View source for Nanjing

{{Short description|Capital of Jiangsu, China}}
{{About|text=For other uses, see [[Nanjing (disambiguation)]] or [[Jiangning (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Distinguish|||text=[[Nanning]] in Guangxi or [[Nanping]] in Fujian}}
{{Redirect-distinguish |Tianjing|Tianjin}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Nanjing
| native_name        = 南京市
| native_name_lang   = zh
| other_name         = Nanking
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city|Prefecture-level]] and [[sub-provincial city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
 | border                 = infobox
 | total_width            = 290
 | image_style            = border:1;
 | perrow                 = 1/2/2/2
 | image1                 = Nanjing CBD from City Wall.jpg
 | caption1=Nanjing CBD from the [[City Wall of Nanjing|City Wall]]
 | image5               = Ming_Xiaoling_Mausoleum_Spirit_Way.jpg
 | caption5=[[Xiao Mausoleum|Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum]]
 | image3                 = Jiming_Temple,_Nanjing_20101125.jpg
 | caption3=[[Jiming Temple]]
 | image4                 = Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum - 54400198691.jpg
 | caption4=[[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum|Zhongshan Mausoleum]]
 | image2                 = 灵谷寺航拍20220528 02.jpg
 | caption2=[[Linggu Temple]]
 | image6                 = Night Confucius Temple in Nanjing, 20170304.jpg
 | caption6=[[Nanjing Fuzimiao|Confucius Temple]]
 }}
| image_size         = 280
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = <!--Don't add because the flag and seal are no longer used.-->
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7|frame-lat=31.82|frame-long=118.74}}
| image_map1         = Nanjing locator map in Jiangsu.svg
| map_caption1       = Location of Nanjing City jurisdiction in Jiangsu
| pushpin_map        = Eastern China#China
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in China
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|32|03|39|N|118|46|44|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-32|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[County-level division|County-level]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township-level]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Jiangsu]]
| subdivision_name2  = 11
| subdivision_name3  = 129
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = Unknown (Yecheng, 495 BCE, Jinling City, 333 BCE)
| parts_type         = 
| parts              = 
| total_type         = City
| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = [[Xuanwu District, Nanjing|Xuanwu District]]
| government_type    = [[Sub-provincial division|Sub-provincial city]]
| governing_body     = {{ill|Nanjing Municipal People's Congress|zh|南京市人民代表大會常務委員會}}
| leader_title       = [[Party Secretary of Nanjing|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Zhou Hongbo]]
| leader_title1      = [[Nanjing Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = Lü Deming
| leader_title2      = Mayor
| leader_name2       = Li Zhongjun
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Wang Liping
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in China – Survey |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.njtj.gov.cn/47448/47462/index_1.html |script-title=zh:2016年末南京市人口状况报告年末南京市人口状况综述 |publisher=Nanjing Bureau of Statistics |date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006211945/http://www.njtj.gov.cn/47448/47462/index_1.html |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 6587
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_water_percent = 
| area_urban_km2     = 1398.69
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_ft       = 50
| population_total   = 9341685
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 9341685
| population_urban_footnotes = 
| population_metro   = 9684136
| population_metro_footnotes = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Nanjingese or Nanjinger{{efn|Nankinese, sometimes may be translated as Nanjinese, Nankinese, Nankingese, Nanjinger, Nankiner, etc.. In Nanjing dialect there is no difference between Nanjing and Nanjin or between Nanking and Nankin. This means the two pronunciations Jing and Jin in Mandarin Chinese pronounce the same in Nanjing dialect, and king and kin are also the same.}}
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = '''2100'''00–'''2113'''00
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in China|25]]
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-JS-01]]
| website            = [https://english.nanjing.gov.cn/index_20426.html Nanjing]
| footnotes          = {{center|<big>'''City trees'''</big><br /> [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar Cedar]] (''Cedrus deodara''),<br />''[[Platanus × hispanica]]''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/world/asia/05china.html?pagewanted=all |title=A Grass Roots Fight to Save a 'Super Tree' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 4, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218082337/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/world/asia/05china.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |url-status=live|last1=Lafraniere |first1=Sharon }}</ref>}}{{center|<big>'''City flowers'''</big><br /> [[Prunus mume|Méi]] (''Prunus mume'')}}
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref name="tjj.nanjing.gov.cn">{{Cite web|url=https://tjj.nanjing.gov.cn/tjxx/202502/t20250207_5069784.html|title=2024年南京市经济运行情况|website=tjj.nanjing.gov.cn|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = City
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 1.850&nbsp;trillion<br />[[US$]] 260&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 198,046<br />US$ 27,809
| timezone           = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset         = +08:00
}}

'''Nanjing'''{{efn|{{Bulleted list|English: {{IPAc-en|n|ae|n|ˈ|dʒ|I|N}} {{Respell|nan|JING}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Nanjing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518065226/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Nanjing |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |title=Nanjing |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |accessdate=September 2, 2022 }}</ref>|{{Lang-zh|c=南京|p=Nánjīng}}; <small>Mandarin pronunciation: </small>{{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Chinese-Nanjing.ogg|n|an|2|.|j|ing|1}}|[[Chinese postal romanization|Alternatively romanized]] as '''Nanking''' ({{IPAc-en|n|æ|n|ˈ|k|ɪ|ŋ}} {{Respell|nan|KING}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Romanization of the Chinese Language |url=http://www.sacu.org/roman.html |publisher=Society for Anglo-Chinese Understanding |access-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185035/http://www.sacu.org/roman.html |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>)}}}} is the capital of [[Jiangsu]], a province in [[East China]]. The city, which is located in the southwestern corner of the province, has 11 districts, an administrative area of {{cvt|6600|km2}}, and {{As of|2021|lc=y}} a population of 9,423,400.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_21784660|title=江苏设区市常住人口前三甲数据出炉: 南京人口增量超苏州-澎湃新闻-The Paper|website=www.thepaper.cn|access-date=March 10, 2023|archive-date=March 10, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310152322/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_21784660|url-status=live}}</ref>
Situated in the [[Yangtze River Delta]], Nanjing has a prominent place in [[Chinese history]] and [[Chinese culture|culture]], having served as the [[historical capitals of China|capital]] of various [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Chinese dynasties]], kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949,<ref name="历史沿革">{{cite web |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:南京历史沿革 |url=http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njgk/csgk/csgk3 |publisher=Government of Nanjing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609184340/http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/njgk/csgk/csgk3/ |archive-date=June 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to [[Port of Nanjing|one of the world's largest inland ports]]. The city is also one of the fifteen [[sub-provincial city|sub-provincial cities]] in the People's Republic of China's [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China|administrative structure]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hrb.focus.cn/news/2008-05-07/467397.html |script-title=zh:15个副省级城市中 哈尔滨市房价涨幅排列第五名 |trans-title=Prices rose in 15 sub-provincial cities, Harbin ranked fifth |author={{lang|zh-hans|薛宏莉}} |script-work=zh:哈尔滨地产 |publisher=Sohu |date=May 7, 2008 |access-date=June 11, 2008 |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510122928/http://hrb.focus.cn/news/2008-05-07/467397.html |archive-date=May 10, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a [[province of China|province]].<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |script-title=zh:中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号 |script-website=zh:豆丁网 |date=February 19, 1995 |access-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://www.docin.com/p-51864614.html |archive-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref>  It has also been awarded the title of 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Special [[UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award]] and [[National Civilized City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nanjing2009.fide.com/ |title=Home – Women GP – Nanjing |publisher=Nanjing2009.fide.com |access-date=March 26, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508195538/http://nanjing2009.fide.com/ |archive-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> Nanjing is also considered a [[GaWC|Beta (global second-tier)]] city classification, together with [[Chongqing]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Tianjin]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=October 7, 2020 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ranked as one of the world's top 100 cities in the [[Global Financial Centres Index]].<ref name="GFCI">{{cite web |date=September 2020 |title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28 |url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |access-date=September 26, 2020 |publisher=Long Finance |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104905/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2021, Nanjing has 68 [[List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu|institutions]] of higher learning,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619182535/http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=All 21 Universities in Nanjing {{!}} Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.universityguru.com/universities-nanjing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518073907/https://www.universityguru.com/universities-nanjing |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=UniversityGuru |language=en}}</ref> including 13 [[Double First-Class Construction|double-first-class universities]], ten 111-plan universities, eight [[Project 211|211 universities]], and 97 academies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=CANG |first1=WEI |date=20 March 2024 |title=Nanjing University pioneers AI education system |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202403/20/WS65fa3a4ea31082fc043bda45.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330093704/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202403/20/WS65fa3a4ea31082fc043bda45.html |archive-date=March 30, 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=China Daily}}</ref> [[Nanjing University]], which has a long history, is among the world's top 10 universities ranked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref name="Nature Index">{{Cite web |title=2025 Research Leaders: Leading academic institutions {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2025/institution/academic/all/global |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> The ratio of college students to the total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing has the [[List of cities by scientific output|fifth-largest scientific research output]] of any city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2024{{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> As of 2024, it has been ranked as the [[List of cities by scientific output#Leading cities in different fields|world's second most prolific scientific research center]] in [[Earth sciences|earth and environmental sciences]] and the [[List of cities by scientific output#Leading cities in different fields|world's third most prolific scientific research center]] in [[chemistry]] and [[physical sciences]], according to the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":1">"It will come as no surprise that the top performing Chinese cities in the Nature Index are Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing. All three are significant players economically and politically, Beijing and Shanghai particularly. ... As the capital of the wealthy eastern coastal province of Jiangsu, Nanjing is located in a region rich in economic and technological activity. ..." – from "Three giants tighten their grip", ''Nature'' 528, S176–S178 (December 17, 2015)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in chemistry {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/chemistry |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in physical sciences {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/physical-sciences |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in Earth & environmental sciences {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/earth-and-environmental-sciences |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>

Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, is recognized as one of the [[Historical capitals of China|Four Great Ancient Capitals of China]]. It has been one of the [[List of largest cities throughout history|world's largest cities]], enjoying peace and prosperity despite various wars and disasters.<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-cn |script-title=zh:走马南京都市圈 |url=http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper1631/10837/984363.html |script-work=zh:中国经济快讯周刊 |via=people.com.cn |year=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103190506/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper1631/10837/984363.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="xinhua01">{{cite web |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:南京介绍 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-10/09/c_123799207.htm |publisher=[[Xinhua News]] |date=October 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119060012/http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2012-10/09/c_123799207.htm |archive-date=November 19, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:江苏省行政区划介绍 |url=http://www.jiangsu.gov.cn/touzizhe/tzhj/xzqh |publisher=Jiangsu People's Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104174802/http://www.jiangsu.gov.cn/touzizhe/tzhj/xzqh/ |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="questia.com">Rita Yi Man Li, [https://archive.today/20140510192332/http://www.questia.com/read/1G1-219656778 "A Study on the Impact of Culture, Economic, History and Legal Systems Which Affect the Provisions of Fittings by Residential Developers in Boston, Hong Kong and Nanjing"], ''Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal''. '''1''':3–4. 2009.</ref> Nanjing served as the capital of [[Eastern Wu]] (229–280), one of the three major states in the [[Three Kingdoms]] period; the [[Eastern Jin dynasty|Eastern Jin]] and each of the [[Southern and Northern dynasties|Southern dynasties]] ([[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]] and [[Chen dynasty|Chen]]), which successively ruled southern China from 317 to 589; the [[Southern Tang]] (937–75), one of the [[Ten Kingdoms]]; the [[Ming dynasty]] when, for the first time, all of China was ruled from a city, one city (1368–1421);<ref name="Crespigny 2004 loc=3">{{Harvnb|Crespigny|2004|loc=3}} {{Citation not found|date=January 2018}}</ref> and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] under the nationalist [[Kuomintang]] (1927–37, 1946–49) before its flight to [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan]] by [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] during the [[Chinese Civil War]].<ref name="capital-nanking">{{cite web |language=zh-hant |url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%ABn%A8%CA%A5%AB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1 |script-title=zh:南京市 |script-work=zh:重編囯語辭典修訂本 |publisher=Ministry of Education, ROC |access-date=September 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121222043041/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%ABn%A8%CA%A5%AB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |quote="{{lang|zh-hant|民國十六年, 國民政府宣言定為首都, 今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地.}}"}}</ref> The city also served as the seat of the rebel [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] (1853–64) and the [[Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China|Japanese puppet regime of Wang Jingwei]] (1940–45) during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. It suffered many notable devastating atrocities in both conflicts, most notably the [[Nanjing Massacre]] from late 1937 to early 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Su |first=Yiyu |date=September 18, 2022 |title="九一八"事变91周年 南京鸣警钟响警报铭记历史-中新网 |url=http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2022/09-18/9855158.shtml |access-date=September 29, 2022 |website=www.chinanews.com.cn |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929105708/http://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2022/09-18/9855158.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nanjing became the capital city of Jiangsu province in 1952, after serving as a Direct-administered Municipality from 1949 to 1952 following the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It has many important heritage sites, including the [[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]], [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]] and [[Xiao Mausoleum|Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum]]. Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as [[Nanjing Fuzimiao|Fuzimiao]], [[Ming Palace]], [[Chaotian Palace]], [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing|Porcelain Tower]], [[Drum Tower of Nanjing|Drum Tower]], [[Stone City]], [[City Wall of Nanjing|City Wall]], [[Qinhuai River]], [[Xuanwu Lake]] and [[Purple Mountain (Nanjing)|Purple Mountain]]. Key cultural facilities include [[Nanjing Library]], [[Nanjing Museum]] and Jiangsu Art Museum.

{{anchor|Name|Etymology|Toponymy}}

==Names==
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Nanjing_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Nanjing" in Chinese characters
| picupright=0.425
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|南京}}
| p = Nánjīng
| w = {{tone superscript|Nan2-ching1}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|n|an|2|.|j|ing|1}}
| psp = Nanking
| lj = {{tone superscript|Lan2jin1}}
| j = naam4 ging1
| y = Nàahmgīng ''or'' Nàahmgìng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|n|aam|4|-|g|ing|1}} ''or'' {{IPAc-yue|n|aam|4|-|g|ing|7}}
| wuu = noe<sup>平</sup>cin<sup>平</sup>
| poj = {{Zhwb|Lâm-kiaⁿ|Lâm-king}}
| tl = {{Zhwb|Lâm-kiann|Lâm-king}}
| l = "Southern Capital"
| tp = Nánjing
| bpmf = ㄋㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄥ
}}
The name Nanjing ("Southern Capital") was originally informal, appearing in [[Xiao Zixian]]'s 6th-century reply to [[Xiao Tong]] during the [[Northern and Southern Dynasties]] era of Chinese history.<ref>{{lang|zh|蕭子顯 《奉和昭明太子鐘山講解詩》: "崇嶽基舊宇, 盤嶺跨南京"}}.</ref> Synonyms were also used, like Nandu ({{lang|zh|南都}}, {{translit|zh|Nándū}}).<ref>{{lang|zh|《南都繁會圖》}}.</ref> Under the [[Hongwu Emperor]] who founded the [[Ming dynasty]], after the abandonment of plans for a third capital at [[Fengyang]], a distinction began to be made between his northern capital at [[Kaifeng]] and the southern one at Yingtian ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|應天}}}}, {{translit|zh|Yìngtiān}}, "Following [[Tian (god)|Heaven]]"). This distinction was continued and eventually formalized after his son the [[Yongle Emperor]] relocated his court to Shuntian or [[Beijing]] ("Northern Capital"). The continuation of the dual arrangement was required to respect the wishes of his father, whose [[Ancestral Injunctions]] had insisted Nanjing should remain a permanent imperial capital. The [[Nanjing dialect|Nanjing form]] of [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin]] remained a [[prestige dialect]] and the [[Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|imperial lingua franca]] for centuries, producing formerly common romanizations of the name as Nanqim,<ref>François de Louvemont (1687), {{lang|la|Confucius Sinarum Philosophus}}, {{lang|la|[[:File:Paradigma XV Provinciarum et CLV Urbium Capitalium Sinensis Imperij.jpg|Paradigma XV Provinciarum et CLV Urbium Capitalium Sinensis Imperij]]}}.</ref> Nankin,<ref>{{citation |last=Lapie |first=Pierre M. |language=fr |title=[[:File:Carte des îles Formose - Madjicosemah et Lieu-Kieu, avec une partie de la Chine, des Philippines et du Japon - par P(ierre) Lapie, géographe ; gravé par B(apis)te Tardieu ; écrit par A. Pelicier - btv1b10678505c.jpg|Carte des Iles Formose, Madjicosemah, et Lieu-Kieu avec une Partie de la Chine, des Philippines, et du Japon]] |date=1809 |publisher= |location= }}.</ref> and Nanking.<ref>{{citation |last=Morrison |first=Robert |page=[https://archive.org/details/p1dictionaryofch01morruoft/page/xviii/mode/2up xviii] |title=A Dictionary of the Chinese Language, ''Part I, Vol. I'' |date=1815 |location=Macao |publisher=East India Company's Press }}.</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Chung |first=Karen Steffen |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |editor=Chan Sin-wai |editor2=James Minett |editor3=Florence Li Wing Yee |display-editors=0 |title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language |contribution=Wade{{ndash}}Giles Romanization System |page=762 }}.</ref> The less common [[Wade-Giles]] form of Nan-ching was an earlier attempt to represent its pronunciation in the Beijing form of Mandarin, now represented in [[pinyin]] as {{translit|zh|Nánjīng}}.

The city has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city.

During the [[Warring States Era]], settlements within modern Nanjing were known as Yuecheng ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|越城}}}}, {{translit|zh|Yuèchéng}}, "[[state of Yue|Yue]] City") and Jinlingyi ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|金陵|邑}}}}, {{translit|zh|Jīnlíngyì}}, "City of the Golden" or "Precious [[burial mound|Burial Mound]]") or Jinling ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|金陵}}}}, {{translit|zh|Jīnlíng}}), from which Nanjing is sometimes known{{fact|date=September 2025}} as Jincheng ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|金城}}}}, {{translit|zh|Jīnchéng}}, "Golden City"). Under the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]], Jinling was renamed Moling ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|秣陵}}}}, {{translit|zh|Mòlíng}}, "[[Fodder]] Mound").

Jianye ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|建業}}}}, {{translit|zh|Jiànyè}}, "Establishing Merit") was adopted as the name of the [[Eastern Wu|Wu]] capital during the [[Three Kingdoms Era]]. The city first became an imperial Chinese capital under the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Sima Jin dynasty]] under the name [[Jiankang]], a change adopted to avoid the [[naming taboo]] occasioned by the elevation of [[Emperor Min of Jin|Emperor Min]], whose personal name was Sima Ye. Under the [[Tang dynasty]], it was known as Shengzhou ({{lang|zh|昇州}}, {{translit|zh|Shēngzhōu}}, "Ascending Prefecture").

During the [[Qing dynasty]], the city resumed official use of its [[Northern Song]] name of Jiangning ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|江寧}}}}, {{translit|zh|Jiāngníng}}, "Pacified area of the [[Yangtze]]"), romanized at the time as Kiangning. The [[Chinese abbreviation]] of  ''jiāng'' ({{lang|zh|江}}) for Jiangning formed the first syllable of a compound (with ''sū'' from [[Suzhou]]) that was the source of the [[provinces of China|provincial]] name [[Jiangsu]]. As the capital of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] from 1851 to 1864, Nanjing was known as Tianjing ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|天京}}}}, {{translit|zh|Tiānjīng}}, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").  With the fall of the Qing Empire in 1911, the city was renamed Nanjing in 1912 and was the capital of the Provisional Government of the new Republic of China.  However, the capital returned to Beijing by October of the same year, though the name change was retained.  With the success of [[Kuomintang]]'s [[Northern Expedition]] in 1927, Nanjing again became the capital of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]], and until the fall of the republic in 1949, the Chinese abbreviation {{lang|zh|{{linktext|京}}}} ({{translit|zh|jīng}}, "capital") was used for the city; the same abbreviation is now used for Beijing.

