View source for Maghrebi script

{{Short description|Form of Arabic script}}
[[Image:Maghribi script sura 5.jpg|thumb|Maghrebi script from a 13th-century [[Qur'an]] in North Africa]]
{{Arab culture}}

'''Maghrebi''' '''script''' or '''Maghribi script''' or '''Maghrebi Arabic script''' ({{Langx|ar|الخط المغربي}}) refers to a loosely related family of [[Arabic script]]s that developed in the [[Maghreb]] (North Africa), [[al-Andalus]] ([[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]), and [[Sudan (region)|''Bilad as-Sudan'']] (the [[West Africa]]n [[Sahel]]). Maghrebi script is directly derived from the [[Kufic]] script,<ref>{{Cite web |title=maghribi script {{!}} Arabic calligraphy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/maghribi-script |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5439389c/f102.vertical.r=houdas%20ecriture%20maghrebine|title=Essai sur l'écriture maghrebine|last=Houdas|first=Octave|date=1886|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|location=Paris, France|language=French|trans-title=Essay on Maghrebi writing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-18 |title=تحميل كتاب الخط المغربي تاريخ وواقع وآفاق ط أوقاف المغرب pdf - مكتبة نور كتب pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B7-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-pdf |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218034535/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B7-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-pdf |archive-date=2019-12-18 }}</ref> and is traditionally written with a pointed tip ({{Lang|ar|القلم المدبَّب}}), producing a line of even thickness.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=van de Boogert|first=N.|date=1989|title=Some notes on Maghribi script|url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF|journal=Manuscripts of the Middle East|language=en|issn=0920-0401|oclc=615561724|access-date=2007-06-16|archive-date=2016-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118135527/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The script is characterized by rounded letter forms, extended horizontal features, and final open curves below the baseline. It also differs from [[Mashriq|Mashreqi]] scripts in the notation of the letters [[Pe (Semitic letter)|''faa{{'}}'']] (Maghrebi: {{Lang|ary|ڢ}} ; Mashreqi: {{Lang|ar|ف}}) and ''[[qāf]]'' (Maghrebi: {{Lang|ary|ڧ}} ; Mashreqi: {{Lang|ar|ق}}).<ref name=":3" />

For centuries, Maghrebi script was used to write Arabic [[manuscript]]s and record [[Andalusi literature|Andalusi]] and [[Moroccan literature]], whether in [[Classical Arabic]], [[Maghrebi Arabic]], or [[Berber languages|Amazigh languages]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=أغلبها كتب بلسان أهل سوس "تاشلحيت"|url=https://www.maghress.com/alalam/15993|access-date=2021-04-09|website=مغرس}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Origins ===
Arabic script first came to the Maghreb with the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|Islamic conquests]] (643–709).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALxsDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A&pg=PA188|title=مرجع الطلاب في الخط العربي|last=Al-Khitaat|first=Khaled Muhammad Al-Masri|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiya|isbn=978-2-7451-3523-0|language=ar|trans-title=Student Reference in Arabic Calligraphy}}</ref> The conquerors, led by [[Uqba ibn Nafi]], used both [[Hijazi script|Hijazi]] and [[Kufic script]]s, as demonstrated in coins minted in 711 under [[Musa ibn Nusayr]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Hajji|first=Muhammad|title=معلمة المغرب: قاموس مرتب على حروف الهجاء يحيط بالمعارف المتعلقة بمختلف الجوانب التاريخية والجغرافية والبشرية والحضارية للمغرب الاقصى: بيبليوغرافيا الاجزاء الاثني عشر المنشورة|date=2000|publisher=Maṭābiʻ Salā|page=3749|oclc=49744368|trans-title=Teacher of Morocco: An Alphabetical Dictionary of the History, Geography, People, and Civilization of al-Maghreb al-Aqsa}}</ref> Maghrebi script is a direct descendant of the old Kufic script that predated [[Ibn Muqla]]'s ''al-khat al-mansub'' ({{Lang|ar|الخَط المَنْسُوب}} ''proportioned line'') standardization reforms, which affected Mashreqi scripts.<ref name=":5" /> The [[Arabic script]] in its [[Kufic|Iraqi Kufic]] form spread from centers such as [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]], [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], and [[Kairouan|Qayrawan]] throughout the region along with [[Islam]], as the Quran was studied and transcribed.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":12"/> [[Kairouani calligraphy|Qayrawani Kufic]] script developed in [[Kairouan|al-Qayrawan]] from the Iraqi Kufic script.<ref name=":12"/>

