View source for Ngiyampaa language

{{Short description|Critically endangered Pama–Nyungan language of New South Wales, Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2021}} 
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ngiyampaa/Ngiyambaa
| states           = Australia
| region           = [[New South Wales]]
| ethnicity        = [[Ngiyambaa people|Ngiyambaa]] ([[Wangaibon|Wangaaypuwan]], [[Weilwan|Wayilwan]])
| speakers         = 11-50
| date             = 2018-2019
| ref              = aiatsis
| familycolor      = Australian
| fam1             = [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
| fam2             = [[Wiradhuric languages|Wiradhuric]]
| dia1             = Wangaaybuwan
| dia2             = Wayilwan (Wailwan)
| map2             = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Ngiyambaa is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
| iso3             = wyb
| glotto           = wang1291
| glottorefname    = Ngiyambaa
| aiatsis          = D22
| aiatsisname      = Ngiyampaa / Ngempa
| aiatsis2         = D20
| aiatsisname2     = Wayilwan
| aiatsis3         = D18
| aiatsisname3     = Wangaaypuwan
}}

The '''Ngiyampaa''' language, also spelt '''Ngiyambaa''', '''Ngempa''', '''Ngemba''' and other variants, is a [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] language of the [[Wiradhuric languages|Wiradhuric]] subgroup. It was the traditional language of the [[Wangaaypuwan]] and [[Wayilwan]] peoples of [[New South Wales]].

==Speakers and status==
Ngiyampaa was the traditional language of the Wangaaypuwan and Wayilwan peoples of [[New South Wales]], Australia, but is now [[Endangered language|moribund]].

According to Tamsin Donaldson (1980) there are two dialects of Ngiyampaa: Wangaaybuwan, spoken by the people in the south, and Wayil or Wayilwan, spoken by people in the north. They have very similar grammars.<ref>{{aiatsis|D20|Wayilwan}}</ref>

Donaldson records that by the 1970s there were only about ten people fluent in Wangaaypuwan, and only a couple of Wayilwan speakers left.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In 2018-2019, it was estimated by one source that there were 11-50 speakers of the Ngiyambaa language.<ref>{{aiatsis|D22|Ngiyambaa}}</ref>

==Names==
Ngiyambaa (meaning language), or Ngiyambaambuwali, was also used by the [[Wangaaypuwan]] and [[Wayilwan]] to describe themselves, whilst 'Wangaaypuwan' and 'Wayilwan' (meaning 'With Wangaay/Wayil' (for 'no') were used to distinguish both the language and the speakers from others who did not have ''wangaay'' or ''wayil'' for ''no''.

Other names for Ngiyambaa are: Giamba, Narran, Noongaburrah, Ngampah, Ngemba, Ngeumba, Ngiamba, Ngjamba, Ngiyampaa and Ngumbarr; Wangaibon is also called Wangaaybuwan and Wongaibon, and Weilwan is also called Wailwan, Wayilwan, or Wailwun.

Their language consisted of varieties of [[Ngiyambaa language|Ngiyampaa]],{{efn|The name of the language means 'talk-world' {{harv|Donaldson|1984|p=23}}}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1985|p=126}} which was composed of two dialects, Ngiyampaa Wangaaypuwan and Ngiyambaa Wayilwan.{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxv}} {{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=26}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=38}} The [[Wangaaypuwan]] (with ''wangaay'') people are so called because they use ''wangaay'' to say "no", as opposed to the Ngiyampaa in the Macquarie Marshes and towards [[Walgett]], who were historically defined separately by colonial ethnographers as [[Wayilwan]], so-called because their word for "no" was ''wayil''.{{sfn|Beckett|Donaldson|Steadman|Meredith|2003|p=17}}{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=26}} The distinction between Ngiyampaa, Wangaaypuwan, and Wayilwan traditionally drawn, and sanctioned by the classification of [[Norman Tindale]], may rest upon a flawed assumption of marked "tribal" differences based on Ngiyampaa linguistic discriminations between internal groups or clans whose word for "no" varied.{{sfn|Donaldson|1984|p=29}}

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
! colspan="2" |[[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
![[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
|{{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|b/p}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|g/k}}
|{{IPA link|d̪}} {{angbr|dh/th}}
|{{IPA link|ɟ}} {{angbr|dy/ty}}
|{{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|d/t}}
|
|-
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}}
|{{IPA link|n̪}} {{angbr|nh}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} {{angbr|ny}}
|{{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}}
|
|-
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}}
|
|-
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|rr}}
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
|}
Wangaaypuwan orthography uses p, t, k while Wayilwan uses b, d, g.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|ii}}
|
|{{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} {{angbr|uu}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{angbr|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} {{angbr|aa}}
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Phonemes
!Allophones
|-
|/i/, /iː/
|{{IPAblink|i}}, {{IPAblink|ɪ}}, {{IPAblink|iː}}, {{IPAblink|ɪː}}
|-
|/a/
|{{IPAblink|ä}}, {{IPAblink|ə}}, {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, {{IPAblink|e}}, {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|ɔ}}
|-
|/u/, /uː/
|{{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|ʊ}}, {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|uː}}, {{IPAblink|ʊː}}, {{IPAblink|oː}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book| title = Yapapunakirri Let's Track Back: The Aboriginal World Around Mount Grenfell
 | last1 = Beckett | first1 = Jeremy
 | last2 = Donaldson | first2 = Tamsin
 | last3 = Steadman | first3 = Bradley
 | last4 = Meredith | first4 = Steve
 | publisher = Office of the Registrar, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 (NSW).
 | url = https://www.academia.edu/33372424
 | date = April 2003
 | isbn = 0-9581920-1-4
 }}.
*{{cite book| title = Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
 | last = Dixon | first = R. M. W. | year = 2002
 | author-link = Robert M. W. Dixon
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MSqIBNJtG0AC&pg=PR34
 | isbn = 978-0-521-47378-1
 }}
*{{cite book|first=Tamsin |last=Donaldson | author-link=Tamsin Donaldson |title=Ngiyambaa: The language of the Wangaaybuwan|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=0-521-22524-8| issn= 0068-676X}}
*{{Cite journal | title = What's in a name? An etymological view of land, language and social identification from central western New South Wales
 | last = Donaldson | first = Tamsin
 | journal = [[Aboriginal History]]
 | year = 1984 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–44
 | url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71671/pdf/article032.pdf
 }}
*{{Cite journal | title = From Speaking Ngiyampa to Speaking English
 | last = Donaldson | first = Tamsin
 | journal = [[Aboriginal History]]
 | year = 1985 | volume = 9 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 126–147
 | jstor = 24045833
 }}
*{{Cite book| chapter = Ngemba (NSW)
 | last = Tindale | first = Norman Barnett | year = 1974
 | author-link = Norman Tindale
 | title = Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
 | publisher = [[Australian National University]]
 | chapter-url = http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/ngemba.htm
 }}
{{refend}}

{{Pama–Nyungan languages|East}}

[[Category:Wiradhuric languages]]
[[Category:Critically endangered languages]]
[[Category:Endangered indigenous Australian languages in New South Wales]]


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