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Nanjing}}
{{anchor|Early history and foundation|Foundation|Founding}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:Nanjing XuanWuLake Purple and Mountain.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Purple Mountain (Nanjing)|Purple Mountain or Zijin Shan]], located to the east of the walled city of Nanjing, was the origin of the city's name of Jinling.{{fact|date=September 2025}} The water in the front is [[Xuanwu Lake]].]]
The 1993 discovery of "[[Nanjing Man]]" in Hulu Cave in [[Jiangning District]] established that {{lang|la|[[Homo erectus]]}} reached eastern China around 600,000 [[Before Present|years ago]],<ref name="gsw.silverchair-cdn.com">{{citation |first=J. |last=Zhao |author2=K. Hu |author3=K.D. Collerson |author4=H. Xu |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Zhao & al.|2001}} |contribution-url=https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/29/1/10.1130_0091-7613(2001)029_0027_TIMSUS_2.0.CO;2/2/i0091-7613-29-1-27.pdf?Expires=1504972113&Signature=IKfOQsVBNkt0eWbM9HZvfwid3SXXSelaOhkpcrMZNpG7Z4i5eYMsC4r3OgGpN9HiXkQ1I~LLf1Kno67IjkGE6pnI2r4WR420jHgJl3077VRs6j~wEC7YJXRXM2Z6yfpO6B8SPqdO9nZMBY1mvQV2T314r7ZHKI1-MlK5XEa2vvskd8KPQ-wHD2AzQNP7vwTW6B0-y0cYAiZUOKWA4lQLGYiJVdRzfgLYpZFH23TrWnh9a9LUJL2T-9HxpJXC2EIIC3O87pq3-xDo~N9gClqNC16RI4QpdkCIqZG21B5sIcXw-StzSlSJVulapc7y~DEPrb8HTJ1BUNQBI6m3UCWHog__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q |contribution=Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry U-Series Dating of a Hominid Site near Nanjing, China |title=Geology |date=2001 |publisher= |location= |access-date=September 12, 2025 |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201549/https://gsw.silverchair-cdn.com/gsw/Content_public/Journal/geology/29/1/10.1130_0091-7613(2001)029_0027_TIMSUS_2.0.CO;2/2/i0091-7613-29-1-27.pdf?Expires=1504972113&Signature=IKfOQsVBNkt0eWbM9HZvfwid3SXXSelaOhkpcrMZNpG7Z4i5eYMsC4r3OgGpN9HiXkQ1I~LLf1Kno67IjkGE6pnI2r4WR420jHgJl3077VRs6j~wEC7YJXRXM2Z6yfpO6B8SPqdO9nZMBY1mvQV2T314r7ZHKI1-MlK5XEa2vvskd8KPQ-wHD2AzQNP7vwTW6B0-y0cYAiZUOKWA4lQLGYiJVdRzfgLYpZFH23TrWnh9a9LUJL2T-9HxpJXC2EIIC3O87pq3-xDo~N9gClqNC16RI4QpdkCIqZG21B5sIcXw-StzSlSJVulapc7y~DEPrb8HTJ1BUNQBI6m3UCWHog__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q |url-status=dead }}.</ref> hundreds of thousands of years earlier than previously thought.<ref>{{citation |first=D.A. |last=Etler |contribution-url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1de8/529b1a78ba4c583b66dacff81fdbb04c3088.pdf |contribution=''Homo Erectus'' in East Asia: Human Ancestor or Evolutionary Dead-End? |title=Athena Review |volume=4 |date=1984 |issue=1 |publisher= |location= |access-date=September 12, 2025 |archive-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220015102/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1de8/529b1a78ba4c583b66dacff81fdbb04c3088.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}.</ref> Following the advent of {{lang|la|[[Homo sapiens]]}} in China and the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]], the area around Nanjing was home to [[Neolithic China|Neolithic]] settlements intermediate between societies along the [[Yellow River]] such as the [[Dawenkou culture]] and those around [[Lake Tai]] and [[Hangzhou Bay]] such as the [[Majiabang culture|Majiabang]] and [[Songze culture]]s. [[Agriculture in China|Agriculture]] was being practiced in [[Qixia District]] by 5000&nbsp;BC,{{fact|date=September 2025}} and the local Beiyinyangying culture ({{lang|zh|北阴阳营文化}}, {{translit|zh|Běiyīnyángyíng wénhuà}}) possessed {{translit|zh|[[zun]]}}, a kind of [[Chinese wine|rice wine]] vessel, by about 3000&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.163.com/13/1205/09/9FARCI7400014AED.html |script-title=zh:北阴阳营遗址上发现过酒器(组图)_网易新闻 |last=网易 |website=news.163.com |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128231158/http://news.163.com/13/1205/09/9FARCI7400014AED.html |archive-date=January 28, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

About 2000&nbsp;BC, the Qinhuai River Basin was the home of the dense [[Bronze Age]] settlements of the Hushu culture ({{lang|zh|湖熟文化}}, {{translit|zh|Húshú wénhuà}}). The earliest cities in Nanjing were formed around these settlements. Connecting the development of these ruins, [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]]-era [[burial mound]]s, and [[Chinese legend]]s concerning the [[Predynastic Zhou|Zhou ancestors]], some [[Archaeology of China|Chinese archaeologists]] have argued for Nanjing as the site of [[Taibo]]'s original settlement of [[state of Wu|Wu]] as the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] and Zhou encroached southward from the [[North China Plain|Central Plains]] around the 12th century&nbsp;BC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huaxia.com/wh/kgfx/2007/00714504.html |script-title=zh:陶吴发现南京最大周代土墩墓(图) |website=huaxia.com |access-date=January 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022215319/http://www.huaxia.com/wh/kgfx/2007/00714504.html |archive-date=October 22, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Ancient history===
In 571&nbsp;BC, the [[ancient Chinese state|state]] of [[State of Chu|Chu]] established Tangyi in Liuhe. This is the oldest extant administrative establishment in Nanjing. In 541&nbsp;BC, [[Wu (state)|Wu]]{{mdash}}by then centered on [[Suzhou]]{{mdash}}built Laizhu Town in Gaochun or Gucheng. The Wu king [[Fuchai]] fortified Yecheng in Nanjing in 495{{nbsp}}BC.<ref>({{lang|zh-hant|金陵在春秋時本吳地, 未有城邑.惟石頭城東有冶城.傳雲, 夫差冶鑄於此.即今朝天宮地.}}) {{lang|zh-hant|金陵古今圖考}} (''Illustrated Study of Past and Present Nanjing'')</ref>

Wu was conquered by [[State of Yue|Yue]] in 473&nbsp;BC, and the city{{which?|date=September 2025}} was rebuilt at the mouth of the Qinhuai River the following year. Later Yuecheng was established on the outskirts of the present-day [[Zhonghua Gate]], which was the beginning of the construction of the main city of Nanjing. In 333&nbsp;BC, Chu defeated Yue and built Jinlingyi in the western part of Nanjing.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 30, 2019 |script-title=zh:南京的古城邑及其考古發現: 金陵邑 |url=https://vitomag.com/history/n4vj33 |script-work=zh:南京考古 |access-date=April 10, 2020 |language=zh |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127212323/https://vitomag.com/history/n4vj33 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the earliest administrative construction in the main city of Nanjing.

In 210&nbsp;BC, the [[Qin Shi Huang|First Emperor]] of [[Qin Empire|Qin]] visited the east and changed Jinling City to Moling. The area was successively part of the [[Kuaiji Prefecture|Kuaiji]], [[Zhang Prefecture|Zhang]], and [[Danyang Prefecture|Danyang]] prefectures under the Qin and [[Han dynasty|Han dynasties]]. It was part of the [[Yangzhou (ancient China)|Yangzhou region]] which was established by [[Han Wudi]] in Yuanfeng 5 (106&nbsp;BC).{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Nanjing was later made the seat of Danyang Prefecture and served as the chief city in the Yangzhou region for about 400 years from the late Han to the early [[Tang dynasty|Tang]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

=== Capital of the Six Dynasties === <!--linked-->
[[File:Segalen-27-Xiao-Xiu-Winged-lion-right.jpg|thumb|left|A ''[[bixie]]'' sculpture at [[Xiao Xiu]]'s tomb (AD{{nbsp}}518). [[Stone sculptures of the Southern Dynasty mausoleums]] continue to be used as an icon of the city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2006-06/07/content_4656661.htm |script-title=zh:南京六朝石刻现状调查: 在田野与工地间寻找国宝 |trans-title=Inquiry of the Current State of Nanjing's Six Dynasties Stone Carvings: The Search for National Treasures Between Fields and Construction Sites|date=June 7, 2006 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |language=zh-hans |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120195021/http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2006-06/07/content_4656661.htm |archive-date=November 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
The [[Six Dynasties]] is a collective term for six [[Chinese dynasties]] that all maintained national capitals at Jiankang. The six dynasties were the [[Eastern Wu]] (AD{{nbsp}}222–280), the [[Eastern Jin dynasty|Eastern Jin]] (317–420), and the [[Northern and Southern dynasties|four Southern Dynasties]] of the [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]], and [[Chen dynasty|Chen]] (420–589).

At the [[End of the Han dynasty|end of the Eastern Han dynasty]], the warlord [[Sun Quan]], who ruled [[Jiangnan|Jiangdong]], moved his ruling office to Moling in 211. The following year, he built the [[Stone City (Nanjing)|Stone City]] at the site of Jinlingyi, and renamed Moling to Jianye. After Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in 229, Jianye served as the capital of his [[Eastern Wu dynasty]] through the [[Three Kingdoms]] period.<ref name="Crespigny 2004 loc=3" /> By the time Wu was conquered by the [[Western Jin dynasty]] in 280, Jianye and its neighboring areas had been well cultivated, developing into one of the commercial, cultural, and political centers of China.<ref name="questia.com" />

Not long after the unification of China, the Western Jin collapsed under the weight of the [[War of the Eight Princes]] and [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|rebellions]] from the so-called "[[Five Barbarians]]" in the north. Jianye, renamed Jiankang in 313 to avoid [[Emperor Min of Jin|Emperor Min's]] [[Naming taboo|taboo personal name]], was safely isolated from the chaos and became a popular refuge for the northern nobles and wealthy families. In 318, the ruling prince in Jiankang, [[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Sima Rui]], proclaimed himself the new emperor and reestablished the dynasty as the [[Eastern Jin|Eastern Jin dynasty]].<ref name="liu">{{Cite book|author-first1=Shufen|author-last1=Liu|chapter=Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties|editor-first1=Scott|editor-last1=Pearce|editor-first2=Audrey|editor-last2=Spiro|editor-first3=Patricia|editor-last3=Ebrey|title=Culture and Power|year=2001|page=35}}</ref> This marked the first time a Chinese dynastic capital was moved from the north to [[Northern and southern China|southern China]], as the north came under the rule of the [[Sixteen Kingdoms]].

[[File:Pagoda at Qixia Temple Nanjing.jpg|upright|thumb|The [[Śarīra]] [[pagoda]] in [[Qixia Temple]]. It was built in AD{{nbsp}}601 and rebuilt in the 10th century.]]
Jiankang was the center of administration in the south for more than two and a half centuries, even as China entered the [[Northern and Southern dynasties]] period. After the Eastern Jin fell in 420, it continued to serve as the capital for the [[Southern dynasties]] of [[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]], [[Southern Qi]], [[Liang dynasty|Liang]] and [[Chen dynasty|Chen]]. During this time, Jiankang was the international hub of East Asia.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame002.html |script-chapter=zh:六朝名都崛起江东 |script-title=zh:南京市志(第1册) |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002051535/http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame002.html |archive-date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Based on historical documents, the city had 280,000 registered households.<ref>{{lang|zh-hans|《金陵记》}}: {{lang|zh-hans|"梁都之时, 城中二十八万户, 西至石头, 东至倪塘, 南至石子冈, 北过蒋山, 东西南北各四十里." }}{{in lang|zh-hans}}</ref> Assuming an average Nanjing household consisted of about 5.1 people, the city had more than 1.4&nbsp;million residents.<ref name="liu"/> The [[Hou Jing Disturbance]] of 548{{ndash}}552, however, ended with a major systematic massacre of the city's people.<ref name=peli/>

A number of [[spirit way]]s of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived in various degrees of preservation in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in [[Qixia District|Qixia]] and [[Jiangning District]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Liang Baiquan |title=''Nanjing-de Liu Chao Shike'' (Nanjing's Six Dynasties' Sculptures) |isbn=7-80614-376-9 |pages=53–54 |year=1998|publisher=南京出版社 }}</ref> Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of [[Xiao Xiu]] (475–518), a brother of [[Emperor Wu of Liang]].<ref>Albert E. Dien, ''Six Dynasties Civilization''. Yale University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-300-07404-2}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CeJD5BaQPPsC Partial text] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930090747/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeJD5BaQPPsC |date=September 30, 2015 }} on Google Books. P. 190. A reconstruction of the original form of the ensemble is shown in Fig. 5.19.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jllib.org.cn/ffy/nclmsksy/xiaoxiumusk.htm |script-title=zh:梁安成康王萧秀墓石刻 |publisher=Jllib.org.cn |access-date=December 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220014/http://www.jllib.org.cn/ffy/nclmsksy/xiaoxiumusk.htm |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{anchor|Sui|Tang|Song}}

=== Destruction and revival ===
{{Quote box
|quote = The phoenix birds once frolicked on Phoenix Terrace, <br /> The birds are gone, the Terrace empty, and the river flows on. <br />Flourishing flowers of [[Eastern Wu|Wu]] Palace are buried beneath dark trails; <br /> Caps and gowns of [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin times]] all lie in ancient mounds. <br /> The Three-peaked Mountain lies half visible under the blue sky, <br />The two-forked stream is separated by the White-Egret Isle in the middle. <br /> Clouds always block the sun, <br /> [[Chang'an]] cannot be seen and I grieve.
|source = — About the former opulent capital Jinling (present-day Nanjing) in the poem ''Climbing Phoenix Terrace at Jinling'' by [[Li Bai]] of the [[Tang dynasty]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sun |first1=Cecile Chu-chin |title=The Poetics of Repetition in English and Chinese Lyric Poetry |date=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-78020-7 |page=118}}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 420px
|border = 1px
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|bgcolor = #F9F9F9
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}}
The period of division ended when the [[Sui dynasty]] reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town. The city was razed after the Sui took it over. It was renamed Shengzhou under the [[Tang dynasty]] and revived during the late Tang.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame008.html |script-chapter=zh:南唐再兴金陵城 |script-title=zh:南京市志(第1册) |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102060626/http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame008.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was chosen as the capital and again called Jinling under the [[Southern Tang]] (937–976), which succeeded the state of [[Yang Wu]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Johannes L. Kurz |title=China's Southern Tang Dynasty, 937–976 |year=2011 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref> It was renamed Jiangning in the [[Song dynasty|Northern Song]] and again renamed Jiankang in the [[Song dynasty#Southern Song, 1127–1279|Southern Song]]. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song despite the constant threat of [[Jin–Song Wars|invasions from the north]] by the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]. The court of [[Da Chu]], a short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city.<ref>{{cite book |first=Herbert |last=Franke |chapter=The Chin dynasty |editor=Twitchett |editor2=John King Fairbank |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368 |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5 |author-link=Herbert Franke (sinologist) |editor-first=Denis |editor-link=Denis Twitchett |page=230}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jing-Shen |last=Tao |chapter=The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung |editor=Paul Jakov Smith |editor2=Denis C. Twitchett |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 5, The Sung Dynasty and Its Precursors, 907–1279 |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-81248-1 |page=647}}</ref> In Jianyan 3 (1129), Jiankang became the temporary capital ({{lang|zh|行都}}, {{lang|zh|xíngdū}}) of the Song, being set as Eastern Capital ({{lang|zh|東京}}, {{translit|zh|Dōngjīng}}).{{fact|date=September 2025}} Although people like [[Yue Fei]] argued for maintaining the imperial court being in the city, in Shaoxing 8 (1139) it withdrew from Jiankang to Lin'an (present [[Hangzhou]]) and Jiankang relegated to the "preserving capital" ({{lang|zh|留都}}, {{translit|zh|liúdū}}).{{fact|date=September 2025}}

The Southern Song were eventually destroyed by the [[Mongolian Empire|Mongols]]. During the Mongols' rule as the [[Yuan dynasty]], the city's status as a hub of the [[Textile industry in China|textile industry]] was further consolidated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame079.html |script-chapter=zh:隋唐州县南唐国都 |script-title=zh:南京市志(第1册) |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102060624/http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame079.html |archive-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Odoric of Pordenone]], the [[Fu (administrative division)|prefectural]] capital of Jinling ("Chilenfu") had 360 stone bridges, which were finer than anywhere else in the world. It was well populated and had a large craft industry.{{sfn|Yule|2002|p=131}} In 1239, Jiankang was renamed Jiqing (集庆). 

{{wide image|Gu Hongzhong's Night Revels 2.jpg|1000px|Second half section of the "Night Revels of [[Han Xizai]]" ({{lang|zh-Hant|韓熙載夜宴圖}}) by the [[Southern Tang]] painter [[Gu Hongzhong]], 10th century, showed a banquet in [[Yuhuatai District]], Nanjing. |dir=rtl}} 

{{anchor|Ming|Southern capital of Ming dynasty|Capital of the Ming dynasty}}

=== Southern capital of the Ming dynasty ===
{{Wide image|南都繁會圖 01.jpg|1500px|''The Bustling and Hustling of Nanjing''-handscroll ([[:zh:南都繁会图]]), by [[Qiu Ying]]|dir=rtl}}
[[File:Nanjing-Mochouhu.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mochou Lake]], established as a [[Chinese garden|garden]] by the [[Hongwu Emperor]]]]
[[File:Nanjing Ming Xiaoling 2017.11.11 08-10-27.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ming Xiaoling]], mausoleum of the [[Hongwu Emperor]], founder of the [[Ming dynasty]]]]
In 1365，[[Zhu Yuanzhang]] captured Ziqing Circuit and changed its name to Yingtian Prefecture (應天府). In 1364, he was enthroned as the King of Wu and established at Yingtian the capital. He rebuilt and expand the city of Jiankang. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang [[Ming conquest of the Yuan|overthrew the Yuan]] and enthroned as the Hongwu Emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]], he renamed the city Nanjing and made it the southern capital in 1368 (a central capital or ''Zhongdu'' was being planned in Zhu Yuanzhang's hometown [[Fengyang County|Fengyang]]). In 1379, the Zhongdu project was abandoned and Nanjing became the capital of the Ming dynasty, called Jingshi (京师 "''The Capital''"). 