=== African and Andalusi scripts ===
[[File:Idrisids coin minted at Al Aliyah Morocco 840 CE.jpg|thumb|Iraqi [[Kufic script]], as seen on this [[Idrisid dirham]], influenced the early development of Maghrebi script.<ref name=":12" />]]
Early on, there were two schools of Maghrebi script: the African script ({{Lang|ar|الخط الإفريقي}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|al-khaṭṭ al-ʾifrīqiyy}}) and the Andalusi script ({{Lang|ar|الخط الأندلسي}}, {{lang|ar-Latn|al-khaṭṭ al-ʾandalusiyy}}).<ref name=":12" /> The African script evolved in [[Ifriqiya]] (Tunisia) from Iraqi Kufic by way of the Kufic of [[Kairouan|Qairawan]].<ref name=":12" /> The Andalusi script evolved in Iberia from the [[Damascene Kufic script]] with the establishment of the second [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad]] state, which would become the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]].<ref name=":12" /> The Andalusi script was particular for its rounded letters, as attested to in [[Al-Maqdisi]]'s geography book ''[[The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions]]''.<ref name=":12" /> The African script had spread throughout the Maghreb before the spread of the Andalusi script.<ref name=":12" /> One of the most famous early users of the Arabic script was [[Salih ibn Tarif]], the leader of the [[Barghawata|Barghawata Confederacy]] and the author of a religious text known as the ''[[Quran of Salih]]''.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{cite web |script-title=ar:دولة برغواطة في المغرب... هراطقة كفار أم ثوار يبحثون عن العدالة؟ |title=Dawlat Barghawata fi al-Maghrib... Haratiqat kufār ʾam thuār yab·hathun ʿan al-ʿadatat? |url=https://raseef22.com/article/168952-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%85 |language=ar |trans-title=The Barghawata state in Morocco...heretical kafirs or revolutionaries searching for justice?|date=2018-11-12 |website=Rasif 22 |access-date=2020-05-22 |last=Yusri |first=Muhammad }}</ref>

In {{Lang|ar-Latn|al-Maghreb al-Aqsa}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأڧصى}}, 'the Far West', modern-day [[Morocco]]), the script developed independently from the Kufic of the [[Maghrawa]] and [[Banu Ifran|Bani Ifran]] under the [[Idrisid dynasty]] (788–974);<ref name=":12"/> it gained [[Mashriq|Mashreqi]] features under the Imam a[[Idris I of Morocco|Idris I]], who came from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].<ref name=":12"/> The script under the Idrisids was basic and unembellished; it was influenced by Iraqi Kufic, which was used on the [[Idrisid dirham]].<ref name=":12"/>

=== Imperial patronage ===

==== Almoravid ====
[[File:Coin of Almoravid ruler Ali ibn Yusuf, struck at the Isbiliya (Seville) mint.jpg|thumb|An [[Almoravid dinar]] minted under [[Ali ibn Yusuf]] in Seville featuring Almoravid Kufic script.]]
Under the [[Almoravid dynasty]], the Andalusi script spread throughout the Maghreb, reaching [[Qairawan]]; the [[Djerid|Jerīd]] region, however, kept the African script.<ref name=":12"/> A version of Kufic with florid features developed at this time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qantara - The Almoravid dynasty (1056-1147)|url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=595&lang=en|website=www.qantara-med.org|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> The [[University of al-Qarawiyyin]], the [[Almoravid Qubba]], and the [[Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque|Almoravid Minbar]] bear examples of [[Almoravid Kufic]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoFNHQAACAAJ|title=The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque|last2=Toufiq|first2=Ahmed|date=March 1998|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-08637-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abu Zayd|first=Muhammad Omar|language=ar|trans-title=The principles of the Maghrebi Kufic script from the Almoravid era|title=مبادئ الخط الكوفي المغربي من العهد المرابطي|publisher=Kuwait Center for the Islamic Arts|year=2017|location=Kuwait}}</ref>

The Kufic script of the [[Almoravid dinar]] was imitated in a ''[[maravedí]]'' issued by [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNG: Feature Auction CNG 70. SPAIN, Castile. Alfonso VIII. 1158-1214. AV Maravedi Alfonsi-Dobla (3.86 g, 4h). Toledo (Tulaitula) mint. Dated Safar era 1229 (1191 AD).|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=70642|access-date=2020-05-30|website=www.cngcoins.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Coin - Portugal|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/coin|access-date=2020-05-30|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

The minbar of the [[University of al-Qarawiyyin|al-Qarawiyyin Mosque]], created in 1144, was the "last major testament of Almoravid patronage," and features what is now called [[Maghrebi thuluth]], an interpretation of Eastern ''[[thuluth]]'' and ''[[diwani]]'' traditions.<ref name=":8">{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=797&v=wWhtM9RzLJY&feature=emb_logo|title=The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts|date=Feb 8, 2018|last=Bongianino|first=Umberto|type=Lecture|language=en}}</ref>

==== Almohad ====
[[File:Abu_Yaqub_Yusef_Coin.png|thumb|Almohad dirham minted in curvilinear Maghrebi thuluth script under [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]].]]
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = كتاب محاذي الموطأ.png
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| image2 = كتاب محاذي الموطأ 02.png
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| footer = Illuminated parchment manuscript of [[Ibn Tumart]]'s ''[[Counterpart of the Muwatta]]'' (محاذي الموطأ) copied for the Almohad sultan [[Yaqub al-Mansur]] around 1193. The script is Maghrebi thuluth in gold with [[lapis lazuli]] vocalization.
}}
Under the [[Almohad dynasty]], [[Arabic calligraphy]] continued to flourish and a variety of distinct styles developed.<ref name=":12"/> The Almohad caliphs, many of whom were themselves interested in Arabic script, sponsored professional calligraphers, inviting Andalusi scribes and calligraphers to settle in [[Marrakesh]], Fes, [[Ceuta]], and [[Rabat]].<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":8" /> The Almohad caliph [[Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada]] established the first public manuscript transcription center at the madrasa of his mosque in Marrakesh (now the [[Ben Youssef Madrasa]]).<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=المدارس المرينية: بين رغبة المخزن ومعارضة الفقهاء|url=https://zamane.ma/ar/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%ba%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%b2%d9%86-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7/|date=2015-04-03|website=Zamane|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-22|trans-title=The Marinid Schools: Between the Desire for Preservation and the Opposition of the Judges}}</ref>

