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-05}}</ref>
-->

== Classification ==
{{Further|Tai–Kadai languages|Tai languages|Tai peoples}}
Northern Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Southern Thai]] and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern]] branch of [[Tai languages]]. The Tai languages are a branch of the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai language family]], which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from [[Hainan]] and [[Guangxi]] south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border.

From a purely genealogical standpoint, most linguists consider Northern Thai to be more closely related to [[Central Thai]] than to [[Lao language|Lao]] or [[Isan language|Isan]], but the language has been heavily influenced by both Lao and Central Thai throughout history. All Southwestern Tai languages form a coherent [[dialect continuum]] of more or less mutually intelligible varieties, with few sharp dividing lines. Nevertheless, Northern Thai has today become closer to the Central Thai language, as Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. {{clade
|label1=[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]
|1={{clade
|    1=[[Hlai languages]]
|    2=[[Kam-Sui languages]]
|    3=[[Kra languages]]
|    4=[[Be language]]
|    label5=[[Tai languages]]
|    5={{clade
|       1=[[Northern Tai languages]]
|       2=[[Central Tai languages]]
|  label4=[[Southwestern Tai languages]]
|       4={{clade
|           label1=Northwestern Tai languages
|                1={{clade
|                  1=[[Khamti language]]
|                  2=[[Shan language]]
|                  3=others}}
|           label2=Chiang Saen languages
|                2={{clade
|                  1=[[Tai Lue language]]
|                  2='''Kam Mueang language'''
|                  label3=Sukhothai language
|                       3={{clade
|                       1=[[Thai language]]
|                       2=[[Southern Thai language]]}}}}
|           label3=Lao-Phuthai languages
|                3={{clade
|                  1=[[Tai Yo language]]
|                  2=[[Phu Thai language|Phuthai language]]
|                  3=[[Lao language]] ([[Isan language]])
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

== Names ==
The Northern Thai language has various names in Northern Thai, Thai, and other [[Tai languages]]. 
* In Northern Thai, it is commonly called ''{{lang|nod-Latn|kam mueang}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ}}, {{IPA|/kām mɯ̄aŋ/}}, literally "city language"; cf. [[Thai language|Standard Thai]]: คำเมือง {{IPA|/kʰām mɯ̄aŋ/}}), or ''{{lang|nod-Latn|phasa Lan Na}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨽᩣᩈᩣᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ}}, ภาษาล้านนา {{IPA|/pʰāː.sǎː láːn nāː/}}, literally "the language of [[Lan Na]]"). 
* In [[Thai language|Central Thai]] and [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]], Northern Thai is known as ''phasa thin phayap'' (ภาษาถิ่นพายัพ {{IPA|/pʰāː.sǎː tʰìn pʰāː.jáp/}}, literally "the language of the northwestern region"), or ''phasa thai thin nuea'' (ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ {{IPA|/pʰāː.sǎː tʰāj tʰìn nɯ̌a/}}, literally "the Thai language of the northern region", or colloquially it is known as ''phasa nuea'' (ภาษาเหนือ {{IPA|/pʰāː.sǎː nɯ̌a/}}, literally "the northern language"). 
* In [[Lao language|Lao]], it is known as ''{{lang|lo-Latn|phasa nyuan}}'' or ''{{lang|lo-Latn|phasa nyon}}'' ({{lang|lo|ພາສາຍວນ}} or {{lang|lo|ພາສາໂຍນ}} respectively, {{IPA|/pʰáː.sǎː ɲúan/}} or {{IPA|/pʰáː.sǎː ɲóːn/}} respectively, literally "the Tai Yuan language"). 
* In [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]], it is known as ''kam yon'' ({{Script|Talu|ᦅᧄᦍᦷᧃ}} {{IPA|kâm jôn}}, literally "the Tai Yuan language"). 
* In [[Shan language|Shan]] it is known as ''kwam yon'' ({{Script|Mymr|ၵႂၢမ်းယူၼ်း}} {{IPA|kwáːm jón}}, literally "the Tai Yuan language").

== History ==
{{Further|Tai languages|Tai peoples}}

=== Tai migration ===
[[File:Tai Migration.svg|right|thumb|Map showing the general migration patterns and diversification of the Tai peoples and languages from the original Tai ''[[Urheimat]]'' of southeastern China.]]
The ancestors of the [[Northern Thai people]] were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now [[Guangxi]] and northern [[Vietnam]] where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an ''[[Linguistic homeland|Urheimat]]''. The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various [[Zhuang languages]], sometime around 112 AD, but likely completed by the [[sixth century]].<ref name="migration">Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. (2007). The Languages of Vietnam: Mosaics and Expansions in ''Language and Linguistics Compass'', 1(0). pp. 727–749.</ref> Due to the influx of [[Han Chinese]] soldiers and settlers, the end of the [[Third Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese occupation]] of Vietnam, the fall of [[Jiaozhi]] and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the [[Tang dynasty]] led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the [[Eighth century|eighth]] and [[Twelfth century|twelfth]] centuries. The Tais split and followed the major river courses, with the ancestral Northern Thai originating in the Tai migrants that followed the [[Mekong River]].<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). '[http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai].' ''MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities'', Special Issue No 20: 47–64.</ref>

=== Indianized kingdoms ===
Ancestors of the Northern Thai people established [[Ngoenyang]], an early kingdom that existed between the 7th to 13th centuries, as well as smaller kingdoms like [[Phayao Kingdom|Phayao]], in what is now modern-day northern Thailand. They settled in areas adjacent to the kingdom of [[Hariphunchai]], coming into contact with [[Mon language|Mon-speaking]] people whose writing system was eventually adapted for the Northern Thai language as the [[Tai Tham script]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Kemasingki|first1=Pim|last2=Prateepkoh|first2=Pariyakorn|date=2017-08-01|title=RIP Kham Mueang: the slow death of a language|url=http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/citylife-articles/rip-kham-mueang-the-slow-death-of-a-language/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=Chiang Mai Citylife|language=en-US}}</ref> In the 13th century, King [[Mangrai]] consolidated control of these territories, establishing the kingdom of [[Lan Na]]. In the 15th century, King [[Tilokaraj|Tilokkarat]] ushered in a golden age for Northern Thai literature, with a profusion of [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaf manuscripts]] written in Tai Tham, using vernacular Northern Thai and interspersed with Pali and Buddhist Indic vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chiu|first=Angela S.|url=|title=The Buddha in Lanna: Art, Lineage, Power, and Place in Northern Thailand|date=2017-03-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-7312-7|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

=== Thai subordination ===
In 1775, [[Kawila]] of Lampang revolted with Siamese assistance, and captured the city, ending 200 years of Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam. In 1899, Siam annexed the Northern Thai principalities, effectively dissolving their status as sovereign tributary states.

The Compulsory Education Act of 1921 banned schools and temples from using languages other than [[Thai language|Central Thai]] (standard Thai), in an effort to bring remote regions under Siamese control.<ref name=":0" /> Northern Thai was relegated from the public sphere, with influential religious leaders like [[Khruba Siwichai|Khruba Srivichai]] jailed for using Northern Thai in sermons.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1940s, authorities promulgated [[Thai cultural mandates]] that reinforced the importance of learning and using Central Thai as the [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige language]].<ref name=":0" />

These economic and educational pressures have increased the use of standard Thai to the detriment of other regional languages like Northern Thai.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Dialect Maintenance, Shift and Variation in a Northern Thai Industrial Estate|url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22700/|publisher=University of Essex|date=2018-07-21|degree=phd|language=en|first=Kosin|last=Panyaatisin}}</ref><ref name="Sukprasert 2015 153–166">{{Cite journal|last1=Sukprasert|first1=Maliwan|last2=Wongsothorn|first2=Achara|date=2015|title=Kham Mueang Dialect Usage over Three Generations in Tambon Wiang Phayao|url=https://www.kukr.lib.ku.ac.th/journal/JSSH/search_detail/result/334160|journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities|volume=41|pages=153–166|issn=0125-2860}}</ref> Today, Northern Thai is typically [[Code-switching|code-switched]] with standard Thai, especially in more developed and urbanized areas of Northern Thailand, whereas exclusive use of Northern Thai remains prevalent in more remote areas.<ref name="Sukprasert 2015 153–166"/>

== Dialects ==
Thanajirawat (2018)<ref>Thanajirawat, Zirivarnphicha (2018). ''Tonal Geography of Tai Yuan in Southeast Asia''. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17–19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.</ref> classifies Tai Yuan into five major dialect groups based on tonal split and merger patterns. (''See also [[Proto-Tai language#Tones]]'')

#most Tai Yuan varieties in Thailand, Laos and Myanmar
#[[Bokeo Province]], Laos (A12-34 and BCD123-4 (B4=DL4=DS4))
#[[Mae Chaem District]], [[Chiang Mai Province]] and [[Laplae District]], [[Uttaradit Province]], Thailand (A12-34 and BCD123-4 (A34=B123=DL123))
#[[Tha Pla District]], [[Uttaradit Province]] and [[Xayaburi Province]], Laos (A12-34, BDL1234, and CDS123-4)
#[[Ratchaburi Province]], Thailand (A12-34 and BCD123-4 (A34=B123=DL123, B4=C4=DL4))

==Phonology==

===Consonants===

====Initial consonants====
Northern Thai consonant inventory is similar to that of [[Lao language|Lao]] ([[Isan language|Isan]]); both languages have the {{IPAslink|ɲ}} sound and lack {{IPAslink|tɕʰ}}.