The Hongwu Emperor constructed a {{cvt|48|km|mi|sp=us}} long [[City Wall of Nanjing|city wall around Nanjing]], as well as a new [[Ming Palace]] complex, and government halls.<ref name="ebrey cambridge 191">Ebrey (1999), 191.</ref> It took 200,000 laborers 21&nbsp;years to finish the wall, which was intended to defend the city and its surrounding region from coastal pirates.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fei |first=Si-yen |title=Negotiating Urban Space: Urbanization and Late Ming Nanjing |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |year=2009 |location=Cambridge, M.A. |pages=80}}</ref> The present-day [[City Wall of Nanjing]] was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved.<ref>{{cite book |title=Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC-AD 1644 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesewalledcit00turn |url-access=limited |author=Turnbull, Stephen R. |author2=Steve Noon |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84603-381-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinesewalledcit00turn/page/n61 61]}}</ref> It is among the longest surviving [[city wall]]s in China.<ref>{{cite book |title=Insight Guides: China 5/E |author=Ansight Guides |publisher=Apa Publications |year=1997 |isbn=0-395-66287-7 |page=268}}</ref> The [[Jianwen Emperor]] ruled from Yingtian from 1398 to 1402. It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from 1358 to 1425 with a population of 487,000 in 1400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |title=Largest Cities Through History |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=November 14, 2013 |access-date=December 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714185311/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Having usurped power from his nephew and uncertain of the loyalty of the region's officials, the [[Yongle Emperor]] relocated the capital in 1421 to Beiping, where he had long served as the regional governor as the Prince of [[Yan (state)|Yan]]. Because the new status of Yingtian was included in the Hongwu Emperor's "[[Huang-Ming Zuxun|ancestral injunctions]]" for his dynasty, however, the Yongle Emperor [[filial piety|was obliged]] to preserve its special status, at least in name.  The "northern capital" came to be known as Beijing and the 'southern capital' as Nanjing. Both controlled territories that were "directly administered" by the emperor and his staff, [[Beizhili]] in the north and [[Nanzhili]] in the south.

[[File:Nanjing WuchaoGate1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Ming Palace]], the "Forbidden City of Nanjing", was home to the first two Ming emperors]]
The [[Hongxi Emperor]] wanted to restore Nanjing as the sole imperial capital and undertook preparations to do so.<ref name=dr7-13940>{{cite book |last=Dreyer |first=Edward L. |title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Longman |location=New York |isbn=9780321084439 |author-link=Edward L. Dreyer |pages=139–140}}</ref> On February 24, 1425, he appointed Admiral [[Zheng He]] as the defender of Nanjing and ordered him to continue his command over the [[Ming treasure fleet]] for the city's defense.<ref name=dr7-13940/> Zheng He governed the city with three eunuchs for internal matters and two military noblemen for external matters, awaiting the Hongxi Emperor's return along with the military establishment from the north.<ref name=dr7-13940/> The emperor died on May 29, 1425, before this could have taken place.<ref name="dr7-13940"/><ref name=ch98-282-3>{{cite book |last=Chan |first=Hok-lam |title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1 |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521243322 |chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435 |pages=282–283}}.</ref>

The succeeding [[Xuande Emperor]] preferred to remain in Beijing, leaving it the primary and ''de facto'' capital<ref name=ch98-282-3/> and Nanjing as permanent secondary or reserve capital.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dreyer |first=Edward L. |title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Longman |location=New York |isbn=9780321084439 |author-link=Edward L. Dreyer |pages=140–141}}.</ref> Owing to the continuing importance of the [[Huang-Ming Zuxun|ancestral injunctions]], however, Nanjing was designated in official documents as the actual capital and Beijing as a temporary capital from 1425 to 1441.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dreyer |first=Edward L. |title=Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433 |year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Longman |location=New York |isbn=9780321084439 |author-link=Edward L. Dreyer |pages=168}}</ref> In 1441, the [[Yingzong Emperor of Ming|Yingzong Emperor]] ordered the "provisional" or "temporary" ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|行在}}}}, {{lang|zh|xíngzài}}) prefix removed from Beijing's government seals and further ordered that the southern imperial administration would henceforth be required to prefix "Nanjing" to their own seals to distinguish them.

Besides the city wall, other Ming-era structures in the city included the famous [[Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum]] and [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing|Porcelain Tower]], although the latter was destroyed by the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taipings]] in the 19th century either to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city<ref>Jonathan D. Spence. ''God's Chinese Son'', New York 1996</ref> or from superstitious fear of its [[fengshui|geomantic properties]].<ref>Williams, S. Wells. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002013393773 The Middle Kingdom: a Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, & History of the Chinese Empire & its Inhabitants]'', Vol. 1. Scribner (New York), 1904.</ref> A gigantic [[stele]], cut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned in the [[Yangshan Quarry]] some {{cvt|15-20|km|0|sp=us}} east of the walled city.{{sfn|Yang|Lu|2001|pp=616–617}}

As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral [[Zheng He]], who went to [[Treasure voyages|sail the Pacific and Indian Oceans]], and it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo who died during his visit to China in 1408. The [[Tomb of the King of Boni]], with a [[spirit way]] and a [[bixi (tortoise)|tortoise stele]], was discovered south of the walled city in [[Yuhuatai District]] in 1958 and has been restored.<ref>Johannes L. Kurz, [http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/ncswps004.pdf "Boni in Chinese Sources: Translations of Relevant Texts from the Song to the Qing Dynasties"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022455/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/ncswps004.pdf |date=November 10, 2013 }}, Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre Working Paper No 4 (July 2011).</ref>

Nanjing briefly again became the capital of the [[Southern Ming]] emperor from 1644 to 1645. After the fall of Beijing to [[Li Zicheng]]'s rebel forces and then to the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince [[Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu|Zhu Yousong]] was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor.{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=346}}{{sfn|Struve|1988|p=644}} His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called [[Southern Ming dynasty]].{{sfn|Struve|1988|p=642}}

Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince [[Dodo (prince)|Dodo]] approached [[Jiangnan]] the next spring.{{sfn|Struve|1993|pp=55–56}} Days after [[Yangzhou]] fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents.{{sfn|Struve|1993|pp=60–61}} On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them.{{sfn|Struve|1993|pp=62–63}}{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=578}} The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the [[Queue (hairstyle)|Manchu queue way]].{{sfn|Wakeman|1985|p=647}}{{sfn|Struve|1988|p=662}}<ref>{{harvnb|Dennerline|2002|p=87}}</ref> They requisitioned a large section of the city for the [[Eight Banners|bannermen]]'s cantonment, and occupied the former imperial [[Ming Palace]], but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that [[Yangzhou massacre|befell Yangzhou]].{{sfn|Struve|1993|pp=64–65, 72}}

[[File:南京明城墙之玄武门段(Near XuanWu Gate, NanJing Ming Great Wall) - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nanjing City Wall]] near Xuanwumen Gate]]

{{anchor|Qing|Qing dynasty}}

=== Qing dynasty and Taiping Rebellion ===
[[File:Nanking sive Kiangnan imperii sinarum provincia nona - (tiré du P. Martini) ; J. Blaeu excud. - btv1b59630645.jpg|thumb|right|250px|{{lang|la|Nanking sive Kiangnan}} ("Nanjing or Jiangnan"), the 9th provincial map of the [[Qing Empire|Chinese Empire]] in [[Martino Martini]] and [[Joan Blaeu]]'s 1655 {{nowrap|{{lang|la|[[Novus Atlas Sinensis]]}}}} {{nowrap|("New Chinese Atlas").}} Under the [[Qing Empire|Qing]], Nanjing continued to oversee the territory of Ming [[Nanzhili]] as [[Jiangnan Province|Jiangnan]] until its division into the provinces of [[Jiangsu]] and [[Anhui]].]]
Under the [[Qing dynasty]] from 1645<!--not 1644--> to 1911, Nanjing returned to its previous name Jiangning although it continued to be referenced as Nanking in foreign sources. At first, it continued to administer the territory of Nanzhili under the name [[Jiangnan Province|Jiangnan]] ("Area South of the Yangtze") but this administration was soon broken up into "Right" and "Left" governments based in Suzhou and Jiangning respectively. After a series of reorganizations, at some point under the [[Qianlong Emperor]], Jiangnan was fully divided into the present provinces of [[Anhui]] and Jiangsu. Separately, however, these provinces were reunited under the supervision of a new [[Viceroy of Liangjiang]] after 1723, whose seat was based in Jiangning.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/ANoame093.html |script-chapter=zh:清督驻所太平天国定鼎 |script-title=zh:南京市志(第1册)}} {{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was the site of a [[Qing Army]] garrison.<ref>{{citation |last=Cassel |first=Pär |contribution=Excavating Extraterritoriality: The "Judicial Sub-Prefect" as a Prototype for the Mixed Court in Shanghai |title=Late Imperial China |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=156–182}}.</ref> It had been visited by the [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]] and [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. The 1842 [[Treaty of Nanking]], ending the [[First Opium War]], was signed in the city harbor on [[Royal Navy]] warships.

The [[Taiping Rebellion]] secured the city in the mid-19th century, taking it as their capital under the name Tianjing. The rebellion destroyed most of the former Ming imperial buildings in the city, including the [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing|Porcelain Tower]], considered up to that time as one of the wonders of the world. Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the [[Presidential Building (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]]. When Qing forces led by [[Zeng Guofan]] retook the city in 1864, a massive slaughter occurred in the city with over 100,000 estimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death.<ref>"[http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#Taiping Necrometrics] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20150430180518/http://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm%23Venez1859#Taiping |date=2015-04-30 }}." ''Nineteenth Century Death Tolls'' cites a number of sources, some of which are reliable.</ref> Since the Taiping Rebellion began, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect{{what?|date=September 2025}} to surrender<ref>Ho Ping-ti. STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959. p. 237</ref> and systematically slaughtered civilians within the city.<ref name=peli>Pelissier, Roger. THE AWAKENING OF CHINA: 1793–1949. Edited and Translated by Martin Kieffer. New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109</ref>

The New York Methodist Mission Society's superintendent Virgil Hart arrived in Nanjing in 1881. After some time, he succeeded in buying land near the city's Southern Gate and Confucian Temple to build the city's first Methodist church, Western hospital and boys' school. The hospital would later be unified with the Drum Tower Hospital and the boys' school would be expanded by later missionaries to become the [[University of Nanking]] and Medical School. The old mission property became the No. 13 Middle School, the oldest continually-used school grounds in the city.<ref>{{citation |last=Crawford |first=Stanley |title=Man on a Mission |publisher= |date= |location= |page= }}.</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2023}}

=== Capital of the Republic and Nanjing Massacre ===
{{see also|Battle of Nanking|Nanjing Massacre}}
[[File:National Government of the R.O.C.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Presidential Building (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]] of the National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing, 1927]]
The [[Xinhai Revolution]] led to the founding of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] in January 1912 with [[Sun Yat-sen]] as the first provisional president and Nanjing was selected as its new capital.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} However, the Qing Empire controlled large regions to the north, so the revolutionaries asked [[Yuan Shikai]] to replace Sun as president in exchange for the abdication of [[Puyi]], the last emperor. Yuan demanded the capital be moved to Beijing (closer to his power base).{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

[[File:Crossing river by Gate of China01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Japanese soldiers entering the walled city of Nanjing through the [[Gate of China, Nanjing|Gate of China]]]]
In 1927, the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT; Nationalist Party) under Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] again established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China, and this became internationally recognized once KMT forces took Beijing in 1928. The following decade is known as the [[Nanjing decade]]. During this decade, Nanjing was of symbolic and strategic importance. The Ming dynasty had made Nanjing a capital, the republic had been established there in 1912, and [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s provisional government had been there.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Sun's body was brought and placed in a [[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum|grand mausoleum]] to cement Chiang's legitimacy. Chiang was born in the neighboring province of [[Zhejiang]] and the general area had strong popular support for him.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1927, the Nationalist government proposed a comprehensive proposal, the Capital Plan ({{lang|zh-Hant|首都計劃}}), to reconstruct the war-torn city of Nanjing into a modern capital.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} It was a decade of extraordinary growth with an enormous amount of construction. A lot of government buildings, residential houses, and modern public infrastructures were built. During this boom, Nanjing reputedly became one of the most modern cities in China.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1937, the [[Empire of Japan]] started a full-scale invasion of China after invading Manchuria in 1931, beginning the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (often considered a theater of [[World War II]]).<ref>Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, p.109–111</ref> Their troops occupied Nanjing in December and carried out the systematic and brutal [[Nanjing Massacre]] (the "Rape of Nanjing").<ref name="ReferenceA">[[John E. Woods (translator)|John E. Woods]], ''[[The Good Man of Nanking, the Diaries of John Rabe]]'', 1998 P. 275-278</ref> The total death toll, including estimates made by the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] and the [[Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal]] after the atomic bombings, was between 300,000 and 350,000.<ref>Document sent by former Japanese foreign minister [[Kōki Hirota]] to the Japanese Embassy in Washington on January 17, 1938, (Ref. National Archives, Washington, D.C., Released in Sept. 1994.)</ref> The city itself was also severely damaged during the massacre.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The [[Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall]] was built in 1985 to commemorate this event.

A few days before the fall of the city, the National Government of China was relocated to the southwestern city [[Chongqing]] and resumed Chinese resistance. In 1940, a Japanese-collaborationist government known as the "[[Wang Jingwei Government|Nanjing Regime]]" or "Reorganized National Government of China" led by [[Wang Jingwei]] was established in Nanjing as a rival to [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s government in Chongqing.<ref>{{cite book |title=Imperial Japan and national identities in Asia, 1895–1945 |year=2003 |first1=Li |first2=R.B. |last1=Narangoa |last2=Cribb |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-7007-1482-0 |page=13}}</ref> In 1946, after the [[Surrender of Japan]], the KMT relocated its central government back to Nanjing.
[[File:Hall of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum]] is the tomb of [[Sun Yat-sen]], the first president of the [[Republic of China]]]]

=== People's Republic ===
{{expand section|date=September 2025}}
{{see also|Yangtze River Crossing campaign}}
In April 1949, Communist forces crossed the [[Yangtze River]] and the Communist [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) captured Nanjing.<ref name="Zhang">Zhang, Chunhou. Vaughan, C. Edwin. [2002] (2002). Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives. Lexington books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0406-3}}. p 65, p 58</ref> The KMT government retreated to Canton ([[Guangzhou]]) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then [[Chengdu]] before retreating to the [[Geography of Taiwan|island of Taiwan]] on December 10 where [[Taipei]] was proclaimed the [[temporary capital]] of the Republic of China. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only [[Tibet (1912–51)|Tibet]] and [[Hainan Island]] were left.

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a [[province-level municipality]], but it was soon merged into Jiangsu and again became the provincial capital by replacing [[Zhenjiang]] which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day.

== Geography ==
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ni50-16.jpg|thumb|left|250px|1955 [[Army Map Service|AMS]] map of the area around the still walled city of Nanjing, labelled "Nan-ching (Nanking)"]]
[[File:Map of Nanjing, 1950s.jpg|thumb|left|250px|1955 AMS detail map of Nanjing, again labelled "Nan-ching (Nanking)"]]
[[File:Nanjing Area - Lower Yangtse Valley & Eastern China Map.jpg|thumb|Nanjing Region – Lower Yangtze Basin and Eastern China.]]

Nanjing, with a total land area of {{cvt|6598|km2}}, is situated in the heartland of the [[drainage area]] of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and in the Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then the north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south sides of the city. The city is {{cvt|650|km}} southeast of [[Luoyang]], {{cvt|900|km}} south-southeast of Beijing, {{cvt|270|km}} west-northwest of Shanghai, and {{cvt|1200|km}} east-northeast of Chongqing. The Yangtze flows downstream from [[Jiujiang]], Jiangxi, through [[Anhui]] and Jiangsu to the East China Sea. The northern part of the lower Yangtze drainage basin is the [[Huai River]] basin and the southern part is the [[Zhe River]] basin. They are connected by the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] east of Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Xiajiang ({{lang|zh|下江}}, Downstream River) region, with [[Jianghuai]] dominant in the northern part and [[Wu (region)|Jiangzhe]] dominant in the southern part.{{efn|Huai (Huai of Jianghuai {{lang|zh|江淮}}) is a big river north of Jiang (the river [[Yangtze]]), and the Zhe (Zhe of Jiangzhe {{lang|zh|江浙}})) is a big river south of Jiang.}} The region is also well known as Dongnan ({{lang|zh|东南}}, South East, the Southeast) and [[Jiangnan]] ({{lang|zh|江南}}, and River South, South of Yangtze).{{efn|The areas covered by such geographical names as Jiangnan, Dongnan and Xiajiang are not precisely defined. In ancient times the area was known as [[Yang Province|Yangchow]] ({{lang|zh-hant|揚州}}). Sometimes the term Jianghai ({{lang|zh|江海}}) is used because the region is where the Jiang ([[Yangtze]], river) empties into the Hai (sea).}}

Nanjing borders [[Yangzhou]] to the northeast; [[Zhenjiang]] to the east; and [[Changzhou]] to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities: [[Chuzhou]] to the northwest, [[Wuhu]], [[Chaohu]] and [[Ma'anshan]] to the west and [[Xuancheng]] to the southwest.<ref name="市志_市域">{{cite book |script-chapter=zh:中华人民共和国成立后中央直辖市及江苏省省会 |script-title=zh:南京市志(第1册)}}</ref>

=== Climate and environment ===
{{climate chart
| Nanjing
|−0.7| 7.2| 45.4
| 1.4| 9.5| 53.0
| 5.3|14.2| 79.6
|11.0|20.7| 80.3
|16.5|26.2| 90.0
|21.0|29.1|166.2
|24.9|32.2|214.3
|24.4|31.7|143.8
|19.9|27.7| 72.9
|13.6|22.5| 59.7
| 6.8|16.2| 55.9
| 1.1| 9.9| 29.5
|float = right
|source = CMA<ref name = CMA/> }}
Nanjing has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa'') and is influenced by the East Asian [[monsoon]]. The four seasons are distinct, with damp conditions seen throughout the year, very hot and muggy summers, cold<!--due to the high humidity and widespread lack of heating units-->, damp winters, and in between, spring and autumn are of reasonable length. Along with [[Chongqing]] and [[Wuhan]], Nanjing is traditionally referred to as one of the "[[Three Furnaces]]" along the Yangtze River for the perennially high temperatures in the summertime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gzkp.org.cn/show.aspx?id=180&cid=5 |script-title=zh:为什么重庆、武汉、南京有"三大火炉"之称? |publisher=Guangzhou Popular Science News Net (广州科普资讯网) |language=zh-hans |date=September 12, 2007 |access-date=November 12, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112042247/http://www.gzkp.org.cn/show.aspx?id=180&cid=5 |archive-date=November 12, 2014 }}</ref> However, the time from mid-June to the end of July is the [[plum blossom]] blooming season in which the ''[[meiyu]]'' (rainy season of East Asia; literally "plum rain") occurs, during which the city experiences a period of mild rain as well as dampness. The northeast wind prevails in winter.

Despite being called one of the "Three Furnaces", Nanjing has a cold climate for its latitude. Nanjing's winter temperatures are similar to, or lower than, those of London, and Nanjing's January is 2&nbsp;°C colder to London's January, despite the fact that Nanjing is on 32°N and London is on 51°N. Comparing to the East coast of USA which has the same humid subtropical climate, Nanjing's winter is 6&nbsp;°C colder than the winter of Savannah, Georgia. The average temperatures of Nanjing are also 3&nbsp;°C lower than those of Savannah (notice that Savannah is in the same 32°N latitude as Nanjing).