The Maghrebi thuluth script was appropriated and adopted as an official "dynastic brand" used in different media, from manuscripts to coinage to fabrics.<ref name=":8" /> The Almohads also illuminated certain words or phrases for emphasis with [[gold leaf]] and [[lapis lazuli]].<ref name=":8" />

For centuries, the Maghrebi script was used to write Arabic [[manuscript]]s that were traded throughout the Maghreb.<ref name="Krätli 2011">{{Cite book|last1=Krätli|first1=Graziano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhyX6Dp8pnMC&q=sijilmasi+script&pg=PA418|title=The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa|last2=Lydon|first2=Ghislaine|date=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-18742-9|language=en}}</ref> According to {{Interlanguage link|Muhammad al-Manuni|lt=|ar|محمد المنوني|WD=}}, there were 104 paper mills in [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]] under the reign of [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]] in the 11th century, and 400 under the reign of Sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur|Yaqub al-Mansur]] in the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sijelmassi|first=Mohamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HzepO2Z_i4wC&q=manouni+morocco+manuscripts&pg=PA36|title=Enluminures: Des Manuscripts Royaux au Maroc|date=1987|publisher=ACR|isbn=978-2-86770-025-5|language=fr|trans-title=Royal Illuminated Manuscripts of Morocco}}</ref>

==== Nasrid ====
[[File:Arabic_scripts_Alhambra.jpg|thumb|Different scripts at the [[Alhambra]] built in the [[Emirate of Granada]]. The exodus of Muslims from Iberia influenced the development of scripts in North Africa.<ref name=":12" />]]In the [[Emirate of Granada]] under the [[Nasrid dynasty]], and particularly under [[Yusuf I of Granada|Yusuf I]] and [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]], Arabic [[epigraphy]] further developed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Jayyusi|first1=Salma Khadra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA667 |title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|last2=Marín|first2=Manuela|date=1992|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09599-1|language=en}}</ref> Kufic inscriptions developed extended vertical strokes forming ribbon-like decorative knots.<ref name=":1" /> Kufic script also had "an enormous influence on the decorative and graphic aspects of Christian art."<ref name=":1" />{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| image1 = خط أندلسي مشبك بفناء الريحان بقصر الحمراء 1.jpg
| alt1 = {{lang|ar|وفتحت بالسيف الجزيرة}} "And the peninsula was conquered with the sword"
| caption1 = {{lang|ar|وفتحت بالسيف الجزيرة}} <br/>"And the peninsula was conquered with the sword"
| image2 = خط أندلسي مشبك بفناء الريحان بقصر الحمراء.jpg
| alt2 = {{lang|ar|يبنون القصور تخدما}} "They build palaces diligently"
| caption2 = {{lang|ar|يبنون القصور تخدما}} <br/>"They build palaces diligently"
| footer = Epigraphic samples from the [[Court of the Myrtles]]: what [[Muhammad Kurd Ali]] described as Andalusi ''mushabbak'' (sinuous) script ({{Lang|ar|خط أندلسي مُشَبَّك}}), or what Western sources refer to as Nasrid cursive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=محمد كرد علي, محمد بن عبد الرزاق بن محمد|title=غابر الأندلس وحاضره|language=ar|trans-title=Old Andalus and Its Heritage|date=2011|publisher=Sharakat Nowabigh al-Fakr|isbn=978-977-6305-97-7|oclc=1044625566}}</ref>
| direction = 
| image3 = 
| alt3 = 
| caption3 = {{lang|ar|ولا غالب إلا الله}}<br/>"There is no victor but God."
}}

=== Aljamiado ===
[[File:Woodcut Arabic alphabet of Pedro de Alcalá, printed 1505.png|thumb|Maghrebi letters appeared in the first known Arabic alphabet to have been printed, in a 1505 book of the Spanish lexicographer [[Pedro de Alcalá]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Smitshuijzen AbiFarès, Huda |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1185527233 |title=Arabic typography a comprehensive sourcebook |year=2001 |isbn=0-86356-347-3 |pages=44 |oclc=1185527233}}</ref>]]
In Iberia, the Arabic script was used to write [[Romance language]]s such as [[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] or [[Ladino language|Ladino]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ribera|first1=Julian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wr4ugEACAAJ&q=aljamiado+ribera+sanchez|title=Colección de Textos Aljamiados, Publicada Por Pablo Gil, Julián Ribera y Mariano Sanchez|last2=Gil|first2=Pablo|last3=Sanchez|first3=Mariano|date=August 2018|publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC|isbn=978-0-274-51465-6|language=es}}</ref> This writing system was referred to as ''[[Aljamiado]]'', from ''[[Ajam|ʿajamiyah]]'' ({{Lang|ar|عجمية}}).<ref>Chejne, A.G. (1993): ''Historia de España musulmana''. Editorial Cátedra. Madrid, Spain. Published originally as: Chejne, A.G. (1974): ''Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture''. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, USA</ref>