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!([[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-]])<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|m}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨾ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨾ}}<br />ม
|style=background:#cfc|{{IPAslink|n}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨶ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨱ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨶ}}<br />ณ, น
|style=background:#fcf|{{IPAslink|ɲ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨿ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨬ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨿ}}<br />ญ, ย
|style=background:#fcc|{{IPAslink|ŋ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨦ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨦ}}<br />ง
|
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!<small>[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|p}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨸ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨻ}}<br />ป
|style=background:#cfc|{{IPAslink|t}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨲ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨴ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨭ}}<br />ฏ, ต
|style=background:#fcf|{{IPAslink|tɕ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨧ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨩ}}<br />จ
|style=background:#fcc|{{IPAslink|k}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨠ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨣ}}<br />ก
|style=background:#ccc|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}{{efn|Implied before any vowel without an initial and after a short vowel without a final.{{fix|text=what does 'implied' mean? is it there or not?}}}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩋ}}<br />อ
|-
!<small>[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirate]]</small>
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|pʰ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨹ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨽ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩕ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨸᩕ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩕ}}<br />ผ, พ, ภ
|style=background:#cfc|{{IPAslink|tʰ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨳ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨮ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨵ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨰ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩕ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨴᩕ}}<br />ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ
|style=center;background:#fcf|({{IPAslink|tɕʰ}}){{efn|name=loanwords|/tɕʰ/ and /r/ occur in loanwords from [[Thai language|Central]] and [[Southern Thai language|Southern Thai]]. [x] is also a common allophone of /kʰ/}}<br />ฉ, ช, ฌ
|style=center;background:#fcc|{{IPAslink|kʰ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨡ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨤ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨥ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩕ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨣᩕ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨢ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨡᩕ}}<br />ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ
|
|-
!<small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|b}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷ}}<br />บ
|style=background:#cfc|{{IPAslink|d}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯ}}<br />ฎ, ด
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative]]
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|f}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨺ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨼ}}<br />ฝ, ฟ
|style=background:#ffc|{{IPAslink|s}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩈ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩇ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩆ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨨ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨪ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨫ}}<br />ซ, ศ, ษ, ส
|
|style=background:#fcc|({{IPAslink|x}}){{efn|name=loanwords}}
|style=background:#ccc|{{IPAslink|h}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩁ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩌ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩕ}}<br />ห, ฮ
|-
!colspan=2|[[Approximant]]
|style=background:#cff|{{IPAslink|w}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩅ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᩅ}}<br />ว
|style=background:#cff|{{IPAslink|l}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩃ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩁ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩖ}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᩃ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩊ}}<br />ล, ฬ
|style=background:#cff|{{IPAslink|j}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩀ}}<br />ย
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]/[[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
|
|style=background:#cff|({{IPAslink|r}}){{efn|name=loanwords}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩁ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩊ}}<br />ร
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

====Initial consonant clusters====
There are two relatively common consonant clusters:

*/kw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨠ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨣ᩠ᩅ}} (กว)
*/kʰw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨢ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨥ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨤ᩠ᩅ}} (ขว, คว)

There are also several other, less frequent clusters recorded,<ref>Rungruengsi 2004, pp. ณ-ด</ref> though apparently in the process of being lost:<ref name=Natnapang_2>Natnapang 2004, Section 3.5.2  ''Initial consonant clusters in the Lanna script''</ref>
<!-- Full quote, replaced by 'condensed' quote above to merge references:
<ref name=Natnapang_2>{{cite book | author= Natnapang Burutphakdee | others=  Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser   | title= Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang |trans-title=Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script | url= http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf | format = PDF | access-date= June 8, 2013 | type = M.A. Thesis  | series= Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand, August 10–11, 2004 |date= October 2004 | publisher= [[Payap University]] | location= Chiang Mai | at= 3.5.2  Initial consonant clusters in the Lanna script – digital image 82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-05}}</ref>
-->

{{colbegin}}
*/ŋw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨦ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨦ᩠ᩅ}} (งว)
*/tɕw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨧ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨩ᩠ᩅ}} (จว)
*/sw/ {{Script|Lana|ᩈ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨪ᩠ᩅ}} (ซว, สว)
*/tw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨲ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨴ᩠ᩅ}} (ตว)
*/tʰw/<ref>Rungrueangsi 2004, p. 307, but not listed by Natnapang</ref> <!-- OR: ถวาย confirmed by Chiang Dao informant. --> {{Script|Lana|ᨳ᩠ᩅ}} (ถว, ทว)
*/nw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨶ᩠ᩅ}} (นว)
*/ɲw/ {{Script|Lana|ᨿ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨿ᩠ᩅ}}<ref>Rungruengsi 2004, p. 795, word {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨿ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾ}}</ref> (ญว, ยว)
*/jw/ {{Script|Lana|ᩀ᩠ᩅ}} (ยว)
*/lw/ {{Script|Lana|ᩃ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩁ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩖ᩠ᩅ}} {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᩃ᩠ᩅ}} (ลว)
*/ʔw/ {{Script|Lana|ᩋ᩠ᩅ}} (อว)
{{colend}}

==== Final consonants ====
All [[plosive consonant|plosive sounds]] (besides the glottal stop /ʔ/) are [[Unreleased stop|unreleased]]. Hence, final {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}} sounds are pronounced as {{IPA|[p̚]}}, {{IPA|[t̚]}}, and {{IPA|[k̚]}} respectively.
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|m}} {{Script|Lana|ᨾ}}<br />ม
|style=background:#cfc|{{IPAslink|n}} {{Script|Lana|ᨬ ᨱ ᨶ ᩁ ᩃ ᩊ}}<br />ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ
|
|style=background:#fcc|{{IPAslink|ŋ}} {{Script|Lana|ᨦ}}<br />ง
|
|-
![[Plosive]]
|style=background:#ccf|{{IPAslink|p}} {{Script|Lana|ᨷ ᨸ ᨻ ᨼ ᨽ}}<br />บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ
|style=background:#cfc|{{IPAslink|t}} {{Script|Lana|ᨧ ᨩ ᨪ ᨭ ᨮ ᨯ ᨰ ᨲ ᨳ ᨴ ᨵ ᩆ ᩇ ᩈ}}<br />จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ,
ฒ ,ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส
|
|style=background:#fcc|{{IPAslink|k}} {{Script|Lana|ᨠ ᨡ ᨣ ᨥ}}<br />ก, ข, ค, ฆ
|style=background:#ccc|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}{{efn|A glottal stop occurs after a short vowel when no final consonant is written in the Thai script.}}
|-
![[Approximant]]
|style=background:#cff|{{IPAslink|w}} {{Script|Lana|ᩅ}}<br />ว
|
|style=background:#cff|{{IPAslink|j}} {{Script|Lana|ᨿ}}<br />ย
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

===Vowels===
The basic vowels of the Northern Thai language are similar to those of [[Thai language|Standard Thai]]. They, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]], the second entry gives the spelling in the [[Thai alphabet]], where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant must follow.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="2" | 
!colspan=2|[[Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=2|[[Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=2|[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
! short || long ||short || long ||short || long
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAslink|i}}<br>&nbsp;-ิ&nbsp;<!-- the &nbsp; is necessary for visibility under Opera -->
|{{IPAslink|iː}}<br>&nbsp;-ี&nbsp;
|{{IPAslink|ɯ}}<br>&nbsp;-ึ&nbsp;
|{{IPAslink|ɯː}}<br>&nbsp;-ื-&nbsp;
|{{IPAslink|u}}<br>&nbsp;-ุ&nbsp;
|{{IPAslink|uː}}<br>&nbsp;-ู&nbsp;
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPAslink|e}}<br>เ-ะ
|{{IPAslink|eː}}<br>เ-
|{{IPAslink|ɤ}}<br>เ-อะ
|{{IPAslink|ɤː}}<br>เ-อ
|{{IPAslink|o}}<br>โ-ะ
|{{IPAslink|oː}}<br>โ-
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPAslink|ɛ}}<br>แ-ะ
|{{IPAslink|ɛː}}<br>แ-
|{{IPAslink|ä|a}}<br>-ะ, -ั-
|{{IPAslink|ä|aː}}<br>-า
|{{IPAslink|ɔ}}<br>เ-าะ
|{{IPAslink|ɔː}}<br>-อ
|}

The vowels each exist in [[vowel length|long-short pairs]]: these are distinct [[phoneme]]s forming unrelated words in Northern Thai,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Tingsabadh & Abramson|1993|p=25}}</ref> but usually transliterated the same: เขา (''khao'') means "they/them", while ขาว (''khao'') means "white".

The long-short pairs are as follows:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="6" |Long
! colspan="6" |Short
|-
!Thai
!IPA
! colspan="4" |Example
!Thai
!IPA
! colspan="4" |Example
|-
|–า || {{IPA|/aː/}} 
|{{Script|Lana|ᨺᩣ᩠ᨶ}}|| ฝาน ||{{IPA|/fǎːn/}} || 'to slice'
|–ะ || {{IPA|/a/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨺᩢ᩠ᨶ}}|| ฝัน || {{IPA|/fǎn/}} || 'to dream'
|-
|–ี || {{IPA|/iː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩦ}}|| ตี๋ || {{IPA|/tǐː/}} || 'to cut'
|–ิ || {{IPA|/i/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩥ}}|| ติ๋ || {{IPA|/tǐʔ/}} || 'to criticize'
|-
|–ู || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᩈᩪᨯ}}|| สูด || {{IPA|/sùːt/}} || 'to inhale'
|–ุ || {{IPA|/u/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᩈᩩᨯ}}|| สุ๋ด || {{IPA|/sǔt/}} || 'rearmost'
|-
|เ– || {{IPA|/eː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩮ᩠ᨶ}}|| เอน || {{IPA|/ʔēːn/}} || 'to recline'
|เ–ะ || {{IPA|/e/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩮᩢ᩠ᨶ}}|| เอ็น || {{IPA|/ʔēn/}} || 'tendon, ligament'
|-
|แ–|| {{IPA|/ɛː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩯ᩵}}|| แก่ || {{IPA|/kɛ̀ː/}} || 'to be old'
|แ–ะ|| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩯᩡ}}|| แก๋ะ || {{IPA|/kɛ̌ʔ/}}|| 'sheep'
|-
|–ื-|| {{IPA|/ɯː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨤᩨ᩠ᨶ}}|| ฅืน (คืน)|| {{IPA|/kʰɯ̄ːn/}}|| 'to return'
|–ึ || {{IPA|/ɯ/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨡᩧ᩠᩶ᨶ}}|| ขึ้น || {{IPA|/kʰɯ᷇n/}}|| 'to go up'
|-
|เ–อ || {{IPA|/ɤː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩮᩥ᩠ᨶ}}|| เมิน || {{IPA|/mɤː̄n/}} || 'to delay; long time'
|เ–อะ || {{IPA|/ɤ/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨦᩮᩥ᩠ᨶ}}|| เงิน || {{IPA|/ŋɤ̄n/}} || 'silver'
|-
|โ– || {{IPA|/oː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨧᩰᩫ᩠ᩁ}}|| โจ๋ร (โจ๋น) || {{IPA|/tɕǒːn/}} || 'thief'
|โ–ะ || {{IPA|/o/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨧᩫ᩠ᨶ}}|| จ๋น || {{IPA|/tɕǒn/}} || 'to be poor'
|-
|–อ || {{IPA|/ɔː/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᩃᩬᨦ}}|| ลอง || {{IPA|/lɔ̄ːŋ/}} || 'to try'
|เ–าะ || {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
|{{Script|Lana|ᨪᩰᩬᩡ}}|| เซาะ || {{IPA|/sɔ́ʔ/}}|| 'to search'
|}