The average temperature in January is {{cvt|3.1|C}}, and the extreme daily minimum temperature is {{cvt|-14.0|C}}, which occurred on January 6, 1955. The southeast wind prevails in summer, with an average temperature of {{cvt|28.4|C}} in July and an extreme daily maximum temperature of {{cvt|43.0|C}}, which occurred on July 13, 1934. The number of precipitation days greater than 0.1&nbsp;mm was 113 days, and the extreme maximum annual precipitation days were 160 days in 1957. The average annual precipitation is {{cvt|1144|mm}}.

Typhoons are uncommon but possible in the late stages of summer and early part of autumn. The annual mean temperature is around {{cvt|16.4|°C|1}}, with the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranging from {{cvt|3.1|°C|1}} in January to {{cvt|28.4|°C|1}} in July. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{cvt|−14.0|°C|0}} on January 6, 1955, to {{cvt|40.7|°C|0}} on August 22, 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title=无标题文档 |access-date=February 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=March 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/home.do |script-title=zh:南京气象资料 |publisher=中国气象科学数据共享服务网 |access-date=July 20, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302053152/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/home.do |archive-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |access-date=December 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804202145/http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |url-status=live}}
</ref> On average precipitation falls 113&nbsp;days out of the year, and the average annual rainfall is {{cvt|1144|mm|0}}. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 37&nbsp;percent in June to 48&nbsp;percent in August and October, the city receives 1,932 hours of bright sunshine annually.
Nanjing is endowed with rich natural resources, which include more than 40 kinds of minerals. Among them, iron and [[sulfur]] reserves make up 40&nbsp;percent of those of Jiangsu province. Its reserves of [[strontium]] rank first in East Asia and the [[Southeast Asia]] region. Nanjing also possesses abundant water resources, both from the Yangtze River and groundwater. In addition, it has several natural hot springs such as Tangshan Hot Spring in [[Jiangning District|Jiangning]] and Tangquan Hot Spring in [[Pukou]].

Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the center of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while Purple Mountain is covered with deciduous and coniferous forests preserving various historical and cultural sites. Meanwhile, a Yangtze River deep-water channel is under construction to enable Nanjing to handle the navigation of 50,000 [[Deadweight tonnage|DWT]] vessels from the East China Sea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moc.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/201607/t20160705_2056811.html |script-title=zh:十二点五米深水航道初通南京 长江出海口至南京全程畅行五万吨级船舶 |language=zh-hans |date=July 5, 2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014036/http://www.moc.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/201607/t20160705_2056811.html |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Clear}}
{{Weather box
| location = Nanjing, elevation {{convert|35|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| collapsed = Y
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| Jan record high C = 21.0
| Feb record high C = 27.7
| Mar record high C = 33.2
| Apr record high C = 34.2
| May record high C = 37.5
| Jun record high C = 38.1
| Jul record high C = 40.0
| Aug record high C = 40.7
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 38.1
| Nov record high C = 29.2
| Dec record high C = 23.1
| Jan high C = 7.4
| Feb high C = 10.1
| Mar high C = 15.1
| Apr high C = 21.4
| May high C = 26.6
| Jun high C = 29.2
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 27.9
| Oct high C = 22.8
| Nov high C = 16.6
| Dec high C = 10.0
| Jan mean C = 3.1
| Feb mean C = 5.6
| Mar mean C = 10.1
| Apr mean C = 16.2
| May mean C = 21.5
| Jun mean C = 25.0
| Jul mean C = 28.4
| Aug mean C = 27.9
| Sep mean C = 23.7
| Oct mean C = 18.0
| Nov mean C = 11.5
| Dec mean C = 5.4
| Jan low C = 0.0
| Feb low C = 2.0
| Mar low C = 6.0
| Apr low C = 11.6
| May low C = 17.1
| Jun low C = 21.4
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 24.8
| Sep low C = 20.3
| Oct low C = 14.2
| Nov low C = 7.7
| Dec low C = 1.9
| Jan record low C = -14.0
| Feb record low C = -13.0
| Mar record low C = −7.1
| Apr record low C = −0.2
| May record low C = 5.0
| Jun record low C = 11.8
| Jul record low C = 16.8
| Aug record low C = 16.9
| Sep record low C = 7.7
| Oct record low C = 0.2
| Nov record low C = −6.3
| Dec record low C = −13.1
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 50.2
| Feb precipitation mm = 53.5
| Mar precipitation mm = 79.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 82.4
| May precipitation mm = 83.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 193.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 226.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 158.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 72.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 55.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 52.3
| Dec precipitation mm = 35.0
| Jan humidity = 73
| Feb humidity = 71
| Mar humidity = 69
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 69
| Jun humidity = 76
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 73
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 73
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9.2
| Feb precipitation days = 8.9
| Mar precipitation days = 10.9
| Apr precipitation days = 9.6
| May precipitation days = 9.9
| Jun precipitation days = 10.6
| Jul precipitation days = 11.7
| Aug precipitation days = 12.1
| Sep precipitation days = 7.8
| Oct precipitation days = 7.3
| Nov precipitation days = 7.7
| Dec precipitation days = 7.2
| Jan sun = 121.2
| Feb sun = 124.5
| Mar sun = 153.2
| Apr sun = 180.6
| May sun = 190.4
| Jun sun = 155.4
| Jul sun = 195.4
| Aug sun = 197.6
| Sep sun = 165.0
| Oct sun = 168.6
| Nov sun = 145.4
| Dec sun = 135.1
| Jan percentsun = 38
| Feb percentsun = 40
| Mar percentsun = 41
| Apr percentsun = 46
| May percentsun = 45
| Jun percentsun = 37
| Jul percentsun = 45
| Aug percentsun = 48
| Sep percentsun = 45
| Oct percentsun = 48
| Nov percentsun = 47
| Dec percentsun = 43
| Jan snow days = 3.7
| Feb snow days = 3.0
| Mar snow days = 1.0
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.4
| Dec snow days = 1.2
| year snow days = 
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
 |script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
 |publisher    = [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 |language     = zh
 |access-date  = April 11, 2023
 |archive-date = April 4, 2023
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404092524/https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
 |url-status   = live
|title = Experience Template
 }}</ref><ref name=CMA>{{cite web |url=http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |script-title=zh:中国气象局 国家气象信息中心 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=February 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318113757/http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |archive-date=March 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |access-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194950/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Index}}</ref>
| date = February 2011
| source = 
}}

===Cityscape===
{{Panorama
|image = File:Skyline of Nanjing (View from Nanjing Railway Station), Jul 4 2024 (cropped).jpg
|height = 260px
|caption ={{center|A panoramic view of central Nanjing from [[Nanjing Railway Station]]}}}}

===Environmental issues===
[[File:Chinahaze tmo 2013341 lrg.jpg|thumb|December 7, 2013, image from [[NASA]]'s Terra Satellite of the Eastern China smog]]
{{See also|2013 Eastern China smog}}
A dense wave of smog began in the [[Central China|central]] and [[East China|east]] parts of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around {{cvt|1200|km|sp=us}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82535 |title=Smog Shrouds Eastern China |publisher=Earth Observatory |date=December 10, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324172215/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82535 |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> including Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving [[air mass]]es carrying industrial emissions, collected [[air pollution|airborne pollutants]] to form a thick layer of smog over the region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smog and fog hit east, north China |url=http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013-12/06/content_30814209.htm |access-date=May 15, 2014 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=December 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206153436/http://china.org.cn/environment/2013-12/06/content_30814209.htm |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The heavy smog heavily polluted central and southern Jiangsu Province, especially in and around Nanjing,<ref name=wylww>{{cite web |url=http://news.qq.com/a/20131205/001551.htm |script-title=zh:我国25个省现雾霾 江苏成污染重灾区全国最严重 |publisher=腾讯转现代快报 |author1=Wu Yi (吴怡) |author2=Liu Wei Wei (刘伟伟) |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212151245/http://news.qq.com/a/20131205/001551.htm |archive-date=December 12, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> with its [[air quality index|AQI pollution Index]] at "severely polluted" for five straight days and "heavily polluted" for nine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/6632-Environmental-officials-deny-blame-for-eastern-China-smog |title=Environmental officials deny blame for eastern China smog |publisher=China Dialogue |date=January 6, 2014 |access-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324172728/https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/6632-Environmental-officials-deny-blame-for-eastern-China-smog |archive-date=March 24, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered [[district heating]] system in north China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-12/07/c_118458506.htm |script-title=zh:三问今冬十面"霾"伏 |script-work=zh:人民日报海外版 |trans-work=People's Daily overseas version |access-date=May 11, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222103923/http://news.xinhuanet.com/local/2013-12/07/c_118458506.htm |archive-date=December 22, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly [[sulfur dioxide|SO<sub>2</sub>]]) towards China's east coast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/newsdesk/energy/data/map-shanghais-charts-air-pollution |title=Map: Shanghai's off the charts air pollution |publisher=Greenpeace |date=December 6, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307155938/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/newsdesk/energy/data/map-shanghais-charts-air-pollution |archive-date=March 7, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Soil ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
There are mainly two types of soil in Nanjing: zonal soil and cultivated soil. The zonal soil is yellow-brown soil in the northern and central areas of Nanjing, and red soil in the southern part of the border with Anhui. The cultivated soil formed by human-made farming is mainly paddy soil, and there are some yellow Gang soil and vegetable garden soil. The distribution of soil presents a certain law with the undulation of topography and hydrological conditions, which can be divided into three categories: low mountain and hilly area, hilly area and plain area. According to the second national soil survey from 1980 to 1987, the soil in Nanjing is divided into 7 soil types, 13 subtypes, 30 soil genera and 66 soil species, with a total area of 416,300 hectares.

===Water===
[[File:Aerial panorama of Nanjing South and the Qinhuai River. December 2023.jpg|thumb|Aerial panorama of Fuzimiao and the Qinhuai River. December 2023.]]
Nanjing is located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River runs diagonally across the city from southwest to northeast. It is about 93 kilometers long and more than 300 kilometers away from the sea entrance. The Qinhuai River rushes from south to north, passes through the main urban area, and joins the Yangtze River. It is known as the mother river of Nanjing. Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are like two pearls embedded in the main city. The water area of the city now accounts for about 11%. The river and lake water system mainly belongs to the Yangtze River system, and only the rivers that flow into Gaoyou Lake and Baoying Lake in the northern part of Liuhe District belong to the Huai River system. The Yangtze River system includes the Qinhuai River system in the south of the Yangtze River, the Chuhe River system in the north of the Yangtze River, the riverside system formed by small rivers that flow into the river on both sides of the river, the two lakes system composed of Shijiu Lake and Gucheng Lake, and the West Taihu Lake system in the east of Gaochun. The groundwater resources are abundant and the water quality is excellent, and the Pukou Pearl Spring is particularly famous. Jiangning Tangshan and Pukou Tangquan are hot spring areas with a long history.

The [[Port of Nanjing]] is the largest inland port in China, with annual cargo tonnage reached 191,970,000&nbsp;t in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:2012全国货物、集装箱、旅客吞吐量统计 |url=http://www.chinaports.com/monthlythruput/2012-12/query |website=www.chinaports.com |publisher=南京港(集团)有限公司 |access-date=June 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630154637/http://www.chinaports.com/monthlythruput/2012-12/query |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The port area is {{cvt|98|km|mi|sp=us}} in length and has 64 berths including 16 berths for ships with a tonnage of more than 10,000.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh:集团简介 |url=http://www.njp.com.cn/about.aspx?id=3 |website=njp.com.cn |publisher=Nanjing Port Group (Co.), Ltd. |access-date=June 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616031218/http://www.njp.com.cn/about.aspx?id=3 |archive-date=June 16, 2014 }}</ref> Nanjing is also the biggest container port along the Yangtze River; in March 2004, the one million container-capacity base, Longtan Containers Port Area opened, further consolidating Nanjing as the leading port in the region. {{As of|2010}}, it operated six public ports and three industrial ports.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.chinaports.org/info/201011/000127.html |title=The Brief Introduction of Nanjing Port |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423053303/http://english.chinaports.org/info/201011/000127.html |archive-date=April 23, 2014}}</ref> The Yangtze River's 12.5-meter-deep waterway enables 50,000-ton-class ocean ships directly arrive at the Nanjing Port, and the ocean ships with the capacities of 100,000 tons or above can also reach the port after load reduction in the Yangtze River's high-tide period.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.investnanjing.gov.cn/28892/201507/t20150709_3446984.shtml |title=Yangtze-River Deep Waterway |access-date=October 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510091453/http://en.investnanjing.gov.cn/28892/201507/t20150709_3446984.shtml |archive-date=May 10, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[CSC Jinling]] has a large shipyard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://sbico.sinotrans-csc.com/col/col831/index.html |script-title=zh:中外运长航集团船舶重工总公司 Jinling Shipyard |website=sbico.sinotrans-csc.com |access-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730141653/http://sbico.sinotrans-csc.com/col/col831/index.html |archive-date=July 30, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Animal and plant resources ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Nanjing is one of the regions with abundant plant resources and a wide variety of plants in China. The vegetation types are complex, including 7 types of natural vegetation including coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, mixed deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest, shrub, grass and aquatic vegetation. Cultivated vegetation includes field crops, vegetable crops, and economic forests, orchards and green belts. Plant species, there are 1061 species of vascular plants, accounting for 64.7% of the total in Jiangsu Province. Seven species such as Sphaerocarpus sinensis, Chinese Allium chinense, Ming Codonopsis, and Pterocarpus sinensis are national key protected rare and endangered plants. The city's forest coverage rate is 27.1%. Among wild animals, there are 795 species of insects belonging to 125 families of 11 orders. There are 99 species of fish belonging to 22 families and 12 orders. There are 327 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates, belonging to 29 orders and 90 families. 243 species of birds belong to 56 families of 17 orders. 47 species of mammals belong to 8 orders and 22 families. Among all animal species, 9 species of wild animals under national first-level protection, such as the Oriental White Crane and White Shoulder Eagle, 65 species of wild animals under the second-level protection, such as the little swan, Chinese tiger and swallowtail, and finless porpoise, and 125 key protected animals in Jiangsu Province Species, 35 species of endangered animals.

===Yangtze River crossings===
{{main|Bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River}}
[[File:Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge1.JPG|thumb|Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge]]
In the 1960s, the first [[Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge]] was completed, and served as the only bridge crossing over the Lower Yangtze in eastern China at that time. The bridge was a source of pride and an important symbol of modern China, having been built and designed by the Chinese themselves following failed surveys by other nations and the reliance on and then rejection of Soviet expertise. Begun in 1960 and opened to traffic in 1968, the bridge is a two-tiered road and rail design spanning {{cvt|4,600|m}} on the upper deck, with approximately {{cvt|1,580|m}} spanning the river itself.  Since then four more bridges and four tunnels have been built.  Going in the downstream direction, the Yangtze crossings in Nanjing are: [[Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge|Dashengguan Bridge]], [[Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge|Third Bridge]], Fifth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, [[Nanjing Yangtze River Tunnel]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|南京长江隧道}}), [[Line 10, Nanjing Metro|Line 10 Metro Tunnel]], Nanjing Yangtze Tunnel ({{lang|zh-Hans|南京扬子江隧道}}), First Bridge, Yanziji Yangtze River Tunnel,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenanjinger.com/news/nanjing-news/2-metro-lines-new-yangtze-river-tunnel-open-on-same-day/|title=2 Metro Lines & New Yangtze River Tunnel Open on same Day!|date=December 29, 2022|website=The Nanjinger|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103031322/https://www.thenanjinger.com/news/nanjing-news/2-metro-lines-new-yangtze-river-tunnel-open-on-same-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Second Nanjing Yangtze Bridge|Nanjing Baguazhou Yangtze River Bridge]] and [[Fourth Nanjing Yangtze Bridge|Nanjing Qixiashan Yangtze River Bridge]].

====Nanjing Yangtze River Bridges====

* [[Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge]], also known as '''First Nanjing Yangtze Bridge''' (opened 1968, 160 m longest span)
* [[Nanjing Baguazhou Yangtze River Bridge]], also known as '''Second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge''' (opened 1997, 628 m longest span)
* [[Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge]], also known as '''Third Nanjing Yangtze Bridge''' (opened 2005, 648 m longest span)
* [[Nanjing Qixiashan Yangtze River Bridge]], also known as '''Fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge''' (opened 2012, 1,418m longest span)
* [[Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Yangtze River Bridge]], also known as '''Fifth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge''' (opened 2020, 600 m longest span)
* [[Nanjing Xianxin Yangtze River Bridge]] (opened 2023, 1,760 m longest span)

=== Mineral resources ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Nanjing is rich in mineral resources. The discovered minerals mainly include 41 types of iron, copper, lead, zinc, strontium, ferrosulfide, dolomite, limestone, gypsum, and clay, among which 23 are of proven reserves and 20 are of industrial mining value. There are more than 10 kinds being mined. The quality and reserves of strontium ore (celestite) rank first in the country. The reserves of copper and lead-zinc ore account for more than 90% of the province, iron ore accounts for 89% of the province, and limestone, dolomite, and attapulgite clay mines are in the whole province. Province occupies an important position. Nanjing's minerals are mainly concentrated in 4 metallogenic belts, namely Jiangpu-Liuhe iron and copper metallogenic belt, Ningzhen iron, copper, and sulfur polymetallic metallogenic belt, Ningwu iron, copper.

==Government==

[[File:Wumiao Kaoshiyuan.JPG|thumb|Nanjing Municipal People's Government<ref name="Government">{{Cite web |title=Government |url=https://english.nanjing.gov.cn/Government/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=english.nanjing.gov.cn}}</ref>]]
At present, the full name of the government of Nanjing is "Nanjing Municipal People's Government"<ref name="Government"/> and the municipality is under the one-party rule of the [[Chinese Communist Party]], with the [[Party Secretary of Nanjing]] as the ''de facto'' governor of the municipality and the mayor as the executive head of the government working under the secretary.