=== Fesi Andalusi script ===
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| image1 = Arabic Calligraphy (4782242612).jpg
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| caption1 = Maghrebi script at the [[Bou Inania Madrasa]].
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| caption2 = Foliate Marinid Kufic at [[Al-Attarine Madrasa]].
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Waves of migration from Iberia throughout the history of al-Andalus impacted writing styles in North Africa. [[Ibn Khaldun]] noted that the Andalusi script further developed under the [[Marinid dynasty]] (1244–1465), when Fes received [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] refugees.<ref name=":12"/> In addition to Fes, the script flourished in cities such as Ceuta, [[Taza]], [[Meknes]], [[Salé]], and Marrakesh, although the script experienced a regression in rural areas far from the centers of power.<ref name=":12"/> The Fesi script spread throughout much of the Islamic west. {{Interlanguage link|Octave Houdas|lt=|fr||WD=}} gives the exception of the region around [[Algiers]], which was more influenced by the African script of Tunisia.<ref name=":12"/> {{Interlanguage link|Muhammad al-Manuni|lt=|ar|محمد المنوني|WD=}} noted that Maghrebi script essentially reached its final form during the Marinid period, as it became independent of the Andalusi script.<ref name=":12"/> There were three forms of Maghrebi script in use: one in urban centers such as those previously mentioned, one in rural areas used to write in both [[Arabic]] and [[Berber languages|Amazigh]], and one that preserved Andalusi features.<ref name=":12"/> Maghrebi script was also divided into different varieties: Kufic, mabsūt, mujawhar, Maghrebi thuluth, and musnad (z'mami).<ref name=":12"/>

=== Saadi reforms ===
The reforms in the [[Saadi dynasty|Saadi period]] (1549–1659) affected manuscript culture and calligraphy.<ref name=":12"/> The Saadis founded centers for learning calligraphy, including the madrasa of the [[Mouassine Mosque]], which was directed by a dedicated calligrapher as was the custom in the {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Mashriq|Mashreq]]}}.<ref name=":12"/> Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] himself was proficient in Maghrebi thuluth, and even invented a secret script for his private correspondences.<ref name=":12"/> Decorative scripts flourished under the Saadi dynasty and were used in architecture, manuscripts, and coinage.<ref name=":12"/>

=== Alawi era ===
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| image1 = وثيقة اتفاقية السلام.jpg
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| caption1 = A 1682 peace treaty signed with the [[Dutch Republic]] under Sultan [[Ismail Ibn Sharif]].
| image2 = Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship 01.jpg
| caption2 = The 1787 [[Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship]] created under Sultan [[Mohammed ben Abdallah]].
}}
[[File:Muhammad Awzal Al Hawd.jpg|thumb|18th-century manuscript of [[Mohammed Awzal|Mohammed Awzal's]] ''al-Ḥawḍ'', containing text in [[Shilha language|Tashelhit]] written in Maghrebi script.]]
Maghrebi script was supported by the 17th-century [[Alaouite dynasty|Alawite]] sultans [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Al-Rashid]] and [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Ismail]].<ref name=":12"/> Under the reign of Sultan [[Mohammed III of Morocco|Muhammad III]], the script devolved into an unrefined, illegible ''[[badawi]]'' script ({{Lang|ar|الخط البدوي}}) associated with rural areas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=الخطاط|first=خالد محمد المصري|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALxsDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%22&pg=PA190|title=مرجع الطلاب في الخط العربي|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=978-2-7451-3523-0|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="Krätli 2011" /> Under Sultan [[Slimane of Morocco|Suleiman]], the script improved in urban areas and particularly in the capital [[Meknes]].<ref name=":12"/> Meanwhile, Rabat and Salé preserved some features of Andalusi script, and some rural areas such as [[Doukkala|Dukāla]], [[Beni Zied]], and [[Jebala people|al-Akhmas]] excelled in the Maghrebi script.<ref name=":12"/>

The script quality then regressed again, which led [[Ahmed ibn Qassim ar-Rifa'i ar-Ribati|Ahmed ibn Qassim ar-Rifā'ī ar-Ribātī]] to start a script reform and standardization movement as [[Ibn Muqla]] and [[Ibn al-Bawwab]] had done in the ''[[Mashriq]]''.<ref name=":12"/> He authored ''[[Stringing the Pearls of the Thread]]'' ({{Lang|ar|نظم لآلئ السمط في حسن تقويم بديع الخط}}), a book in the form of an ''[[Rajaz (prosody)|urjuza]]'' on the rules of Maghrebi script.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=الخطاط|first=خالد محمد المصري|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALxsDwAAQBAJ&q=%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A&pg=PA191|title=مرجع الطلاب في الخط العربي|date=2014-01-01|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية|isbn=978-2-7451-3523-0|language=ar}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi]], active in Fes from 1828–1861, innovated a unique style known as ''al-Khatt al-Qundusi'' ({{Lang|ar|الخط القندوسي}}).<ref name=":1" />

After {{Interlanguage link|Muhammad at-Tayib ar-Rudani|lt=|ar|محمد ابن الطيب الروداني|WD=}} introduced the first Arabic [[Lithography|lithographic]] printing press to Morocco in 1864, the ''mujawher'' variety of the Maghrebi script became the standard for printing body text, although other varieties were also used.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":12" />