The basic vowels can be combined into [[diphthong]]s.  For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"|Long
!colspan="2"|Short
|-
!Thai script
!IPA
!Thai script
!IPA
|-
|–าย
|{{IPA|/aːj/}}
|ไ–<sup>*</sup>, ใ–<sup>*</sup>, ไ–ย, -ัย
|{{IPA|/aj/}}
|-
|–าว
|{{IPA|/aːw/}}
|เ–า<sup>*</sup>
|{{IPA|/aw/}}
|-
|เ–ีย
|{{IPA|/ia/}}
|เ–ียะ
|{{IPA|/iaʔ/}}
|-
|–
|–
|–ิว
|{{IPA|/iw/}}
|-
|–ัว
|{{IPA|/ua/}}
|–ัวะ
|{{IPA|/uaʔ/}}
|-
|–ูย
|{{IPA|/uːj/}}
|–ุย
|{{IPA|/uj/}}
|-
|เ–ว
|{{IPA|/eːw/}}
|เ–็ว
|{{IPA|/ew/}}
|-
|แ–ว
|{{IPA|/ɛːw/}}
|–
|–
|-
|เ–ือ
|{{IPA|/ɯa/}}
|เ–ือะ
|{{IPA|/ɯaʔ/}}
|-
|เ–ย
|{{IPA|/ɤːj/}}
|–
|–
|-
|–อย
|{{IPA|/ɔːj/}}
|–
|–
|-
|โ–ย
|{{IPA|/oːj/}}
|–
|–
|}

Additionally, there are three [[triphthong]]s, For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Thai script
!IPA
|-
|เ–ียว*
|{{IPA|/iaw/}}
|-
|–วย*
|{{IPA|/uaj/}}
|-
|เ–ือย*
|{{IPA|/ɯaj/}}
|}

====Allophones====
The following section largely concerns the Nan dialect of Northern Thai.<ref>Hundius, Harald. Phonologie und Schrift des Nordthai. Marburg: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft ;, 1990. Print.</ref>
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!Phoneme!!Allophone!!Context
!Example 
([[Tai Tham script]])
!Example 
([[Thai script]])
!IPA!!Gloss
|-
|{{IPA|/b/}}|| {{IPA|[b]}} ||onset
|{{Script|Lana|ᨷ᩵ᩤ}}||บ่า|| {{IPA|/bàː/}} ||''shoulder''
|-
|{{IPA|/d/}}|| {{IPA|[d]}} ||onset
|{{Script|Lana|ᨯᩬ᩠ᨿ, ᨯᩭ}}||ดอย|| {{IPA|/dɔ̄ːj/}} ||''mountain''
|-
|{{IPA|/p/}}|| {{IPA|[p]}} ||onset
|{{Script|Lana|ᨸ᩵ᩣ}}||ป่า|| {{IPA|/pàː/}} ||''forest''
|-
| || {{IPA|[p̚]}} ||coda
|{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩣ᩠ᨷ}}||อาบ|| {{IPA|/ʔàːp/}} ||''bath''
|-
| || {{IPA|[pm̩]}} ||coda, emphasised
|{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩴ᩵ᩉᩖᩢᨷ}}||บ่หลับ|| {{IPA|/bɔ̀ lǎp/}} ||''don't sleep!''
|-
|{{IPA|/t/}}|| {{IPA|[t]}} ||onset
|{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩣ}}||ตา||  {{IPA|/tǎː/}} ||''eye''
|-
| || {{IPA|[t̚]}} ||coda
|{{Script|Lana|ᨸᩮᩥ᩠ᨯ}}||เปิด|| {{IPA|/pɤ̀ːt/}} ||''open''
|-
| || {{IPA|[tn̩]}} ||coda, emphasised
|{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩴ᩵ᨹᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ}}||บ่เผ็ด|| {{IPA|/bɔ̀ pʰět/}} ||''not spicy!''
|-
|{{IPA|/k/}}|| {{IPA|[k]}} ||onset
|{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩣ}}||กา|| {{IPA|/kǎː/}} ||''crow''
|-
| || {{IPA|[k̚]}} ||coda
|{{Script|Lana|ᨸᩦ᩠ᨠ}}||ปีก||| {{IPA|/pìːk/}} ||''wing''
|-
| || {{IPA|[kŋ̩]}} ||coda, emphasised
|{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩴ᩵ᩈᩩᨠ}}||บ่สุก|| {{IPA|/bɔ̀ sǔk/}} ||''not ripe!''
|-
|{{IPA|/x/}}|| {{IPA|[x]}} ||before non-front vowels
|{{Script|Lana|ᨡᩯ᩠ᨠ}}||แขก|| {{IPA|/xɛ̀ːk/}} ||''guest''
|-
||| {{IPA|[ç]}} ||before front vowels
|{{Script|Lana|ᨤᩥ᩠ᨦ}}||ฅิง|| {{IPA|/xīŋ/}} ||''you (familiar)''
|-
|{{IPA|/s/}}|| {{IPA|[s]}} ||onset
|{{Script|Lana|ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ}}||ซาว|| {{IPA|/sāːw/}} ||''twenty''
|-
||| {{IPA|[ɕ]}} ||under emphasis
|{{Script|Lana|ᩈᩣᨴᩩ}}||สาทุ|| {{IPA|/sǎː.túʔ/}} ||''surely''
|-
|{{IPA|/h/}}|| {{IPA|[h]}} ||non-intervocalic
|{{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩶ᩣ}}||ห้า|| {{IPA|/ha᷇ː/}} ||''five''
|-
||| {{IPA|[ɦ]}} ||intervocalic
|{{Script|Lana|ᨹᩲᨾᩣᩉᩣ}}||ใผมาหา|| {{IPA|/pʰǎj māː hǎː/}} ||''who come find (Who is here to see you?)''
|-
|{{IPA|/nɯ̂ŋ/}}|| {{IPA|[m̩]}} ||after bilabial stop
|{{Script|Lana|ᨤᩨ᩠ᨷᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ}}||ฅืบนึ่ง|| {{IPA|/xɯ̂ːp nɯ̂ŋ/}} ||''span one (one more span)''
|-
| || {{IPA|[n̩]}} ||after alveolar stop
|{{Script|Lana|ᨳᩯ᩠ᨾᨡ᩠ᩅᨯᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ}}||แถมขวดนึ่ง|| {{IPA|/tʰɛ̌ːm xùat nɯ̂ŋ/}} ||''more bottle one (one more bottle)''
|-
| || {{IPA|[ŋ̩]}} ||after velar stop
|{{Script|Lana|ᨳᩯ᩠ᨾᨯᩬᨠᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ}}||แถมดอกนึ่ง|| {{IPA|/tʰɛ̌ːm dɔ̀ːk nɯ̂ŋ/}} ||''more flower one (one more flower)''

|}

===Tones===
{{multiple image|total_width=450|align=center
|width1=340 |height1=400 |image1=rising tone (Northern Thai).png
|width2=340 |height2=400 |image2=low tone (Northern Thai).png
|width3=340 |height3=400 |image3=high falling tone (Northern Thai).png
|width4=340 |height4=400 |image4=mid tone (Northern Thai).png
|width5=340 |height5=400 |image5=falling tone (Northern Thai).png
|width6=340 |height6=400 |image6=high tone (Northern Thai).png
|footer=The six phonemic tones in Northern Thai pronounced with the syllable '/law/': {{paragraph break}} [[File:Nod-Northern Thai tones marked with IPA with law.ogg|center]]
}}
There are six phonemic [[tone (linguistics)|tones]] in the [[Chiang Mai Province|Chiang Mai dialect]] of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal closure, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising.<ref name=theLannaDictionary>''พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา = The Lanna dictionary'' (พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 2). (พ.ศ. 2550 [= 2007 CE]). เชียงใหม่: สถาบันภาษา ศิลปะและวัฒนธรรม มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏเชียงใหม่.</ref> or low-rising, mid-low, high-falling, mid-high, falling, and high rising-falling<ref name=Gedney1999>Gedney, W. J. (1999). ''Southwestern Tai dialects: Glossaries, texts, and translations'' (T. J. Hudak, Ed.). University of Michigan Center for South East Asian Studies.</ref>

<!-- The whole point of this table is to illustrate phonetic detail of the tones. This doesn't occur anywhere else, and is from the IPA Handbook. -->

==== Contrastive tones in smooth syllables ====
The table below presents six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai and [[Nan province|Nan]] dialects in smooth syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in [[Sonorant|sonorant sounds]] such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. Sources have not agreed on the phonetic realization of the six tones in the Chiang Mai dialect. The table presents information based on two sources, one from Gedney (1999)<ref name=Gedney1999/> and the other one from the Lanna dictionary (2007)<ref name=theLannaDictionary/> which is a Northern Thai-Thai dictionary. Although published in 1999, Gedney's information about the Chiang Mai dialect is based on data he collected from one speaker in Chiang Mai in 1964 (p.&nbsp;725). As tones may change within one's lifetime (e.g., Bangkok Thai tones have changed over the past 100 years<ref>Pittayaporn, P. (2007). Directionality of tone change. ''Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI)'', 1421–1424.</ref>), the information about the six tones from Gedney (1999) should be considered with caution.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ The six tones in the Chiang Mai and Nan dialects
|-
! colspan="2" |Chiang Mai<br>(the Lanna dictionary, 2007, p. ต)<ref name=theLannaDictionary/> !! colspan="2" | Chiang Mai<br>(Gedney, 1999, p.&nbsp;725)<ref name=Gedney1999/> !! rowspan="2" | [[Thai language#Tones|Standard Thai tone]] Equated to<ref name="MFL_pCH"/>
! colspan="6" |Example based on the Chiang Mai tones described in the Lanna Dictionary (2007)<ref name=theLannaDictionary/>
|-
! Name !! [[Tone letter]]s !! Name !! Tone letters !! Tone letters !! Phonemic !! Phonetic !! [[Tai Tham alphabet|Northern Thai script]] !! [[Thai alphabet|Thai script]] !! Gloss
|-
| low-rising (A1-2) || 24 or ˨˦ || low-rising (A1-2) || 14 or ˩˦ || 23 or ˨˧ || rising || {{IPA|/lǎw/}} || {{IPA|[läu̯˨˦]}} || {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩮᩖᩢᩣ}} || เหลา || ''sharpen'' 
|-
| low-falling (B1-3) || 21 or ˨˩ || mid-low (B1-3) || 22 or ˨˨ || 22 or ˨˨ || low || {{IPA|/làw/}} || {{IPA|[läu̯˨˨]}} || {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩮᩖᩢ᩵ᩣ}} || เหล่า || ''forest; group'' 
|-
| high-level with glottal closure (which falls slightly at the end<ref name=theLannaDictionary/>) (C1-3) || 44ʔ or ˦˦ʔ || high-falling, glottalized (C1-3) || 53ʔ or ˥˧ʔ || 44ʔ or ˦˦ʔ || (none) || {{IPA|/la᷇w/}} || {{IPA|[läu̯˦˦ʔ]}} || {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩮᩖᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || เหล้า || ''liquor, alcoholic drink'' 
|-
| mid-level (A3-4) || 33 or ˧˧ || mid-high (A3-4) (which sometimes rises at the end<ref name=Gedney1999/>) || 44 or ˦˦ || 35 or ˧˥|| mid || {{IPA|/lāw/}} || {{IPA|[läu̯˧˧]}} || {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩮᩢᩣ}} || เลา || ''beautiful, pretty; reed'' 
|-
| high-falling (B4) || 42 or ˦˨ || falling (B4) || 41 or ˦˩ || 31 or ˧˩ || falling || {{IPA|/lâw/}} || {{IPA|[läu̯˦˨]}} || {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ}} || เล่า || ''tell (a story)'' 
|-
| high-rising (C4) || 45 or ˦˥ || high rising-falling, glottalized (C4) || 454ʔ or ˦˥˦ʔ || 41ʔ or ˦˩ʔ || high || {{IPA|/láw/}} || {{IPA|[läu̯˦˥]}} || {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || เล้า || ''coop, pen (for chickens or pigs)'' 
|}

The Gedney boxes for the tones are shown below the descriptions.