===Administrative divisions===
The sub-provincial city of Nanjing is divided into 11 [[District of China|districts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/js/5227.html |script-title=zh:2013年江苏省行政区划 |publisher=XZQH.org |date=February 20, 2013 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217095254/http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/js/5227.html |archive-date=December 17, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Map
! style="text-align:center;"| Subdivision
! style="text-align:center;"| Chinese
! style="text-align:center;"| Hanyu Pinyin
! style="text-align:center;"| Population {{small|([[2020 Chinese census|2020]])}}<ref name = "citypop">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-jiangsu-admin.php|title=China: Jiāngsū (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=June 21, 2023|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002015624/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-jiangsu-admin.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;"| Area {{small|(km<sup>2</sup>)}}
! style="text-align:center;"| Density {{small|(/km<sup>2</sup>)}}
|-
! rowspan="16" style="background:#fff;"|<div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Nanjing.png|width=360|link=}}
{{Image label|x=750|y=1020|scale=360/1440|text=[[Xuanwu District, Nanjing|{{small|'''Xuanwu'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=720|y=1120|scale=360/1440|text=[[Qinhuai District|{{small|'''Qinhuai'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=530|y=1140|scale=360/1440|text=[[Jianye District|Jianye]]}}
{{Image label|x=590|y=1000|scale=360/1440|text=[[Gulou District, Nanjing|{{small|'''Gulou'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=320|y=1020|scale=360/1440|text=[[Pukou District|'''Pukou''']]}}
{{Image label|x=930|y=900|scale=360/1440|text=[[Qixia District|'''Qixia''']]}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=1265|scale=360/1440|text=[[Yuhuatai District|'''Yuhuatai''']]}}
{{Image label|x=710|y=1400|scale=360/1440|text=[[Jiangning District|'''Jiangning''']]}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=420|scale=360/1440|text=[[Luhe<!--Please do not change 'Luhe' to 'Liuhe' without providing a source.--> District|'''Luhe'''<!--Please do not change 'Luhe' to 'Liuhe' without providing a source.-->]]}}
{{Image label|x=1100|y=1900|scale=360/1440|text=[[Lishui District|'''Lishui''']]}}
{{Image label|x=970|y=2410|scale=360/1440|text=[[Gaochun District|'''Gaochun''']]}}
{{image label end}}
</div>
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; " | '''City Proper'''
|-
| [[Xuanwu District, Nanjing|Xuanwu District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|玄武区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Xuánwǔ Qū}}
| align=right| 537,825
| align=right| 75.21
| align=right| 7,151
|-
| [[Qinhuai District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|秦淮区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Qínhuái Qū}}
| align=right| 740,809
| align=right| 49.15
| align=right| 15,072
|-
| [[Jianye District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|建邺区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Jiànyè Qū}}
| align=right| 534,257
| align=right| 80.94
| align=right| 6,601
|-
| [[Gulou District, Nanjing|Gulou District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|鼓楼区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Gǔlóu Qū}}
| align=right| 940,387
| align=right| 53.87
| align=right| 17,457
|-
| [[Qixia District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|栖霞区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Qīxiá Qū}}
| align=right| 987,835
| align=right| 390.0
| align=right| 2,533
|-
| [[Yuhuatai District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|雨花台区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Yǔhuātái Qū}}
| align=right| 608,780
| align=right| 133.2
| align=right| 4,570
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; " | '''Suburban'''
|-
| [[Pukou District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|浦口区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Pǔkǒu Qū}}
| align=right| 1,171,603
| align=right| 902.7
| align=right| 1,298
|-
| [[Jiangning District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|江宁区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Jiāngníng Qū}}
| align=right| 1,926,117
| align=right| 1,564
| align=right| 1,232
|-
| [[Luhe<!--Please do not change 'Luhe' to 'Liuhe' without providing a source.--> District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|六合区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Lùhé<!--Please do not change 'Luhe' to 'Liuhe' without providing a source.--> Qū}}<ref>{{cite book |editor1=夏征农 |editor2=陈至立 |script-title=zh:辞海第六版彩图本 |trans-title=[[Cihai]] (Sixth Edition in Color). |date=September 2009 |location=Shanghai |publisher=[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]]. |isbn=9787532628599 |page=1451 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|六 (lù) (...)用于地名.如: 六安; 六合. (...) 六合 区名.在江苏省南京市北部(...)}}}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=普通话审音委员会 |editor=文字改革月刊社 |script-title=zh:普通話异讀詞审音表初稿(第三編) |script-journal=zh:文字改革 |issue=85 |date=December 20, 1962 |page=8 |location=Beijing |publisher=文字改革出版社 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|(...)六合(江苏) Lùhé(...)}}
}}</ref>
| align=right| 946,563
| align=right| 1,481
| align=right| 639.1
|-
| [[Lishui District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|溧水区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Lìshuǐ Qū}}
| align=right| 491,336
| align=right| 1,068
| align=right| 460.1
|-
| [[Gaochun District]]
| align=left | {{lang|zh-Hans|高淳区}}
| align=left | {{Transliteration|zh|Gāochún Qū}}
| align=right| 429,173
| align=right| 791.8
| align=right| 542.0
|- style="background:#d3d3d3;"
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center; "|'''Total'''
| align=right|'''9,314,685'''
| align=right|'''6,590'''
| align=right|'''1,413'''
|-
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center; "| Defunct districts: [[Baixia District]] and [[Xiaguan District]]
|}

==Demographics==
{{See also|Population of Nanjing in December of 1937}}
{| border="1" align=right; style="float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;"
|+ '''Population trend'''<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Nanjing Bureau of Statistics ({{lang|zh-hans|南京市统计局}}) |script-title=zh:《南京统计年鉴2013》 |year=2013 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6859-0 |url=http://www.njtj.gov.cn/file/nj2004/2013/index.htm |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001913/http://www.njtj.gov.cn/file/nj2004/2013/index.htm |archive-date=June 12, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| valign="top" |
{|
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
!  style="background:#efefef; width:80px;"| Residents (in million)
!  style="background:#efefef; width:100px;"| natural growth rate (%)
|-
| 1949 || style="text-align:right;"| 2.5670 || style="text-align:right;"|13.09
|-
| 1950 || style="text-align:right;"| 2.5670 || style="text-align:right;"|15.64
|-
| 1955 || style="text-align:right;"| 2.8034 || style="text-align:right;"|19.94
|-
| 1960 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.2259 || style="text-align:right;"|0.23
|-
| 1965 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.4529 || style="text-align:right;"|25.58
|-
| 1970 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.6053 || style="text-align:right;"|20.76
|-
| 1975 || style="text-align:right;"| 3.9299 || style="text-align:right;"|9.53
|-
| 1978 || style="text-align:right;"| 4.1238 || style="text-align:right;"|8.84
|-
| 1990 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.0182 || style="text-align:right;"|9.18
|}
| valign="top" |
{|
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef; width:80px;"| Residents (in million)
! style="background:#efefef; width:100px;"| natural growth rate (%)
|-
| 1995 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.2172 || style="text-align:right;"|2.62
|-
| 1996 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.2543 || style="text-align:right;"|2.63
|-
| 1997 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.2982 || style="text-align:right;"|2.16
|-
| 1998 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.3231 || style="text-align:right;"|1.00
|-
| 1999 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.3744 || style="text-align:right;"|2.01
|-
| 2000 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.4489 || style="text-align:right;"|2.48
|-
| 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.5304 || style="text-align:right;"|1.60
|-
| 2002 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.6328 || style="text-align:right;"|0.70
|-
| 2003 || style="text-align:right;"| 5.7223 || style="text-align:right;"|1.50
|-
| 2006 || style="text-align:right;"| 6.0700 || style="text-align:right;"|6.11
|}
|}

At the time of the [[2010 PRC census|2010 census]], the total population of the City of Nanjing was 8.005&nbsp;million. The [[OECD]] estimated the encompassing [[metropolitan area]] at the time as 11.7&nbsp;million.<ref name="oecd2015">{{cite book |doi=10.1787/9789264230040-en |title=OECD Urban Policy Reviews: China 2015, OECD READ edition |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |page=37 |via=OECD iLibrary |language=en |date=April 18, 2015 |issn=2306-9341 |isbn=9789264230033 |access-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327210032/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015_9789264230040-en#page39 |archive-date=March 27, 2017 |url-status=live  }}Linked from the OECD [http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm here] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044027/http://www.oecd.org/china/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-china-2015-9789264230040-en.htm |date=December 9, 2017 }}</ref> Official statistics in 2011 estimated the city's population to be 8.11&nbsp;million. The [[birth rate]] was 8.86&nbsp;percent and the [[death rate]] was 6.88&nbsp;percent. The urban area had a population of 6.47&nbsp;million people. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of the city population was 107.31 males to 100 females.<ref>{{Cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Liu Shaowu (刘绍武) |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国全国分县市人口统计资料 |publisher=群众出版社 |date=2011 |isbn=9787501449170}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.njtj.gov.cn/_siteId/4/pageId/63/columnId/3457/articleId/85261/DisplayInfo.aspy |script-title=zh:南京市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 |publisher=Office of the Sixth National Census, Nanjing Bureau of Statistics |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118092730/http://www.njtj.gov.cn/_siteId/4/pageId/63/columnId/3457/articleId/85261/DisplayInfo.aspy |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As in most of eastern China, the official ethnic makeup of Nanjing is predominantly [[Han nationality]] (98.56&nbsp;percent), with 50 other [[Ethnic minorities in China|official ethnic groups]]. In 1999, 77,394 residents belonged to officially defined minorities, among which the vast majority (64,832) were [[Hui Chinese|Hui]], contributing 83.76&nbsp;percent to the minority population. The second and third largest minority groups were [[Manchu]] (2,311) and [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (533). Most of the minority nationalities resided in Jianye District, comprising 9.13&nbsp;percent of the district's population.<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.njmzzj.gov.cn/column/column_27/col_27.html |script-title=zh:南京民族概况 |publisher={{lang|zh-hans|南京市民族宗教事务局}} |date=August 26, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517094515/http://www.njmzzj.gov.cn/column/column_27/col_27.html |archive-date=May 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
[[Nanjing dialect|Nanjing Mandarin]] is spoken in most parts of Nanjing, while [[Wu Chinese]] is spoken in most of the Gaochun District and the southern part of Lishui District. Nanjing dialect has been the official language of China for a long time in history. Jinling Yayan was established as the standard pronunciation of Chinese as an orthodox traditional Chinese dialect in the ancient Central Plains.

In July 2017, the Ministry of Education and the National Language Commission held a press conference, and the penetration rate of Mandarin has reached 73%.

=== Religion ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Nanjing has four major religions: [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. Nanjing is one of the earliest areas in China to spread Buddhist culture. The "480 Temples in the Southern Dynasties" has become the center of Chinese Buddhist culture and the ancestral home of the Sanlunzong, Niutouzong, Fayanzong, and other Buddhist sects. Nanjing is also the place for the revival of modern Chinese Buddhist culture. The Jinling Carved Scriptures integrates Buddhist publishing, dissemination, and research. It is still the world's unparalleled Chinese Buddhist scripture publishing and circulation center. The engraving and printing skills are included in the world's intangible cultural heritage of humanity. Ancient famous temples such as Jianchu Temple, Qixia Temple, [[Waguan Temple]], Qingliang Temple, Jiming Temple, Dabaoen Temple, etc. were revived. Nanjing Taoism has a long history and occupies an important position in the history of Chinese Taoism.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The spread of Catholicism in Nanjing began more than 400 years ago and was started by the scientist and missionary [[Matteo Ricci]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The Shigu Road Catholic Church is the cathedral of the Catholic Diocese of Nanjing. The Nanjing Diocese with Nanjing as its center covers a vast area. As one of the national centers of Christianity in China, Nanjing has two seminaries, Jinling Theological Seminary and Jiangsu Theological Seminary. The Christian social service organization, Amity Foundation and the world's largest Bible printing company, Amity Printing Company are both in Nanjing.

Nanjing is the birthplace of the Islamic "Renaissance" and has an important influence on the development of Chinese Islamic culture.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Economy==

[[File:Naning city centre 05.1987.jpg|thumb|Nanjing city centre in May 1987]]
[[File:Zifeng Tower 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Nanjing Zifeng Tower]] with the [[Purple Mountain (Nanjing)|Purple Mountain]] in the background]]

The current economy of the city, is dominated by the service industries, accounting for about 60 percent of the GDP of the city, and financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry are the top three. Industries of information technology, energy saving and environmental protection, new energy, smart power grid and intelligent equipment manufacturing have become the pillar of the industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/2016-01/01/c_1117643606.htm |script-title=zh:在结构调整中持续发展 南京2015年产值近万亿-新华网 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=January 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131063438/http://www.js.xinhuanet.com/2016-01/01/c_1117643606.htm |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Big [[civilian-run enterprise]] include [[Suning.com|Suning Commerce]], [[Yurun]], [[Sanpower]], Fuzhong, [[Hiteker]], [[5stars]], [[Jinpu]], [[Tiandi]], [[CTTQ Pharmaceutical]], [[Nanjing Iron and Steel Company]] and [[Simcere Pharmaceutical]]. Big state-owned firms include [[Panda Electronics]], [[Yangzi Petrochemical]], [[Jinling Petrochemical]], [[Nanjing Chemical]], [[Jincheng Motors]], [[Jinling Pharmaceutical]], [[Chenguang]] and [[NARI Group|NARI]]. The city has also attracted foreign investments. [[multinational corporation|Multinational firms]] such as [[Siemens]], [[Ericsson]], [[Volkswagen]], [[Iveco]], [[A.O. Smith]], and [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] have established their offices, and a number of multinationals such as [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[IBM]], [[Lucent]], [[Samsung]] and [[SAP SE|SAP]] have established research center here. Many China-based leading firms such as [[Huawei]], [[ZTE]] and [[Lenovo]] have key R&D institutes in the city. Nanjing is an industrial technology research and development hub, hosting many R&D centers and institutions, especially in areas of electronics technology, information technology, computer software, biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology and new material technology.

In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. 
In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801&nbsp;billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita (current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), an 11&nbsp;percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's [[disposable income]] was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban [[unemployment rate]] was 3.02&nbsp;percent, lower than the national average (4.3&nbsp;percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.xhby.net/system/2009/10/19/010606954.shtml |script-title=zh:南京总部经济发展能力居全国第六 |publisher=新华报业网(来源: 南京日报) |date=October 19, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109235015/http://home.xhby.net/system/2009/10/19/010606954.shtml |archive-date=November 9, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2004, Nanjing ranked sixth in China's Economic Center Positioning Index, after Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Tianjin. In 2008, the Headquarters Economy Development Capacity ranked the city fifth in China, behind Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. In 2014 China's regional central cities (excluding Beijing and Shanghai) competitiveness evaluation, Nanjing was second only to Shenzhen and Guangzhou. In 2015, Nanjing ranked fifth in China's investment attractive cities, closely following Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen. In August 2020, Nanjing ranked among China's top ten GDP in the first half of the year.
In 2019, Nanjing's GDP was 1403,015 billion yuan, ranking 11th in the country, an increase of 7.8% over the previous year. The per capita GDP is 152,886 yuan, ranking second in China's municipalities, sub-provincial cities and provincial capitals, second only to Shenzhen, and the provincial capital ranking first. In 2021, Nanjing's GDP reached 1,6355.32 billion yuan.

=== Primary industry ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Nanjing is one of China's important agricultural and commercial grain bases. The main cash crops are rice, cotton, silkworm cocoons, hemp, tea, bamboo, fruits, medicinal materials, etc. Due to the fertile water quality on both sides of the Yangtze River, it is also one of China's important freshwater fishery bases.

In 2019, the total output value of Nanjing's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery was 47.250 billion yuan, an increase of 4.8% over the previous year. Among them, the agricultural output value was 24.077 billion yuan, the forestry output value was 2.017 billion yuan, the animal husbandry output value was 2.435 billion yuan, the fishery output value was 15.389 billion yuan, and the agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery service industry output value was 3.333 billion yuan.

=== Secondary industry ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
In 2019, Nanjing's total industrial added value was 421.577 billion yuan, an increase of 6.9%. The added value of industrial enterprises above the designated size was 309.226 billion yuan, an increase of 7.0%. Among the industries above designated size, the added value of state-owned and state-holding enterprises fell by 0.2%, private enterprises increased by 20.3%, and foreign companies, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan enterprises increased by 7.0%. Large and medium-sized enterprises increased by 3.9%, and small and micro enterprises increased by 18.2%. Among the 37 major industries in the system, 22 industries have achieved growth in added value. Among the top ten industries ranked by cumulative value-added, six industries including electronics, electrical machinery, steel, medicine, general equipment, and non-metal products increased by 20.2%,

=== Tertiary industry ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Nanjing is an important regional financial and business center positioned by the National Development and Reform Commission. The financial industry is an important strategic pillar industry in Nanjing. The total financial volume and financial resources account for 25% of Jiangsu Province, and in the Financial Center index, the city ranks sixth in the country. In the 2018 China Financial Center Index evaluation, Nanjing's financial industry performance ranked fourth in China, after [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Shenzhen]]. In 2018, Nanjing's financial industry achieved an added value of 147.332 billion yuan, and the balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits in financial institutions was 3452.486 billion yuan.

Nanjing is China's service outsourcing base and national software export innovation base. It is China's only pilot city for comprehensive reform of the national science and technology system. The software industry is the number one leading industry and pillar industry that Nanjing strives to cultivate. At the end of 2019, Nanjing achieved a total execution value of 17.33 billion US dollars in service outsourcing, ranking first among Chinese cities. In 2018, the software and information service industry had a revenue of 450 billion yuan, ranking fourth in China and first in Jiangsu after Beijing, Shenzhen, and Shanghai, accounting for 7.1% of the country's total and 50.8% of Jiangsu's. There are 12 unicorn companies in Nanjing in 2019, ranking seventh in global cities and fifth in China.

The convention and exhibition industry is an important industry in Nanjing. In the "World 2013 City Conference Industry Development Ranking" issued by the International Conference and Convention Association (ICCA), Nanjing has become the city with the most international conferences in China after Beijing and Shanghai. In 2019, Beichen Convention and Exhibition Research Institute released the "China Exhibition Index Report 2019", and Nanjing ranked seventh in China in the comprehensive index of domestic urban exhibition industry development. According to the "2017 China Exhibition Statistics Report" released in 2018, Nanjing ranked third in the number of exhibitions held in all cities in China, and ranked fifth in the exhibition area in all cities in China.