==== Colonial period ====
{{Multiple image
| align = 
| direction = 
| total_width = 300
| image1 = فهرسة كتاب الأزهار العاطرة الأنفاس بذكر محاسن قطب المغرب وتاج مدينة فاس.png
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| caption1 = Page of a lithographed book in ''mujawhar'' script, circa 1896.
| image2 = Traité relatif à l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'empire chérifien TRA19120019 001 - France Maroc.pdf
| caption2 = Arabic of the [[Treaty of Fes]] (right) written in a ''mujawhar'' style.
}}
The [[French Protectorate in Morocco]] represented a crisis for Maghrebi script, as [[Latin script]] became dominant in [[Education in Morocco|education]] and public life, and the [[Moroccan Nationalist Movement]] fought to preserve Maghrebi script in response.<ref name=":12" /> In 1949, Muhammad bin al-Hussein as-Sūsī and [[Antonio García Jaén]] published ''Ta'līm al-Khatt al-Maghrebi'' ({{Lang|ar|تعليم الخط المغربي}}) a series of five booklets teaching Maghrebi script printed in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=قراءة في كتاب "الخط المغربي"|url=https://www.emouaten.info/قراءة-في-كتاب-الخط-المغربي_a41454.html|last=السعيدي|first=الخبر-أحمد|website=إمواطن : رصد إخباري|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=المنجز الحضاري المغربي في الخط العربي|url=https://machahid24.com/etudes/77121.html|last=العسري|first=كتبه: كريمة قاسم|date=2015-07-02|website=مشاهد 24|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=García Jaén|first1=Antonio|title=Tariq ta'lim al-jatt|last2=Al-Susi|first2=Muhammad Ibn al-Husayn|last3=Marruecos (Protectorado Español)|last4=Delegación de Educación y Cultura|date=1949|publisher=Niyaba al-Tarbiya wa-l-Taqafa|location=Tetuán|oclc=431924417}}</ref>
[[File:Charles Noguès in Es-Saada November 12, 1942.jpg|thumb|In this edition of ''[[es-Saada]]'' from 1942, the Maghrebi ڢ appears in the [[headline]] but the Mashreqi ف is used in the [[body text]].]]
Additionally, books from the [[Mashreq]] printed in [[Naskh (script)|''naskh'']] scripts were imported for use in schools and universities, and handwriting began to be taught with mashreqi letter forms.<ref name=":10" />

==== Post-independence ====
In the period after independence, there were a number of initiatives to modernize Arabic script to suit the [[typewriter]], prominent among which was that of the Moroccan linguist {{Interlanguage link|Ahmed al-Akhdar al-Ghazal|ar|أحمد الأخضر غزال}} of the [[Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization]]: Standard Arabic Script ({{Lang|ar|الحرف العربي المعياري}}).<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last1=Afā|first1=ʻUmar|title=al-Khaṭṭ al-Maghribī: tārīkh wa-wāqiʻ wa-āfāq|last2=افا، عمر.|date=2007|publisher=Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-al-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah|others=Muḥammad Maghrāwī, مغراوي، محمد.|isbn=978-9981-59-129-5|edition=al-Ṭabʻah 1|location=al-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ|oclc=191880956}}</ref>

=== Recently ===
In 2007, [[Muḥammad al-Maghrāwī]] and {{Interlanguage link|Omar Afa|lt=|ar|عمر أفا|WD=}} cowrote ''[[Maghrebi Script: History, Present, and Horizons]]'' ({{Lang|ar|الخط المغربي: تاريخ وواقع وآفاق}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nobili|first=Mauro|title=Arabic Scripts in West African Manuscripts: A Tentative Classification from the de Gironcourt Collection|date=2011-06-03|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iafr/2/1/article-p105_6.xml|journal=Islamic Africa|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=105–133|doi=10.5192/215409930201105|issn=2154-0993|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":1a">{{Cite book |last1=افا، عمر|title=الخط المغربي: تاريخ وواقع وآفاق|last2=مغراوي، محمد|date=2007|publisher=وزارة الأوقاف و الشؤون الاسلامية،|isbn=978-9981-59-129-5|location=الدارالبيضاء|language=ar|oclc=191880956}}</ref> The following year, the [[Muhammad VI Prize for the Art of Maghrebi Script]], organized by the {{Interlanguage link|Moroccan Ministry of Islamic Affairs|lt=|ar|وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية (المغرب)|WD=}}, was announced.<ref>{{Cite web|title=بالفيديو.. الخط العربي ببصمة نسائية مغربية.. روائع الماضي والحاضر|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/women/2019/11/23/بالفيديو-الخط-العربي-ببصمة-نسائية|website=www.aljazeera.net|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=النظام القانوني لجائزة محمد السادس لفن الخط المغربي -|url=http://www.lejuriste.ma/2016/09/27/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%81/|date=2016-09-27|website=lejuriste.ma|language=ar|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