==== Contrastive tones in checked syllables ====
The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a [[glottal stop]] [ʔ] and [[Obstruent|obstruent sounds]] such as [p], [t], and [k].
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
!Tone<ref name=theLannaDictionary/>!![[Thai language#Tones|Standard Thai Tone]]<br />Equated to<ref name="MFL_pCH"/>!!Example<br />([[Tai Tham alphabet|Northern Thai script]])!! Example<br />([[Thai alphabet|Thai script]]) !!Phonemic!!Phonetic<ref name=theLannaDictionary/>!! gloss
|-
|low-rising (D1-3S)||rising|| {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩖᩢᨠ}} || หลั๋ก ||{{IPA|/lǎk/}}||{{IPA|[läk̚˨˦]}}||''post''
|-
|high-rising (D4S)||high|| {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩢ᩠ᨠ}} || ลัก ||{{IPA|/la᷇k/}}||{{IPA|[läk̚˦˥]}}||''steal''
|-
|low-falling (D1-3L)||low|| {{Script|Lana|ᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨠ}} || หลาก ||{{IPA|/làːk/}}||{{IPA|[läːk̚˨˩]}}||''differ from others''
|-
|high-falling (D4L)||falling|| {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩣ᩠ᨠ}} || ลาก ||{{IPA|/lâːk/}}||{{IPA|[läːk̚˦˨]}}||''drag''
|}

==Grammar==
The grammar of Northern Thai is similar to those of other [[Tai languages]]. The [[word order]] is [[subject–verb–object]], although the subject is often [[Pro-drop language|omitted]]. Just as [[Thai language|Standard Thai]], Northern Thai pronouns are selected according to the gender and relative status of speaker and audience.

===Adjectives and adverbs===
There is no morphological distinction between [[adverbs]] and [[adjectives]]. Many words can be used in either function. They succeed the word which they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb. 
*{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩯ᩵ᨿᩥ᩠ᨦᨳᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} / แม่ญิงเฒ่า (''{{lang|nod-Latn|mae ying thao}}'', {{IPA|/mɛ̂ː ɲīŋ tʰa᷇w/}}) ''an old woman''
*{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩯ᩵ᨿᩥ᩠ᨦᨴᩦ᩵ᨳᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᩅᩮᩥ᩠ᨿ}} / แม่ญิงตี้เฒ่าโวย (''{{lang|nod-Latn|mae nying ti thao woi}}'', {{IPA|[mɛ̂ː.ɲīŋ.tîː.tʰa᷇w.wōːj]}}) ''a woman who became old quickly''

Because adjectives can be used as complete predicates, many words used to indicate tense in verbs (see Verbs:Aspect below) may be used to describe adjectives.
*{{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᩉᩥ᩠ᩅ}} / ข้าหิว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha hiw}}'', {{IPA|/kʰa᷇ː hǐw/}}) ''I am hungry.''
*{{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩢᩉᩥ᩠ᩅ}} / ข้าจะหิว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha cha hiw}}'', {{IPA|/kʰa᷇ː tɕa.hǐw/}}) ''I will be hungry.''
*{{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᩃᩢ᩠ᨦᩉᩥ᩠ᩅ}} / ข้ากะลังหิว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha kalang hiw}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ː ka.lāŋ hǐw]}}) ''I am hungry right now.''
*{{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᩉᩥ᩠ᩅᩓ᩠ᩅ}} / ข้าหิวแล้ว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha hiu laew}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ː hǐw lɛ́ːw]}}) ''I am already hungry.''

===Verbs===
[[Verb]]s do not [[inflected language|inflect]]. They do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or number; nor are there any [[participles]].
* {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨲᩦᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶ}} / ข้าตี๋เปิ้น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha ti poen}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ː tǐː pɤ̂n]}}), ''I hit him''.
* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨲᩦᨡ᩶ᩣ}} / เปิ้นตี๋ข้า (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen ti kha}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n tǐː kʰa᷇ː]}}), ''He hit me''.
The [[passive voice]] is indicated by the insertion of {{Script|Lana|ᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨶ}} / โดน (''{{lang|nod-Latn|don}}'', {{IPA|[dōːn]}}) before the verb. For example:
* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨶᨲᩦ}} / เปิ้นโดนตี๋ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen don ti}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n dōːn tǐː]}}), ''He is hit'' or ''He got hit''. This describes an action that is out of the receiver's control and, thus, conveys suffering.

To convey the opposite sense, a sense of having an opportunity arrive, {{Script|Lana|ᨯᩱ᩶}} / ได้ (''dai'', {{IPA|[da᷇j]}}, can) is used. For example:
* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨧᩢᨯᩱ᩶ᨸᩱᩋᩯ᩠᩵ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦᩃᩣ᩠ᩅ}} / เปิ้นจะได้ไปแอ่วเมืองลาว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen cha dai pai aew mueang lao}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n t͡ɕa.da᷇j pǎj ʔɛ̀w mɯ̄a̯ŋ lāːw]}}), ''He gets to visit Laos.''
* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨲᩦᨯᩱ᩶}} / เปิ้นตี๋ได้ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen ti dai}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n tǐː da᷇j]}}), ''He is/was allowed to hit'' or ''He is/was able to hit''

[[Negation (rhetoric)|Negation]] is indicated by placing บ่ (''bor'',{{IPA|[bɔ̀ː]}}  or {{IPA|[bàʔ]}} not) before the verb.
* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨷᩴ᩵ᨲᩦ}} / เปิ้นบ่ตี๋, (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen bor ti}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n bɔ̀ː tǐː]}}) ''He is not hitting.'' or ''He not hit.''

[[Grammatical aspect|Aspect]] is conveyed by [[Grammatical aspect|aspect marker]]s before or after the verb.
:[[Grammatical aspect|Present]] can be indicated by {{Script|Lana|ᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᩃᩢ᩠ᨦ}} / กะลัง (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kalang}}'', {{IPA|[ka.lāŋ]}}, currently) or {{Script|Lana|ᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᩃᩢ᩠ᨦᩉᩡ}} / กะลังหะ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kalangha}}'', {{IPA|[ka.lāŋ.hà]}}, currently) before the verb for ongoing action (like English -ing form), by {{Script|Lana|ᩀᩪ᩵}} / อยู่ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|yu}}'', {{IPA|[jùː]}}) after the verb, or by both. For example:
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᩃᩢ᩠ᨦᩉᩡᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶ}} / เปิ้นกะลังหะล่น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen kalangha lon}}'',  {{IPA|[pɤ̂n ka.lāŋ.hà lôn]}}), or
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶᩀᩪ᩵}} / เปิ้นล่นอยู่ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen lon yu}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n lôn jùː]}}), or
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᩃᩢ᩠ᨦᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶᩀᩪ᩵}} / เปิ้นกะลังหะล่นอยู่ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen kalanɡha lon yu}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n ka.lāŋ.hà lôn jùː]}}), ''He is running.''

:[[Grammatical aspect|Future]] can be indicated by {{Script|Lana|ᨧᩢ}} / จะ (''cha'', {{IPA|[t͡ɕǎʔ]}}, will) before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example:
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨧᩢᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶ}} / เปิ้นจะล่น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen cha lon}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n t͡ɕa.lôn]}}), ''He will run'' or ''He is going to run.''

:[[Grammatical aspect|Past]] can be indicated by {{Script|Lana|ᨯᩱ᩶}} / ได้ (''dai'', {{IPA|[da᷇j]}}) before the verb or by a time expression indicating the past. However, {{Script|Lana|ᩓ᩠ᩅ}} / แล้ว (''laew'',  :{{IPA|[lɛ́ːw]}}, already) is often used to indicate the past aspect by being placed behind the verb. Or, both ได้ and แล้ว are put together to form the past aspect expression. For example:
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨯᩱ᩶ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ}} / เปิ้นได้กิ๋น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen dai kin}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n da᷇j kǐn]}}), ''He ate.''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩓ᩠ᩅ}} / เปิ้นกิ๋นแล้ว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen kin laew}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n kǐn lɛ́ːw]}}, ''He has eaten.''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨯᩱ᩶ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩓ᩠ᩅ}} / เปิ้นได้กิ๋นแล้ว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen dai kin laew}}'', {{IPA|[pɤ̂n da᷇j kǐn lɛ́ːw]}}), ''He's already eaten.''
Aspect markers are not required.
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩦ᩵ᩉᩢ᩠᩶ᨶ}} / ข้ากิ๋นตี้หั้น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha kin tihan}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ kǐn tîː.ha᷇n]}}), ''I eat there.''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩦ᩵ᩉᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᨲᩅᩤ}} / ข้ากิ๋นตี้หั้นตะวา (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha kin tihan tawa}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ kǐn tîː.ha᷇n ta.wāː]}}), ''I ate there yesterday.''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩦ᩵ᩉᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᩅᩢ᩠ᨶᨻᩕᩪᨠ}} / ข้ากิ๋นตี้หั้นวันพูก (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha kin tihan wanphuk}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ kǐn tîː.ha᷇n wān.pʰûːk]}}), ''I'll eat there tomorrow.''