==Transport==

Nanjing is the transport hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transport constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transport is the dominant mode of travel for the majority of citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|four bridges and two tunnels]] over the [[Yangtze River]], linking districts north of the river with the city center on the south bank.<ref name=Yangtze>{{cite web |last=Yangtze Bridge |first=Fourth Nanjing |title=Nanjing Yangtze Fourth Bridge to open on Dec.24 (3) |url=http://english.people.com.cn/102774/8065911.html |work=People's Daily |access-date=May 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215052940/http://english.people.com.cn/102774/8065911.html |archive-date=December 15, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:201806 Departure Floor of Nanjingnan Station.jpg|thumb|Nanjing South Railway Station]]
Nanjing is an important railway hub in eastern China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2009-07/15/content_17099897.htm |script-title=zh:伴随江苏铁路发展 南京将成长三角铁路交通枢纽 |work=Xinhua |date=July 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523160522/http://www3.xinhuanet.com/chinanews/2009-07/15/content_17099897.htm |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=May 29, 2014 }}</ref> It serves as rail junction for the [[Jinghu Railway|Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu)]] (which is itself composed of the old [[Jinpu Railway|Jinpu]] and [[Huning Railway]]s), [[Nanjing–Tongling Railway]] (Ningtong), [[Nanjing–Qidong Railway|Nanjing–Qidong (Ningqi)]], and the [[Nanjing–Xi'an Railway|Nanjing-Xi'an (Ningxi)]] which encompasses the [[Hefei–Nanjing Passenger Railway|Hefei–Nanjing Railway]].
Nanjing is connected to the [[high-speed rail in China#Track network|national high-speed railway network]] by [[Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway]] and [[Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line]], with several more high-speed rail lines under construction. The main stations in Nanjing are Nanjing Station, Nanjing South Station, Jiangning Station, Lishui Station, Xianlin Station, Jiangning West Station, Nanjing East Station, Nanjing Passenger and Technical Station, as well as the new Nanjing North Station and Lukou Air-Rail Intermodal Transport Hub Station planning in. Among them, Nanjing Railway Station is the national railway hub station and China's top ten railway hubs, Nanjing South Railway Station is the national railway hub station and Asia's largest high-speed railway station, and Nanjing East Railway Station is the largest marshalling station in East China and the country's 15th largest railway network marshalling station. Nanjing Passenger Technology Station is a train technology station

Among all 17 railway stations in Nanjing, passenger rail service is mainly provided by [[Nanjing Railway Station]] and [[Nanjing South Railway Station]], while other stations like [[Nanjing West Railway Station]], [[Zhonghuamen Railway Station]] and [[Xianlin Railway Station]] serve minor roles. [[Nanjing Railway Station]] was first built in 1968.<ref name="南京火车站">{{cite web |url=http://www.njstation.com/xxcx/czjs.aspx |script-title=zh:车站简介 |publisher=Nanjing railway station |year=2012 |access-date=November 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127171156/http://www.njstation.com/xxcx/czjs.aspx |archive-date=November 27, 2012 }}</ref> On November 12, 1999, the station was burnt in a serious fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/china/1999-11-12/31025.html |script-title=zh:南京火车站12日晨发生特大火灾 |work=[[Sina News]] |year=1999 |access-date=November 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529183719/http://news.sina.com.cn/china/1999-11-12/31025.html |archive-date=May 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Reconstruction of the station was finished on September 1, 2005. [[Nanjing South Railway Station]], which is one of the five hub stations on Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, has officially been claimed as the largest railway station in Asia and the second largest in the world in terms of GFA (Gross Floor Area).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.huoche.com.cn/44809 |script-title=zh:南京火车站和北京南站变身 成全国新建改建范本 |script-website=zh:火车网 |year=2012 |access-date=November 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203061352/http://news.huoche.com.cn/44809 |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Construction of Nanjing South Station began on January 10, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1005/4/0/0/100540063.html?coluid=6&kindid=113&docid=100540063 |script-title=zh:中國評論新聞網 |website=chinareviewnews.com |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203115/http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1005/4/0/0/100540063.html?coluid=6&kindid=113&docid=100540063 |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The station was opened for public service in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://udn.com/NEWS/MAINLAND/MAI2/6427129.shtml |script-title=zh:亞洲最大 京滬高鐵南京南站啟用 – 聯合報 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702121253/http://udn.com/NEWS/MAINLAND/MAI2/6427129.shtml |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Aviation ===
[[File:201712 End of a Concourse of NKG T2.jpg|thumb|Nanjing Lukou International Airport, NKG]]
Nanjing's airport, [[Nanjing Lukou International Airport|Lukou International Airport]] (NKG), serves both national and international destinations. In 2013, Nanjing airport handled 15,011,792 passengers and 255,788.6 tonnes of freight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hd.caac.gov.cn/TJXX/201403/P020140306379512164336.xlsx |script-title=zh:2013年华东机场生产数据排序 |date=March 6, 2014 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China East China Regional Administration |language=zh-hans |access-date=March 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309190254/http://hd.caac.gov.cn/TJXX/201403/P020140306379512164336.xlsx |archive-date=March 9, 2014 }}</ref> The airport currently has 85 routes to national and international destinations, which include Japan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/06/08/mu-nkgfsz-jul15/ |title=China Eastern Adds Nanjing – Shizuoka Service from July 2015 |publisher=Airlineroute.net |date=June 8, 2015 |access-date=June 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609024425/http://airlineroute.net/2015/06/08/mu-nkgfsz-jul15/ |archive-date=June 9, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Korea]], [[Thailand]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/05/27/xw-nkg-jun15update4 |title=NokScoot Revises Nanjing Launch to mid-June 2015 |publisher=Airlineroute.net |date=May 27, 2015 |access-date= May 27, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150527210209/http://airlineroute.net/2015/05/27/xw-nkg-jun15update4/ |archive-date= May 27, 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Bamrung |last=Amnatcharoenrit |title=AirAsia flies out of Don Mueang without a hitch |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/AirAsia-flies-out-of-Don-Mueang-without-a-hitch-30191480.html |location=Bangkok |newspaper=The Nation |date=October 2, 2012 |access-date=October 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005004213/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/business/AirAsia-flies-out-of-Don-Mueang-without-a-hitch-30191480.html |archive-date=October 5, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Malaysia]], Singapore, United States<ref>{{cite news |title=China Eastern, Delta and Hainan Airlines' new routes accelerate US-China aviation development |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/china-eastern-delta-and-hainan-airlines-new-routes-accelerate-us-china-aviation-development-210537 |access-date= March 11, 2015 |work=Centre for Aviation |date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150225145028/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/china-eastern-delta-and-hainan-airlines-new-routes-accelerate-us-china-aviation-development-210537 |archive-date= February 25, 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref> and Germany. The airport is connected by a {{cvt|29|km|adj=on}} highway directly to the city center, and is also linked to various intercity highways, making it accessible to the passengers from the surrounding cities. A railway [[Ninggao Intercity Rail Line|Ninggao Intercity Line]] has been built to link the airport with [[Nanjing South Railway Station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://roll.sohu.com/20111228/n330518893.shtml |script-title=zh:南京开建地铁机场线 第一次地铁将抵达机场 |script-work=zh:中国江苏网 |via=Sohu |date=December 28, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024619/http://roll.sohu.com/20111228/n330518893.shtml |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lukou Airport was opened on June 28, 1997, replacing [[Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport]] as the main airport serving Nanjing. Dajiaochang Airport is still used as a military air base.<ref name="nje">{{cite web |url=http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/CNoame091.html |script-title=zh:大校场机场 |trans-title=Dajiaochang Airport |work=Nanjing City Chronicles |publisher=Nanjing City Government |language=zh-hans |access-date=September 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203093757/http://njdfz.nje.cn/UpLoadFile/html/%E5%B8%82%E5%BF%971-4%E5%86%8C/html/CNoame091.html |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nanjing has another airport – Nanjing Ma'an International Airport which temporarily serves as a dual-use military and civil airport.

=== Shipping ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Contemporary Nanjing Port is an important hub port in China and a first-class port open to the outside world. It is a multifunctional river-sea port in East China and the Yangtze River Basin for reloading, land and water transfer, cargo distribution and opening to the outside world. It is the only container railway and waterway in the Yangtze River Delta. A seamless port. The completion of the 12.5-meter deep-water channel project on the Yangtze River in Nanjing has made Nanjing Port the deepest inland international deep-water seaport, and it is also a comprehensive hub for China's global river-to-sea transshipment.

===Road===
[[File:Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge02.jpg|thumb|[[Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge]], built in 1968,<ref name="南京火车站" /> the first [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|bridge over the Yangtze River]] to be built without foreign assistance.]]
[[File:Nanjing traffic in city, 1989.jpg|thumb|Nanjing traffic in city center, 1989]]
As an important regional hub in the [[Yangtze River Delta]], Nanjing is well-connected by over 60 state and provincial highways to all parts of China.

Highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, [[Hefei]], [[Hangzhou]], and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are {{cvt|230|km|sp=us}} of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38&nbsp;kilometers per hundred square&nbsp;kilometers (5.44&nbsp;mi/100&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56&nbsp;kilometers per hundred square&nbsp;kilometers (181.15&nbsp;mi/100&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi).<ref name="数字交通">{{cite web |url=http://www.njjt.gov.cn/col/col28/index.html |script-title=zh:数字交通 |publisher=Nanjing Bureau of Transport |access-date=November 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415063734/http://www.njjt.gov.cn/col/col28/index.html |archive-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref> The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong Road are also the two main roads which cross each other in the city center, Xinjiekou.

'''Expressways''' {G+XXxx (National Express, {{lang|zh-Hans|国家高速}}), S+XX ({{lang|zh-Hans|省级高速}})}:
* [[G25 Changchun–Shenzhen Expressway]]
* [[G36 Nanjing–Luoyang Expressway]]
* [[G40 Shanghai–Xi'an Expressway]]
* [[G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway]]
* [[G4211 Nanjing–Wuhu Expressway]], a spur of G42 that extends west to [[Wuhu]], Anhui
* [[S55 Nanjing–Gaochun(Xuancheng) Expressway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宁宣高速或南京机场高速}})
* [[S38 Yanjiang Expressway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|沿江高速或常合高速}})
* [[G2503 Nanjing Ring Expressway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|新南京绕城高速或南京绕越高速}})
* [[S001 Nanjing Ring Highway]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|旧南京绕城高速或南京绕城公路}})

'''National Highway'''

Nanjing is a national comprehensive transportation hub, and its highway network density ranks among the top central cities in the country. As of 2019, the total mileage of Nanjing highways opened to traffic has reached 630 kilometers, and the highway network density has reached 9.56 kilometers per 100 square kilometers, ranking first in the country. With Nanjing as the center, Ninghu, Ninggao, Ningzhen, Ningyang, Ningchu, Ninglian, Ningtong, Ningchao, Ninghe, Ningluo, Ningma, Ningxuan, Ningyan, Ninghuai, Ningmu, Ningchang, Ninghang and other high-grade highways lead to Jiang surrounding provinces and cities in a radial pattern.

Main long-distance bus terminals: Nanjing Bus Station, Nanjing South Bus Station, Nanjing North Bus Station, Nanjing East Bus Station, Jiangning Bus Station, Lishui Bus Station, Gaochun Bus Station, Nanjing Getang Bus Station.

{G1xx (which starts from Beijing), G2xx (north-south), G3xx (west-east)}:
* [[China National Highway 104]]—motorists can either drive northwest to Beijing or south to [[Fuzhou]], Fujian.
* [[China National Highway 205]]—motorists can either drive north to [[Shanhaiguan District|Shanhaiguan]], Hebei or south to [[Shenzhen]], Guangdong.
* [[China National Highway 312]]—motorists can either drive east to Shanghai or west to [[Khorgas]], Xinjiang on the Kazakh border
* [[China National Highway 328]]—Nanjing is the western terminus of G328, which motorists can follow to [[Hai'an County]] in eastern Jiangsu

===Public transport===
{{see also|Nanjing Metro}}
[[File:ULuo-NanjingMetroMapofConstructionPlan2022.jpg|thumb|Nanjing Metro Construction Plan by 2022]]
The city has an efficient public transport network, which mainly consists of bus, taxi and metro systems. The bus network, which is currently run by three companies since 2011, provides more than 370 routes covering all parts of the city and suburban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://finance.ifeng.com/money/roll/20120626/6654507.shtml |script-title= zh:南京三大公交企业新名称敲定 |work=[[Ifeng]] Finance |date=June 26, 2012 |access-date= May 29, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140529201302/http://finance.ifeng.com/money/roll/20120626/6654507.shtml |archive-date= May 29, 2014 |url-status= live}}</ref> At present, the [[Nanjing Metro]] system has a grand total of {{cvt|449|km}} of route and 208 stations across 12 lines. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 7, Line 10, Line S1, Line S3, Line S6, Line S7, Line S8 and Line S9. The city is planning to complete a 17-line Metro and [[light-rail]] system by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://info.upla.cn/html/2009/10-23/147166.shtml |script-title= zh:南京轨道交通线网共17条 |website= upla.cn |date= October 23, 2009 |access-date= March 6, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110707051337/http://info.upla.cn/html/2009/10-23/147166.shtml |archive-date= July 7, 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The expansion of the Metro network will greatly facilitate intracity transport and reduce the currently heavy traffic congestion.

Nanjing's first subway officially opened on September 3, 2005. It is the sixth city in mainland China to open a subway. As of 2019, Nanjing subway has 12 lines and 208 stations, with a total length of 449 kilometers and an average daily passenger flow. With more than 3.4 million passengers, the length of subway lines ranks seventh in China and eighth in the world.

As of the end of 2018, Nanjing had 6,909 buses, operating 468 bus lines, with a total length of {{cvt|7670.9|km}}, an average daily mileage of {{cvt|1,178|e6km}}, and an average daily passenger volume of 2,182 million. At present, Nanjing has eliminated buses below the National III standard and non-air-conditioned buses, and the number of pure electric buses ranks second in the world.

As of the end of 2019, there were more than 12,000 real-name certified taxis in Nanjing. The appearance of the taxis was mostly uniform yellow and black, and the royal blue luxury taxis were a minority.

As of July 2019, there are six online ride-hailing platforms in Nanjing, namely Meituan Taxi, Didi Chuxing, First Taxi-hailing, Cao Cao Special Car, Shenzhou Special Car, T3 Travel, and the current car qualification rate of each platform is 70% the above. At present, there are about 13,000 online car-hailing vehicles legally applying for "''car permits''" in Nanjing.

As of 2019, there are two lines of Nanjing trams. Nanjing Hexi Tram was officially put into operation on August 1, 2014. It is the world's first inter-area contactless tram, and China's first tram to be charged at a station. The line is about 7.76 kilometers long and has 13 stations., Including 4 subway transfer stations. The Nanjing Kylin Tram was officially put into operation on October 31, 2017. The line is about 8.95 kilometers long and has 15 stations, including 1 subway transfer station.

==Culture and art==
[[File:南京中国科举博物馆.jpg|thumb|[[Jiangnan Examination Hall]]]]
Being one of the four ancient capitals of China, Nanjing has always been a cultural center attracting intellectuals from all over the country. In the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] and [[Song dynasty|Song]] dynasties, Nanjing was a place where poets gathered and composed poems reminiscent of its luxurious past; during the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, the city was the official [[imperial examination]] center ([[Jiangnan Examination Hall]]) for the [[Jiangnan]] region, again acting as a hub where different thoughts and opinions converged and thrived.

Today, with a long cultural tradition and strong support from local educational institutions, Nanjing is commonly viewed as a "city of culture" and one of the more pleasant cities to live in China.

===Art===
[[File:Pekinguniversitykunqu4.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kunqu]]]]
Some of the leading art groups of China are based in Nanjing; they include the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company, [[Nanjing Little Red Flower Art Troupe]], Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute and Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company among others.

[[Jiangsu Art Gallery]] is the largest gallery in Jiangsu Province, presenting some of the best traditional and contemporary art pieces of China like the historical Master Ho-Kan;<ref>[http://www.synotrip.com/nanjing/jiangsu-art-gallery Jiangsu Art Gallery] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121938/http://www.synotrip.com/nanjing/jiangsu-art-gallery |date=May 17, 2014 }}, [http://www.synotrip.com/ Synotrip] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625115459/http://www.synotrip.com/ |date=June 25, 2014 }}.</ref> many other smaller-scale galleries, such as Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery, also have their own special exhibitions. As of 2019, Nanjing has 14 cultural centers, 100 cultural stations, 15 public libraries (excluding libraries for education systems and enterprises and institutions), 132 movie theaters, and 2 large-scale convention and exhibition centers. They are Nanjing International Exhibition Center and Nanjing International Expo Center, 87 various museums, including 77 state-owned museums and 10 non-state-owned museums. As of the end of August 2020, there are 137 calligraphy and painting academies, art museums, and art galleries in Nanjing.

Nanjing is an important town of Chinese painting and calligraphy. In the Six Dynasties, there were painting and calligraphy masters such as Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Zhang Sengyou, Lu Tanwei, and Gu Kaizhi. The earliest extant painting theory work "Paintings" has a profound impact on later generations. The Nantang Art Academy brought together outstanding calligraphy and painting masters at a time. Dongyuan and Juran pioneered the Southern School of Landscape and became a generation of masters. Xu Xi's flower and bird paintings, Zhou Wenju, and Gu Hongzhong's figure paintings continue to pass. "Han Xizai's Night Banquet" is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese meticulous brushwork. The system of Nantang Painting Academy was also inherited by later generations. The Painting Book of Ten Bamboo Studios in the Ming dynasty reproduced the paintings with the pinnacle of three-dimensional color printing techniques. The Painting Book of Mustard Seed Garden in the early Qing dynasty was regarded as a must-read for learning Chinese painting. The "Eight Masters of Nanjing" headed by Gong Xian were active in Nanjing in the early Qing dynasty and created the Jinling School of Painting. In the 1930s, celebrities in painting circles such as Lv Fengzi, Xu Beihong, Zhang Daqian, Yan Wenliang, Lu Sibai, Chen Zhifo, Gao Jianfu, Pan Yuliang, and Pang Xunqin gathered in Nanjing. Among them, Xu Beihong, Zhang Shuqi, and Liu Zigu were hailed as the "Three Masters of Jinling". Contemporary "New Jinling Painting School" represented by Fu Baoshi, [[Qian Songyan]], Song Wenzhi, Wei Zixi, Yaming,

===Festivals===
[[File:Nanjing Library 2016.7.16.jpg|thumb|[[Nanjing Library]]]]
Many traditional festivals and customs were observed in the old times, which included climbing the City Wall on January 16, bathing in [[Qing Xi of Nanjing|Qing Xi]] on March 3, hill hiking on September 9 and others (the dates are in [[Chinese lunar calendar]]). Almost none of them, however, are still celebrated by modern Nanjingese.

Instead, Nanjing, as a tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organized events throughout the year. The annual [[International Plum Blossom Festival]] held in [[Plum Blossom Hill]], the largest [[Plum blossom|plum collection]] in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, [[Jiangxin Island|Jiangxin Zhou]] Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

===Libraries===
[[Nanjing Library]], founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the [[National Library of China|National Library]] in Beijing and [[Shanghai Library]]. Other libraries, such as city-owned [[Jinling Library]] and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. [[Nanjing University Library]] is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.

===Museums===
[[File:Nanjing Museum big.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nanjing Museum]]]]
{{Main list|List of museums in Nanjing}}

Nanjing has some of the oldest and finest museums in China. [[Nanjing Museum]], formerly known as National Central Museum during ROC period, is the first modern museum and remains as one of the leading museums in China having 400,000 items in its permanent collection.<ref name="museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.chinaculture.org/classics/2008-07/14/content_137284.htm |title=Treasures in Nanjing Museum |publisher=Chinaculture.org |date=July 14, 2008 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304151109/http://www.chinaculture.org/classics/2008-07/14/content_137284.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2013 }}</ref> The museum is notable for enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://china.org.cn/english/travel/78657.htm |title=Porcelain Creatures Highlight Nanjing Museum |publisher=China.org.cn |date=October 29, 2003 |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102014542/http://china.org.cn/english/travel/78657.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Other museums include the [[City Museum of Nanjing]] in the [[Chaotian Palace]], the Oriental Metropolitan Museum,{{efn|Liuchao Gudu Bowuguan ({{lang|zh-hant|六朝古都博物館}})}} the China Modern History Museum in the [[Presidential Building (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]], the [[Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall]], the [[Taiping Kingdom History Museum]], [[Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum]],{{efn|Jiangning Zhizao Bowuguan ({{lang|zh-hant|江甯織造博物館}})}} Nanjing [[Yunjin]] Museum, [[Nanjing City Wall Cultural Museum]], Nanjing Customs Museum in Ganxi House,{{efn|Nanjing Minsu Bowuguan ({{lang|zh-hant|南京民俗博物館}}), located in Ganxi House ({{lang|zh|甘熙宅第}}) which is said to be the largest Chinese private house, with the nickname Ninety Nine and a Half Rooms.}} Nanjing Astronomical History Museum, Nanjing Paleontological Museum, Nanjing Geological Museum, Nanjing Riverstones Museum, and other museums and memorials such [[Zheng He]] Memorial{{efn|A small museum and tomb honoring the 15th century seafaring admiral [[Zheng He]] although his body was buried at sea off the [[Malabar Coast]] near Calicut in western India.<ref>Levathes, Louise. ''When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433'', p. 172. Oxford Univ. Press (New York), 1996.</ref>}} Jinling Four Modern Calligraphers Memorial.{{efn|Jinling Shufa Silao Jinianguan ({{lang|zh-hant|金陵書法四老紀念館, 胡小石、林散之、蕭嫻、高二適}})}}

===Theater===
[[Jiangsu Province Kun Opera]] is one of the best theaters for [[Kunqu]], China's oldest stage art.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/153379.htm |title=A brief introduction to Jiangsu Province Kunqu Theater |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-date=June 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611191538/http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/zhuanti/153379.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
It is considered a conservative and traditional troupe. Nanjing also has professional opera troupes for the Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing (Chinese opera varieties) as well as [[Suzhou pingtan]], spoken theater and puppet theater.