In early 2020, the President of Tunisia, [[Kais Saied]], garnered significant media attention for his handwritten official letters in the Maghrebi script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arabi21.com/story/1223125/كتبها-بخط-يده-رسالة-سعيد-للجملي-تثير-مواقع-التواصل-شاهد|title=كتبها بخط يده.. رسالة سعيّد للجملي تثير مواقع التواصل (شاهد)|date=2019-11-16|website=عربي21|language=ar|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/social-media/2019/11/16/بالصور-رسالة-من-الرئيس-التونسي-تشعل-مواقع-التواصل.html|title=بالصورة.. رسالة من الرئيس التونسي تشعل مواقع التواصل|last=نت|first=العربية|date=2019-11-16|website=العربية نت|language=ar|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>

== Variations ==
In the book ''al-Khat al-Maghrebi'', five main subscripts of Maghrebi script are identified:<ref>{{Cite book|title=الخط المغربي: تاريخ وواقع وآفاق|last=أفا|first=عمر|publisher=مطبعة النجاح - الجديدة|year=2007|isbn=978-9981-59-129-5|location=Jadida, Morocco}}</ref>

# Maghrebi Kufic ({{lang|ar|كوفي مغربي}}) variations of [[Kufic script]] used in the [[Maghreb]] and [[al-Andalus]]. 
#*Almoravid Kufic ({{Lang|ar|كوفي مرابطي}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qarawiyyinvoice.com/2017/08/blog-post_30.html|title=نموذج للخط الكوفي المرابطي بجامع القرويين|website=صوت القرويين {{!}} القلب النابض بمدينة فاس|access-date=2019-12-14|archive-date=2019-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214090457/https://www.qarawiyyinvoice.com/2017/08/blog-post_30.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> a decorative script that does not receive [[Arabic diacritics]]. It was used in [[Minting coins|coin minting]] and is usually accompanied by fine floral designs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qantara - The Almoravid dynasty (1056-1147)|url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=595&lang=en|website=www.qantara-med.org|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> The [[Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque|Almoravid minbar]] of the [[Kutubiyya Mosque]] in Marrakesh features a fine example.
#*Almohad Kufic ({{Lang|ar|كوفي موحدي}})
#*Marinid Kufic ({{Lang|ar|كوفي مريني}})
#*Alawite Kufic ({{Lang|ar|كوفي علوي}})
#*Qayrawani Kufic ({{Lang|ar|كوفي قيرواني}})
#*Pseudo Kufic ({{Lang|ar|شبه كوفي}})
#''Mabsout'' ({{lang|ar|مبسوط}}) script, used for [[body text]] and to write the Quran, similar in usage to the eastern [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=الخط المغربي الميسر|last=معلمين، محمد.|year = 2012|publisher=Manshūrāt Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-al-Shuʼūn al-Islāmīyah |isbn=978-9954-0-5214-3|oclc=904285783}}</ref>
#*Andalusi Mabsout
#*Saadi Mabsout
#*Alawite Mabsout[[File:نموذج للخط المغربي المبسوط.jpeg|thumb|A hand-drawn phrase in ''Maghrebi mabsout''. It reads: "الخط الحسن يزيد الحق وضوحا" which means something similar to "A fine line increases the truth in clarity."]]
#''Mujawher'' ({{lang|ar|مجوهر}}) cursive script, mainly used by the king to announce laws.<ref name=":0" /> This is the script that was used for body text when [[Lithography|lithographic]] prints started to be produced in Fes.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ylside87_gmail/page/n15|title=نظم لآلئ السمط في حسن تقويم بديع الخط|last=الرباطي|first=أحمد بن محمد بن قاسم الرفاعي الحسني|publisher=منشورات وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الإسلامية - المملكة المغربية: دار أبي رقراق للطباعة والنشر|year=2013|isbn=978-9954-601-24-2|editor-last=صبري|editor-first=د. محمد|location=Rabat, Morocco}}</ref>
#''Thuluth Maghrebi'' ({{lang|ar|ثلث مغربي}}) script, formerly called Mashreqi (مشرقي) or Maghrebized Mashreqi (مشرقي متمغرب) a script inspired by the Mashreqi [[Thuluth]] script.<ref name=":0" /> It is mainly used as a decorative script for book titles and walls in mosques. It was used as an official script by the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]].<ref name=":8" /> 
#''Musnad'' ({{lang|ar|مسند}}) script, or Z'mami ({{Lang|ar|زمامي}}) script, a cursive script mainly used by courts and notaries in writing marriage contracts.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.baianat.com/ar/books/arabic-calligraphy-culture/types-of-fonts-and-its-different-shapes|title=أنواع الخطوط وأشكالها المختلفة|last=support@baianat.com|website=بيانات|language=ar-Eg|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref> This script is derived from ''Mujawher'', and its letters in this script lean to the right.<ref name=":6" /> Because is difficult to read, this script was used to write texts that the author wanted to keep obscure, such as texts about sorcery.