Words that indicate obligation include ''at cha'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢ}} / อาจจะ), ''na cha'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣᨧᩢ}} / หน้าจะ), ''khuan cha'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢ}} / ควรจะ){{Dubious|Challenged Word Khuan cha|reason=Looks Siamese|date=January 2016}}, and ''tong'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲ᩶ᩬᨦ}} / ต้อง).
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|at cha}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢ}} / อาจจะ, {{IPA|[ʔàːt.t͡ɕǎ]}}) ''Might''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢᨾᩣ}} / เปิ้นอาจจะมา (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen at cha ma}}'', {{IPA|/pɤ̂n ʔàːt t͡ɕa.māː/}}) ''He might come.''
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|na cha}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣᨧᩢ}} / น่าจะ, {{IPA|[na᷇ː.t͡ɕǎ]}}) ''Likely to''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣᨧᩢᨾᩣ}} / เปิ้นน่าจะมา (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen na cha ma}}'', {{IPA|/pɤ̂n na᷇ː.t͡ɕa.māː/}}) ''He is likely to come.''
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|khuan cha}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢ}} / ควรจะ, {{IPA|[kʰūan.t͡ɕǎ]}}) ''Should''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢᨾᩣ}} / เปิ้นควรจะมา (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen khuan cha ma}}'', {{IPA|/pɤ̂n kʰūan.t͡ɕa.māː/}}) ''He should come.''
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|tong}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲᩬ᩶ᨦ}} / ต้อง, {{IPA|/tɔ᷇ːŋ/}}) ''Must''
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨲᩬ᩶ᨦᨾᩣ}} / เปิ้นต้องมา (''{{lang|nod-Latn|poen tong ma}}'', {{IPA|/pɤ̂n tɔ᷇ŋ māː/}}) ''He must come.''

Actions that wherein one is busily engaged can be indicated by มัวก่า (''mua ka'', {{IPA|[mūa̯.kàː]}}).
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨣᩴ᩵ᨾ᩠ᩅᩫᨣ᩵ᩤᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩉᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᨶᩰᩬᩡ}} / ก่อมัวก่ากิ๋นหั้นเนาะ (''kor mua ka kin han nor'', {{IPA|[kɔ̀ mūa̯ kàː kǐn ha᷇n nɔ᷇ʔ]}}) ''(It's that you/he/she) just keeps on eating it like that, you know?''

Words that express one's desire to do something can by indicated by ''khai'' (ใค่) and ''kan'' (กั๊น).
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|khai}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩕᩲ᩵}} / ใค่, {{IPA|/kʰâj/}}, ''to want, to desire'')
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᨣᩕᩲ᩵ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ}} / ข้าเจ้าใค่กิ๋น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha.chao khai kin}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ː.t͡ɕa᷇w kʰâj kǐn]}}) ''I want to eat.''
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|kan}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩢ᩠᩶ᨶ}} / กั๊น, {{IPA|/kán/}}, ''to try'')
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᨣᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ}} / ข้าเจ้ากั๊นกิ๋น (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kha.chao kan kin}}'', {{IPA|[kʰa᷇ː.t͡ɕa᷇w kán kǐn]}}) ''I try to eat.''

''{{lang|nod-Latn|Phor tha wa}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨹᩬᩴ᩵ᨵ᩵ᩤᩅ᩵}} / ผ่อท่าว่า, {{IPA|[pʰɔ̀ː.tʰâː.wâː]}}) is used to give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality. 
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨹᩬᩴ᩵ᨵ᩵ᩤᩅ᩵ᩤᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨻᩖᩥᨠᨾᩣᩓ᩠ᩅ}} / ผ่อท่าว่าเปิ้นปิ๊กมาแล้ว (''{{lang|nod-Latn|phor tha wa poen pik ma laew}}'', {{IPA|[pʰɔ̀ː tʰâː wâː pɤ̂n pi᷇k māː lɛ́ːw]}}) ''It seems that he has returned.''

=== Final particles ===
Northern Thai has a number of final particles, which have different functions.

==== Interrogative particles ====
Some of the most common interrogative particles are ''{{lang|nod-Latn|kor}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩴ᩵}} / ก่อ, {{IPA|[kɔ̀ː]}}) and ''{{lang|nod-Latn|ka}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩤ}} / กา, {{IPA|/kāː/}})
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|kor}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩴ᩵}} / ก่อ, {{IPA|[kɔ̀ː]}}, denoting yes/no question)
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨾ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨣᩴ᩵}} / ม่วนก่อ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|muan kor}}'', {{IPA|[mûa̯n kɔ̀ː]}}) ''Is it fun?''
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|ka}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩤ}} / กา (and its variants: ก๋า, กา), {{IPA|[kāː]}}, denoting confirmative question) 
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨾ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨣᩤ}} / ม่วนกา (''{{lang|nod-Latn|muan ka}}'', {{IPA|[mûa̯n kāː]}}) ''It is fun, right?''

==== Imperative particles ====
Some imperative particles are {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩯ᩵}} (แล่), {{Script|Lana|ᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ}} (จิ่ม), and {{Script|Lana|ᨴᩮᩬᩥᩡ}} (เตอะ).

''{{lang|nod-Latn|lae}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩃᩯ᩵}} / แล่, {{IPA|[lɛ̂ː]}})
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩃᩯ᩵}} / กิ๋นแล่ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kin lae}}'', {{IPA|[kǐn lɛ̂ː]}}) ''Eat! (Authoritative)''.
''{{lang|nod-Latn|chim}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ}} / จิ่ม, {{IPA|[t͡ɕìm]}})
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨡᩬᩴᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ}} / ขอกิ๋นจิ่ม (''{{lang|nod-Latn|khor kin chim}}'', {{IPA|/kʰɔ̌ː kǐn t͡ɕìm/}}) ''May I eat please?''
''{{lang|nod-Latn|hia}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉᩮ᩠ᨿ}} / เหีย, {{IPA|/hǐa/}})
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩉᩮ᩠ᨿ}} / กิ๋นเหีย (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kin hia}}'', {{IPA|/kǐn hǐa/}}) ''Eat! (because I know it will be beneficial to you)''.
''{{lang|nod-Latn|toe}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨴᩮᩬᩥᩡ}} / เต๊อะ, {{IPA|/tɤ᷇ʔ/}})
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩮᩬᩥᩡ}} / กิ๋นเต๊อะ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kin toe}}'', {{IPA|/kǐn tɤ᷇ʔ/}}) ''Eat, please.''

==== Polite particles ====
Polite particles include {{Script|Lana|ᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ}}  (คับ) and {{Script|Lana|ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} (เจ้า).
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|khap}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ}} / คับ, {{IPA|/kʰa᷇p/}}, used by males)
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨡᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᩓ᩠ᩅᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ}} / กิ๋นเข้าแล้วคับ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kin khaw laew khap}}'', {{IPA|/kǐn kʰa᷇w lɛ́ːw kʰa᷇p/}}) ''I have eaten, sir/ma'am''.
*''{{lang|nod-Latn|chao}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} / เจ้า, {{IPA|/t͡ɕa᷇w/}}, used by females)
:* {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨡᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᩓ᩠ᩅᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} / กิ๋นเข้าแล้วเจ้า (''{{lang|nod-Latn|kin khaw laew chao}}'', {{IPA|/kǐn kʰa᷇w lɛ́ːw t͡ɕa᷇w/}}) ''I have eaten, sir/ma'am''.

===Nouns===
[[Noun]]s are [[Uninflected word|uninflected]] and have no [[Grammatical gender|gender]]; there are no [[article (grammar)|article]]s.

Nouns are neither [[grammatical number|singular]] nor [[plural]]. Some specific nouns are [[reduplication|reduplicated]] to form [[collective number|collective]]s: {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ}} / ละอ่อน (''{{lang|nod-Latn|la-orn}}'', {{IPA|[la.ʔɔ̀ːn]}}, child) is often repeated as {{Script|Lana|ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁᪧ}} ละอ่อน ๆ (''{{lang|nod-Latn|la-orn la-orn}}'', {{IPA|[la.ʔɔ̀ːn la.ʔɔ̀ːn]}},) to refer to a group of children.

The word {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵}} / หมู่(''{{lang|nod-Latn|mu}}'', {{IPA|[mùː]}}) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word. ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᨹᩫ᩠ᨾ}} / หมู่ผม, ''{{lang|nod-Latn|mu phom}}'', {{IPA|[mùː pʰǒm]}}, ''we'' (exclusive), masculine; {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᩁᩮᩢᩣ}} / หมู่เฮา ''{{lang|nod-Latn|mu hao}}'', {{IPA|[mùː hāw]}}, emphasised ''we''; {{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ}} / หมู่หมา ''{{lang|nod-Latn|mu ma}}'', {{IPA|[mùː mǎː]}}, ''(the) dogs'').

Plurals are expressed by adding [[Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]]s, used as [[measure word]]s (ลักษณนาม), in the form of noun-number-classifier ( {{Script|Lana|ᨣᩕᩪᩉ᩶ᩣᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ}} / คูห้าคน, "teacher five person" for "five teachers").