Most of Nanjing's major theaters are multi-purpose, used as convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theaters on different occasions. The major theaters include the [[Nanjing People's Convention Hall|People's Convention Hall]] and the [[Nanjing Arts and Culture Center]]. The Capital Theater well known in the past is now a museum in theater/film.

Xiqu is a traditional Chinese drama. After a long period of development and evolution, it has gradually formed the Chinese Opera Garden with the five major Chinese opera types of "Peking Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Ping Opera, and Henan Opera" as the core. Peking opera has a long history in Nanjing: the famous Peking opera master Mei Baojiu has a deep connection with Nanjing. As the honorary president of the "Nanjing Meilanfang Jingkun Art Research Association", Master Mei Jiubao made a special trip to Nanjing as the "Research Association" "Unveiled, and led his disciples to perform the Meipai famous play" The Return of the Phoenix " Zheng Ziru, the famous Peking opera artist, performed "The Flower Spear" in Nanjing.

Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest operas in traditional Chinese opera, and it is also a treasure of traditional Chinese culture and art, especially opera art. It is called an "orchid" in the Hundred Gardens. In Nanjing, famous professional Kunban classes such as "Xinghua Ministry", "Hualin Ministry", "Li Yujia Ban", and "Cao Yinjia Ban" appeared in Nanjing, and the style of singing songs by the voiceless section and literati also continued.

Drama is a form of Western drama introduced in the 20th century. In recent years, Nanjing's annual drama box office has continued to rise. The drama "Mrs of the Sea" staged in Nanjing in 2017, "Broken Gold", "Treasure Island Village" in 2018, and "Hamlet" in 2019 have the highest box office in the country. All fell in Nanjing. Not only that, the box office and attendance rate of some plays such as "White Deer Plain" in Nanjing are also far ahead in the Yangtze River Delta region.

Quyi is the collective name of the various "rap art" of the Chinese nation. It is a unique art form formed by the long-term development and evolution of folk oral literature and singing art. The local folk arts in Nanjing include Southern Crosstalk, Nanjing Baiju, Nanjing Vernacular, Nanjing Pinghua, Gaochun Yangqiang Mulian Opera, Liuhe Hongshan Opera, etc.

===Night life===
[[File:Fuzimiaonight.JPG|thumb|Qinhuai River]]
Traditionally Nanjing's nightlife was mostly centered around [[Nanjing Fuzimiao]] (Confucius Temple) area along the [[Qinhuai River]], where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2011-03/28/content_22239814_4.htm |title=Life on the Water's Edge: The Culture and History of the Qinhuai River – China.org.cn |website=china.org.cn |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111020037/http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2011-03/28/content_22239814_4.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Heaver |first1=Stuart |title=What to see in Nanjing, and why now is an appropriate time to explore China's former capital |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2109696/whats-see-nanjing-and-why-nows-appropriate-time-explore |access-date=30 March 2024 |agency=South China Morning Post |date=6 Sep 2017 |archive-date=March 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330083848/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2109696/whats-see-nanjing-and-why-nows-appropriate-time-explore |url-status=live }}</ref> Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city. Thus, one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts.

In the past 20&nbsp;years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse: there are<!--I've seen them. None could be called "mega".--> shopping malls opening late in the [[Xinjiekou, Nanjing|Xinjiekou]] CBD, as well as in and around major residential areas throughout the city. The well-established "[[Nanjing 1912]]" district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants and western pubs to dance clubs, in both its downtown location and beside Baijia Lake in [[Jiangning District]]. In recent years, many night-life options have opened up in Catherine Park as well as in shopping malls such as IST in [[Xinjiekou, Nanjing|Xinjiekou]] and Kingmo near [[Baijiahu station|Baijai Lake metro station]]. Other, more student-oriented places are to be found near to [[Nanjing University]] and [[Nanjing Normal University]].

===Food===
[[File:Nanjing roast duck after adding sauce (20240614083242).jpg|thumb|The [[roast duck]], poured with sauce before serving, is one of the local duck dishes of Nanjing]]
The local cuisine in Nanjing is called [[Jilin cuisine|Jinling cuisine]] ({{lang|zh|金陵菜}}). It is one important part of Jiangsu cuisine ([[Jiangsu cuisine|江苏菜]]).  Jinling cuisine is famous for its meticulous process, emphasizing no added preservatives and its seasonality. Its duck and goose dishes are well known among Chinese for centuries.  It also employs many different style of cooking methods, such as slow cooking, Chinese oven cooking, etc. Its dishes tend to be light and fresh, suitable for all.
Many of the city's local favorite dishes are based on ducks, including [[Nanjing salted duck]], [[duck blood and vermicelli soup]], and duck oil pancake.<ref>{{cite web |title=China Cultural Kaleidoscope |url=http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8K5061K11152.html |access-date=October 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129030906/http://kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com/en/8K5061K11152.html |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The flavor snacks of Jinling Tea House have become an integral part of Qinhuai culture. In addition, Jiangning, Liuhe and Gaochun each have their own local flavors. "Suiyuan Food List", "Baimen Recipe", "Yecheng Vegetable Book" are the crystallization of Nanjing food culture.

The radish is considered typically representative of the people of Nanjing, an association commonly known throughout China.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frying Spring Rolls at the Beginning of Spring |url=http://english.nanjing.gov.cn/zx/shyw/201102/t20110222_319119.htm |access-date=April 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513010350/http://english.nanjing.gov.cn/zx/shyw/201102/t20110222_319119.htm |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nanjing people like to eat wild vegetables during the Qingming Festival, and they named the eight most eaten spring vegetables and wild vegetables as the "Eight Dry Seasons". The phrase "eight fresh sweet-scented osmanthus fragrance" refers to eight kinds of aquatic fruits and vegetables associated with the Mid-Autumn Festival.

===Sports===

[[File:Former Central Stadium in Nanjing 2011-12.JPG|thumb|Central Stadium was built in 1937]]
Nanjing is the birthplace of modern Chinese sports. In 1910, the first National Games in Chinese history was held. In 1924, the predecessor of the Chinese Olympic Committee (All-China Sports Association) was established in Nanjing. China's first Olympic delegation trained, assembled, and set off in Nanjing. Nanjing is the birthplace of China's Olympic dream and one of the cities that contributed the most to China's participation in the Olympics. Nanjing has an irreplaceable position in the history of the Chinese Olympics.

Nanjing's planned 20,000 seat Youth Olympic Sports Park Gymnasium will be one of the venues for the [[2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup]].<ref>[https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019 The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722121322/http://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019 |date=July 22, 2017 }}, FIBA.com. Retrieved March 9, 2016.</ref>

As a major Chinese city, Nanjing is home to many professional sports teams. [[2020 Chinese Super League]] champions [[Jiangsu Football Club]], owned by [[Suning Appliance Group]], was a tenant of [[Nanjing Olympic Sports Center]] from 2007 until the club's dissolution in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jssaintyfc.com/saintyfootball/corp.jsp?col_id=1700&flag=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406075049/http://www.jssaintyfc.com/saintyfootball/corp.jsp?col_id=1700&flag=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 6, 2012 |script-title=zh:俱乐部概况 |publisher=Jssainty fc |access-date=April 10, 2012 }}</ref> [[Jiangsu Dragons|Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club]] is a competitive team which has long been one of the major clubs fighting for the title in China top-level league, [[Chinese Basketball Association|CBA]]. Jiangsu Volleyball men and women teams are also traditionally considered as at top level in China volleyball league.

There are two major sports centers in Nanjing, [[Wutaishan Sports Center]] and [[Nanjing Olympic Sports Center]]. Both of these two are comprehensive sports centers, including stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, tennis court, etc. [[Wutaishan Sports Center]] was established in 1952 and it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China.

Nanjing hosted the 10th National Games of PRC in 2005 and hosted the 2nd [[2014 Summer Youth Olympics|summer Youth Olympic Games]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/2010-02/11/content_9463287.htm |script-title=zh:南京成功获得2014年夏季世界青年奥运会主办权 |work=[[China Daily]] |date=February 11, 2010 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103053131/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/dfpd/2010-02/11/content_9463287.htm |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.qq.com/a/20101114/000264.htm |script-title=zh:南京获得2013年亚青会举办权 |publisher=[[Tencent|QQ]] Sports |date=November 13, 2010 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023092445/http://sports.qq.com/a/20101114/000264.htm |archive-date=October 23, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Nanjing Olympic Sports Center main gym.jpg|thumb|Nanjing Olympic Sports Center]]

In 2005, to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China, there was a new stadium, Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, constructed in Nanjing. Compared to [[Wutaishan Sports Center]], which the major stadium's capacity is 18,500,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rdomus.com/d.php?eID=77772 |title=Wutaishan Stadium |access-date=May 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115821/http://www.rdomus.com/d.php?eID=77772 |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nanjing Olympic Sports Center has a more advanced stadium which is big enough to seat 60,000 spectators. Its gymnasium has capacity of 13,000, and natatorium of capacity 3,000.

On February 10, 2010, the 122nd [[IOC]] session at Vancouver announced Nanjing as the host city for the 2nd Summer [[Youth Olympic Games]]. The Nanjing 2014 Youth Olympic Games featured all 28 sports on the Olympic program and were held from August 16 to 28. It is the first time that China has hosted the Youth Olympic Games and the second time that China has hosted an Olympic event.

Main venues: Nanjing Olympic Sports Center, Wutaishan Sports Center, Youth Olympic Sports Park, Nanjing Institute of Physical Education (Central Stadium), Nanjing Longjiang Stadium, Nanjing National Fitness Center, Jiangning Sports Center, Lishui Sports Center, Gaochun Sports Center, etc.

Main teams: [[Jiangsu Football Club]] (dissolved), [[Nanjing Monkey Kings]], [[Jiangsu Dragons]] (a.k.a. Jiangsu Nangang), etc.

=== Architecture ===
The city is renowned for its wide variety of architectures which mainly contain buildings from multiple dynasties, the Republic of China, and the present.

==== Inside the walled city ====
* [[City Wall of Nanjing]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|南京城墙}})
* [[Gate of China, Nanjing|Zhonghua Gate]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|中华门}})
* [[Nanjing Fuzimiao|Fuzimiao]] (Confucius Temple; {{lang|zh-Hans|南京夫子庙}}) and [[Qinhuai River]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|秦淮河}})
* [[Jiangnan Examination Hall]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|江南贡院}})
* [[Zhan Garden (Nanjing)|Zhan Garden]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|瞻园}})
* [[Mendong (Nanjing)|Mendong]] (Laomendong; {{lang|zh-Hans|老门东}})
* [[Taoye Ferry]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|桃叶渡}})
* [[Ming Palace, Nanjing|Ming Palace]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|明故宫}})
* [[Xu Garden]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|煦园}})
* [[Jiming Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|鸡鸣寺}})
* [[Beiji Ge]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|北极阁}})
* [[Drum Tower of Nanjing]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|南京鼓楼}})
* [[Chaotian Palace]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|朝天宫}})
* [[Stone City]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|石头城}})
* [[Yuejiang Tower]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|阅江楼}})
* [[Jinghai Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|静海寺}})
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:YiJiangGate.jpg|[[City Wall of Nanjing]] and Yijiangmen Gate
File:Nanjing-Zhonghua-Gate-3091.jpg|East of [[Gate of China, Nanjing|Zhonghua Gate]]
File:Riverside near Fuzi Miao.jpg|[[Qinhuai River]]
File:Jiming Temple, Nanjing 20101125.jpg|[[Jiming Temple]]
File:Jinghai Si - grounds - P1070462.JPG|[[Jinghai Temple]] and [[Yuejiang Tower]]
</gallery>

==== Outside the walled city ====
* [[Purple Mountain (Nanjing)|Purple Mountain]] Scenic Area ({{lang|zh|紫金山}})
* [[Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum]] and its surrounding complex ({{lang|zh|明孝陵}})
* [[Linggu Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|灵谷寺}})
* [[Xuanwu Lake]] ({{lang|zh|玄武湖}})
* [[Qixia Temple]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|栖霞寺}})
* [[Dingshan Temple]] (定山寺)
* [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing|The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing]] (restored) ({{lang|zh-Hans|大报恩寺琉璃塔}})
* [[Mochou Lake]]({{lang|zh|莫愁湖}})
* [[Yangshan Quarry]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|阳山碑材}})
* Southern Tang Mausoleums ({{lang|zh|南唐二陵}})
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:2014年1月6日——南京天际线 - panoramio.jpg|[[Xuanwu Lake]]
File:Porcelain Tower of Nanjing - Night View.jpg|[[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing|The Porcelain Pagoda of Nanjing]]
File:BaoyueTingfeng Mochou Lake.jpg|Classical buildings in the [[Mochou Lake]]
File:Ming_Xiaoling_Mausoleum_Spirit_Way.jpg|Spirit Way of [[Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum]]
File:Linggusu in Nanjing.JPG|Tower of [[Linggu Temple]]
File:Qixiasi00.jpg|[[Qixia Temple]]
</gallery>

=== Symbols ===
* City Tree: Cedar
* City Flower: [[Prunus mume]]
* [[Tourist city]] symbol: Long Pan Tiger Standing

=== Folklore ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
The main folklore activities in Nanjing include Chinese New Year greetings for the Spring Festival, hanging Spring Festival couplets at the city gate, eating rice cakes, welcoming the God of Wealth on the fifth day of the first lunar month, climbing the city on the 16th day of the first lunar month, sweeping the tomb on Qingming Festival, dragon boat races on the Dragon Boat Festival, eating rice dumplings, and begging for gifts on Qixi Festival, Liqiu gnawing autumn, Mid-Autumn reunion, eating moon cakes, enjoy the moon and go to the melon rack in the field and pick melon beans under the bean shed, Chongyang ascends, Chongyang cake inserted Chongyang flag, Laba food porridge, sent stove on the 24th lunar month, New Year's Eve reunion and ancestor worship.

=== Literature ===
The first "Literature Museum" in Chinese history, the first literary theory and criticism monograph "Wen Xin Diao Long", the earliest existing collection of poetry and essays "Selected Works of Zhaoming", China's first poetic theory and criticism monograph "Shi Pin" ", the first collection of zhiren novel," Shi Shuo Xin Yu, "and the first children's enlightenment book "Thousand Characters "were all born in Nanjing. Masterpieces such as "[[A Dream of Red Mansions]]" and "The Scholars" are inseparable from Nanjing.

Modern literary giants such as Lu Xun, Ba Jin, Zhu Ziqing, Yu Pingbo, Zhang Henshui, Zhang Ailing have inextricably linked with Nanjing, and the masterpiece "The Earth" by the American writer [[Pearl Buck]] who won the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] was created in Nanjing. Famous contemporary literary writers in Nanjing include Su Tong, Bi Feiyu and Ye Zhaoyan.

=== Film and television ===
In 1950, 1,800 projectionists from around the country traveled to Nanjing for a training program.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jie |title=Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780231206273}}</ref>{{Rp|page=71}} These projectionists replicated the training program in their own home provinces to develop more projectionists.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=71}} Nanjing was later termed a "Cradle of People's [[Cinema of China|Cinema]]."<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=71}}

Nanjing, as the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties and a famous scenic spot, has become the "best location" favored by directors. Among them, the 93 edition of "Legend of the New White Lady" was shot at Jiming Temple in Nanjing; "Deep Love and Rain" shot at Nanjing Pukou Railway Station; "The Founding of the People's Republic" shot at Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Meiling Palace, Southeast University Auditorium, etc. .; and more movies and TV series "Jinling Thirteen Hairpins", "To Our Dying Youth", "Tuina", etc. were all shot in Nanjing.

=== Music and dance ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Jinling Qin School is an important genre of Chinese Guqin art that originated in Nanjing. It has a great influence on many later generations of Qin Schools. It originated from the Royal Music Officials of the Ming dynasty and has been listed as a World Intangible Cultural Heritage Project. The folk song "Jasmine Flower" originated from the "Flower Tune" sung by Liuhe folks for a century, and is world-famous. Xishanqiao folk song performances have repeatedly appeared on CCTV. In addition, there are Gaochun folk songs "Caihongling", "Planting Seedlings in May", Liuhe folk songs "Flower Tune", "Liuzuo Blow Music" etc.

In 2016, the Nanjing Forest Music Carnival, sponsored by the Propaganda Department of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and the Nanjing Municipal People's Government, has been held 5 times. Since 2014, Jiangsu Music Broadcasting will hold the Midou Music Festival in Nanjing every year. The 7th Midou Music Festival; and the popular Nanjing University Student Music Festival in recent years.

Traditional folk dances in Nanjing include Luoshan Dragon, Dongba Dama Lantern, Sparrow Jump, Jiangpu Hand Lion, Gaochun Dance Wuban, Wanbei Xiaoma Lantern Dance, Qixia Dragon Dance, Changlu Carrying Dragon, Tongshan Gaotai Lion Dance, Dongba Peiqiao stilts, Longyin Che, Zhetang Shahuo, Dangdang, Luohan, Zhuzhen stilts are all intangible cultural heritages.

Created by the Nanjing Dancers Association, the original local drama "The Place Closest to Dream", with students from the Department of Music of the School of Aeronautics and Astronautics as the performance team, shows youthful demeanor with the theme of youth entrepreneurship; performed by Nanjing folk performing artists "Drum and Dragon Celebrating the New Year" is a classic of Nanjing folk dance in recent years; the "Nanjing City Intangible Cultural Heritage Scene Demonstration" Jinling Season "hosted by Nanjing Cultural Bureau and undertaken by Nanjing Art Museum is a work of high artistic level.

In Nanjing, we have the first professional children's art school in the country that integrates cultural education, art education and stage performances, Nanjing Art Primary School, referred to as Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Troupe. The school implements small-class education in an all-round way, and promotes both culture and art. It has been rated as a meritorious unit in Nanjing many times, and twice was awarded the honorary title of "National Children's Cultural Work Advanced Group" by the Central Ministry of Culture.

=== Photography ===
Nanjing has many excellent photography works, as well as large-scale photography exhibitions, photography conferences, etc. Zhao Ran's "Quadette of Enchanting Hair", Ben Daochun's "Tianjiang Cruise", Tian Ming's "Shanghai White-collar Early Class Subway Life", Yu Xianyun's "In the Name of the Country" won 21st, 22nd, 23rd, The 25th National Photographic Art Exhibition Gold Award; Liu Jun's "Fisher Songs and Moon" won the 21st Austria Trembler Super Photo Tour Competition Gold Award; Sun Chonglin's "Little Wangmu" Gold Award in the second PSAChina International Photography Competition.

The Nanjing Photographic Association successfully held the third city photography conference in Nanjing; held photography exhibitions such as "World Historical and Cultural Cities", "Hong Kong in the Eyes of Nanjing People", "Nanjing in the Eyes of College Students"; in Italy, Japan, Singapore, and other countries held "Splendid Nanjing" and "Ancient Capital Nanjing" photography exhibitions in Italy, Japan, Singapore, and other countries; held "Harmonious Nanjing", "I Love Nanjing", "Nanjing City Walls", "Four Seasons Jinling" and other photography competitions; edited and published "Nanjing New Look", "Nanjing", "Splendid Nanjing", "Brilliant Nanjing", "Nanjing City Wall" and other large-scale picture albums.