In addition, [[Muhammad Bin Al-Qasim al-Qundusi]], a 19th-century Sufi calligrapher based in Fes, developed a flamboyant style now known as ''Qandusi'' ({{Lang|ar|قندوسي}}) script.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muhammadanpress.com/shop/the-names-of-allah-prophet-muhammad-al-qandusi/|title=The Names of Allah ﷻ & Prophet Muhammad ﷺ (al-Qandusi) – Muhammadan Press|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-18}}</ref>

Among the publications of {{Interlanguage link|Octave Houdas|lt=|fr||WD=}}, a 19th-century French [[Orientalism|orientalist]], dealing with the subject of Maghrebi script, there are ''[[Essai sur l'Ecriture Maghrebine]]'' (1886)<ref name=":4" /> and [[Recueil de lettres arabes manuscrites|''Recueil de Lettres Arabes Manuscrites'']] (1891).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Houdas, Octave |title=Recueil de lettres arabes manuscrites|date=1891|publisher=Adolphe Jourdan|oclc=1025683823}}</ref> In 1886, he identified 4 main subscripts within the Maghrebi script family:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yia7CwAAQBAJ&q=suqi+script&pg=PA57|title=Beyond Timbuktu: An Intellectual History of Muslim West Africa|last=Kane|first=Ousmane|date=2016-06-07|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05082-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Kane|first=Ousmane|title=Beyond Timbuktu: an intellectual history of Muslim West Africa|date=2016|isbn=978-0-674-96937-7|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=56–57|oclc=950613709}}</ref>

*''Qairawani—"''smooth and even''"<ref name=":9" />''
* ''Andalusi—''"small, compact, and jerky"<ref name=":9" />
*''Fasi—''"large, round, and elegant"''<ref name=":9" />''
*''Sudani—''"thicker and blacker"''<ref name=":9" />''

=== West African Maghrebi scripts ===
[[File:Quran 19th century Nigeria, Maghribi style, Boston Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|thumb|19th century Quran from northern Nigeria written in [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Kanawi-Barnawi]] style]]
[[File:Surat al Mulk bu Omar bin Said (1770-1864).jpg|thumb|Surat [[Al-Mulk]] transcribed from memory in the United States in a rudimentary Fulani script by [[Omar ibn Said]] after he was captured and enslaved.]]
Various West African Arabic scripts, also called [[Sudani script|''Sudani'' scripts]] (in reference to [[Sudan (region)|''Bilad as-Sudan'']]), also fall under the category of Maghrebi scripts, including:

*''Suqi'' ({{lang|ar|سوقي}}) named after the town of [[Essouk|Suq]], though also used in [[Timbuktu]]. It is associated with the [[Tuareg people]].<ref name=":2"/>
*''Fulani'' ({{lang|ar|فولاني}})
*''Hausawi'' ({{lang|ar|هاوساوي}})
*Mauretanian ''Baydani'' ({{lang|ar|بيضاني موريطاني}})
*''Kanemi''  ({{lang|ar|كنيمي}}) or Kanawi, is associated with the region of [[Kano (city)|Kano]] in modern-day Chad and northern Nigeria, associated with [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Borno]]—also ''Barnawi'' script<ref name=":2" />
*Saharan<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhyX6Dp8pnMC&q=sahrawi+script&pg=PA416|title=The Trans-Saharan Book Trade: Manuscript Culture, Arabic Literacy and Intellectual History in Muslim Africa|last1=Krätli|first1=Graziano|last2=Lydon|first2=Ghislaine|date=2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-18742-9|language=en}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
سورة الأعراف مكتوبة بالخط السوقي ٣.jpg|''Suqi'' script
مصحف مخطوط بالخط الفولاني ٢.jpg|''Fulani'' script
مصحف نيجيري مطبوع بالمطبعة الحجرية بخط هاوساوي ٢.jpg|''Hausawi'' script
مصحف مخطوط بالخط البيضاني ٢.jpg|''Baydani'' script
كنوز الإسلام في إفريقيا - 39.jpg|''Kanemi'' script
</gallery>

== Contrast with Mashreqi scripts ==
[[File:5r شوق المستهام نسخة عثمانية BNF arabe 6805.jpg|thumb|Maghrebi-Andalusi Arabic letterforms presented in a 1751 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] copy of ''[[Shawq al-Mustaham]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bongianino |first=Umberto |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1336504103 |title=The manuscript tradition of the Islamic West : Maghribī round scripts and the Andalusī identity |date=2022 |isbn=978-1-4744-9960-6 |oclc=1336504103}}</ref>{{Rp|page=14}}]]
One of the prominent ways Maghrebi scripts differ from scripts of the Arabic-speaking East is the dotting of the letters [[Pe (Semitic letter)|''faa{{'}}'']] ({{lang|ar|ف}}) and ''[[qoph]]'' ({{lang|ar|ق}}). In eastern tradition, the ''faa{{'}}'' is represented by a circle with a dot above, while in Maghrebi scripts the dot goes below the circle ({{lang|ary|ڢ}}).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/الخطاط-المغربي-عبد-العزيز-مجيب-بين-الت/|title=الخطاط المغربي عبد العزيز مجيب بين التقييد الخطي والترنح الحروفي |date=2018-11-16|website=Al-Quds|language=Arabic|last=al-Banduri|first=Muhammad|access-date=2019-12-17|trans-title=Moroccan calligrapher Abd al-Aziz Mujib: between calligraphic restriction and alphabetic staggering}}</ref> In eastern scripts, the ''qoph'' is represented by a circle with two dots above it, whereas the Maghrebi ''qoph'' is a circle with just one dot above ({{Lang|ary|ڧ}}), similar to the eastern ''faa{{'}}''.<ref name=":3" /> In fact, concerns over the preservation of Maghrebi writing traditions played a part in the reservations of the Moroccan [[ulama]] against importing the printing press.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alarab-co-uk.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/alarab.co.uk/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%8F%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1?amp|title=محمد بن الطيب الروداني قاض مغمور يُدخل بلاده عصر التنوير|website=Al-Arab|language=Arabic|trans-title=Muhammad ibn al-Tayyib al-Rudani: an obscure judge who brought his country into the age of enlightenment|access-date=2020-01-03|last=Al-Wazani|first=Hassan}}</ref>