===Pronouns===
Pronouns may be omitted once they have already been established in the first sentence, unless the pronoun in the following sentences is different from the first sentence. The pronoun "you" may also be omitted if the speaker is speaking directly to a second person. Moreover, names may replace pronouns, and they can even replace the first person singular pronoun.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! [[Person (grammar)|Person]]||[[Tai Tham script]] || Thai script || Transliteration || Phonemic ([[help:IPA|IPA]]) || Phonetic ([[help:IPA|IPA]]) || Meaning
|-
| rowspan=9| first || {{Script|Lana|ᨣᩪ}}|| กู || {{lang|nod-Latn|ku}} || /kūː/|| [kuː˧] || I/me (impolite/vulgar)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᩁᩣ}} || ฮา || {{lang|nod-Latn|ha}} || /hāː/ || [häː˧] || I/me (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣ}} || ข้า || {{lang|nod-Latn|kha}}|| /kʰa᷇ː/ || [kʰäː˥˧] || I/me (formal; used by male). Literally "servant, slave".
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨹᩪ᩶ᨡ᩶ᩣ}} || ผู้ข้า || {{lang|nod-Latn|phukha}} || /pʰu᷇ː.kʰa᷇ː/ || [pʰuː˥˧.kʰäː˥˧] || I/me (formal)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨶᩬ᩠᩶ᨿ, ᨡ᩶ᩣᨶ᩶ᩭ}} || ข้าน้อย || {{lang|nod-Latn|kha noi}} || /kʰa᷇ː nɔ́ːj/ || [kʰäː˥˧ nɔːi̯˦˥] || I/me (formal; used by male/archaic)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || ข้าเจ้า || {{lang|nod-Latn|kha chao}} || /kʰa᷇ː tɕa᷇w/ || [kʰäː˥˧.t͡ɕäu̯˥˧] || I/me (formal; used by female/historically also used by male)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨡ᩶ᩣᨻᩕᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || ข้าผะเจ้า || {{lang|nod-Latn|khaphachao}} || /kʰa᷇ː.pʰa.tɕa᷇w/ || [kʰäː˥˧.pʰä˨.t͡ɕäu̯˥˧] || I/me (very formal)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᩁᩮᩢᩣ}} || เฮา || {{lang|nod-Latn|hao}} || /hāw/ || [häu̯˧] || we/us (common) 
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨲᩪ}} || ตู๋ || {{lang|nod-Latn|tu}} || /tǔː/ || [t̪uː˨˦] || we/us (exclusive)
|-
| rowspan=7| second || {{Script|Lana|ᨾᩧ᩠ᨦ}} || มึง || {{lang|nod-Latn|muenɡ}} || /mɯ̄ŋ/ || [mɯŋ˧] || you (impolite/vulgar)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨤᩥ᩠ᨦ}} || ฅิง || {{lang|nod-Latn|khing}} || /kʰīŋ/ || [kʰiŋ˧] || you (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal/singular)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅ}} || ตั๋ว || {{lang|nod-Latn|tua}} || /tǔa/ || [tua˨˦] || you (familiar/singular)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || เจ้า || {{lang|nod-Latn|chao}} || /tɕa᷇w/|| [tɕäw˥˧] || you (formal/singular). Literally "master, lord"
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᩈᩪ}} || สู || {{lang|nod-Latn|su}} || /sǔː/ || [suː˨˦] || you (informal; plural or formal/singular)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᩈᩪᨡᩮᩢᩣ}} || สูเขา || {{lang|nod-Latn|su khao}} || /sǔː kʰǎw/ || [suː˨˦ kʰäw˨˦] || you (informal/plural)
|-
|  {{Script|Lana|ᩈᩪᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || สูเจ้า || {{lang|nod-Latn|su chao}} || /sǔː tɕa᷇w/ || [suː˨˦ tɕäw˥˧] || you (formal/plural)
|-
| rowspan=4| third || {{Script|Lana|ᨾᩢ᩠ᨶ}} || มัน || {{lang|nod-Latn|man}} || /mān/ || [män˧] || it, he/she (offensive if used to refer to a person)
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨡᩮᩢᩣ}} || เขา || {{lang|nod-Latn|khao}} || /kʰǎw/ || [kʰäw˨˦] || they/them
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶ}}|| เปิ้น || {{lang|nod-Latn|poen}} || /pɤ̂n/ || [pɤn˥˩] || he/she (general), others
|-
| {{Script|Lana|ᨴ᩵ᩤ᩠ᨶ}} || ต้าน || {{lang|nod-Latn|tan}} || /tâːn/ || [täːn˥˩] || he/she (formal), you (formal), others
|-
| reflexive|| {{Script|Lana|ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ}} || ตั๋วเก่า || {{lang|nod-Latn|tua kaw}} || /tǔa kàw/ || [tua˨˦ käw˨˩] || oneself
|}

==Vocabulary==
Northern Thai shares much vocabulary with Standard Thai, especially scientific terms, which draw many prefixes and suffixes from [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]], and it also has its own distinctive words. Just like Thai and Lao, Northern Thai has borrowed many loanwords from [[Khmer language|Khmer]], Sanskrit, and Pali.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! word !! gloss !! origin
|-
| {{IPA|[kʰɔ̌ːŋ kǐn]}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨡᩬᨦᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ}}<br />ของกิ๋น || food || native [[Tai languages|Tai]] word
|-
| {{IPA|[ʔāː.hǎːn]}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩣᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ}}<br />อาหาร || food || Pali and/or Sanskrit
|-
| {{IPA|[kàm.nɤ̀ːt]}}<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᨶᩮᩥ᩠ᨭ}}<br />ก่ำเนิด (กำเนิด){{Dubious|Challenged Word Kamnoet|reason=Not in Rungruengsi|date=January 2016}} || birth || Khmer
|}

== Writing system ==
[[Image:Lanna lng.png|thumb|Northern Thai in its own alphabet, the [[Tai Tham alphabet]]]]
Currently, different scripts are used to write Northern Thai. Northern Thai is traditionally written with the [[Tai Tham alphabet|Tai Tham script]], which in Northern Thai is called ''{{lang|nod-Latn|tua mueang}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ}} ตั๋วเมือง {{IPA|/tǔa.mɯ̄aŋ/}}) or ''{{lang|nod-Latn|tua tham}}'' ({{Script|Lana|ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺}} ตั๋วธัมม์ {{IPA|/tǔa.tʰām/}}). However, native speakers are presently illiterate in the traditional script;{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} therefore, they instead use the [[Thai alphabet|Thai script]] to write the language.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} In [[Laos]], the [[Lao alphabet|Lao script]] is commonly used to write Northern Thai.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

[[File:Sign in Tai Tham and Thai King Kawilorot Suriyawong.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|A sign written in Northern Thai, Thai, and English]]
Some problems arise when the Thai script is used to write Northern Thai. In particular, Standard Thai script cannot transcribe all Northern Thai tones. The two falling tones in Northern Thai correspond to a single falling tone in Thai. Specifically, Northern Thai has two types of falling tones: high-mid falling tone ({{IPA|˥˧}}) and high-falling tone ({{IPA|˥˩}}). However, Thai lacks the distinction between the two falling tones, not having a high-falling tone ({{IPA|˥˧}}). When using Thai script to write Northern Thai tones, the distinction of the two falling tones is lost because Thai script can only indicate a low falling tone ({{IPA|˥˩}}). As an example, the tonal distinction between {{IPA|/ka᷇ː/}} (ก้า ({{Script|Lana|ᨠᩖ᩶ᩣ}} กล้า) "to be brave") and {{IPA|/kâː/}} (ก้า ({{Script|Lana|ᨣ᩵ᩤ}} ค่า) "value") is lost when written in Thai since as only {{IPA|/kâː/}} (ก้า) is permitted. Consequently, the meaning of ก้า is ambiguous as it can mean both "to be brave" and "value". Similarly, {{IPA|/pa᷇ːj/}} (ป้าย ({{Script|Lana|ᨸ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨿ}} ป้าย) "sign") and {{IPA|/pâːj/}}  (ป้าย ({{Script|Lana|ᨻ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨿ}} พ่าย) "to lose") have the same problem and only {{IPA|/pâːj/}} (ป้าย) is permitted. As a result, the spelling ป้าย is ambiguous because it can mean both "sign" or "to lose". Such tonal mergence ambiguity is avoided when the language is written with the Northern Thai script.
<gallery>
Image:Lanna Thai Alphabet 1.jpg|Northern Thai script page 1
Image:Lanna Thai Alphabet 2.jpg|Northern Thai script page 2
Image:Lanna Thai Alphabet 3.jpg|Northern Thai script page 3
Image:Lanna Thai Alphabet 4.jpg|Northern Thai script page 4
</gallery>

==Northern Thai and Standard Thai==
The tables below present the differences between Northern Thai and Standard Thai.

===Different sounds===
Unlike Northern Thai, Standard Thai lacks [[alveolo-palatal nasal]] sound (/ɲ/). Thus, the alveolo-palatal nasal sound (/ɲ/) and the palatal approximant sound (/j/) in Northern Thai both correspond to the palatal approximant sound in Standard Thai:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss !! note
|-
| [jâːk]<br />ยาก || [ɲâːk]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨿᩣ᩠ᨠ}} || difficult || cf. {{langx|lo|ຍາກ}} [ɲâːk]
|-
| [jūŋ]<br />ยุง || [ɲūŋ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨿᩩᨦ}} || mosquito || cf. {{langx|lo|ຍຸງ}} [ɲúŋ]
|-
| [jāːw]<br />ยาว || [ɲāːw]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨿᩣ᩠ᩅ}} || long || cf. {{langx|lo|ຍາວ}} [ɲáːw]
|-
| [jāː]<br />ยา || [jāː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩀᩣ}}<br /> || medicine || cf. {{langx|lo|ຢາ}} [jàː]
|-
| [jàːk]<br />อยาก || [jàːk]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩀᩣ᩠ᨠ}} || desire || cf. {{langx|lo|ຢາກ}} [jȁːk]
|-
| [jàːŋ]<br />อย่าง || [jàːŋ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ}} || manner, way|| cf. {{langx|lo|ຢ່າງ}} [jāːŋ]
|}

Unlike Northern Thai, Standard Thai lacks a high-mid-falling tone ([˥˧]). The high-mid falling tone ([˥˧]) and high-falling tone ([˦˩]) in Northern Thai both correspond to the falling tone in Standard Thai ([˦˩]).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss 
|-
| [bâːn]<br />บ้าน || [ba᷇ːn]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷ᩶ᩤ᩠ᨶ}} || village, home
|-
| [hâː]<br />ห้า || [ha᷇ː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉ᩶ᩣ}} || five
|-
| [tɕâw]<br />เจ้า || [tɕa᷇w]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || master, lord, you
|-
| [lâw]<br />เหล้า || [la᷇w]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉᩖᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}} || alcohol
|-
| [lâw]<br />เล่า || [lâw]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩃᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ}} || tell (a story)
|}