In 2022, the photography competition, "A Decade of Nanjing", organised by Nanjing People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (NPAFFC), sought to chart the changes in Nanjing through the eyes of foreigners living in the city. Almost half a million online votes were cast to decide the final winners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nfasa.org.cn/and-the-winners-are-international-photo-competition-concludes/|title=And the Winners Are... International Photo Competition Concludes|date=May 9, 2022|website=Nanjing Foreign Affairs Service Association|access-date=January 3, 2023|archive-date=January 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103052912/https://www.nfasa.org.cn/and-the-winners-are-international-photo-competition-concludes/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Folk crafts ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
There are many kinds of folk crafts in Nanjing, including brocade, paper-cutting, lantern color, gold leaf, folding fan, velvet flower, carved velvet, wood carving, bamboo carving, etc.

As of 2019, Nanjing has 4 world human intangible cultural heritage projects (guqin art, Nanjing cloud brocade weaving, Chinese engraving, and printing techniques, Chinese paper-cutting), 11 national intangible cultural heritage projects, 64 Jiangsu Province and 70 Nanjing City intangible cultural heritage project.

==Education==

By 2021, Nanjing has 68 institutions of higher learning,<ref name=":2" /> including ten 111-plan universities, eight [[Project 211|211 universities]], and 97 academicians. As the educational center of southern China for more than 1,700 years, Nanjing has many [[Rankings of universities in China|highly ranked educational institutions]],<ref name="auto" /> with the [[List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu|number of universities (13)]] listed in [[Double First-Class Construction|147 Double First-Class Universities]] ranking third (after [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]]).<ref name="auto1">100 National Key Universities are universities of [[Project 211]] whose name comes from the abbreviation of 100 national key universities in the 21st century. There are 8 universities listed in Project 211 in Nanjing, 9 in Shanghai, and 23 in Beijing. According to Nature Index released in January 2018, Nanjing University is listed as one of the world top 10 universities.</ref> The ratio of college students to the total population ranks No.1 among large cities nationwide. Nanjing was ranked 69th globally by the QS Best Student City in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=QS Best Student Cities Ranking 2026 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/city-rankings |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> 

Nanjing has the [[List of cities by scientific output|fifth-largest scientific research output]] of any city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> When compared to other countries in the region, Nanjing ranked higher than South Korea, securing third place in Asia and Oceania after China and Japan, according to the Nature Index for 2025. For instance, Nanjing's share of the 2024 Nature Index is 2,135.61, with a count of 4,282, while South Korea's share is 2,017.95, with 3,431 counts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Research Leaders: Leading countries/territories {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/research-leaders/2025/country/all/global |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> Since 2022, it has been ranked as the world's top second scientific research center in [[Earth and Environmental Sciences|earth & environmental sciences]] after Beijing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 25 science cities in Earth & environmental sciences {{!}} Nature Index 2022 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/earth-and-environmental |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in Earth & environmental sciences {{!}} Nature Index 2023 Science Cities {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/earth-and-environmental |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122061403/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/earth-and-environmental |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en}}</ref> and the world's top third scientific research center in [[chemistry]], [[physical sciences]], and [[Natural science|natural sciences]] after Beijing and Shanghai, according to the [[Nature Index]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in physical sciences {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/physical-sciences |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in natural sciences {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/natural-sciences |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leading 50 science cities in chemistry {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2025-science-cities/tables/chemistry |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> 

[[Nanjing University]] is considered one of the top national universities nationwide, and it is ranked among the world's top 10 universities by [[Nature Index]].<ref name="Nature Index" /> As of 2025, Nanjing University ranked 7th in China, 14th in Asia and 65th globally by [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/latest/world-ranking#!/length/50/locations/CHN/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028092904/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings#!/length/50/locations/CHN/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |archive-date=2014-10-28 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Asia University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2025/regional-ranking#!/length/50/locations/CHN/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/scores |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> [[Southeast University]] is also among the top universities in China, ranking 101-150 globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking-Univiersities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/institution/southeast-university |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref> It is considered one of the best universities for Architecture and Engineering in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2023-2024/2024-Architecture |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=urapcenter.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/gras/2024/RS0206 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2023-2024/2024-Transportation%20Science%20&%20Technology |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=urapcenter.org}}</ref> Many universities in Nanjing have satellite campuses or have moved their main campus to [[Xianlin University City]] in the eastern suburb. Some of the other most prominent national universities in Nanjing are:

Some of the other most prominent national universities in Nanjing are:
{{Div col}}
* [[Nanjing University]]
* [[Southeast University]]
* [[Hohai University]]
* [[Nanjing Normal University]]
* [[Nanjing Xiaozhuang University]]
* [[Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics]]
* [[Nanjing University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Nanjing Tech University]]
* [[Nanjing Institute of Technology]]
* [[Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology]]
* [[Nanjing Audit University]]
* [[Nanjing University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications]]
* [[Nanjing Agricultural University]]
* [[Nanjing Forestry University]]
* [[China Pharmaceutical University]]
* [[Nanjing Medical University]]
* [[Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine]]
* [[Nanjing Sport Institute]]
* [[Nanjing Arts Institute]]
* [[Jiangsu Second Normal University]]
{{Div col end}}

Private universities and colleges, such as [[Communication University of China, Nanjing]] and [[Hopkins-Nanjing Center]] are also located in the city.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Nanjing University 南京大学 (5811383105).jpg|[[Nanjing University]], Gulou campus
File:南京大學學生活動中心 仙林校區.jpg|Nanjing University, Xianlin campus
File:Auditorium of Southeast University in winter.jpg|[[Southeast University]], Sipailou campus
File:Building 100, Nanjing Normal University.jpg|[[Nanjing Normal University]], Suiyuan campus
</gallery>

Some notable high schools in Nanjing are: [[Jiangpu Senior High School]], [[Jinling High School]], [[Liuhe First School]], [[Nanjing Foreign Language School]], [[The Second Yuying Foreign Languages School of Nanjing]], [[High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University]], [[Nanjing No.1 High School]], [[Nanjing Zhonghua High School]], [[Caulfield Grammar School#Nanjing Campus|Caulfield Grammar School (Nanjing Campus)]], [[Nanjing No.29 High School]], [[Yuhuatai Senior High School]].

==Sister cities and twin towns==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}
Nanjing is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=南京市友城及友好合作城市名录 |url=http://wb.nanjing.gov.cn/njszfwsbgs/201810/t20181023_616096.html |website=nanjing.gov.cn |publisher=Nanjing |language=zh |access-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702221442/http://wb.nanjing.gov.cn/njszfwsbgs/201810/t20181023_616096.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Acre, Israel|Akko]], Israel
* {{flagicon|BRN}} [[Bandar Seri Begawan]], Brunei
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Barranquilla]], Colombia
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Biên Hòa]], Vietnam
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa
* {{flagicon|San Marino}} [[City of San Marino]], San Marino (2021)<ref>{{cite web|title=San Marino City - Nanjing partnership|date=January 28, 2021|url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/attualita-c4/giunta-di-castello-di-citta-e-contea-di-nanjing-siglato-gemellaggio-a200459|language=it|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=January 16, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116012833/https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/attualita-c4/giunta-di-castello-di-citta-e-contea-di-nanjing-siglato-gemellaggio-a200459|url-status=live|author-first1=Giacomo|author-last1=Barducci}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Concepción, Chile]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Daejeon]], South Korea
* {{flagicon|NED}} [[Eindhoven]], Netherlands
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]], Italy
* {{flagicon|NPL}} [[Katmandu]], Nepal
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Leipzig]], Germany
* {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Limassol]], Cyprus
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[London, Ontario|London]], Canada
* {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malacca City]], Malaysia
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne]], Australia
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexicali Municipality|Mexicali]], Mexico
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Mogilev]], Belarus
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[City of Perth|Perth]], Australia
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Semarang]], Indonesia
* {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Shiraz]], Iran<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://en.shiraz.ir/RContent/2XT5C73E-Sister-Cities.aspx |website=shiraz.ir |publisher=Shiraz |access-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617140258/https://en.shiraz.ir/RContent/2XT5C73E-Sister-Cities.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CAM}} [[Siem Reap]], Cambodia
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[St. Louis]], United States
* {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Windhoek]], Namibia
{{div col end}}
Nanjing's sister-city relationship with [[Nagoya]], Japan, was suspended on February 21, 2012,<ref>{{cite web |last=Wang |first=Chuhan |title=Nanjing suspends official contact with Nagoya |url=http://english.cntv.cn/20120222/107289.shtml |publisher=CNTV |date=February 22, 2012 |access-date=March 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022220/http://english.cntv.cn/20120222/107289.shtml |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> following public comments by Nagoya mayor [[Takashi Kawamura (politician)|Takashi Kawamura]] denying the [[Nanjing Massacre]].<ref name="nyt20120222">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/world/asia/chinese-city-severs-ties-after-japanese-mayor-denies-massacre.html |title=Chinese City Severs Ties After Japanese Mayor Denies Massacre |first=Martin |last=Fackler |date=February 22, 2012 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 26, 2012 |archive-date=February 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225213746/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/world/asia/chinese-city-severs-ties-after-japanese-mayor-denies-massacre.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Non-governmental relations have been subsequently restored.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wb.nanjing.gov.cn/english_67934/sistercitiesn/202101/t20210128_2808446.html | title=Nanjing Foreign Affairs Office | access-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-date=December 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208074556/https://wb.nanjing.gov.cn/english_67934/sistercitiesn/202101/t20210128_2808446.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Xueqin Cao]] (1715 or 1724 - 1763 or 1764), Writer; Author of ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]''
* [[Anhua Gao]] (born 1949), Chinese-British author
* [[Hsiao Sa]] (born 1953), [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] author
* [[Gang Tian]] (born 1958), Mathematician; Professor at [[Princeton University]]
* [[Luan Jujie]] (born 1958), Chinese fencer, 1984 Olympic gold medalist
* [[Zhang Xu (neuroscientist)|Zhang Xu]], (born 1961), Chinese neuroscientist
* [[Wu Jianmin (democracy activist)|Wu Jianmin]] (born 1962), Chinese democracy activist
* [[Pan Deng]] (born 1964), artist and painter
* [[Deng Zhonghan]] (born 1968), Chinese electrical engineer and entrepreneur
* [[Pu Shu]] (born 1973), Chinese singer-songwriter
* [[Mei Ting]] (born 1975), Chinese actress
* [[Hai Qing]] (born 1978), Chinese actress
* [[Ni Ni]] (born 1988), Chinese actress
* [[Shiran Wang]] (born 1989), Chinese pianist
* [[Wu Lei]] (born 1991), Chinese footballer
* [[Xu Anqi]] (born 1992), Chinese fencer
* [[Zhang Zetian]] (born 1993), youngest Chinese female billionaire
* [[Lu Keran]] (born 1995), Chinese singer-dancer
* [[Cenyu Han]] (born 2004), racing driver
* [[Lu Kang (diplomat)|Lu Kang]], Chinese ambassador to Indonesia
* [[Tao Hongjing]] (456–536), a Taoist scholar, alchemist and pharmacist in the Qi and Liang dynasties of the Southern dynasty.
* [[Fu Shanxiang]] (born 1833), the only female champion in Chinese history.
* [[Yu Kwang-chung|Yu Guangzhong]] (b.1928), a famous contemporary writer, poet, scholar and translator.
* [[Wang Shuo]] (born 1958), a Chinese writer and screenwriter.
* Zhang Guiping (born 1951), Chairman of Suning Global Group.

==See also==
{{cmn|
* [[City Wall of Nanjing]]
* [[Jiangnan]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]
* [[Ming Palace]]
* [[Niushoushan]]
* [[Wuyi Lane]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|32em}}

=== Sources ===
{{See also|Timeline of Nanjing#Bibliography}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cotterell |first=Arthur |title=The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire |location=London |publisher=Pimlico |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84595-009-5 |pages=304 pages}}
* {{Cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Nanjing and the Lower Yangzi River |location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions |year=2004 |isbn=981-232-598-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Dennerline |first=Jerry |chapter=The Shun-chih Reign |editor-first=Willard J. |editor-last=Peterson |title=Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |pages=73–119 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA73 |isbn=0-521-24334-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Jun Fang |title=China's Second Capital – Nanjing Under the Ming, 1368-1644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFihAwAAQBAJ |date=May 23, 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-00845-1}}
* {{Cite book |author=Eigner, Julius |title="The Rise and Fall of Nanking" in National Geographic Vol. LXXIII No.2 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic |date=February 1938}}
* {{Cite book |author=Farmer, Edward L. |title=Early Ming Government: The Evolution of Dual Capitals |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1976}}
* {{Cite book |author=Hobart, Alice Tisdale |title=Within the Walls of Nanking |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |year=1927}}
* {{Cite book |author=Jiang, Zanchu |title=Nanjing shi hua |location=Nanjing |publisher=Nanjing chu ban she |year=1995 |isbn=7-80614-159-6}}
* {{Cite book |author=Lutz, Jessie Gregory |title=China and the Christian Colleges, 1850-1950 |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1971}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ma, Chao Chun (Ma Chaojun) |title=Nanking's Development, 1927–1937 |location=Nanking |publisher=Municipality of Nanking |year=1937}}
* {{Cite book |author=Michael, Franz |title=The Taiping Rebellion: History and Documents (3 vols.) |location=Seattle |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1972}}
* {{Cite book |author=Mote, Frederick W. |title="The Transformation of Nanking, 1350–1400," in The City in Late Imperial China |editor=G. William Skinner |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1977}}
* {{Cite book |author=Mote, Frederick W. |editor=Twitchett, Denis |title=The Cambridge History of China |volume=7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988}}
* {{Cite book |author=Musgrove, Charles D. |title="Constructing a National Capital in Nanjing, 1927–1937," in Remaking the Chinese City, 1900–1950 |editor=Joseph W. Esherick |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2000}}
* {{Cite book |author=Nanking Women's Club |title=Sketches of Nanking |location=Nanking |publisher=Nanking Women's Club |year=1933}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ouchterlony, John |title=The Chinese War: An Account of All the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking |location=London |publisher=Saunders and Otley |year=1844}}
* {{Cite book |author=Prip-Moller, Johannes |title="The Hall of Lin Ku Ssu (Ling Gu Si) Nanking," in Artes Monuments Vol. III |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Artes Monuments |year=1935}}
* {{Cite book |author=Smalley, Martha L. |title=Guide to the Archives of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia (Record Group 11) |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Divinity Library Special Collections |year=1982}}
* {{cite book |last=Struve |first=Lynn |year=1988 |chapter=The Southern Ming |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA641 |title=Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |editor=Frederic W. Mote |editor2=Denis Twitchett |editor3=John King Fairbank |pages=641–725 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521243322}}.
* {{Cite book |author=Struve, Lynn A. |title=Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-300-07553-7 |chapter=Chapter 4: ''"The emperor really has left": Nanjing changes hands'' |pages=55–72}}
* {{Cite book |author=Teng, Ssu Yu |title=Chang Hsi (Zhang Xi) and the Treaty of Nanking, 1842 |location=Chicago |publisher=Chicago University Press |year=1944}}
* {{Cite book |author=Thurston, Mrs. Lawrence (Matilda) |title=Ginling College |location=New York |publisher=United Board for Christian Colleges in China |year=1955}}
* {{Cite book |author=Till, Barry |title=In Search of Old Nanking |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Hong Kong and Shanghai Joint Publishing Company |year=1982}}
* {{Cite book |author=Tyau, T.Z. |title=Two Years of Nationalist China |location=Shanghai |publisher=Kelly and Walsh |year=1930}}
* {{Cite book |author=Uchiyama, Kiyoshi |title=Guide to Nanking |location=Shanghai |publisher=China Commercial Press |year=1910}}
* {{citation |last=Wakeman |first=Frederic Jr. |author-link=Frederic Wakeman |title=The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China |year=1985 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn=0-520-04804-0}}.
* {{Cite book |author=Wang, Nengwei |title=Nanjing Jiu Ying (Old Photos of Nanjing) |publisher=People's Fine Arts Publishing House |year=1998 |location=Nanjing}}
* {{Cite book |author=Ye, Zhaoyan |title=Lao Nanjing: Jiu Ying Qinhuai (Old Nanjing: Reflections of Scenes on the Qinhuai River) |location=Nanjing |publisher=Zhongguo Di Er Lishi Dang An Guan (China Second National Archives) |year=1998}}
* {{cite book |title=Nanjing Ming-Qing Jianzhu (Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing) |last1=Yang |first1=Xinhua |last2=Lu |first2=Haiming |publisher=Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe (Nanjing University Press) |year=2001 |isbn=7-305-03669-2}}
* {{citation |last=Yule |first=Henry |title=The Travels of Friar Odoric |year=2002}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nanjing}}
{{Wiktionary|Nanjing|Nanking|Nan-ching}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{in lang|zh}} [http://www.nanjing.gov.cn Nanjing Government website]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124120837/http://www.nanjing.gov.cn/ |date=November 24, 2018 }}.
* [http://nanjing.jiangsu.net Nanjing English guide with open directory]. {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315013237/http://nanjing.jiangsu.net/ |date=March 15, 2015 }}.
* [http://www.thenanjinger.com The Nanjinger: Nanjing's largest English news network with city guide]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701141458/https://www.thenanjinger.com/ |date=July 1, 2022 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100829195524/http://www.jsnj.org/doc-view-13.html#3 List of Nanjing Government Departments] (archived)
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china_city_plans/txu-oclc-6566120.jpg Historic US Army map of Nanjing, 1945]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605100601/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china_city_plans/txu-oclc-6566120.jpg |date=June 5, 2011 }}.
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/295 "Nanking Illustrated"] from 1624. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606010341/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/295/ |date=June 6, 2013 }}.

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before=Beijing}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of China]]
|years=1368–1420}}
{{S-aft|after=Beijing}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of China]]
|years=1928–1937}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Wuhan]] (wartime)}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[Chongqing]] (wartime)}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Historical capitals of China|Capital of China]]
|years=1945–1949}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Guangzhou]] (after April 23)<br />[[Taipei]] (''de facto'')<br /><small>for the [[Republic of China]]</small>}}
|-
{{S-aft|after=Beijing<br /><small>for the People's Republic of China</small>}}
{{s-end}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Nanjing
|North     = [[Chuzhou]] (Anhui): [[Tianchang]]
|Northeast =
|East      = [[Yangzhou]]: [[Yizheng]]<br />[[Zhenjiang]]: [[Jurong]]<br />[[Changzhou]]: [[Liyang]]
|Southeast = [[Xuancheng]] (Anhui): [[Langxi]]
|South     = [[Xuancheng]]: Urban area
|Southwest = [[Ma'anshan]] (Anhui): Urban area, [[Dangtu]]
|West      = [[Chuzhou]]: Urban area, [[Lai'an]], [[Quanjiao]], [[Hexian]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Nanjing}}
{{Jiangsu topics}}
{{Jiangsu}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Provincial capitals of China}}
{{Regions and cities of China}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Major cities along the Yangtze River}}
{{Youth Olympic Games Host Cities}}
{{Portal bar|China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nanjing| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Jiangsu]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]
[[Category:Sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Yangtze River Delta]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in China]]
[[Category:National forest cities in China]]
[[Category:Jiangnan]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]
[[Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Yangtze River]]