Additionally, Nico van den Boogert notes that in Maghrebi script:

* the loop of [[Tsade|Ṣād]] ({{Lang|ar|ص}}) and [[Ḍād]] ({{Lang|ar|ض}})has no "tooth"<ref name=":5" />
* the stems of alif ({{Lang|ar|ا}}), [[Lam (letter)|lam]] ({{Lang|ar|ل}}), [[Arabic alphabet#Ligatures|lamalif]] ({{Lang|ar|لا}}), [[Teth|Ṭāʾ]] ({{Lang|ar|ط}}), and [[Ẓāʾ]] ({{Lang|ar|ظ}}) are drawn with a knot at the end<ref name=":5" />
* the stems of [[Teth|Ṭāʾ]] ({{Lang|ar|ط}}), and [[Ẓāʾ]] ({{Lang|ar|ظ}}) are drawn diagonally<ref name=":5" />
* the final [[Alif (letter)|alif]] ({{Lang|ar|ـا}}) is written top-to-bottom<ref name=":5" />
* the final and isolated [[د|dāl]] ({{Lang|ar|د}}) and [[ذ|dhāl]] ({{Lang|ar|ذ}}) resemble initial and medial [[Kaph]] ({{Lang|ar|كـ}})<ref name=":5" />
Additionally, Maghrebi scripts differ from Mashreqi scripts in that Maghrebi scripts are traditionally written with a pointed tip instead of a chisel tip. As a result, Maghrebi scripts typically have less contrast in line thickness than Mashreqi scripts, which have wider horizontal strokes and thinner vertical strokes.

== Gallery ==
<gallery caption="Qurans in Maghrebi scripts">
File:Folio Blue Quran Met 2004.88.jpg|[[Blue Qur'an]], 9th to early 10th-century, from either al-Andalus or Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454662|website=www.metmuseum.org |title=Folio from the "Blue Qur'an" |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>
File:Bifolium Mushal al-Hadina Quran Met 2007.191.jpg|The [[Zirid dynasty|Zirid]] "[[Nurse's Quran]]." [[Kairouan|Qairawan]], early 11th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic art from museums around the world|url=https://arab.news/ra27f|date=2020-05-18|website=Arab News|language=en|access-date=2020-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/456074?pos=7|website=www.metmuseum.org |title=Bifolium from the "Nurse's Qur'an" (Mushaf al-Hadina) |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>
File:مصحف مرابطي أو موحدي 03.jpg|[[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]]-[[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] period
File:Moroccan Qur'an Manuscript, c. 1300 02.jpg|Moroccan Quran from around 1300.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/454664?pos=4|website=www.metmuseum.org |title=Section from a Qur'an Manuscript |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>
File:Folio Quran Met 42.63.jpg|Andalusi Quran, late 13th–early 14th century.<ref name="A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur'an">{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/453165 |website=www.metmuseum.org |title=A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur'an |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>
File:المصحف الوردي 02.jpg|A page of the [[Pink Quran]] with [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] diacritics. [[Al-Andalus]] 14th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/751641?pos=5|website=www.metmuseum.org |title=Bifolium from the Andalusian Pink Qur'an |access-date=2020-09-09}}</ref>
File:Page from Quran of Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II 1405.jpg|Hafsid Quran donated to the [[Kasbah Mosque (Tunis)|Kasbah Mosque]] by Caliph [[Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II]] in 1405.<ref name="A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur'an" />
File:مصحف مغربي 01.jpg|17th or 18th century Moroccan Quran
File:A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur'an MET sf1982-120-2-first.jpg|18th century Moroccan Quran.<ref name="A Manuscript of Five Sections of a Qur'an" />
File:Al-Fatiha in the Sudani script (CBL Is 1598, f. 1b).jpg|[[Al-Fatiha]] in the Sudani script. North-west Africa, 19th century. [[Chester Beatty Library]]
File:مصحف مخطوط بالخط المغربي المبسوط ٤.jpg|Quran in ''mabsūt'' script
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Rashi script]]
* [[Tifinagh]]

==References==
<references/>
*O. Houdas, "Essai sur l'écriture maghrebine", in ''Nouveaux mélanges orientaux'', IIe série vol. xix., Publications des Langues Vivantes Orientales (Paris 1886)
*N. van den Boogert, [http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF on the origin of Maghribi script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118135527/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF |date=2016-11-18 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Maghrebi script}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060419084754/http://www.habous.gov.ma/ar/detail.aspx?id=475&Z=10&S=10 Arabic article]
*[http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectId=9834 Example of a Quran in Maghrebi script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002308/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/singleObject.cfm?ObjectId=9834 |date=2011-09-27 }}
{{Arabic language}}
{{Islamic calligraphy}}

[[Category:Arabic calligraphy]]
[[Category:Islamic culture]]
[[Category:Maghrebi Arabic]]
[[Category:Culture of Morocco]]
[[Category:Culture of Algeria]]
[[Category:Culture of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Culture of Mali]]