===Different words===
Many words differ from Standard Thai greatly:
<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD ANYMORE WORDS; THIS IS NOT A DICTIONARY-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss !! note
|-
| [jîː sìp]<br />ยี่สิบ || [sāːw]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ}}<br />ซาว || twenty || cf. {{langx|lo|ຊາວ}} [sáːw] "twenty"<br />and [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|သၢဝ်း}} [sáːw] "twenty"
|-
| [pʰûːt]<br />พูด || [ʔu᷇ː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩪ᩶}}<br />อู้ || speak ||
|-
| [pʰîː tɕʰāːj]<br />พี่ชาย || [ʔa᷇ːj]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩋ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨿ}}<br />อ้าย || older brother ||cf. {{langx|lo|ອ້າຍ}} [ʔâːj] "older brother"<br />and [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|ဢၢႆႈ}} [ʔāːj] "eldest brother, first born son"
|-
| [tʰáːj tʰɔ̄ːj]<br />ท้ายทอย || [ŋɔ̂n]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨦᩬ᩵ᩁ}}<br />ง่อน || nape || cf. {{langx|lo|ງ່ອນ}} [ŋɔ̄n] "nape" 
|-
| [tɕā.mùːk]<br />จมูก || [dāŋ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯᩢ᩠ᨦ}}<br />ดัง || nose || cf. {{langx|lo|ດັງ}} [dàŋ] "nose",<br />Standard Thai: ดั้ง [dâŋ] "nasal bridge".
|-
| [tʰām]<br />ทำ || [ɲa᷇ʔ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨿᩡ}}/{{Script|Lana|ᨿᩮ᩠ᨿᩡ}}<br />ยะ/เยียะ || do || 
|-
| [dūː]<br />ดู || [pʰɔ̀ː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨹᩬᩴ᩵}}<br />ผ่อ || look || cf. {{langx|lo|ຜໍ່}} [pʰɔ̄ː] "to see, to look"<br />and [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦕᦸᧈ}} [pʰɔ̀ː] "to see, to look"
|-
| [tʰîaw]<br />เที่ยว || [ʔɛ̀w]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩯ᩠ᩅ᩵}}<br />แอ่ว || visit, travel|| cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦶᦀᧁᧈ}} [ʔɛ᷄w] "to visit, to travel"
|-
| [nɯ́a]<br />เนื้อ || [tɕín]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨩᩥ᩠᩶ᨶ}}<br />จิ๊น || meat || cf. {{langx|lo|ຊີ້ນ}} [sîːn] "meat"
|-
| [mâj]<br />ไม่ || [bɔ̀ː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩴ᩵}}<br />บ่อ || no || cf. {{langx|lo|ບໍ່}} [bɔ̄ː] "no, not"
|-
| [tɕʰɔ̂ːp]<br />ชอบ || [ma᷇k]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩢ᩠ᨠ}}<br />มัก || like || cf. {{langx|lo|ມັກ}} [māk] "to like"
|-
| [mâːk]<br />มาก || [na᷇k]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨶᩢ᩠ᨠ}}<br />นัก || much, many || 
|-
| [dɤ̄ːn]<br />เดิน || [tīaw]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨴ᩠ᨿᩅ}}<br />เตียว || walk ||  cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦵᦑᧁ}} [têw] "to walk"
|-
| [wîŋ]<br />วิ่ง || [lôn]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶ}}<br />ล่น || run || 
|-
| [hǔa rɔ́ʔ]<br />หัวเราะ || [kʰâj hǔa]
{{Script|Lana|ᨣᩕᩲ᩵ᩉ᩠ᩅᩫ}}<br />ใค่หัว
| laugh || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦺᦆᧈᦷᦠ}} [xāj hó] "to laugh"
|-
| [sā.nùk]<br />สนุก || [mûan]
{{Script|Lana|ᨾ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁ}}<br />ม่วน
| funny, amusing || cf. {{langx|lo|ມ່ວນ}} [mūan] "fun, amusing, pleasant",<br />[[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦷᦙᦓᧈ}} [mōn] "fun, amusing, pleasant",<br />and [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|မူၼ်ႈ}} [mōn] "fun, amusing, pleasant"
|-
| [kōː hòk]<br />โกหก || [tɕúʔ]
{{Script|Lana|ᨧᩩ}}<br />จุ๋
| lie || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦈᦳ}} [tsu᷄ʔ] "to lie, to deceive"
|-
| [ʔā.rāj]<br />อะไร || [ʔā.ɲǎŋ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ}}<br />อะหยัง|| what || cf. {{langx|lo|ອີ່ຫຍັງ}} [ʔī.ɲǎŋ] "what"
|-
| [dèk]<br />เด็ก || [lā.ʔɔ̀n]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩃᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ}}<br />ละอ่อน || child ||  cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦟᦳᧅᦀᦸᧃᧈ}} [lūk.ʔɔ᷄n] "child, young offspring"
|-
| [pʰráʔ]<br />พระ || [túʔ tɕa᷇w]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨴᩩᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}}<br />ตุ๊เจ้า || Buddhist monk ||  cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦑᦳᦈᧁᧉ}} [tūʔ tsa᷅w] "Buddhist monk"
|}

===Similar words===
There is not a straightforward correspondence between the tones of Northern and Standard Thai.  It also depends on the initial consonant, as can be seen from the merged [[Proto-Tai language#Tones|Gedney tone boxes]] for Standard Thai and the accent of Chiang Mai:
<!-- Colours:
| style="background-color: #ccf" | - rising / low-rising
| style="background-color: #cfc" | - mid / mid-high
| style="background-color: #fcc" | - low / mid-low
| style="background-color: #fcf" | - falling
| style="background-color: #ffc" | - high / dead high-falling / high-rising-falling
| style="background-color: #cff" | – live high-falling
-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Ancestral tone:!!colspan="3"|A (smooth, no tone mark) !!colspan="3"|B (mai ek) !!colspan="3"|DL (checked, long vowel) !!colspan="3" |DS (dead, short vowel) !!colspan="3"|C (mai tho) 
|-
!Initial Consonant!!Std Thai!!CM NT!!gloss!!Std Thai!!CM NT!!gloss!!Std Thai!!CM NT!!gloss!!Std Thai!!CM NT!!gloss!!Std Thai!!CM NT!!gloss
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:left"| 1. High ||style="background-color: #ccf" |rising||style="background-color: #ccf" |low-rising||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #ccf"|ear 
|style="background-color: #fcc"|low||style="background-color: #fcc" |mid-low||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fcc" |four ||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fcc" |to hit ||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||style="background-color: #ccf" |low-rising||rowspan="2"|to dig ||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||style="background-color: #cff" |high-falling||rowspan="2"|old
|-
|style="background-color: #ccf" | /hǔː/<br />หู||style="background-color: #ccf" |/hǔː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉᩪ}}<br />หู
|style="background-color: #fcc" |/sìː/<br />สี่||style="background-color: #fcc" |/sìː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩈᩦ᩵}}<br />สี่||style="background-color: #fcc" |/tʰùːk/<br />ถูก||style="background-color: #fcc" |/tʰùːk/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨳᩪᨠ}}<br />ถูก||style="background-color: #fcc" |/kʰùt/<br />ขุด||style="background-color: #ccf" |/kʰǔt/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨡᩩᨯ}}<br />ขุ๋ด|| style="background-color: #fcf" |/tʰâw/<br />เฒ่า||style="background-color: #cff" |/tʰa᷇w/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨳᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ}}<br />เฒ่า
|-
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:left"| 2. CM High but Std Mid (= Std Thai ก ต ป) ||style="background-color: #cfc"|mid||style="background-color: #ccf" |low-rising||rowspan=2|eye 
|style="background-color: #fcc"|low||style="background-color: #fcc" |mid-low||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fcc" |turtle ||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fcc" |mouth ||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||style="background-color: #ccf" |low-rising||rowspan="2"|to fall ||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||style="background-color: #cff" |high-falling||rowspan="2"|aunt
|-
|style="background-color: #cfc" | /tāː/<br />ตา||style="background-color: #ccf" |/tǎː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩣ}}<br />ต๋า
|style="background-color: #fcc" |/tàw/<br />เต่า||style="background-color: #fcc" |/tàw/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ}}<br />เต่า||style="background-color: #fcc" |/pàːk/<br />ปาก||style="background-color: #fcc" |/pàːk/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯᩬᨠ}}<br />ปาก||style="background-color: #fcc" |/tòk/<br />ตก||style="background-color: #ccf" |/tǒk/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨲᩫ᩠ᨠ}}<br />ต๋ก||style="background-color: #fcf" |/pâː/<br />ป้า||style="background-color: #cff" |/pa᷇ː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨸ᩶ᩣ}}<br />ป้า
|-
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:left"| 3. Mid for Both (= Std Thai ด บ อ อย) ||style="background-color: #cfc"|mid ||style="background-color: #cfc" |mid-high||rowspan=2 style="background-color: #cfc"|good
|style="background-color: #fcc"|low||style="background-color: #fcc" |mid-low||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fcc" |to scold ||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||rowspan="2" style="background-color: #fcc" |flower ||style="background-color: #fcc" |low||style="background-color: #ccf" |low-rising||rowspan="2"|to bend ||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||style="background-color: #cff" |high-falling||rowspan="2"|mad
|-
|style="background-color: #cfc" | /dīː/<br />ดี||style="background-color: #cfc" |/dīː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯᩦ}}<br />ดี
|style="background-color: #fcc" |/dàː/<br />ด่า||style="background-color: #fcc" |/dà:/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯ᩵ᩣ}}<br />ด่า||style="background-color: #fcc" |/dɔ̀ːk/<br />ดอก||style="background-color: #fcc" |/dɔ̀ːk/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯᩬᨠ}}<br />ดอก||style="background-color: #fcc" |/dàt/<br />ดัด||style="background-color: #ccf" |/dǎt/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨯᩢ᩠ᨯ}}<br />ดั่ด||style="background-color: #fcf" |/bâː/<br />บ้า||style="background-color: #cff" |/ba᷇ː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷ᩶ᩤ}}<br />บ้า
|-
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:left"| 4. Low ||style="background-color: #cfc" |mid ||style="background-color: #cfc" |mid-high ||rowspan=2 style="background-color: #cfc" |fly||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||rowspan=2 style="background-color: #fcf" |mother ||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||style="background-color: #fcf" |falling||rowspan=2 style="background-color: #fcf" |knife ||style="background-color: #ffc" |high||style="background-color: #ffc" |high-falling||rowspan=2 style="background-color: #ffc" |bird ||style="background-color: #ffc" |high||style="background-color: #ffc" |high rising-falling||rowspan=2 style="background-color: #ffc" |horse 
|-
|style="background-color: #cfc" |/bīn/<br />บิน|| style="background-color: #cfc" | /bīn/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩥ᩠ᨶ}}<br />บิน ||style="background-color: #fcf" | /mɛ̂ː/<br />แม่||style="background-color: #fcf" |/mɛ̂ː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩯ᩵}}<br />แม่||style="background-color: #fcf" |/mîːt/<br />มีด||style="background-color: #fcf" |/mîːt/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨾᩦ᩠ᨯ}}<br />มีด||style="background-color: #ffc" |/nók/<br />นก||style="background-color: #ffc" |/no᷇k/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨶᩫ᩠ᨠ}}<br />นก||style="background-color: #ffc" |/máː/<br />ม้า||style="background-color: #ffc" |/máː/<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨾ᩶ᩣ}}<br />ม้า 
|-
|}

Note that the commonalities between columns are features of the Chiang Mai accent.  On the other hand, the relationships between rows are typical of Northern Thai, being found for at least for Chiang Mai, [[Chiang Rai]],<ref name=Li77/> [[Phayao]],<ref name=Li77/>
<!--
 | doi = 10.1007/b62130
 | mr = 1748380
 | zbl = 0945.14001 -->
[[Nan Province|Nan]] and [[Prae]],<ref name=Li77/> and extending at least to [[Tak Province|Tak]]<ref name=Li77/> and the old 6-tone accent of [[Khün language|Tai Khuen]],<ref name=Li77/> except that the checked syllables of Chiang Rai are more complicated.

The primary function of a tone box is etymological.  However, it also serves as a summary of the rules for tone indication when the writing system is essentially etymological in that regard, as is the case with the major Tai-language writing systems using the Thai, Lanna, New Tai Lue, Lao and Tai Dam scripts.

Some words differ only as a result of the regular tone correspondences:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss 
|-
| [hòk]<br />หก || [hǒk]<ref>Rungrueangsi 2004, pp. ฉ, ช & 769</ref><br />{{Script|Lana|ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ}}<br />ห๋ก || six
|-
| [tɕèt]<br />เจ็ด || [tɕět]<ref>Rungrueangsi 2004, pp. ฉ, ช & 199</ref><br />{{Script|Lana|ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ}}<br />เจ๋ด || seven
|-
| [sìp]<br />สิบ || [sǐp]<ref>Rungrueangsi 2004, pp. ฉ, ช & 746</ref><br />{{Script|Lana|ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ}}<br />สิ๋บ || ten
|-
| [pēn]<br />เป็น || [pěn]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ}}<br />เป๋น || be (''[[Copula (linguistics)|copula]]'')
|-
| [kīn]<br />กิน || [kǐn]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ}}<br />กิ๋น || eat
|}

Other tone differences are unpredictable, such as:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss 
|-
| [nɯ̀ŋ]<br />หนึ่ง || [nɯ̂ŋ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ}}<br />นึ่ง || one
|}

Some words differ in a single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร (/r/) in Standard Thai corresponds to ฮ (/h/) in Northern Thai:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss !! note
|-
| [rɔ́ːn]<br />ร้อน || [hɔ́ːn]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ}}<br />ฮ้อน || hot || cf. [[Lao language|Lao]]: ຮ້ອນ [hɔ̂ːn] "to be hot" and [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|ႁွၼ်ႉ}} [hɔ̰n] "to be hot"
|-
| [rák]<br />รัก || [ha᷇k]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩁᩢ᩠ᨠ}}<br />ฮัก || love || cf. [[Lao language|Lao]]: ຮັກ [hāk] "to love" and [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|ႁၵ်ႉ}} [ha̰k] "to love"
|-
| [rúː]<br />รู้ || [húː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩁᩪ᩶}}<br />ฮู้ || know || cf. [[Lao language|Lao]]: ຮູ້ [hûː] "know" and [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|ႁူ }} [hṵ] "know"
|}

==== Aspiration of initial consonants ====
Some [[aspirated consonant]]s in the low-class consonant group (อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk.sɔ̌ːn.tàm/) in Standard Thai correspond to [[Unaspirated consonant|unaspirated sounds]] in Northern Thai.  These sounds include ค, ช, ท, and พ (/kʰ/, /tɕʰ/, /tʰ/, and /pʰ/ respectively), but sounds such as ฅ, คร, ฆ, ฒ, พร, ภ (/kʰ/, /kʰr/, /kʰ/, /tʰ/, /pʰr/, and /pʰ/ respectively) remain aspirated. Such aspirated consonants that are unaspirated in Northern Thai correspond to unaspirated voiced sounds in [[Proto-Tai language|Proto-Tai]] which are *ɡ, *ɟ, *d, and *b (ค, ช, ท, and พ respectively).:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss !! note
|-
| [tɕʰīaŋ rāːj]<br />เชียงราย || [tɕīaŋ hāːj]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ}}<br />เจียงฮาย || [[Chiang Rai|Chiang Rai city]] and [[Chiang Rai Province|province]] || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦵᦈᧂᦣᦻ}} [tsêŋ hâːj] "Chiang Rai"
|-
| [kʰít]<br />คิด || [kɯ́t]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ}}<br />กึ๊ด || think || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦅᦹᧆ}} [kɯ̄t] "to think"
|-
| [tɕʰɔ́ːn]<br />ช้อน || [tɕɔ́ːn]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨩᩬ᩶ᩁ}}<br />จ๊อน || spoon || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦋᦸᧃᧉ}} [tsɔ̀n] "spoon"
|-
| [tɕʰáj]<br />ใช้ || [tɕáj]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨩᩲ᩶}}<br />ใจ๊ || use || cf. [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|ၸႂ်ႉ}} [tsa̰ɰ] "to use", [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦺᦋᧉ}} [tsàj] "to use"
|-
| [pʰɔ̂ː]<br />พ่อ || [pɔ̂ː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨻᩬᩴ᩵}}<br />ป้อ || father || cf. [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|ပေႃႈ}} [pɔ̄] "father", [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦗᦸᧈ}} [pɔ̄] "father"
|-
| [tʰāːŋ]<br />ทาง || [tāːŋ]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ}}<br />ตาง || way || cf. [[Shan language|Shan]]: {{Script|Mymr|တၢင်း}} [táːŋ] "way", [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦑᦱᧂ}} [tâːŋ] "way"
|}
But not:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss !! note
|-
| [kʰôːt.sā.nāː]<br />โฆษณา || [kʰôːt.sā.nāː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ}}<br />โฆษณา || commercial, advertisement || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦷᦆᦉᦓᦱ}} [xôː.sā.nâː] "advertisement"
|-
| [pʰāː.sǎː]<br />ภาษา || [pʰāː.sǎː]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨽᩣᩈᩣ}}<br />ภาษา || language|| cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦘᦱᦉᦱ}} [pʰâː.sáː] "nationality"
|-
| [wát.tʰā.ná(ʔ).tʰām]<br />วัฒนธรรม || [wa᷇t.tʰā.na᷇(ʔ).tʰām]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺}}<br />วัฒนธัมม์ || culture || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦞᧆᦒᦓᦱᦒᧄ}} [wāt.tʰā.nā(ʔ).tʰâm] "culture"
|-
| [tʰām]<br />ธรรม || [tʰām]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺}}<br />ธัมม์ || [[Dharma]]|| cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦒᧄ}} [tʰâm] "Dharma"
|}
Though a number of aspirated consonants in Standard Thai often correspond to unaspirated sounds in Northern Thai, when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร (/r/) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! [[Thai language|Standard Thai]] !! Northern Thai !! gloss !! note
|-
| [prā.tʰêːt]<br />ประเทศ || [pʰā.têːt]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ}}<br />ผะเต้ศ || country || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦕᦵᦑᧆ}} [pʰā.te᷄ːt] "country"
|-
| [kràːp]<br />กราบ || [kʰàːp]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ}}<br />ขาบ || kowtow, prostrate || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦃᦱᧇ}} [xa᷄ːp] "to prostrate oneself"
|-
| [prāː.sàːt]<br />ปราสาท || [pʰǎː.sàːt]<br />{{Script|Lana|ᨷᩕᩤᩈᩣ᩠ᨴ}}<br />ผาสาท || palace || cf. [[Tai Lü language|Tai Lü]]: {{Script|Talu|ᦕᦱᦉᦱᧆ}} [pʰáː.sa᷄ːt] "palace"
|}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=MFL_pCH>Rungrueangsi 2004, p. ฉ</ref>
<ref name=Li77>{{cite book 
 | last = Li
 | first = Fang Kuei
 | author-link = Li Fang-Kuei
 | title = A Handbook of Comparative Tai
 | publisher = [[University of Hawaii Press|The University Press of Hawaii]]
 | series = [[Oceanic Linguistics]] Special Publications
 | volume = 15
 | date = 1977
 | isbn = 0-8248-0540-2
 | pages = 46, 52
}}</ref>
}}

==References==
* {{cite book
  | last = Khamjan
  | first = Mala
  | script-title = th:พจนานุกรมคำเมือง
  | trans-title = Photchananukrom Kham Mueang
  | title = Kham Mueang Dictionary
  | publisher = Bookworm
  | location = Chiang Mai
  | date = 2008
  | isbn = 978-974-8418-55-1
  | language = th
}}
<!-- For above, want script-author = มาลา คำจันทร์ -->
* {{cite book | author= Natnapang Burutphakdee | others= Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser | title= Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang | trans-title= Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script | url= http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf | access-date= June 8, 2013 | type= M.A. Thesis | series= Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand, August 10–11, 2004 | date= October 2004 | publisher= [[Payap University]] | location= Chiang Mai | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf | archive-date= 2015-05-05 | url-status= dead }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Rungrueangsi
  | first = Udom (ศาสตราจารย์ ดร.อุดม รุ่งเรืองศรี)
  | script-title = th:พจนานุกรมล้านนา ~ ไทย ฉบับแม่ฟ้าหลวง
  | trans-title = Photchananukrom Lanna ~ Thai, Chabap Maefa Luang
  | title = Lanna-Thai Dictionary, Princess Mother Version
  | publisher = Rongphim Ming Mueang (โรงพิมพ์มิ่งเมือง)
  | location = Chiang Mai
  | date = 2004
  | orig-year = 1991
  | isbn = 974-8359-03-4
  | edition = Revision 1
  | language = th
}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Bilmes, J. (1996). ''Problems And Resources In Analyzing Northern Thai Conversation For English Language Readers.'' Journal of Pragmatics, 26(2), 171–188.
* Davis, R. (1970). ''A Northern Thai reader.'' Bangkok: Siam Society.
* Filbeck, D. (1973). ''[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30029124?sid=21105110443521&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739136 Pronouns in Northern Thai].'' Anthropological Linguistics, 15(8), 345–361.
* Herington, Jennifer, Margaret Potter, Amy Ryan and Jennifer Simmons (2013). [http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/53832 Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Thai]. SIL Electronic Survey Reports.
* Howard, K. M. (2009). ''"When Meeting Khun Teacher, Each Time We Should Pay Respect": Standardizing Respect In A Northern Thai Classroom.'' Linguistics and Education, 20(3), 254–272.
* Khankasikam, K. (2012). ''Printed Lanna character recognition by using conway's game of life. ''In ICDIM (pp.&nbsp;104–109).
* Pankhuenkhat, R. (1982). ''The Phonology of the Lanna Language:(a Northern Thai Dialect). ''Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
* Strecker, D. (1979). "A preliminary typology of tone shapes and tonal sound changes in Tai: the La-n N-a A-tones", in ''Studies in Tai and Mon-Khmer Phonetics and Phonology In Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson'', ed. T.L. Thongkum et al., pp.&nbsp;171–240. Chulalongkorn University Press.
* Wangsai, Piyawat. (2007). A Comparative Study of Phonological Yong and Northern Thai Language (Kammuang). M.A. thesis. Kasetsart University.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bible.com/bible/1907/JHN.1.nodthnt Northern Thai New Testament]. The New Testament in hard copy form was written using two scripts [https://www.amazon.com/Testament-Northern-Language-Parallel-Thailand/dp/6169139625 Amazon link].
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/404 Khamuang (Chiang Mai variety)] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])
* [https://moradoklanna.com/ Moradoklanna] (in Thai)
{{commons category|Northern Thai language}}
{{Incubator|code=nod}}
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{{Languages of Laos}}
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